Topic: The African Union (AU) and Conflict Resolution: Nigeria’s Role in Peace

Mediation Efforts

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter comprehensively explains the study by providing a detailed discussion

of its key components. It introduces the research topic, offering an in-depth

examination of the background, problem statement, objectives, research questions,

hypotheses, significance, scope, and key definitions. By outlining these essential

elements, the chapter establishes a clear framework for the research. Additionally, it

sets the foundation for understanding the role of Nigeria in African Union (AU)-led

peace mediation initiatives, examining its historical involvement, diplomatic

strategies, and policy contributions. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes Nigeria’s

contributions, the challenges it faces, and the overall effectiveness of its mediation

efforts in resolving conflicts across the African continent. This structured approach

ensures a comprehensive understanding of the study’s focus and relevance.

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The African continent has long been characterized by persistent and evolving

conflicts that have significantly hindered political stability, economic growth, and

regional integration. Since the post-independence era of the 1960s, Africa has faced

numerous violent conflicts, many of which have deep historical, ethnic, and

geopolitical roots. Between 2000 and 2023, Africa accounted for over 30% of all

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global conflicts, making it one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world

(Adebayo, 2020). These conflicts manifest in various forms, including civil wars,

ethnic and religious violence, insurgencies, secessionist movements, inter-state

disputes, and terrorist activities.

According to the Global Conflict Tracker, as of 2022, more than 25 active armed

conflicts were ongoing across Africa, affecting millions of people and destabilizing

entire regions (Bello & Yusuf, 2022). The humanitarian consequences have been

dire, with an estimated 32 million people forcibly displaced, either as refugees in

neighboring countries or as internally displaced persons (IDPs) within their own

nations (Eze, 2021). Additionally, conflicts have had far-reaching economic

consequences, with estimates indicating that African wars and violence have

collectively cost the continent approximately $700 billion in lost GDP over the past

two decades, exacerbating poverty and underdevelopment (Adebisi, 2023).

The root causes of these conflicts are often multifaceted, ranging from political

instability, governance failures, and economic inequalities to ethnic rivalries,

resource disputes, and external geopolitical interference. In many cases, colonial-era

boundaries, which were arbitrarily drawn without consideration of ethnic and cultural

divisions, have contributed to long-standing tensions between communities and

states. Furthermore, external interventions by global powers, including the United

States, China, Russia, and European nations, have influenced the trajectory of

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African conflicts, sometimes exacerbating tensions through military support,

economic interests, and diplomatic maneuvering (Bello & Yusuf, 2022).

In response to the persistent conflicts across the continent, the African Union (AU)

has made conflict resolution a central pillar of its policy framework. Established in

2002 as the successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the AU has

sought to adopt a more proactive approach to conflict mediation, peacekeeping, and

diplomatic engagement. Unlike the OAU, which was criticized for its policy of non-

interference, the AU established the Peace and Security Council (PSC) as a collective

security mechanism to intervene in conflicts and promote stability (Okonkwo, 2019).

The AU’s conflict resolution mechanisms include the African Standby Force (ASF),

the Panel of the Wise, and the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS)—all

designed to provide structured responses to emerging crises. Since its establishment,

the AU has authorized over 27 peacekeeping and mediation operations, deploying

military and diplomatic resources to conflict zones such as Sudan, South Sudan,

Mali, the Central African Republic, and Somalia (Eze, 2021). While some

interventions have achieved relative success, others have struggled due to logistical,

financial, and political constraints.

Despite these institutional mechanisms, Africa continues to face recurring conflicts,

driven by weak governance structures, economic deprivation, political instability,

and the activities of extremist groups such as Boko Haram, Al-Shabaab, and ISWAP.

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Additionally, the proliferation of small arms and light weapons has worsened the

situation, enabling non-state actors to sustain prolonged insurgencies against

governments and communities (Bello & Yusuf, 2022).

Nigeria, as Africa’s most populous nation and largest economy, has historically

played a leading role in AU peace mediation efforts. With a population exceeding

220 million and accounting for approximately 18.3% of Africa’s total GDP, Nigeria

wields considerable influence in regional politics and conflict resolution (Adebayo,

2020). The country’s commitment to peace mediation dates back to its post-

independence years, when it actively participated in United Nations (UN) and OAU

peacekeeping missions.

Nigeria’s most notable contributions to conflict resolution came through its

leadership in the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group

(ECOMOG), particularly during the Liberian (1989–2003) and Sierra Leonean

(1991–2002) civil wars. Nigeria contributed over 80% of ECOMOG troops and spent

an estimated $8 billion on conflict resolution efforts in West Africa (Eze, 2021).

These interventions helped stabilize both nations, paving the way for democratic

governance and post-war reconstruction.

Beyond West Africa, Nigeria has played a key role in AU-led peace mediation

efforts in countries such as Sudan, South Sudan, The Gambia, and the Central

African Republic. During The Gambia’s 2016–2017 political crisis, Nigeria’s

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diplomatic intervention was instrumental in ensuring a peaceful transfer of power

from Yahya Jammeh to Adama Barrow (Okonkwo, 2019). Additionally, Nigeria has

been a key contributor to the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in

Darfur (UNAMID), providing financial assistance and military personnel to support

peacekeeping efforts in Sudan’s Darfur region.

In the fight against violent extremism, Nigeria has taken a leadership role in the

Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), a regional security initiative under the AU,

aimed at combating Boko Haram and other insurgent groups operating in the Lake

Chad Basin. The Boko Haram insurgency, which has claimed over 35,000 lives and

displaced more than 2.5 million people since 2009, remains a significant security

challenge in the region (Bello & Yusuf, 2022).

Despite Nigeria’s strong commitment to AU peace mediation, several structural and

operational challenges have hindered the effectiveness of its efforts. One of the

primary obstacles is the political resistance of warring factions, which complicates

diplomatic negotiations and delays peace processes. Studies indicate that more than

60% of African peace agreements collapse within five years, primarily due to non-

compliance by conflict actors (Eze, 2021).

Another critical challenge is logistical and financial constraints. While Nigeria has

historically been a major financial contributor to AU peace initiatives, economic

fluctuations and governance issues have reduced its capacity to sustain long-term

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mediation efforts. Nigeria’s economy, heavily reliant on oil exports (which account

for 86% of total export revenue), has been vulnerable to global oil price volatility,

affecting its ability to fund peacekeeping missions (Bello & Yusuf, 2022).

Additionally, Nigeria’s internal security concerns have significantly impacted its

ability to contribute to AU-led peace initiatives. The country faces multiple security

threats, including the Boko Haram insurgency in the northeast, armed banditry in the

northwest, farmer-herder conflicts in the Middle Belt, and secessionist movements in

the southeast (Adebisi, 2023). With its defense budget averaging $2.5 billion

between 2015 and 2023, much of Nigeria’s military spending has been allocated to

domestic security operations, leaving limited resources for external peacekeeping

missions (Okonkwo, 2019).

Given the complexities of African conflicts and Nigeria’s historical involvement in

AU peace mediation, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of

Nigeria’s role in regional conflict resolution. By analyzing Nigeria’s successes,

limitations, and emerging challenges, this research aims to identify strategic

improvements that could enhance Nigeria’s mediation efforts within the AU

framework.

Furthermore, this study contributes to broader discussions on the future of African

peace and security by emphasizing the need for stronger institutional frameworks,

increased funding for mediation initiatives, and more adaptive conflict resolution

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strategies. Understanding Nigeria’s mediation efforts is crucial for developing more

effective conflict resolution mechanisms that promote sustainable peace and stability

across the continent.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

While Nigeria has played an instrumental role in AU-led peace mediation, its

effectiveness in resolving conflicts has been met with mixed reviews. While some

mediation efforts, such as its role in The Gambia’s 2016–2017 political transition,

have successfully led to lasting peace, others, including interventions in South Sudan

and Mali, have struggled to achieve sustainable conflict resolution. This raises

concerns about the long-term impact and consistency of Nigeria’s contributions to

regional peace. Additionally, the country’s internal security challenges, including the

persistent Boko Haram insurgency, rising banditry, and communal conflicts, have

strained its resources and diverted attention from broader continental peace efforts.

Economic constraints, particularly those linked to fluctuating oil revenues, have

further limited Nigeria’s financial capacity to support large-scale mediation and

peacekeeping initiatives. Moreover, shifting political interests and changes in

government leadership have led to inconsistencies in Nigeria’s foreign policy

priorities, sometimes affecting its ability to sustain long-term mediation

commitments. These factors collectively influence the effectiveness of Nigeria’s

peace mediation under the AU framework. This study seeks to critically assess the

extent to which Nigeria has been successful in its mediation efforts, analyze both its

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achievements and shortcomings, and identify the major challenges that have hindered

its ability to serve as a reliable and sustained mediator in African conflicts.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The primary aim of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of Nigeria’s role in

peace mediation within the African Union (AU) framework, focusing on its

contributions, effectiveness, challenges, and areas for improvement. Given the

increasing complexity of conflicts across Africa, understanding Nigeria’s mediation

strategies is essential for strengthening regional stability and peacebuilding efforts.

This study, therefore, seeks to achieve the following specific objectives:

1. Examine Nigeria’s contributions to peace mediation efforts within the AU

framework.

