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 The Chain Rule
7.2 Derivatives of Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric,
Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
7.3 Implicit Differentiation
Procedure for Implicit Differentiation
7.4 Approximating a Derivative
7.5 Derivatives of Inverse Functions
7.6 Higher Order Derivatives
7.7 L’Hôpital’s Rule for Indeterminate Forms
7.8 Rapid Review
7.9 Practice Problems
7.10 Cumulative Review Problems
7.11 Solutions to Practice Problems
7.12 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
8 Graphs of Functions and Derivatives
8.1 Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem, and Extreme Value
Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem
Mean Value Theorem
Extreme Value Theorem
8.2 Determining the Behavior of Functions
Test for Increasing and Decreasing Functions
First Derivative Test and Second Derivative Test for Relative
Extrema
Test for Concavity and Points of Inflection
8.3 Sketching the Graphs of Functions
Graphing without Calculators
Graphing with Calculators
8.4 Graphs of Derivatives
8.5 Rapid Review
8.6 Practice Problems
8.7 Cumulative Review Problems
 8.8 Solutions to Practice Problems
8.9 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
9 Applications of Derivatives
9.1 Related Rate
General Procedure for Solving Related Rate Problems
Common Related Rate Problems
Inverted Cone (Water Tank) Problem
Shadow Problem
Angle of Elevation Problem
9.2 Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems
General Procedure for Solving Applied Maximum and
Minimum Problems
Distance Problem
Area and Volume Problems
Business Problems
9.3 Rapid Review
9.4 Practice Problems
9.5 Cumulative Review Problems
9.6 Solutions to Practice Problems
9.7 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
10 More Applications of Derivatives
10.1 Tangent and Normal Lines
Tangent Lines
Normal Lines
10.2 Linear Approximations
Tangent Line Approximation (or Linear Approximation)
Estimating the nth Root of a Number
Estimating the Value of a Trigonometric Function of an Angle
10.3 Motion Along a Line
Instantaneous Velocity and Acceleration
Vertical Motion
Horizontal Motion
10.4 Rapid Review
10.5 Practice Problems
10.6 Cumulative Review Problems
 10.7 Solutions to Practice Problems
10.8 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems

Big Idea 3: Integrals and the Fundamental Theorems of Calculus

11 Integration
11.1 Evaluating Basic Integrals
Antiderivatives and Integration Formulas
Evaluating Integrals
11.2 Integration by U-Substitution
The U-Substitution Method
U-Substitution and Algebraic Functions
U-Substitution and Trigonometric Functions
U-Substitution and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
U-Substitution and Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
11.3 Rapid Review
11.4 Practice Problems
11.5 Cumulative Review Problems
11.6 Solutions to Practice Problems
11.7 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
12 Definite Integrals
12.1 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals
Sigma Notation or Summation Notation
Definition of a Riemann Sum
Definition of a Definite Integral
Properties of Definite Integrals
12.2 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
12.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals
Definite Integrals Involving Algebraic Functions
Definite Integrals Involving Absolute Value
Definite Integrals Involving Trigonometric, Logarithmic, and
Exponential Functions
Definite Integrals Involving Odd and Even Functions
12.4 Rapid Review
 12.5 Practice Problems
12.6 Cumulative Review Problems
12.7 Solutions to Practice Problems
12.8 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
13 Areas and Volumes
13.1 The Function
13.2 Approximating the Area Under a Curve
Rectangular Approximations
Trapezoidal Approximations
13.3 Area and Definite Integrals
Area Under a Curve
Area Between Two Curves
13.4 Volumes and Definite Integrals
Solids with Known Cross Sections
The Disc Method
The Washer Method
13.5 Rapid Review
13.6 Practice Problems
13.7 Cumulative Review Problems
13.8 Solutions to Practice Problems
13.9 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems
14 More Applications of Definite Integrals
14.1 Average Value of a Function
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
Average Value of a Function on [a, b]
14.2 Distance Traveled Problems
14.3 Definite Integral as Accumulated Change
Business Problems
Temperature Problem
Leakage Problems
Growth Problem
14.4 Differential Equations
Exponential Growth/Decay Problems
Separable Differential Equations
 14.5 Slope Fields
14.6 Rapid Review
14.7 Practice Problems
14.8 Cumulative Review Problems
14.9 Solutions to Practice Problems
14.10 Solutions to Cumulative Review Problems

STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

AP Calculus AB Practice Exam 1
AP Calculus AB Practice Exam 2

Appendix
Bibliography
Websites
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

WILLIAM MA has taught calculus for many years. He received his BA and MA from
Columbia University. He was the chairman of the Math Department at the Herricks
School District on Long Island, New York, for many years before retiring. He also
taught as adjunct instructor at Baruch College, Fordham University, and Columbia
University. He is the author of several books, including test preparation books for the
SAT, ACT, GMAT, and AP Calculus AB and BC. He is currently a math consultant.
 PREFACE

Congratulations! You are an AP Calculus student. Not too shabby! As you know, AP
Calculus is one of the most challenging subjects in high school. You are studying
mathematical ideas that helped change the world. Not that long ago, calculus was taught
at the graduate level. Today, smart young people like yourself study calculus in high
school. Most colleges will give you credit if you score a 3 or more on the AP Calculus
exam.
So how do you do well on the AP Calculus exam? How do you get a 5? Well,
you’ve already taken the first step. You’re reading this book. The next thing you need to
do is to make sure that you understand the materials and do the practice problems. In
recent years, the AP Calculus exam has gone through many changes. For example, today
the questions no longer stress long and tedious algebraic manipulations. Instead, you
are expected to be able to solve a broad range of problems, including problems
presented to you in the form of a graph, a chart, or a word problem. For many of the
questions, you are also expected to use your calculator to find the solutions.
After having taught AP Calculus for many years and having spoken to students and
other calculus teachers, we understand some of the difficulties that students might
encounter with the AP Calculus exam. For example, some students have complained
about not being able to visualize what the question was asking and other students said
that even when the solution was given, they could not follow the steps. Under these
circumstances, who wouldn’t be frustrated? In this book, we have addressed these
issues. Whenever possible, problems are accompanied by diagrams and solutions are
presented in a step-by-step manner. The graphing calculator is used extensively
whenever it is permitted. To make things even easier, this book begins with a chapter
that reviews precalculus. So, if you need to look up a formula, definition, or concept in
precalculus, it is right here in the book. If you’re familiar with these concepts, you
might skip this chapter and begin with Chapter 6.
So how do you get a 5 on the AP Calculus exam?

Step 1: Set up your study program by selecting one of the three study plans in Chapter 2
of this book.
Step 2: Determine your test readiness by taking the Diagnostic Exam in Chapter 3.
Step 3: Develop strategies for success by learning the test-taking techniques offered in
Chapter 4.
Step 4: Review the knowledge you need to score high by studying the subject materials
in Chapter 5 through Chapter 14.
Step 5: Build your test-taking confidence by taking the Practice Exams provided in this
book.

As an old martial artist once said, “First you must understand. Then you must
practice.” Have fun and good luck!
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I could not have written this book without the help of the following people:

My high school calculus teacher, Michael Cantor, who taught me calculus.

Professor Leslie Beebe, who taught me how to write.
David Pickman, who fixed my computer and taught me Equation Editor.
Jennifer Tobin, who tirelessly edited many parts of the manuscript and with whom I
look forward to coauthoring a math book in the future.
Robert Teseo and his calculus students who field-tested many of the problems.
Allison Litvack, Rich Peck, and Liz Spiegel, who proofread sections of the Practice
Tests. And a special thanks to Trisha Ho, who edited some of the materials.
Mark Reynolds, who proofread part of the manuscript.
Maxine Lifsfitz, who offered many helpful comments and suggestions.
Grace Freedson, Del Franz, and Sonam Arora for all their assistance.
Sam Lee and Derek Ma, who were on 24-hour call for technical support.
My older daughter, Janet, for not killing me for missing one of her concerts.
My younger daughter, Karen, who helped me with many of the computer graphics.
My wife, Mary, who gave me many ideas for the book and who often has more
confidence in me than I have in myself.
 INTRODUCTION: THE FIVE-STEP
PROGRAM

How Is This Book Organized?

This book begins with an introduction to the Five-Step Program followed by 14
chapters reflecting the five steps.

