Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

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Landscape and Urban Planning

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan

Research Paper

Elderly satisfaction with planning and design of public parks in high density MARK
old districts: An ordered logit model
⁎
Yung Esther H.K. , Ho Winky K.O., Chan Edwin H.W.
Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The elderly often spend a considerable amount of time in public parks, particular in highly dense cities. It is
Planning and design criteria commonly recognised that the social dimension of environments have a significant influence on the health and
Public park well-being of the elderly. However, a clear understanding of key planning and design considerations for public
Elderly satisfaction open space designs for the elderly in old districts have still to be examined. Three hundred and sixty-five
Social participation
questionnaire surveys were conducted in public parks in three urban renewal districts, respectively. Principal
Hong Kong
component analysis(PCA) was then used to identify underlying factors for planning of public parks for the
elderly, based on the interviewees’ evaluations. The results highlight that social connection is considered the
most important criteria among the three selected parks. The study also estimated an ordered logit model to see
how the different factors contribute to the satisfaction the elderly derive from using public parks. Insights
obtained from the results highlight what criteria planners should consider in order to better design public parks
in urban renewal so as to satisfy the specific needs of the elderly. It is revealed that all the parks examined
performed unsatisfactorily when it came to enhancing social participation and inclusion. Thus, designs of public
parks in the future could provide better space and opportunities for incorporating participation in the general
planning and design in their local parks and neighborhoods to enhance healthy aging.

1. Introduction to live in older urban districts because of the relatively affordable

housing and the familiar neighborhoods. In particular, as the elderly
Due to falling birth rates and increasing longevity, the world tend to be relatively less mobile than younger people, they are more
population is aging. The proportion of citizens who are aged 60 or likely to stay within the local areas. In addition, the retired elderly in
above will rise to 26.1% by 2030 in the United States, 27.8%in the UK, Hong Kong often spend most of their days in local public parks; one
37.3% in Japan (United Nations, 2015). In Hong Kong, the number of reason for this being the very limited living spaces. On one hand, the
elderly aged 60 or above is expected to increase to 33.6% by 2030. The high living density, the compact and mix-used city planning model
World Health Organization (WHO) and American Association of Retired often means closer distance and increasing outdoor activities which
Persons (AARP) have called for more age-friendly communities, with could enable better access to public open space and possibly closer
parks and open spaces that should give a sense of belonging to the contact (Gehl, 2011). On the other hand, the intense development
elderly, enhance social interaction, social ties and create a sense of pressure and limited supply of land is a major constraint for the
place attachment (NSW Government, 2010). adequate and quality provision of public open spaces (Tang & Wong,
In cities, urban renewal has brought forth taller and denser 2008). Thus, these show an urgent need to improve the urban
buildings built in order to satisfy the housing needs of increasing environment to enhance healthy aging and aging in their familiar place.
populations. This poses a threat of loss of urban open space due to Although existing literature has documented how to design good
higher living density and inevitably, this has resulted in a loss of social public parks for the elderly from western and European perspectives,
networks, local culture and identity (Pendlebury et al., 2004). On the the Hong Kong situation is unique, thus corresponding factors should be
other hand, public open spaces in urban renewal re-establish a sense of considered, rather than simply adopting generic planning and design
community and place attachment by providing new opportunities for guidelines from other cities.
people to meet and interact (Byrne, Sipe, & Searle, 2010). Based on the elderly’s opinions, obtained from doing surveys in
In a highly dense city such as Hong Kong, many of the elderly tend public parks indifferent urban renewal districts in Hong Kong, this

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Esther H.K.).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.05.006
Received 26 May 2016; Received in revised form 5 May 2017; Accepted 10 May 2017
Available online 19 May 2017
0169-2046/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