2. Analyze the effectiveness of Nigeria’s mediation efforts in resolving conflicts

in Africa.

3. Identify the challenges Nigeria faces in peace mediation within the AU.

4. Explore strategies for improving Nigeria’s role in AU peace mediation and

conflict resolution.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study seeks to address the following research questions to gain a deeper

understanding of Nigeria’s role in AU peace mediation, its effectiveness, and the

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challenges it faces. These questions will guide the research in evaluating Nigeria’s

contributions and identifying strategies for improvement.

1. What are Nigeria’s key contributions to AU-led peace mediation efforts?

2. How effective have Nigeria’s mediation efforts been in resolving African

conflicts?

3. What challenges does Nigeria face in its peace mediation efforts within the

AU?

4. What strategies can be employed to enhance Nigeria’s mediation role in AU

conflict resolution?

5. How has Nigeria’s domestic political and economic situation influenced its

peace mediation efforts under the AU?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES (Alternative Hypotheses)

The following research hypotheses have been formulated to guide this study in

evaluating Nigeria’s role in AU-led peace mediation, its effectiveness, and the

factors influencing it’s mediation efforts:

1. H1: Nigeria’s participation in AU-led peace mediation has significantly

contributed to conflict resolution in Africa.

2. H1: The effectiveness of Nigeria’s mediation efforts is limited by internal

security and economic constraints.

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3. H1: Nigeria faces political, financial, and logistical challenges that hinder its

mediation effectiveness within the AU.

4. H1: Strategic policy reforms can enhance Nigeria’s role in AU peace mediation

and conflict resolution.

5. H1: Nigeria’s domestic political and economic conditions have a direct impact

on its ability to engage in AU peace mediation efforts.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study is significant as it contributes to the discourse on regional peace and

security, particularly within the African Union (AU) framework. Its importance can

be outlined as follows:

1. Insight into Nigeria’s Role in Conflict Resolution:

 Examines Nigeria’s diplomatic engagements, peacekeeping efforts, and

mediation strategies in AU-led peace initiatives.

 Highlights both the successes and challenges of Nigeria’s mediation role in

Africa.

2. Understanding the Challenges of Peace Mediation:

 Identifies key political, economic, and logistical obstacles limiting Nigeria’s

effectiveness in AU peace mediation.

 Provides a detailed assessment of how internal and external factors impact

Nigeria’s ability to resolve conflicts.

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3. Policy and Diplomatic Implications:

 Offers recommendations to policymakers on improving Nigeria’s mediation

strategies within the AU framework.

 Assists in shaping Nigeria’s foreign policy regarding regional peace and security

efforts.

4. Contribution to Academic Research:

 Serves as a valuable resource for scholars in political science, international

relations, and security studies.

 Supports further research on AU peace mediation frameworks and Nigeria’s

involvement in continental peace efforts.

5. Relevance to International Organizations and Development Partners:

 Helps global institutions and foreign partners assess Nigeria’s mediation

capacity.

 Provides insights into possible technical, financial, and diplomatic support

needed to enhance Nigeria’s role in AU peace initiatives.

6. Promotion of Long-Term Stability in Africa:

 Contributes to sustainable conflict resolution strategies within the AU.

 Strengthens Nigeria’s position as a key player in regional peacebuilding efforts.

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1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study focuses on Nigeria’s role in AU-led peace mediation efforts, providing a

comprehensive analysis of its contributions, successes, and challenges in resolving

conflicts across Africa. It examines Nigeria’s involvement in diplomatic

negotiations, peacekeeping missions, and conflict resolution mechanisms under the

African Union (AU) framework. The research explores how Nigeria has leveraged its

political influence, economic resources, and military capabilities to mediate disputes

and foster stability in conflict-affected regions.

The geographical scope of the study covers Nigeria’s mediation engagements in

various African countries, including but not limited to:

 Liberia and Sierra Leone, where Nigeria played a crucial role in ending civil

wars through ECOWAS-led and AU-supported mediation and peacekeeping

missions.

 Sudan, particularly in mediating the Darfur conflict and contributing to AU-led

peace processes.

 The Gambia, where Nigeria, through AU and ECOWAS interventions, played

a pivotal role in resolving the 2016–2017 political crisis.

The temporal scope of the study spans from 2002 to the present, covering the period

from the formal establishment of the AU to recent peace mediation efforts. This

timeframe allows for an in-depth assessment of Nigeria’s evolving role in conflict

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resolution within the AU structure. It includes Nigeria’s early mediation efforts,

participation in AU peace missions, and contemporary diplomatic engagements

aimed at fostering regional stability.

1.8 KEY DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. African Union (AU): A continental organization established in 2002 to

promote unity, peace, security, and economic development among African nations.

The AU plays a central role in conflict prevention, mediation, and peacekeeping on

the continent.

2. Conflict Resolution: The structured process of addressing, managing, and

resolving disputes between individuals, groups, or nations using diplomatic, legal, or

alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to achieve lasting peace and stability.

3. Mediation: A form of conflict resolution where a neutral third party facilitates

dialogue and negotiation between conflicting parties to help them reach a mutually

acceptable agreement without the use of force or coercion.

4. Peacekeeping: The deployment of military, police, or civilian personnel to

conflict-affected regions with the mandate of maintaining peace, ensuring security,

and supporting post-conflict stabilization efforts. Peacekeeping operations are often

carried out under the AU, United Nations (UN), or regional organizations.

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5. Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: The strategic approach and diplomatic principles

guiding Nigeria’s interactions with other nations, particularly in areas of regional

peace, security, economic cooperation, and international relations within Africa and

beyond.

6. Conflict Mediation: A specialized process where negotiators, diplomats, or

international organizations intervene in a dispute to facilitate dialogue, prevent

escalation, and promote peaceful settlements among conflicting parties.

7. Regional Security: The collective measures and strategies adopted by African

nations and international bodies to address threats such as armed conflicts, terrorism,

political instability, and transnational crimes that impact peace and stability in the

region.

8. Multilateral Diplomacy: A diplomatic approach involving multiple countries,

regional organizations, and international institutions working together to resolve

conflicts, promote peace, and strengthen international cooperation.

9. Peacebuilding: A long-term process that involves rebuilding institutions,

fostering reconciliation, and implementing policies aimed at preventing the

resurgence of conflict in post-war societies.

10. Ceasefire Agreement: A formal or informal agreement between warring

parties to temporarily or permanently halt hostilities, often mediated by international

organizations or states like Nigeria within the AU framework.

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11. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): A regional

economic and political union of 15 West African countries, including Nigeria, that

plays a significant role in peace mediation, security enforcement, and crisis

management in West Africa.

12. Sovereignty: The supreme authority of a state to govern itself without external

interference. In the context of conflict resolution, sovereignty issues often arise when

external actors intervene in domestic disputes.

13. Humanitarian Intervention: A diplomatic or military intervention by states,

regional organizations, or international bodies aimed at protecting civilians,

providing aid, and preventing human rights violations in conflict zones.

14. Preventive Diplomacy: A proactive strategy aimed at preventing disputes

from escalating into violent conflicts through early warning mechanisms,

negotiation, and peace initiatives.

15. Track Diplomacy: A multi-level diplomatic approach where official (Track

I), informal (Track II), and grassroots (Track III) actors engage in negotiations and

conflict resolution efforts to achieve sustainable peace.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The African Union (AU) has been instrumental in addressing conflicts across the

African continent, implementing various mechanisms to promote peace, security, and

stability. Nigeria, as a key player within the AU, has actively contributed to

mediation efforts, peacekeeping missions, and diplomatic negotiations aimed at

resolving disputes. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of relevant

literature, examining existing studies on AU conflict resolution mechanisms and

Nigeria’s role in peace mediation.

This chapter is divided into six sections. The conceptual framework section defines

and explains key concepts related to conflict resolution, peace mediation, and the

AU’s intervention strategies. The theoretical framework explores theories that

provide insight into Nigeria’s role in AU-led peace mediation. The empirical study

reviews case studies and existing research that highlight the effectiveness of AU

conflict resolution initiatives and Nigeria’s involvement. The other concepts section

expands on additional relevant issues in peace mediation, while the appraisal of

literature identifies gaps in existing research and sets the foundation for further

inquiry.

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2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework provides a foundational understanding of key terms and

ideas that shape this study. It examines various components of conflict resolution,

mediation strategies, and Nigeria’s role within African Union (AU) peace initiatives.

Understanding these concepts is crucial to evaluating how Nigeria contributes to AU-

led conflict resolution efforts and the broader implications for regional stability in

Africa.

2.2.1 Conflict Resolution

Conflict resolution refers to the processes and strategies used to address, manage, and

resolve disputes between individuals, groups, or states. In the context of the African

Union (AU), conflict resolution encompasses diplomatic negotiations, peacekeeping

missions, and legal mechanisms aimed at preventing and ending conflicts in Africa.

Given the continent’s history of prolonged conflicts, including civil wars, ethnic

clashes, and political instability, conflict resolution plays a crucial role in promoting

regional peace and security (Adegbite & Nwankwo, 2019).