• Step 1 provides an overview of the AP Calculus AB exam and offers three study
plans for preparing for this exam.
• Step 2 contains a diagnostic test with answers and explanations.
• Step 3 offers test-taking strategies for answering both multiple-choice and free-
response questions, and for using a graphing calculator.
• Step 4 consists of 10 chapters providing a comprehensive review of all topics
covered on the AP Calculus AB exam. At the end of each chapter (beginning with
Chapter 5), you will find a set of practice problems with solutions, a set of
cumulative review problems with solutions, and a Rapid Review section giving you
the highlights of the chapter.
• Step 5 provides two full practice AP Calculus exams with answers, explanations,
and worksheets to compute your score.
The book concludes with a summary of math formulas and theorems related to the AP
Calculus exams. (Please note that the exercises in this book are done with the TI-89
Graphing Calculator.)

Introducing the Five-Step Preparation Program

This book is organized as a five-step program to prepare you to succeed in the AP
Calculus AB exam. These steps are designed to provide you with vital skills,
strategies, and the practice that can lead you to that perfect 5. Here are the five steps.

Step 1: Set Up Your Study Program

In this step you will read an overview of the AP Calculus AB exam, including a
summary of topics covered in the exam and a description of the format of the exam. You
will also follow a process to help determine which of the following preparation
programs is right for you:

• Full school year: September through May

• One semester: January through May
• Six weeks: Basic training for the exam

Step 2: Determine Your Test Readiness

In this step you will take a diagnostic multiple-choice exam in calculus. This pre-test
should give you an idea of how prepared you are to take the real exam before beginning
to study for the actual AP Calculus AB exam.

Step 3: Develop Strategies for Success

In this step you will learn strategies that will help you do your best on the exam. These
strategies cover both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the exam.

• Learn to read multiple-choice questions.

• Learn how to answer multiple-choice questions.
• Learn how to plan and write answers to the free-response questions.

Step 4: Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

In this step you will learn or review the material you need to know for the test. This
review section takes up the bulk of this book. It contains:

• A comprehensive review of AP Calculus AB.

• A set of practice problems.
• A set of cumulative review problems beginning with Chapter 5.
• A rapid review summarizing the highlights of the chapter.

Step 5: Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

In this step you will complete your preparation by testing yourself on practice exams.
We have provided you with two complete AP Calculus AB exams, along with scoring
guides for both of them. Although these practice exams are not reproduced questions
from the actual AP calculus exams, they mirror both the material tested by AP and the
way in which it is tested.
Finally, at the back of this book you will find additional resources to aid your
preparation. These include:
• A brief bibliography.
• A list of websites related to the AP Calculus exam.
• A summary of formulas and theorems related to the AP Calculus exam.

Introduction to the Graphics Used in this Book

To emphasize particular skills and strategies, we use several icons throughout this
book. An icon in the margin will alert you that you should pay particular attention to the
accompanying text. We use these icons:

This icon points out a very important concept or fact that you should not pass over.

This icon calls your attention to a strategy that you may want to try.

This icon indicates a tip that you might find useful.

 STEP 1

Set Up Your Study Plan

CHAPTER 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Calculus AB Exam
CHAPTER 2 How to Plan Your Time
CHAPTER 1
 What You Need to Know About the AP
Calculus AB Exam

IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: Learn what topics are tested in the exam, what the format is, which calculators are allowed, and how the
exam is graded.

Key Ideas
The AP Calculus AB exam has 45 multiple-choice questions and 6 free-response
questions. There are two types of questions, and each makes up 50% of the grade.
Many graphing calculators are permitted on the exam, including the TI-98.
You may bring up to two approved calculators for the exam.
You may store programs in your calculator, and you are not required to clear the
memories in your calculator for the exam.

1.1 What Is Covered on the AP Calculus Exam?

The AP Calculus AB exam covers the following topics:

• Functions, Limits and Graphs of Functions, Continuity

• Definition and Computation of Derivatives, Second Derivatives, Relationship
between the Graphs of Functions and Their Derivatives, Applications of Derivatives
• Finding Antiderivatives, Definite Integrals, Applications of Integrals, Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Numerical Approximations of Definite Integrals, and
Separable Differential Equations
Students are expected to be able to solve problems that are expressed graphically,
numerically, analytically, and verbally. For a more detailed description of the topics
covered in the AP Calculus AB exam, visit the College Board AP website at:
www.exploreap.org.

1.2 What Is the Format of the AP Calculus AB Exam?

The AP Calculus AB exam has two sections:
Section I contains 45 multiple-choice questions for which you are given 105 minutes to
complete.
Section II contains 6 free-response questions for which you are given 90 minutes to
complete.
The total time allotted for both sections is 3 hours and 15 minutes. Below is a
summary of the different parts of each section.