paper investigates the elderly’s perception of what a good public park Aging in place is another fundamental theory and policy related to
should be and identifiesthe underlying factors to be taken into aging, defined as “remaining living in the community, with some level
consideration in the planning and design of public parks to enhance of independence.…” (Davery, Joux, Nana, & Arcus, 2004, p.133). It is
social well-being and the social lives of the elderly in urban renewal stressed that aging in place is linked to social connection, sense of
districts. The principal component analysis (PCA)was employed to attachment, security, familiarity and a sense of identity (Keeling, 1999;
analyze the planning related factors. Previous studies have provided Wiles, Leibing, Guberman, Reeve, & Allen, 2012). Aging in place allows
design criteria mainly focusing on the physical and safety aspects. the elderly to continuously reintegrate with places and renegotiate
However, the long-term significance of this study is its contribution to meaning and identity with the places during social, political, cultural
the planning and design of public parks that promote social well-being and personal changes (Andrews, Cutchin, McCracken, Phillips, & Wiles,
of the elderly in their local areas. Additional insights derived from this 2007). Since, public parks are one of the frequently used social
study could help planners and urban designers upgrade local public gathering places by the elderly in the old districts, they are clearly
parks when it comes to the design of urban renewal districts to enhance one of the fundamental attributes that affect the decision to age in
healthy ageing and aging in place. place.
Previous research has highlighted the relationship between the built
2. Theoretical framework environment and social well-being. Public park is a common gathering
place in the built environment for the elderly to socialize and meet
2.1. Physical and social health of the elderly others, thus contributes to social interaction and social lives. The
important role of public spaces in enhancing social interaction and
Healthy aging refers to “the process of optimising opportunities for enhance people's sense of community is well documented (Kwok & Ng,
physical, social and mental health to enable older people to take an 2008; Sugiyama & Thompson, 2007; Borst et al., 2009;
active part in society without discrimination and to enjoy an indepen- Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004). Thus, it can be postulated that the higher
dent and good quality of life”(Swedish National Institute of Public the degree of elderly satisfaction with the park, the greater the park
Health, 2006, p.8). There is a general belief that physical activity is contributes to enhance their social well-being and social lives, and
associated with health benefits, such as physical, cognitive, social, and hence healthy aging. Little research has provided a comprehensive
emotional development across one’s lifespan (Jancey, Howat, Maycock, examination of the ways in which the planning and design of parks can
Clarke, & Lee, 2009; Lyons and Dionigi, 2007). address the special needs of the elderly in order to enhance their social
In regard to social and psychological health, it is believed that when well-being. Yung et al. (2016) is one of the few studies which examine
people are physically active, they generally have more opportunities to the social needs of the elderly in using public open spaces in urban
be socially engaged with others. Lyons and Dionigi (2007) found that renewal districts.
older adults who participated in sports competitions in Australia As such, the conceptual framework (Fig. 1) in this study aims to
perceived that sports provided sustained experiences for social inter- portray the relationship between satisfaction of using the park and the
action and a sense of community. Related studies, such as Sasidharan six major aspects which will be explained in the following section.
et al. (2007) and Orsega-Smith et al. (2007), also demonstrated that
support from friends and families for increasing leisure and recreational 2.2. Design considerations to enhance the satisfaction the elderly derive
physical activity participation is very important for older adults. from using the public parks
Medical studies suggest that social activities can probably reduce the
risk of mortality, disability and depression and improve cognitive The main challenge is how town planners and urban designers can
health(Smith and Christakis, 2008). Moreover, the socio-psychological design public parks for the elderly to enhance their physical and
models of successful aging focus on life satisfaction, social participation psychological health, while fulfilling the preference to age in place.
and functioning as keys to aging successfully. Previous literature has mentioned specific design considerations for
Old age is a transitional period when people not only experience public parks for enhancing elderly social well-being. The six broad
changes in physical health, but also in their social roles and their aspects and their related design parameters could be considered to
opportunities for social participation (Gilmour, 2015). It is found that enhance elderly satisfaction of using the parks and they are described as
there is a stronger association between social participation and health follows.
among older people than younger ones (Leone and Hessel, 2015). Social
participation refers to the engagement in recreation, socialization, 2.2.1. Social connection and mobility
cultural, educational and spiritual activities (Cachadinha, It is suggested that aging in place is linked to social connections by
Pedro, & Fialho, 2011; WHO, 2007) and is an important feature of which the elderly are able to develop and maintain a strong sense of
social capital (Richard, Gauvin, Gosselin, & Laforest, 2009). Maintain- connection to both neighbors and physical spaces, such as parks (Wiles
ing social participation in late life has a positive influence on quality of et al., 2012). Degne (2015) emphasizes that place attachment for later
life, psychological well-being, good health, cognitive ability, as well as life is significant. It is well recognized that a public park is a place
life expectancy (Cachadinha et al., 2011). As well, participation in the which can facilitate social ties and social networks (NSW Government,
general planning and design in their local neighborhoods can provide 2010). However, one of the key factors which prevent the elderly from
the elderly with a sense of ownership and a stronger sense of belonging interacting with each other is the extent of mobility within a park.
(Andersson, 2011; Labus, 2012). Unsafe pathways and long travel distances between different facilities
In regard to social interaction, urban greenspace contribution to in parks can reduce the elderly willingness and ease to move around.
healthy aging is widely recognised (Dinnie, Brown, & Morris, 2013;
Ward, 2011). Previous research states that elderly has strong preference 2.2.2. Social participation and social inclusion
for parks designed exclusively for their own use while gerontologists The need for involvement in community and societal discourse and
and psychologists tend to promote intergenerational settings because matters are strong in the elderly age groups. WHO’s (2007) guide on
this type of park can address the issue of isolation faced by the elderly Age-friendly Cities highlights that social participation, respect and
(Loukaitou-Sideris, Levy-Storms, & Brozen, 2014). In order to fulfill the inclusion are important considerations when taking into consideration
different preference, planners can provide particular equipment and of the eight fundamental domains. The ways in which the anticipated
facilities and an area for elderly privilege use while providing facilities construction of public parks can provide the elderly with participation
for both elderly and non-elderly as well as exclude certain activities that opportunities for discussions and consultations on the designs and
are deemed dangerous by older adults (Loukaitou-Sideris et al., 2014). management of public open spaces and city planning is particularly