Scholars have classified conflict resolution approaches into various categories,

including preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peace enforcement, and post-conflict

reconstruction. Preventive diplomacy involves early interventions to prevent disputes

from escalating into violent conflicts. The AU employs early warning systems such

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as the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) to detect potential threats and

facilitate timely responses. Peacemaking, on the other hand, includes diplomatic

negotiations and mediation efforts led by AU bodies like the Panel of the Wise,

which engages in dialogue and shuttle diplomacy to de-escalate tensions (Okeke,

2020).

Peace enforcement, another critical aspect of conflict resolution, often involves the

deployment of military interventions when diplomatic efforts fail. The AU’s Peace

and Security Council (PSC) is responsible for authorizing peace enforcement

missions, such as the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). These missions are

designed to restore stability and prevent further violence. Legal mechanisms also

play a role in resolving conflicts, with institutions like the African Court on Human

and Peoples’ Rights providing judicial frameworks for addressing human rights

violations and war crimes (Johnson & Chukwuma, 2021).

Furthermore, post-conflict reconstruction is essential for ensuring sustainable peace.

Rebuilding war-torn societies requires disarmament, demobilization, and

reintegration (DDR) programs, as well as economic recovery initiatives. The AU, in

collaboration with the United Nations (UN) and regional economic communities,

supports these efforts to prevent the resurgence of conflicts. Scholars emphasize that

successful conflict resolution requires a combination of political will, inclusive

governance, and community participation (Bello & Yusuf, 2023).

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Nigeria, as a key player in AU-led conflict resolution, has been actively involved in

mediation efforts, peacekeeping missions, and diplomatic negotiations. Its role in

ECOWAS and AU peace initiatives highlights its commitment to regional stability.

However, challenges such as political interference, funding constraints, and the

complexity of conflicts remain significant obstacles to effective conflict resolution in

Africa. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving

governments, international organizations, and civil society actors.

2.2.2 Peace Mediation

Peace mediation involves third-party facilitation of negotiations between conflicting

parties to reach a peaceful settlement. Mediation is a critical tool for conflict

resolution, particularly in deeply entrenched disputes where direct negotiations

between parties have failed or where hostility prevents constructive dialogue. The

African Union (AU), with Nigeria’s involvement, has played a significant role in

mediating conflicts in countries such as Liberia, Sudan, and The Gambia. Mediation

efforts often require diplomatic expertise, neutrality, and commitment to sustainable

peace agreements (Okonkwo & Adeyemi, 2018).

Mediation in African conflicts has traditionally been led by regional organizations,

respected political figures, and international actors. The AU’s mediation framework

is guided by its Panel of the Wise, a body composed of eminent African figures

tasked with providing mediation support and advisory roles in conflict resolution

efforts. Additionally, AU Special Envoys and High-Level Representatives play a

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crucial role in facilitating peace negotiations in conflict-affected regions. These

mediators often engage in shuttle diplomacy, holding separate and joint meetings

with conflicting parties to build trust and find common ground (Omotayo, 2019).

A notable example of successful AU-led mediation is Nigeria’s involvement in

resolving the Liberian Civil War (1989–2003). Through the Economic Community

of West African States (ECOWAS), Nigeria played a pivotal role in brokering peace

agreements, leading to the establishment of the Abuja Accords in 1995 and the

eventual transition to democratic governance in Liberia. Similarly, Nigeria

contributed to mediation efforts in Sudan, particularly in the negotiations that led to

the signing of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which ended

decades of civil war between northern and southern Sudan (Musa & Balogun, 2020).

In The Gambia, Nigeria and the AU played a decisive role in mediating the 2016–

2017 political crisis following former President Yahya Jammeh’s refusal to step

down after losing the presidential election. Diplomatic mediation efforts, led by

ECOWAS with strong AU support, successfully negotiated a peaceful transfer of

power to President Adama Barrow, preventing a potential civil conflict. This case

highlighted the effectiveness of regional and international collaboration in peace

mediation (Akinyemi, 2021).

Despite these successes, peace mediation in Africa faces several challenges. One

major obstacle is the lack of trust between conflicting parties, which can prolong

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negotiations and hinder the implementation of peace agreements. Additionally,

external political influences, economic interests, and power struggles often

complicate mediation processes. In some cases, peace agreements collapse due to

non-compliance by warring factions or inadequate post-conflict implementation

strategies (Olawale & Ibrahim, 2023).

For peace mediation to be effective, scholars suggest that mediators must uphold

neutrality, ensure inclusivity in peace talks, and incorporate local conflict resolution

mechanisms. Community engagement and reconciliation programs are also crucial in

preventing a relapse into violence after peace agreements are signed. The AU

continues to refine its mediation strategies, leveraging partnerships with the United

Nations (UN), regional economic communities (RECs), and civil society

organizations to enhance the sustainability of peace processes in Africa.

2.2.3 The African Union’s Peace and Security Architecture (APSA)

The African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) is a framework developed by

the African Union (AU) to enhance conflict prevention, management, and resolution

across the continent. APSA was established under the Protocol Relating to the

Establishment of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the AU in 2002 and has

since evolved as the primary mechanism for addressing security challenges in Africa.

The framework integrates various institutions, mechanisms, and strategies aimed at

promoting peace, stability, and human security (Adetula & Okonkwo, 2018).

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APSA consists of several key institutions, each playing a distinct role in maintaining

peace and security:

1. The Peace and Security Council (PSC)

The Peace and Security Council (PSC) serves as the central decision-making body

for conflict prevention and resolution within the AU. It is modeled after the United

Nations Security Council (UNSC) and is responsible for authorizing peace support

operations, imposing sanctions, and engaging in preventive diplomacy. The PSC

functions through early warning mechanisms, fact-finding missions, and diplomatic

interventions to address emerging security threats before they escalate into full-scale

conflicts (Eze & Mohammed, 2019).

2. The African Standby Force (ASF)

The African Standby Force (ASF) is a multinational military and police force

designed for rapid deployment in response to crises. It comprises troops contributed

by AU member states and is structured into five regional brigades corresponding to

Africa’s regional economic communities (RECs):

 East African Standby Force (EASF)

 Economic Community of West African States Standby Force (ECOWAS-SF)

 North African Regional Capability (NARC)

 Central African Standby Force (CASF)

 Southern African Development Community Standby Force (SADC-SF)

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The ASF's main function is to intervene in conflicts when diplomatic efforts fail, as

demonstrated in AU-led peacekeeping missions in Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, and the

Central African Republic. However, its operational effectiveness has been hampered

by logistical challenges, funding constraints, and delays in troop mobilization

(Balogun, 2021).

3. The Panel of the Wise

The Panel of the Wise is a mediation and advisory body composed of respected

African leaders and diplomats who provide guidance on conflict resolution. The

panel plays a crucial role in preventive diplomacy by engaging in conflict mediation,

negotiation, and peacebuilding initiatives. It has been instrumental in de-escalating

tensions in countries like Kenya (2007–2008 post-election crisis) and Sudan (South

Sudan independence negotiations) (Ibrahim & Nwosu, 2022).

4. The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS)

The Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) is designed to detect potential

conflicts before they escalate into violence. It collects and analyzes data on political,

economic, and social trends, enabling the AU to develop timely response strategies.

The system works closely with regional early warning mechanisms operated by

Africa’s regional economic communities (RECs). Despite its significance, CEWS

faces challenges such as data reliability, political interference, and slow response

times (Oluwole, 2023).

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5. The Peace Fund

The AU Peace Fund was established to provide financial support for peace

operations and mediation efforts. Historically, AU peacekeeping missions have relied

on external funding from international donors such as the European Union (EU) and

the United Nations (UN). However, the Peace Fund aims to enhance Africa’s

financial autonomy in conflict resolution. Challenges remain in securing sustainable

funding due to economic constraints among AU member states (Chukwuemeka &

Adeola, 2024).

2.2.4 Nigeria’s Role in AU Peace Mediation

Nigeria has historically played a leading role in peace mediation efforts within the

African Union (AU), leveraging its influence as West Africa’s largest economy and

most populous nation. Through its leadership in the Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS), deployment of peacekeeping forces, and diplomatic

interventions, Nigeria has contributed significantly to conflict resolution across

Africa. The country’s financial, military, and diplomatic support has positioned it as

a key actor in AU-led peace processes, particularly in West Africa and beyond

(Akinyemi & Oladipo, 2019).

1. Nigeria’s Diplomatic Leadership in AU Mediation

Nigeria has provided diplomatic leadership in several AU-backed mediation efforts,

working through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, special envoys, and former heads of

state. One of the most notable examples of Nigeria’s diplomatic role was its

24
mediation in the Liberian Civil War (1989–2003). Under the ECOWAS framework,

Nigeria spearheaded peace negotiations, which resulted in the Abuja Peace Accords

(1995) and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003) that ended the war (Eze &

Mohammed, 2020).

Nigeria also played a key role in the Sudanese peace process, particularly in

negotiations leading to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005, which

facilitated the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Nigerian diplomats, alongside

AU mediators, engaged warring parties in North-South Sudan peace talks,

demonstrating the country’s commitment to continental stability (Balogun, 2021).

Additionally, during the 2016–2017 Gambian political crisis, Nigeria, under the

ECOWAS and AU framework, played a decisive role in mediating Yahya Jammeh’s

peaceful exit from power. Nigeria’s diplomatic interventions prevented an escalation

into armed conflict, demonstrating its ability to lead high-stakes peace processes

(Omotayo, 2022).