During the time allotted for Part B of Section II, students may continue to work on
questions from Part A of Section II. However, they may not use a calculator at that time.
Please note that you are not expected to be able to answer all the questions in order to
receive a grade of 5. If you wish to see the specific instructions for each part of the test,
visit the College Board website at: https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apcourse/ap-
calculus-ab/calculator-policy.

1.3 What Are the Advanced Placement Exam Grades?

Advanced Placement Exam grades are given on a 5-point scale with 5 being the highest
grade. The grades are described below:
How Is the AP Calculus AB Exam Grade Calculated?
• The exam has a total raw score of 108 points: 54 points for the multiple-choice
questions in Section I and 54 points for the free-response questions for Section II.
• Each correct answer in Section I is worth 1.2 points; there is no point deduction for
incorrect answers and no points are given for unanswered questions. For example,
suppose your result in Section I is as follows:

Your raw score for Section I would be:

40 × 1.2 = 48. Not a bad score!

• Each complete and correct solution for a question in Section II is worth 9 points.
• The total raw score for both Section I and II is converted to a 5-point scale. The cut-
off points for each grade (1–5) vary from year to year. Visit the College Board
website at: https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/exploreap/the-rewards/exam-scores
for more information. Below is a rough estimate of the conversion scale:

Remember, these are approximate cut-off points.

1.4 Which Graphing Calculators Are Allowed for the

Exam?
The following calculators are allowed:
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
The old Mission Mill (below) has been reconstructed on its original
foundations.

17
Lookouts were provided above each of the four gates entering the
plaza at San Jose. Unfriendly Indians, however, seem to have
seldom bothered the mission.
Around three sides of the plaza are reproduced the living quarters
of the mission Indians.

18
MISSION SAN FRANCISCO de la ESPADA
The wrought iron cross atop this mission is said to have been made
on the premises by the founders.
19

Mission San Francisco de la Espada was established in 1731, the

main church building in a plan including many other structures, a
few of which still remain. But most have long since been destroyed.
One wonders why the Mission, dedicated to St. Francis, founder of
the order of Franciscans, should be referred to as St. Francis of the
Sword. Tradition has it that the tower was built in the form of the
hilt of a sword. One’s imagination is to project the length of the
blade to complete the similarity to the whole weapon.
 20

A number of the original statues of the Franciscans can still be seen

in the chapel of Mission Espada. These are hand carved of native
wood, with movable limbs. The heads have glass eyes and
separately cut teeth.

21
A fortified tower has thirty-six-inch walls. Holes for cannon muzzles
were created near the base. Musket loopholes can be seen higher.
The Moorish entrance of Mission Espada. A wooden cross beside
the door is a reminder of the efficacy of prayer.

22
Nestled in a thick grove of tall hackberry and pecan trees, stands
Mission San Juan Capistrano. Founded in 1731, this Mission is less
imposing than the others in the area. San Juan Capistrano followed
the plan typical of the other missions, with an enclosed area
containing all the buildings. Although in ruins, the original
boundaries and foundations can still be seen. Unlike other missions
the main buildings formed part of the rampart walls.
23

Of the chapel interior of San Juan Capistrano, the outer walls, the
three wooden statues and a few odd items represent the original
mission.
24
Looking through the entrance gate into “La Villita”, a restored
settlement of the oldest remaining residential section of the city. It
was started about 1722 shortly after the establishment of the
presidio San Antonio de Bejar.
25

The houses in La Villita are built of rock and adobe. The residents
were mostly soldiers, many of whom had intermarried with the
Indians, and their families. A feeling of class distinction was created
in 1731 with the coming of the Canary Islanders, who considered
themselves of noble lineage. The Islanders established their own
settlement and refused to have any relations with those living in La
Villita.
 26

The Cos House in the Villita settlement is an outstanding example

of an early dwelling in San Antonio. Here General Perfecto de Cos
signed articles of capitulation on December 9, 1835, after the
Texans had captured San Antonio from the Mexican force.

27
High walls to give protection as well as privacy, enclose a patio of
the Cos House. The house itself is of adobe with very thick walls.