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Fig. 1. Conceptual framework for the planning and design factors affecting elderly satisfaction derive from using the park.

important. Some activities and amenities that enrich social participa- different user groups so as to avoid conflict of use (URGE, 2004).
tion in urban parks also include community gardens, which can
contribute to community development (Saldivar-Tanaka and Krasny,
2004). Moreover, interaction between cross-generations is often pre- 2.2.4. Accessible public transport
ferred by the elderly. Playgrounds which cater both to the elderly and Carlisle and Stankovich (2014) point out that in designing a public
children’s needs can be designed. For instance, slides and swings can park, accessibility is a crucial factor. Accessibility refers to four
provide alternative places for the elderly to sit on, rather than the park elements: location, barrier-free, wayfinding and circulation. These
benches where they watch their grandchildren play in the playgrounds directly affect the elderly’ s use of parks. Public transport is also an
(SeniorAloud, 2009). Furthermore, a linkage to cultural and local important factor that affects the elderly’s accessibility to parks. This
history and heritage can enhance people’s sense of community, includes choice and frequency and ease of using public transport
especially when it comes to the elderly (Fadda, Cortes, Olivi, & Tovar, (Borges, 2007; Turel et al., 2007). Lack of transport limits the elderly’s
2010). This is particularly important in the context of urban renewal use of local public parks. Thus, public parks located in walkable
districts where sense of identity is often threatened by immense neighborhoods can be frequently visited by the elderly and may
redevelopment (Yung, Langston, & Chan, 2014). In addition, one way encourage daily activity.
to promote social inclusion and greater use of outdoor recreation areas 2.2.5 Outdoor urban furniture and connection to nature
is to improve the perceptions of these spaces as low-cost resources for Thompson et al. (2012) found that green space has a positive impact
the elderly to use. on reducing stress and benefits to psychological health.Informal seating
in grass areas can be regarded as passive use of parks and can guide
designers into making good spaces that offer multiple and attractive
2.2.3. Physical environment and supporting facilities opportunities for such use by individuals or small groups for a range of
The quality of physical environment of the parks is one of the uses. In addition, it is also argued that water features also matter for
fundamental considerations for ease of use for the elderly. It is aging in place and it is highly recommended that they are incorporated
suggested that sense of security is important in enhancing aging in into the design of parks (Carlisle and Stankovich, 2014). It is stated that
place for the elderly (Wiles et al., 2012). The same applies to the park water is like a magnet which soothes people’s mind and body. Water
environment. Good maintenance and management of public parks, features, such as fountains and splash ponds for children, are great
including cleanliness, providing sanitary facilities and adequate light- amenities that attract young people and the elderly. Moreover, different
ing for safe walking and sitting are equally important for the quality type of outdoor furniture and features can help users finding their way
upkeep of the parks (Kemperman and Timmermans, 2014; Turel, in space.
Yigit, & Altug, 2007). A variety of activities and facilities can enhance 2.2.6 Proximity to amenities and familiarity with the environment
the utilization of the parks (Pasaogullari and Doratli, 2004). A well- Familiarity of place is essential to aging in place (Phillips, Walford,
managed public park also needs to ensure equal opportunities for Hockeyc, Foremand, & Lewise, 2013). Familiar environments may