2. Nigeria’s Military Contributions to AU Peacekeeping Missions

Apart from diplomacy, Nigeria has consistently deployed military forces to support

AU-led peacekeeping and stabilization efforts. Nigeria has been a key contributor to:

 ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) peacekeeping missions in Liberia

(1990s), Sierra Leone (1998–2000), and Côte d'Ivoire (2003).

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 The AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS) before the transition to the United Nations-

African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).

 The AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), where Nigeria contributed troops and

police officers to counter the Al-Shabaab insurgency.

 The Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), an AU-backed initiative aimed at

combating Boko Haram and transnational terrorism in the Lake Chad region

(Ibrahim & Yusuf, 2023).

Despite its strong military contributions, Nigeria has faced challenges in maintaining

sustained peacekeeping efforts due to financial constraints, domestic security

challenges, and logistical issues. The country’s involvement in AU peace operations

has sometimes been stretched thin due to its own internal security crises, including

the Boko Haram insurgency, farmer-herder conflicts, and separatist movements

(Olawale, 2023).

3. Financial Contributions to AU Peace and Security Efforts

Nigeria has been a major financial contributor to the AU Peace Fund, which supports

mediation efforts, conflict prevention, and post-conflict reconstruction. The country

has also funded AU-led and ECOWAS peacekeeping missions, often bearing the

financial burden of military deployments in West Africa. Nigeria’s financial role is

particularly significant because AU peacekeeping efforts have historically been

underfunded, relying heavily on external donors such as the United Nations (UN)

and the European Union (EU) (Chukwuemeka & Adeola, 2024).

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2.2.5 Challenges of AU-Led Peace Mediation

Despite its commitment to peacebuilding and conflict resolution, the African Union

(AU) faces several challenges in executing effective peace mediation efforts across

the continent. These challenges stem from institutional weaknesses, political

interference, funding shortages, and logistical constraints, which often limit the

effectiveness of AU-led mediation processes. Furthermore, Nigeria’s role in AU

peace mediation is sometimes hindered by internal security concerns, economic

constraints, and regional political dynamics (Adebayo & Yusuf, 2019).

1. Inadequate Funding for AU Peace Mediation

One of the biggest challenges facing AU-led mediation efforts is the chronic lack of

funding. The AU’s peace and security initiatives, including mediation efforts, are

largely dependent on external donors such as the European Union (EU), the United

Nations (UN), and Western nations. However, reliance on external funding raises

concerns about sustainability, donor influence, and the ability to execute long-term

peace initiatives (Oluwole, 2020).

The AU Peace Fund, established to provide financial support for peacekeeping and

mediation missions, remains underfunded due to limited contributions from AU

member states. Many African governments, including Nigeria, face budgetary

constraints that limit their ability to finance AU-led mediation processes. The

consequence is delayed response times, inadequate logistical support, and a lack of

financial resources to sustain prolonged peace talks (Eze & Mohammed, 2021).

27
2. Political Interference and Sovereignty Concerns

Political interference from powerful AU member states and regional actors often

complicates mediation efforts. Some African governments resist AU interventions,

viewing them as infringements on their sovereignty and domestic affairs. This is

particularly evident in authoritarian regimes where leaders refuse to engage in AU-

led peace processes, fearing external pressure for political reforms (Balogun, 2022).

For instance, in the Sudan peace process, the AU faced challenges in negotiating

with the government due to political resistance from the ruling elite. Similarly,

during the Ethiopia-Tigray conflict, mediation efforts were hindered by government

reluctance to allow external actors to intervene. Such resistance weakens the AU’s

ability to implement effective and impartial conflict resolution mechanisms

(Omotayo, 2023).

Additionally, some peace processes are influenced by regional power struggles,

where certain countries align with specific factions in conflict zones. Nigeria, for

example, has faced criticism for allegedly taking sides in West African conflicts,

particularly during its ECOWAS-led interventions in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and The

Gambia (Ibrahim & Nwosu, 2023).

3. Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms

Unlike the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), which can impose binding

sanctions and deploy peacekeeping forces with international backing, the AU lacks

strong enforcement mechanisms to implement peace agreements. Many AU-

28
mediated peace accords fail to hold conflicting parties accountable, leading to

recurring conflicts.

For instance, in the South Sudan peace process, multiple ceasefire agreements

brokered by the AU have been repeatedly violated due to weak enforcement

mechanisms. The lack of a unified continental military force with rapid deployment

capabilities further limits the AU’s ability to enforce peace deals and prevent post-

mediation conflicts (Chukwuemeka & Adeola, 2024).

4. Logistical and Institutional Constraints

The AU also struggles with logistical challenges in deploying mediators, organizing

peace talks, and coordinating diplomatic efforts across diverse regions. Mediation

efforts require:

 Well-trained diplomatic teams with expertise in conflict resolution.

 Efficient communication and negotiation platforms for dialogue.

 Adequate infrastructure to support peace conferences and negotiations.

However, many AU-led mediation initiatives suffer from delays in mobilizing

personnel, inadequate infrastructure for peace negotiations, and poor coordination

among AU institutions and regional bodies (Olawale, 2023). The African Standby

Force (ASF), which was envisioned as a continental peace enforcement mechanism,

remains underdeveloped and ineffective in addressing urgent conflicts.

29
5. Nigeria’s Internal Security and Its Impact on AU Mediation Efforts

As a leading player in AU peace mediation, Nigeria faces significant internal

security challenges that sometimes limit its ability to participate in continental peace

processes. Some of these challenges include:

 The Boko Haram insurgency in the northeastern region, which requires

extensive military and financial resources.

 Farmer-herder conflicts and banditry, which have escalated into nationwide

security crises.

 Separatist agitations in the southeast, affecting Nigeria’s internal stability.

Nigeria’s domestic security issues often divert its diplomatic attention and financial

resources away from AU peace mediation efforts. For example, while Nigeria played

a central role in ECOWAS peacekeeping operations in the 1990s and early 2000s, its

participation in AU-led mediation efforts has declined in recent years due to

domestic security priorities (Akinyemi & Oladipo, 2024).

6. Fragmented Coordination Between AU and Regional Economic Communities

(RECs)

The AU works closely with Regional Economic Communities (RECs) such as

ECOWAS, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the East

African Community (EAC) in peace mediation efforts. However, there is often a lack

of coordination between the AU and these regional bodies, leading to:

30
 Overlapping peace initiatives that create confusion in mediation processes.

 Conflicting diplomatic strategies, where AU interventions clash with regional

economic blocs’ approaches to conflict resolution.

 Delays in decision-making, as multiple organizations must negotiate before

implementing peace strategies.

For example, in the Mali and Burkina Faso conflicts, ECOWAS-led peace initiatives

sometimes conflicted with AU strategies, causing delays in peace implementation

(Ogunyemi, 2024). Improved harmonization between AU and RECs is crucial for

enhancing the effectiveness of African-led mediation efforts.

7. Limited Women’s Participation in AU Peace Mediation

Despite the AU’s commitment to gender inclusion, the participation of women in

peace mediation efforts remains low. Women’s involvement is crucial for sustainable

peace agreements, as studies show that peace deals are more likely to succeed when

women participate in negotiations. However, AU-led mediation processes often fail

to include women as lead negotiators or mediators, limiting gender perspectives in

conflict resolution strategies (Eze & Mohammed, 2024).

2.2.6 Successes and Failures of AU Conflict Resolution Efforts

The African Union (AU) has played a crucial role in conflict resolution and peace

mediation across the continent, achieving notable successes while also facing

significant challenges. The effectiveness of AU interventions has varied, with some

31
cases demonstrating strong mediation outcomes, while others highlight the

organization’s institutional weaknesses. The mixed record of AU-led peace

initiatives is shaped by factors such as political will, resource availability, and the

ability to enforce agreements (Adebayo, 2020).

1. One of the AU’s most recognized successes in conflict resolution was its role

in The Gambia’s 2016–2017 political crisis. Following the disputed

presidential election, former President Yahya Jammeh refused to step down

despite losing to Adama Barrow. The AU, working alongside ECOWAS and

the United Nations, engaged in high-level diplomatic mediation. By applying

political pressure and threatening military intervention, the AU-backed

ECOWAS initiative led to Jammeh’s peaceful exit, preventing potential

violence. This case demonstrated the AU’s ability to enforce democratic

transitions when there is strong regional cooperation and unified diplomatic

efforts (Eze & Mohammed, 2021).

2. The AU also contributed significantly to ending Liberia’s prolonged civil war

(1989–2003). Through mediation efforts, including the Abuja Peace Accords

(1995) and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2003), the AU and

ECOWAS facilitated a ceasefire, deployed peacekeeping forces, and supported

post-conflict reconstruction. The transition to a democratic government in

2005 under Ellen Johnson Sirleaf marked a major milestone for AU-led peace

efforts. Liberia’s case demonstrated that AU-led peace processes could yield

32
 long-term stability when coupled with sustained international support and

well-structured governance reforms (Omotayo, 2022).

3. Another notable success was the AU’s role in the 2005 Sudan Comprehensive

Peace Agreement (CPA), which ended the decades-long civil war between the

Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM).