28
This picturesque old adobe house on Dawson Street is but a few
hundred yards from the Alamo and is typical of hundreds of similar
early homes still to be seen. At the door of this home is a metate
stone, still used by many Mexicans to grind their corn for a masa
mixture used in making tortillas.
 29

Located in Military Plaza is the Spanish Governors’ Palace, a

restoration of the historic building used by the Spanish governors
and vice-governors of the province.
In the keystone over the entrance is the Hapsburg coat of arms
bearing the date 1749. Philip V of Spain, founder of the Canary
Island settlement in San Antonio was a descendant and heir of the
Spanish Hapsburgs.

30
The arrangement and furnishing of the ten rooms in the Spanish
Governors’ Palace give a picture of home life in the better class
Spanish homes of the day. In such homes there was a private
chapel such as this room of the Blessed Virgin.

There are four fireplaces in the Palace, each different. According to

tradition, sticks of wood were placed on end in one corner of the
fireplace and the fair señoritas named each stick for a young señor.
He was worthy of her consideration if the stick burned evenly, but if
it burned in the middle and fell apart, he was not to be trusted.
31

This is the living room in the palace.

This interesting stairway led up to the despensa, or storage pantry,
where food was stored.

32
In the cocina or kitchen of the Spanish Governors’ Palace the stove
is typical of the Spanish kitchen in which charcoal fanned to flame
by bellows, is used.

33
This comedor (dining room) in the Governors’ Palace was the scene
of many gay and festive affairs.

34
The garden of the Spanish Governors’ Palace, filled with subtropical
shrubbery and flowers, could have been no more beautiful in the
days when Spanish viceroys ruled within its walls. The pebble
mosaic walks form interesting patterns in the patio.

35
Moses Austin, born in Connecticut, lost in 1819 the fortunes he had
made in the South and West and two days before Christmas of the
following year arrived in San Antonio seeking permission from the
Spanish authorities to bring 300 families from the states to found a
colony. This bronze statue of Moses Austin, modeled by Waldine
Tauch, stands on the City Hall grounds facing the restored Spanish
Governors’ Palace, from whence came permission to establish his
colony.
36

Looking across Main Plaza to the San Fernando Cathedral. It is here

that the original Canary Islanders settled in 1731, naming the spot
“Plaza de las Islas”. San Fernando Cathedral was completed in 1873
after a fire destroyed most of the original 1749 building. Santa
Anna used the church as an observation point during the siege of
the Alamo in 1836.
37
This Georgia Marble Cenotaph in memory of the heroes of the
Alamo stands opposite the Alamo fortress area. Its sides are
inscribed with the names of all who fell at the Alamo. Pompeo
Coppini was the sculptor. At the left is the Spanish Colonial Post
Office, at the right, the Medical Arts Building.
38

This sixteen room mansion built in 1859 for James Vance of

Stebaune, Ireland, stands as a splendid example of the Greek
Revival influence in architecture felt all through the South before
the Civil War. Robert E. Lee was often a guest here. The lumber
and iron railings were brought in from New Orleans and much of
the materials used in its construction were imported. It is said that
the water hydrants were of solid silver.
 39

The San Antonio River is but a narrow meandering stream, with

headwaters just outside the northern city limits. In the twists and
turns it makes, crossing six miles of street, it passes beneath 42
bridges. The Indians of the locality used a word that
characteristically describes it as a “drunken-old-man-going-home-
at-night”.
The beautiful San Antonio River is about twenty feet below street
level and the part that winds along twenty-one blocks of the
downtown business section has been beautified and transformed
into a Venetian-like canal. Stairways, each of a different design,
lead down from the bridges to the river walkways lined with trees
and shrubs, many of them semi-tropical. Here one can stop and
relax away from the noise of traffic on the upper street level.
40
In the early days, Old St. Mary’s College, established in 1852,
maintained a boat landing here and many of the boys who lived
along the river came to school in their boats.
 41

On St. Mary’s Street, at a picturesque bend in the river, has been

preserved the home of John Twohig, erected in the early 1840’s.
Because he gave barrels of bread to the poor on each Saturday,
Twohig was given the name of “the breadline banker”.

42
One of the several boat landings along the San Antonio River. Many
of the buildings bordering the river have overhanging balconies and
a few street level business houses can be reached from river bank
entrances.

43
The Arneson River Theatre, a unique outdoor playhouse, can be
reached through this Villita Street entrance which adjoins the Cos
House, as well as from the river walks. Seen through the arch is a
portion of the stage.

44