Aim:-To determine the efficiency of push pull power amplifier
Theory:-
Push-pull Amplifier is a type of power amplifier. It contains a pair of active
devices such as a complementary pair of transistors. Here one transistor
supply’s the power to the load from the positive power supply and the other
sink’s the current from the load to the ground.
These amplifiers are more efficient than the single-ended class-A amplifiers.
The transistors present in this amplifier are anti-phased. The difference
between the outputs of these two transistors is given to the load. The even-
order harmonics present in the signal gets eliminated. This method reduces
the distortion present in the signal due to non-linearity components.
These amplifiers are called Push-pull amplifiers because here one of the
transistors Pushes the current in one direction while the other pull’s the
current in another direction. In the push-pull amplifier, one transistor works
during the positive half of the signal cycle while the other works during the
negative half.
This amplifier can be constructed in different configurations such as Class-A,
Class-B, and Class-AB Push-pull amplifiers. The circuits designed for these
classes are different.
Circuit Diagram for Push Pull Class B Power Amplifier
A push-pull amplifier, commonly implemented as a Class B amplifier, operates
by using two transistors (typically NPN and PNP) to amplify the positive and
negative halves of an AC signal, minimizing power loss. Class B amplifiers are
more efficient than Class A amplifiers since each transistor only conducts for
half of the signal cycle, reducing the overall power dissipation. However, a
common challenge in Class B amplifiers is crossover distortion, occurring when
the signal crosses zero voltage, which can be mitigated by slight biasing or
moving to a Class AB configuration.
Working of circuit during + ve half cycle: ( 0 <= ωt <= π)
• In this cycle , secondary voltage of the driver transformer VAO is +ve and
VBO is -ve
• This voltage polarity will forward bias the BE junction of transistor Q1 only ,
where as BE junction of Q2 is reverse biased.
• So Ib1 will flow and Ib2 = 0
• Hence sinusoidal collector current Ic1 will flow through the upper half of
primary
winding of O/p transformer & IC2 = 0 as Q2 does not conduct
• A +ve sinusoidal voltage will appear across the load . The amplitude of
secondary
load voltage is dependent on the primary to secondary turns of the o/p
transformer
Working of circuit during - ve half cycle: ( π < ωt <= 2 π)
• During this cycle , secondary voltage of the driver transformer VAO becomes
- ve
and VBO is + ve
• This voltage polarity will forward bias the BE junction of transistor Q2 only ,
where as BE junction of Q1 is reverse biased.
• So Ib2 will flow and Ib1 = 0 . Thus Q1 is off , Q2 is On
• Hence sinusoidal collector current Ic2 will flow through the lower half of
primary
winding of O/p transformer & Ic1 = 0 as Q1 does not conduct
• Hence negative sinusoidal voltage will appear across the load . The amplitude
of
inducued volt depends on the turns ration of the o/p transformer
Waveforms
In this ckt only one transistor conducts at a time. So conduction angle of
each transistor is 180 deg. Hence there is complete sinewave is produced
across the load as shown in waveform
The turns ration of each half of primary to sec of o/p transformer is N1: N2.
For obtaining symmetrical sinewave o/p, it is necessary that a center tap be
exactly at the center of primary winding of o/p transformer.
Class B Push Pull amplifier power equation and efficiency
The output of Ic is from 0 to n and n to 2 t it is zero
Idc = (Ic (max))/π
Therefore input power Pin for the input voltage of transistor Vcc is
Here factor 2 is introduced, as there are two transistors in the push-pull
amplifier.
R.M.S. value of collector current = (Ic)max/√2
R.M.S. value of output voltage (Vcc)max/√2
Output power Po is
Overall efficiency n = [(Po)/(Pin)] × 100 = 25 π = 78.5%
The maximum conversion efficiency of a class B push-pull amplifier is 78.5%
Class A Push Pull amplifier power equation and efficiency
Class C Push Pull amplifier power equation and efficiency
Procedure
1. Set Up the Circuit: Connect the circuit components as per the push-pull amplifier schematic,
ensuring proper transistor connections and biasing if needed.
2. Input Signal: Apply a sinusoidal AC input at a fixed frequency and amplitude, usually within
the range of audio frequencies.
3. Output Measurement: Connect an oscilloscope across the load resistor to measure the
amplified output signal.
4. Power Calculation: Measure input power by calculating the product of input voltage and
input current to the amplifier.
5. Output Power Measurement: Calculate output power by measuring the peak voltage across
the load.
6. Efficiency Calculation: Determine efficiency using the formula
Observation
Conclusion,
The push-pull amplifier experiment demonstrates the high efficiency
achievable with Class B amplifiers, specifically around 78.5% under ideal
conditions. The setup confirms that each transistor conducts for only half of
the input signal cycle, significantly reducing power dissipation compared to
Class A amplifiers.