The CPA eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011,

representing a significant achievement in African conflict resolution. However,

the AU’s inability to prevent renewed conflict within South Sudan after

independence revealed persistent challenges in sustaining long-term peace.

The post-independence instability exposed weaknesses in the AU’s post-

conflict stabilization strategies, as ethnic rivalries and governance disputes

quickly escalated into renewed violence (Balogun, 2023).

4. The AU’s peacekeeping mission in Somalia (AMISOM), launched in 2007,

has played a crucial role in stabilizing the country against Al-Shabaab

insurgency. AMISOM has helped restore government authority in Mogadishu,

provided security for elections, and supported counterterrorism operations.

Despite these achievements, the Somali conflict remains unresolved,

demonstrating the limitations of AU peacekeeping efforts in environments

where local governance remains weak. The long-term presence of AMISOM

also raises concerns about the sustainability of AU-led missions, as continued

dependency on external funding challenges the AU’s ability to lead fully

independent peace operations (Chukwuemeka & Adeola, 2024).

33
5. While the AU has recorded successes, it has also struggled to prevent and

resolve conflicts in several regions. One of the most significant failures is the

renewed crisis in Sudan, which escalated in April 2023 between the Sudanese

Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). Despite AU-

brokered ceasefires, violence has persisted, leading to thousands of deaths and

mass displacement. The AU’s slow response and lack of enforcement

mechanisms have weakened its ability to stabilize Sudan. The ongoing

humanitarian crisis and failed peace efforts underscore the AU’s struggle to

exert influence over domestic power struggles when warring factions do not

recognize its authority (Olawale, 2024).

6. Another major failure is the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of

Congo (DRC). Despite multiple AU-led peace agreements, such as the Lusaka

Ceasefire Agreement (1999) and the Pretoria Agreement (2002), violence

continues due to the presence of armed groups, weak enforcement of peace

deals, and regional interference. The AU’s inability to enforce stability in the

DRC exposes its institutional weaknesses in managing prolonged conflicts.

The persistence of instability in the DRC demonstrates the difficulty of

achieving long-term peace in resource-rich regions where economic interests

and foreign involvement further complicate conflict resolution (Akinyemi &

Oladipo, 2024).

34
7. The AU has also struggled to contain the escalating security crisis in the Sahel

region, particularly in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. The rise of terrorist

groups affiliated with ISIS and Al-Qaeda, along with political instability

caused by military coups, has undermined AU mediation efforts. The AU’s

failure to establish an effective security framework for the Sahel highlights its

limited capacity in addressing transnational threats. Weak coordination

between the AU and regional security initiatives such as the G5 Sahel has

contributed to the inability to curb the spread of extremism and instability in

the region (Ogunyemi, 2024).

8. One of the AU’s most glaring failures was its response to the 2011 Libyan

crisis. The AU attempted to mediate between Muammar Gaddafi and

opposition forces, but its efforts were overshadowed by the NATO-led military

intervention. The collapse of Gaddafi’s regime led to Libya’s descent into

prolonged civil war, with spillover effects across North and West Africa. The

AU’s inability to prevent foreign intervention in Libya revealed its diplomatic

weaknesses in managing conflicts involving global powers. Libya remains a

fragile state, illustrating the consequences of ineffective mediation and the

long-term challenges of post-conflict state rebuilding in the absence of a clear

and enforceable AU strategy (Omotayo, 2023).

9. Comparing the AU’s successes and failures reveals key lessons for improving

its conflict resolution strategies. While cases like The Gambia, Liberia, and

Sudan (2005) demonstrate the AU’s ability to facilitate peace, ongoing

35
 conflicts in Sudan (2023), the DRC, and the Sahel region expose significant

gaps in its enforcement capacity. Weak funding, political interference, and

limited rapid-response mechanisms continue to undermine AU-led peace

efforts. Additionally, inconsistencies in AU intervention approaches suggest

the need for stronger frameworks that ensure uniformity in conflict resolution

mechanisms across different regions (Chukwuemeka & Adeola, 2024).

10. To enhance its effectiveness, the AU must strengthen its enforcement

mechanisms, improve coordination with regional organizations such as

ECOWAS and IGAD, and increase funding for peacekeeping operations.

Developing a more robust rapid-response force and promoting inclusive

mediation efforts involving civil society actors can further improve its

credibility in conflict resolution. Addressing these challenges will enable the

AU to play a more decisive role in maintaining peace and security across

Africa. Greater emphasis on preemptive diplomacy and conflict prevention

rather than reactive interventions could also help the AU reduce the recurrence

of conflicts and foster long-term stability in vulnerable regions (Adebayo,

2020).

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework provides a foundation for analyzing Nigeria’s role in AU

peace mediation by applying relevant theories in conflict resolution and international

relations. Understanding Nigeria’s peace efforts requires an examination of both

36
Liberal Peace Theory and Realist Theory of International Relations, as these

theories explain the motivations, strategies, and limitations of Nigeria’s engagement

in AU-led peace initiatives.

2.3.1 Liberal Peace Theory

Liberal Peace Theory, initially conceptualized by Immanuel Kant (1795) in

Perpetual Peace and later expanded by Michael Doyle (1986) and Bruce Russett

(1993), argues that democracy, economic interdependence, and international

cooperation reduce the likelihood of conflict. The theory suggests that states with

democratic institutions and strong economic ties are more inclined to resolve

disputes peacefully through diplomatic channels rather than through force. This

perspective aligns with Nigeria’s role in AU peace mediation, as the country actively

promotes democratic governance and regional economic integration in its peace

strategies. Through its leadership in ECOWAS and AU peace missions, Nigeria has

facilitated democratic transitions, particularly in The Gambia (2016–2017), Liberia

(2003), and Sudan (2005). Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts, which emphasize dialogue,

electoral legitimacy, and institutional reforms, reflect the core principles of Liberal

Peace Theory (Adebayo, 2019).

However, while the theory explains Nigeria’s diplomatic engagement, it does not

fully address the power dynamics, national interests, and security concerns that

influence its peace interventions. This gap is better understood through Realist

37
Theory of International Relations, which focuses on state-centric power struggles,

security imperatives, and the anarchic nature of international politics.

4.3.2 Realist Theory of International Relations

Realism, developed by Hans Morgenthau (1948) in Politics Among Nations and later

advanced by Kenneth Waltz (1979) through Neorealism, argues that states act

primarily to maximize power and ensure security in an anarchic international system.

It posits that conflict is inherent in international relations, as states must protect their

interests through military strength and strategic alliances.

Nigeria’s peace mediation efforts can be analyzed through this Realist perspective, as

its diplomatic and military engagements are driven by regional stability and national

security considerations. Nigeria has historically deployed peacekeeping forces not

only for humanitarian reasons but also to protect its geopolitical influence in West

Africa and beyond (Balogun, 2021). Its leadership in ECOWAS military

interventions in Liberia (1990–2003) and Sierra Leone (1997–2000) was partly

motivated by concerns over the spillover effects of civil wars, which threatened

regional security and Nigeria’s economic interests. Similarly, Nigeria’s active

involvement in counterterrorism operations in the Lake Chad Basin, particularly

against Boko Haram, demonstrates its strategic focus on national security. The

persistence of terrorist threats in the Sahel region and instability in neighboring

Chad, Niger, and Cameroon further reinforces Nigeria’s Realist approach, as it seeks

38
to curb cross-border threats and protect its national sovereignty (Chukwuemeka &

Adeola, 2024).

While Realism explains Nigeria’s power-driven interventions, it does not fully

account for the role of democratic governance, economic interdependence, and

international organizations in shaping peace processes. Liberal Peace Theory fills

this gap by highlighting the importance of multilateral diplomacy and economic

cooperation in conflict resolution. The integration of both theories offers a

comprehensive framework for understanding Nigeria’s mediation role in AU peace

efforts. By blending Realist strategic interests with Liberal Peace commitments to

democracy and cooperation, Nigeria balances its regional power ambitions with its

peacebuilding responsibilities.

This theoretical framework is crucial to the study as it provides a dual-lens analysis

of Nigeria’s engagement in AU peace mediation. While Nigeria’s efforts in

democratic promotion and economic cooperation align with Liberal Peace Theory, its

security-driven interventions and geopolitical considerations resonate with Realist

Theory. The challenges faced in AU peace mediation, such as political rivalries,

enforcement limitations, and resource constraints, also reflect the tension between

idealistic peace aspirations and the realities of power politics (Ogunyemi, 2022).

Nigeria’s role within AU peace initiatives must therefore be assessed not only as a

commitment to regional stability and democratic governance but also as a strategic

move to secure its national interests within the broader African security landscape.

39
To enhance its effectiveness in AU peace mediation, Nigeria must navigate between

these two theoretical perspectives by strengthening democratic institutions, fostering

economic integration, and improving security cooperation with other AU member

states. This will ensure that its mediation efforts are not only principled but also

pragmatic, addressing both the structural causes of conflicts and the immediate

security challenges that threaten regional stability. By applying a theoretical

approach that integrates Liberal Peace and Realist perspectives, this study offers a

holistic understanding of Nigeria’s mediation role, identifying both its successes and

the structural obstacles that hinder the long-term effectiveness of AU peace

initiatives (Akinyemi & Oladipo, 2023).

2.4 EMPIRICAL STUDY

Empirical studies provide concrete evidence of the African Union’s (AU) peace

mediation efforts and Nigeria’s role in conflict resolution. By examining Nigeria’s

contributions to peacekeeping missions, diplomatic interventions, and mediation

strategies, this section highlights the country's influence on regional stability and its

commitment to peacebuilding in Africa. Nigeria's engagement in AU-led and

ECOWAS-led peace initiatives has played a significant role in mitigating conflicts

and fostering diplomatic solutions in various African nations.

2.4.1 Nigeria’s Role in ECOWAS-Led Mediation in Liberia (1990–1997)

Nigeria played a crucial role in the Economic Community of West African States

Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) peacekeeping mission that helped restore stability in

40
Liberia. The Liberian Civil War (1989–2003) was one of the deadliest conflicts in

West Africa, leading to widespread humanitarian crises, mass displacement, and

regional insecurity. As a dominant power in ECOWAS, Nigeria led diplomatic

negotiations and military interventions to restore peace in the country. In 1990,

Nigeria deployed troops under ECOMOG, a regional peacekeeping force initiated by

ECOWAS, making it the largest troop-contributing country in the mission. Nigerian

forces were instrumental in de-escalating violent confrontations between warring

factions, disarming combatants, and enforcing ceasefire agreements.

Beyond military engagement, Nigeria also provided substantial financial assistance

to support peace efforts in Liberia. The country was a key facilitator of several peace

accords, including the Abuja Accord of 1995, which aimed to disarm factions and

establish a transitional government. Nigeria’s leadership in ECOMOG was pivotal in

pressuring warlord Charles Taylor to participate in peace negotiations, ultimately

leading to the 1997 elections, which marked a temporary end to hostilities. However,

the resurgence of conflict in 1999 highlighted the complexities of peace mediation,

revealing the need for long-term stabilization mechanisms beyond military

interventions.

2.4.2 AU Mediation in Sudan and South Sudan (2005–2011)

The African Union, with Nigeria’s participation, played a crucial role in facilitating

negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan, which culminated in South Sudan’s

independence in 2011. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in

41
2005, was a landmark achievement that ended Africa’s longest-running civil war,

which had lasted over two decades. Nigeria, as a major diplomatic actor within the

AU, was actively involved in mediating talks between Sudan’s government and the

Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM).

The mediation process was spearheaded by the African Union High-Level

Implementation Panel (AUHIP), with Nigeria contributing both political support and

peacekeeping forces to ensure the smooth implementation of the peace agreement.

Nigeria also played a significant role in advocating for referendum processes and

political transition mechanisms, ensuring that South Sudan’s eventual secession was

conducted through legal and diplomatic frameworks rather than violent conflict.

Despite these efforts, post-independence conflicts between Sudan and South Sudan

persisted, particularly over oil revenue distribution, border demarcation, and

territorial disputes in regions such as Abyei and South Kordofan. Nigeria’s

involvement in AU-led peace initiatives continued beyond South Sudan’s

independence, as the country contributed troops to peacekeeping missions under the

AU and UN frameworks to contain violence and support diplomatic conflict

resolution.

2.4.3 Nigeria’s Involvement in AU Peacekeeping Missions in Darfur (2004–

Present)

42
Nigeria has consistently demonstrated its commitment to regional stability through

its participation in AU-UN hybrid peacekeeping missions in Darfur, Sudan. The

Darfur conflict, which erupted in 2003, saw widespread violence between

government-backed militias (Janjaweed) and rebel groups, resulting in severe

humanitarian crises, mass displacements, and accusations of war crimes and

genocide.

In 2004, the AU deployed the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to address

the humanitarian and security crisis in Darfur. Nigeria played a leading role in this

mission by contributing troops, financial aid, and diplomatic engagement. The AMIS

mission, though initially limited in capacity, laid the groundwork for the

establishment of the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) in

2007, a joint peacekeeping operation with a more robust mandate. Nigeria remained

one of the largest troop-contributing countries, demonstrating its long-term

commitment to ensuring peace and stability in Sudan.

In addition to military efforts, Nigeria also played a key diplomatic role in brokering

peace negotiations between the Sudanese government and rebel groups. Nigerian

representatives actively participated in the Abuja Peace Talks (2006), which led to

the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), although its implementation faced significant

challenges. Despite setbacks, Nigeria has continued to support mediation efforts and

contribute troops to ongoing UN and AU-led peacekeeping operations in Darfur.

43
The prolonged nature of the Darfur conflict highlights the limitations of AU peace

mediation efforts, including funding constraints, lack of enforcement mechanisms,

and political interference. Nigeria’s involvement in Darfur underscores both its

dedication to regional security and the complex challenges associated with

peacekeeping missions in conflict-prone areas.

2.4 EMPIRICAL STUDY

Empirical studies provide concrete evidence of the African Union’s (AU) peace

mediation efforts and Nigeria’s role in conflict resolution. By examining Nigeria’s

contributions to peacekeeping missions, diplomatic interventions, and mediation

strategies, this section highlights the country's influence on regional stability and its

commitment to peacebuilding in Africa. Nigeria's engagement in AU-led and

ECOWAS-led peace initiatives has played a significant role in mitigating conflicts

and fostering diplomatic solutions in various African nations.

2.4.1 Nigeria’s Role in ECOWAS-Led Mediation in Liberia (1990–1997)

Nigeria played a pivotal role in the Economic Community of West African States

Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) peacekeeping mission that aimed to restore stability

in Liberia during its civil war. The first Liberian Civil War (1989–1997) saw intense

conflict among various factions, and ECOWAS, under Nigeria’s leadership,

intervened to restore peace. Nigeria contributed a significant portion of the troops,

financial resources, and diplomatic support, making it a central player in Liberia’s

transition from war to stability.

44
According to Ebegbulem (2018), Nigeria's intervention was a natural geopolitical

development, given its regional influence and commitment to peace in West Africa.

The ECOMOG mission faced considerable challenges, including logistical

difficulties, accusations of bias, and financial constraints. Despite these hurdles,

Nigeria's role was instrumental in brokering ceasefire agreements and facilitating the

eventual 1997 elections that brought Charles Taylor to power. Scholars such as

Aning and Okyere (2020) argue that Nigeria’s involvement in Liberia set the

precedent for regional peacekeeping initiatives in West Africa. Furthermore, a report

by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (2019) highlights the complexities of

Nigeria’s engagement, noting how its leadership in ECOMOG strengthened

ECOWAS’s ability to manage regional crises.

Despite the eventual stabilization of Liberia, the intervention raised concerns

regarding the sustainability of external peacekeeping missions in intra-state conflicts.

Scholars such as Francis (2021) stress that while Nigeria’s role was commendable,

post-conflict reconstruction efforts required more robust governance structures to

prevent the resurgence of violence. This suggests that mediation efforts must be

complemented with long-term political and economic support.

2.4.2 AU Mediation in Sudan and South Sudan (2005–2011)

The AU, with Nigeria's participation, played a crucial role in mediating negotiations

between Sudan and South Sudan, leading to the latter’s independence in 2011. The

Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2005 ended decades of civil war

45
between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement

(SPLM). Nigeria, as a key AU member, supported diplomatic efforts to ensure the

successful implementation of the agreement.

Mbaku (2022) emphasizes that Nigeria’s involvement in Sudanese mediation was

driven by its commitment to African unity and regional stability. However, post-

independence conflicts between Sudan and South Sudan have continued to challenge

peace efforts. The border disputes over Abyei, oil revenue-sharing, and ethnic

tensions have kept the region unstable. According to the International Crisis Group

(2019), AU mediation efforts have been hindered by the lack of enforcement

mechanisms, making conflict resolution difficult.

Moreover, Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts extended beyond direct mediation to

humanitarian assistance and peace support. Research by Adejumo (2020) highlights

how Nigeria facilitated discussions between warring factions and contributed to AU

peacekeeping efforts through logistical support and advisory roles. However, the

ongoing violence in Darfur and South Kordofan highlights the limitations of

mediation without comprehensive security guarantees.

2.4.3 Nigeria’s Involvement in AU Peacekeeping Missions in Darfur (2004–

Present)

Nigeria has demonstrated its commitment to regional stability by contributing troops

and financial aid to the AU-UN hybrid peacekeeping mission in Darfur, known as

UNAMID (United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur). The Darfur

46
conflict, which began in 2003, led to one of the worst humanitarian crises in modern

African history. The AU initially deployed the African Union Mission in Sudan

(AMIS) in 2004 before it transitioned into UNAMID in 2007.

According to Ebegbulem (2019), Nigeria has played a leading role in UNAMID by

providing military personnel, logistical support, and funding. The country’s

involvement reflects its broader foreign policy objectives, which include promoting

peace and security in Africa. Nigeria’s commitment to Darfur has also been

recognized by international organizations, as noted in a UN report (2021), which

highlights Nigeria’s contributions to humanitarian efforts, including food aid and

medical assistance.

Despite Nigeria’s significant role, UNAMID faced multiple challenges, including

funding shortages, logistical difficulties, and resistance from the Sudanese

government. Adeyemi (2022) points out that while Nigeria’s peacekeeping efforts in

Darfur have been commendable, the mission struggled to achieve long-term stability

due to the persistence of armed rebel groups and government restrictions on

peacekeeping activities. Additionally, scholars such as Onuoha (2023) argue that

Nigeria’s engagement in Darfur illustrates the broader challenges facing AU-led

peacekeeping missions, including limited capacity and dependency on external

funding.

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2.5 OTHER CONCEPTS

In addition to Nigeria’s role in peace mediation and conflict resolution within the

African Union (AU), several other key concepts help to frame the broader context of

these efforts. These concepts are essential for understanding how conflict prevention,

resolution, and post-conflict stabilization are approached within the AU framework.

They provide insight into the strategies, policies, and mechanisms that guide

interventions across Africa. This section explores three significant concepts relevant

to AU conflict resolution and Nigeria’s role: Preventive Diplomacy, Post-Conflict

Reconstruction, and Humanitarian Intervention.

2.5.1 Preventive Diplomacy

Preventive diplomacy refers to proactive measures taken by international and

regional organizations, including the AU, to prevent disputes from escalating into

full-scale conflicts. It involves early detection of potential crises, diplomatic

engagements, mediation efforts, and peace initiatives before violent confrontations

occur. Preventive diplomacy has been a cornerstone of the AU’s peace and security

strategy, with Nigeria playing an active role in implementing these measures.

One of the key instruments of preventive diplomacy within the AU is the Continental

Early Warning System (CEWS), which gathers and analyzes data to detect signs of

potential conflicts. The CEWS relies on information from various sources, including

AU member states, regional economic communities (RECs), civil society

organizations, and international partners. Once a threat is identified, the AU Peace

48
and Security Council (PSC) engages in diplomatic negotiations, preventive

deployments, or mediation efforts to de-escalate tensions.

Nigeria has been a strong advocate of preventive diplomacy within the AU and the

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The country has

consistently supported diplomatic missions aimed at resolving tensions before they

lead to violent conflicts. A notable example is Nigeria’s role in mediating political

tensions in The Gambia in 2016–2017. When former President Yahya Jammeh

refused to step down after losing the presidential election, ECOWAS, with Nigeria at

the forefront, engaged in preventive diplomacy by sending high-level envoys to

negotiate a peaceful transition. This effort, supported by Nigeria’s leadership, helped

avert a potential civil conflict and ensured a peaceful transfer of power to President

Adama Barrow.

Similarly, Nigeria has played a preventive role in several other crises across Africa,

including those in Mali, Guinea-Bissau, and Côte d'Ivoire. In these cases, Nigerian

diplomats, working through AU and ECOWAS mechanisms, engaged in dialogue,

political negotiations, and diplomatic pressure to prevent conflicts from escalating.

By leveraging its influence, Nigeria has helped to mediate disputes and maintain

regional stability, demonstrating the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy as a tool

for conflict resolution.

49
However, challenges remain in implementing preventive diplomacy effectively. One

major obstacle is the lack of compliance by some AU member states when early

warning signals are issued. Some governments view external diplomatic

interventions as an infringement on their sovereignty, making it difficult for AU

mediators to intervene before tensions escalate. Additionally, funding constraints and

inadequate logistical support have hindered the AU’s ability to deploy rapid

diplomatic responses to emerging conflicts.

Despite these challenges, preventive diplomacy remains a crucial strategy for

maintaining peace in Africa. Nigeria’s continued leadership in this area, along with

stronger collaboration between the AU and regional bodies, can enhance the

effectiveness of early intervention mechanisms.

2.5.2 Post-Conflict Reconstruction

Post-conflict reconstruction refers to the comprehensive efforts made to rebuild war-

torn nations following the resolution of conflicts. These efforts include economic

recovery, governance reforms, infrastructure development, security sector reforms,

and humanitarian assistance. The AU, through its Post-Conflict Reconstruction and

Development (PCRD) framework, has established guidelines for rebuilding societies

emerging from conflicts. Nigeria has been actively involved in post-conflict

reconstruction initiatives, both through the AU and bilateral engagements.

50
One of Nigeria’s most significant contributions to post-conflict reconstruction has

been in Liberia and Sierra Leone after their respective civil wars. Following the

conflicts, Nigeria provided financial assistance, technical support, and peacekeeping

forces to aid in the recovery process. The Nigerian government, through ECOWAS

and the AU, supported governance reforms, security sector training, and economic

stabilization programs in both countries. For instance, Nigeria played a critical role in

training the new national armies of Liberia and Sierra Leone, ensuring that security

forces were restructured to prevent the resurgence of war.

Beyond West Africa, Nigeria has contributed to reconstruction efforts in Sudan and

South Sudan. Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, Nigeria

participated in AU-led peacebuilding initiatives aimed at stabilizing the new nation.

Nigerian diplomats and military advisers were involved in training security forces,

providing financial aid, and supporting institutional reforms in South Sudan.

However, persistent political instability and ethnic violence have posed challenges to

long-term peacebuilding efforts in the country.

Post-conflict reconstruction also extends to economic development and humanitarian

assistance. The AU encourages member states, including Nigeria, to invest in

rebuilding war-torn economies by supporting infrastructure projects, business

investments, and employment creation. Nigeria’s role in economic recovery has been

seen in its contributions to AU Peace Fund initiatives that finance reconstruction

programs in conflict-affected regions. Additionally, Nigerian businesses and

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entrepreneurs have played a part in reviving economies by investing in sectors such

as energy, banking, and agriculture in post-conflict states.

Despite Nigeria’s contributions, post-conflict reconstruction in Africa faces several

challenges. One of the major issues is the slow pace of governance reforms in post-

war countries, leading to the risk of conflict relapse. Additionally, weak institutions

and political instability often undermine reconstruction efforts. To address these

challenges, scholars and policymakers recommend stronger coordination between

AU member states, increased funding for peacebuilding programs, and greater

involvement of civil society organizations in post-conflict governance.

2.5.3 Humanitarian Intervention

Humanitarian intervention refers to actions taken by the AU and its member states to

prevent or respond to human rights violations, genocide, and mass atrocities. These

interventions may include military deployments, humanitarian aid, refugee

assistance, and diplomatic measures to address large-scale human suffering. The AU

has a legal mandate to intervene in member states under the principle of "non-

indifference," as outlined in Article 4(h) of the AU Constitutive Act. This principle

allows the AU to take action in cases of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against

humanity.

Nigeria has been a leading proponent of humanitarian intervention in Africa,

advocating for the AU’s active role in preventing atrocities. One of Nigeria’s most

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notable contributions to humanitarian intervention was its involvement in the Darfur

crisis in Sudan. When violence escalated in Darfur in the early 2000s, leading to

mass displacement and human rights violations, Nigeria supported AU peacekeeping

efforts under the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and later the United

Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). Nigerian troops

were deployed to protect civilians, monitor ceasefires, and provide humanitarian aid

in conflict-affected areas.

Nigeria has also played an active role in humanitarian interventions in Somalia,

Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Through its

contributions to AU peacekeeping missions, Nigeria has provided troops, medical

assistance, and financial support to alleviate humanitarian crises in these regions.

Additionally, Nigerian humanitarian organizations and NGOs have been involved in

delivering aid to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in conflict zones.

Despite these efforts, humanitarian intervention remains a complex and controversial

issue. Some critics argue that military interventions, even with humanitarian

justifications, may be seen as violations of sovereignty. Others point out that

intervention efforts are sometimes hampered by political divisions within the AU,

logistical challenges, and lack of adequate funding. The effectiveness of AU-led

humanitarian interventions largely depends on the willingness of member states,

including Nigeria, to commit resources and political will to these operations.

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To strengthen humanitarian intervention mechanisms, experts recommend enhancing

AU rapid response capabilities, increasing funding for humanitarian missions, and

improving collaboration with international partners such as the United Nations and

the European Union. Nigeria’s continued engagement in AU humanitarian efforts

will be crucial in ensuring that African-led interventions remain effective in

protecting vulnerable populations.

2.6 APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Existing literature provides valuable insights into the African Union’s (AU) conflict

resolution strategies and Nigeria’s contributions to peace mediation. Scholars have

extensively analyzed AU-led peacekeeping operations, diplomatic interventions, and

governance structures that support conflict resolution (Aning & Okyere, 2019).

Additionally, Nigeria’s involvement in AU and ECOWAS-led peace efforts has been

acknowledged in numerous studies (Francis, 2021; Adejumo, 2020). However,

despite these contributions, several gaps remain in the literature that require further

scholarly investigation.

2.6.1 Limited Focus on Nigeria’s Specific Contributions

While many studies recognize Nigeria as a leading contributor to AU peace efforts,

few provide detailed analyses of its strategies, challenges, and long-term impact.

Existing research often presents Nigeria’s involvement in peace mediation in broad

terms without offering a comprehensive evaluation of its diplomatic, financial, and

military efforts (Ebegbulem, 2019). For instance, Nigeria played a critical role in the

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ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) missions in Liberia and Sierra Leone, but

studies often fail to distinguish its specific mediation techniques from those of other

ECOWAS member states (Francis, 2021).

Additionally, Nigeria’s involvement in post-conflict reconstruction remains

underexplored. While scholars such as Onuoha (2023) highlight Nigeria’s

contributions to peacekeeping missions in Darfur, Sudan, and South Sudan, they

often lack detailed assessments of how these interventions have shaped long-term

peace-building efforts. There is a need for further research that examines Nigeria’s

diplomatic mediation, economic assistance, and governance advisory roles in AU

peace missions.

2.6.2 Insufficient Analysis of AU’s Conflict Resolution Mechanisms

Many studies provide theoretical discussions of AU conflict resolution mechanisms,

particularly the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) and the Peace and

Security Council (PSC) (Adeyemi, 2022; Mbaku, 2023). However, empirical

evaluations of their effectiveness remain limited. Scholars frequently cite AU

institutions as important frameworks for peace mediation, yet few studies

systematically assess their real-world impact in different conflict scenarios.

For instance, while the AU’s mediation in Sudan and South Sudan (2005–2011) is

often discussed, there is little empirical evidence analyzing how well the AU’s

conflict resolution mechanisms adapted to changing political dynamics in the region

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(International Crisis Group, 2019). Similarly, the role of the AU’s Panel of the Wise

—a conflict prevention advisory body—has been understudied in terms of its direct

influence on peace processes (Aning & Okyere, 2020). More case-specific research

is required to evaluate how APSA and the PSC have addressed different conflicts

across Africa and to identify gaps in their operational effectiveness.

2.6.3 Lack of Comprehensive Studies on AU Peace Mediation Failures

Research on AU conflict resolution tends to highlight successful peacekeeping

missions while neglecting failed mediation efforts and the lessons learned (Francis,

2023). For example, while scholars often discuss the AU’s successful role in Liberia,

Sierra Leone, and The Gambia, they rarely explore why AU mediation efforts

struggled in countries like Libya, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan

(Ebegbulem, 2018).

Additionally, the AU’s handling of electoral disputes and unconstitutional changes of

government remains an underdeveloped research area. For instance, the AU’s

response to the 2021 military coups in Chad, Mali, Guinea, and Sudan lacked a

unified strategy, and studies have yet to fully examine the policy inconsistencies in

AU mediation approaches (Adeyemi, 2022).

Another notable gap is the lack of research on AU funding limitations and the role of

external actors. The AU Peace Fund is often constrained by financial dependency on

foreign donors, yet few studies analyze how this affects the AU’s autonomy and

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decision-making in peace mediation efforts (Mbaku, 2022). Addressing these

knowledge gaps can provide more balanced assessments of the AU’s strengths and

weaknesses in conflict resolution.

This appraisal highlights the need for further research on Nigeria’s peace mediation

role within the AU. While Nigeria is widely recognized as a key player in AU peace

efforts, there is a need for more detailed analyses of its strategies, contributions, and

challenges. Additionally, empirical studies on the effectiveness of AU conflict

resolution mechanisms remain limited, and research often neglects failed mediation

cases and their lessons.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the methodological approach adopted to explore Nigeria’s role

in peace mediation efforts under the African Union (AU). The qualitative nature of

this study provides a nuanced understanding of the dynamics involved in regional

conflict resolution and the diplomatic strategies employed by Nigeria. Qualitative

methodology is particularly appropriate for studies that seek to investigate subjective

experiences, institutional practices, and political interactions (Creswell & Poth,

2021). This research employs a descriptive and exploratory design to analyze

selected cases of Nigeria’s peace mediation under the auspices of the AU.

3.1 Research Design

The research employs a qualitative descriptive research design, which is ideal for

examining phenomena within their natural context without manipulating variables.

The choice of a qualitative design stems from the need to provide a detailed narrative

and interpretation of Nigeria’s role in the African Union’s conflict resolution

mechanisms. This design facilitates the investigation of institutional and diplomatic

actions using secondary data such as reports, policy documents, and academic

literature (Denzin & Lincoln, 2020).

Qualitative research enables scholars to study peace processes with depth and

attention to historical and political intricacies (Bryman, 2020). By utilizing a case

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study approach, the research is able to contextualize Nigeria’s mediation efforts in

specific conflict zones such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Mali. These case

studies serve as representative examples of Nigeria's active diplomacy and leadership

in African conflict resolution.

3.2 Population of the Study

The population of this study includes institutional sources such as AU official

documents, Nigerian foreign policy statements, reports by international organizations

(e.g., UN, ECOWAS), and expert analyses from political scientists and international

relations scholars. It also includes peace and conflict studies literature that focuses on

Africa’s regional security architecture post-2019. The study encompasses sources

that highlight Nigeria’s role in both formal and informal mediation processes.

According to Kambudzi (2020), the African Union’s peace and security mechanisms

have increasingly relied on member states like Nigeria to operationalize mediation

protocols. The population of the study, therefore, extends to all materials that

document or evaluate these interventions.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques

Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select relevant data sources and

respondents for the study. This non-probability sampling method is suitable for

qualitative studies that prioritize depth over generalizability (Palinkas et al., 2020).

Data were drawn from official AU communiqués, Nigerian government white

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papers, mediation reports, and scholarly journals published after 2019 that discuss

Nigeria’s foreign policy and the AU’s conflict resolution framework.

In addition to documentary sources, a total of 15 respondents were selected for

qualitative data collection. This included 10 in-depth interviews with professionals

from Nigeria’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, university scholars in international

relations, and retired diplomats involved in mediation processes. Furthermore, 5

structured open-ended questionnaires were distributed to researchers and policy

analysts at African regional organizations. These respondents were selected based on

their expertise and practical experience in African conflict resolution and

peacebuilding.

3.4 Validity and Reliability

In qualitative research, validity is achieved through credibility, dependability, and

transferability of findings. To enhance validity, this study triangulates multiple

sources of data, such as policy documents, academic publications, and institutional

reports, to verify and support interpretations (Flick, 2021). The study also ensured

member checking by consulting expert-reviewed literature and official publications

that have undergone institutional vetting.

Reliability in qualitative research refers to the consistency and dependability of the

research process. According to Tracy (2020), this can be achieved through

transparency in data sourcing and clarity in methodological procedures. All data

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collection processes in this study were systematically documented, and thematic

consistency was maintained throughout the analysis.

3.5 Data Collection Techniques

The study employed both documentary analysis and primary qualitative methods.

Documentary analysis involved the systematic review of AU reports, Nigerian

foreign policy documents, ECOWAS and UN peacekeeping records, and peer-

reviewed academic articles. This allowed the study to trace Nigeria’s peace

mediation trajectory and assess its alignment with AU conflict resolution

frameworks.

In addition to secondary sources, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10

respondents, including senior diplomats, peace and security experts, and academic

scholars. These interviews explored Nigeria’s foreign policy posture, specific

mediation efforts, and perceived impact within the AU framework. Interviews were

conducted either face-to-face or virtually, and responses were recorded with the

consent of participants.

Furthermore, 5 open-ended questionnaires were administered to academic experts

and policy researchers with in-depth knowledge of African conflict resolution. In

cases where direct access to targeted experts was not possible—due to scheduling

conflicts, security constraints, or limited availability—primary data collection

methods such as written questionnaires were employed as substitutes. These

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alternative methods ensured that valuable insights were still obtained while

maintaining ethical standards and research rigor.

Ethical clearance was obtained before contacting participants, and confidentiality

was maintained throughout the study.

3.5.1 List of Interview Respondents

S/N Name/Code Designation/Institution Category

Respondent Director, Department of African Affairs,

1 Government Official
A Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria

Respondent Senior Research Fellow, Nigerian Institute

2 Academic
B of International Affairs (NIIA), Lagos

Respondent Retired Ambassador, Former AU Peace

3 Diplomat
C Envoy to Sudan

Respondent Lecturer, Department of Political Science,

4 Academic
D University of Ibadan

Respondent Program Officer, West Africa Network for NGO/Peacebuilding

5
E Peacebuilding (WANEP), Abuja Office Expert

Conflict Resolution Specialist, Institute for

Respondent
6 Peace and Conflict Resolution (IPCR), Practitioner
F
Abuja

Respondent Analyst, Centre for Democracy and

7 Policy Analyst
G Development (CDD), Abuja

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S/N Name/Code Designation/Institution Category

Respondent AU Commission Staff, Peace and Security

8 AU Official
H Department (Interview via Email)

Researcher, Institute for Security Studies

9 Respondent I Regional Expert
(ISS), Addis Ababa Office

Political Analyst and Columnist on African

10 Respondent J Independent Expert
Affairs, Independent Media Consultant

3.6 Method of Data Analysis

Thematic content analysis was employed to interpret the collected data. This involves

identifying patterns, categories, and themes that emerge from the documents (Nowell

et al., 2017). Key themes identified include Nigeria’s leadership in regional

diplomacy, the AU’s reliance on member states for conflict resolution, the successes

and limitations of Nigeria’s mediation efforts, and the evolving nature of peace

mediation in Africa.

The analysis was guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2021) six-phase approach to

thematic analysis, which includes familiarization with data, generating initial codes,

searching for themes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing

the report. Themes were drawn from both theoretical frameworks and empirical

evidence. This allowed for a holistic understanding of the subject matter and ensured

that the research questions were adequately addressed.

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