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become unfamiliar over the course of a life, particularly in the process Table 1
of redevelopment of old districts. Therefore, it is important to ensure Major Profiles of the Kwun Tong and Sham Shui Po Districts.
Source: Census and Statistics Department, 2013.
that familiar neighborhood and local amenities in redeveloping old
areas are retained so that the elderly feel confident that they will not Districts/Features Kwun Tong Sham Shui Wan Chai
become disoriented or lost (Foster et al., 1998). It has also been found Po
that a well-used public space is centrally located in a neighborhood,
Density (persons/km2) 56540 36495 15211
with proximity to residential units, good visibility from the street and is
Proportion of elderly (aged 65 or over) 16.8% 16.3% 16.7%
next to other public amenities (Pasaogullari and Doratli, 2004). Ranking of elderly population (% of 2 5 3
overall population among Hong
2.3. The three selected public parks in different urban renewal districts Kong 18 districts)
Median monthly household income** (HK $20,000 $19,000 $40,000
$)
Hong Kong is a compact city. It is one of the world’s most densely
Area of open space* (existing and 231.6 119.2 34.1
populated cities, with an average living space of only 13 square meters planned)++ (hectares)
per person (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2014). Previous research Number of aged person* (above 65 years 89400 58100 23,500
suggests that in Hong Kong most of the healthy elderly, especially those old)
Area of open space per old aged persons* 25.85 20.52 14.51
with higher education levels, are the ones most eager to participate in
(m2)
physical activities in public open spaces (Chan, 2014). Area of redevelopment plan (m2) 52954 21878 17377
This study selects three specific public parks with distinct char- No. of redevelopment projects 1 13 4
acteristics in urban renewal districts in Hong Kong. It seeks to examine
whether the physical planning and design of the parks has had an effect * Census and Statistics Department (2008).
** Census and Statistics Department (2015).
on the satisfaction derived from using the public parks. In addition, this ++
LegCo paper of November 2008; URA (2013a,b).
study investigates to what extent the list of underlying factors varies in
the different districts, according to the different socio-demographics of
Second, the Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area in Shum Shui Po is
the residents and the provision of the open spaces.
relatively smaller, comprises six rectangular parks which are located in
Forth is research, the Kwun Tong, Sham Shui Po and Wan Chai
the very centre of major streets in the community than those relatively
districts were selected. These are several representative urban renewal
large public parks. It was a piece of long land reclaimed from a river
projects located in three urban renewal districts. As the most densely
(Development Bureau, 2012). They mainly provide passive type of
populated district in Hong Kong, with a 56,540 persons per square
spaces such as seating, vegetation. There are several URA redevelop-
kilometre population density, Kwun Tong has the largest percentage of
ment projects near this strip-type public park, namely Fuk Wing Street/
elderly population and ranks second among the 18 districts
FukWa Street (Vista) project and Lai Chi Kok Road/Kweilin Street and
(Commission on Poverty, 2005; Census and Statistics Department,
Yee Kuk Street Development Scheme. This sitting-out area, serving as a
2013). Kwun Tong is now being redeveloped into a commercial and
central divider for traffic calming, as well as a green buffer amidst the
business centre and one of its major urban renewal projects is the Kwun
busy traffic and a secluded resting spot with tree shade (Development
Tong Town Centre (URA, 2013a).
Bureau, 2012). Due to the demographic character of Shum ShuiPo and
Sham Shui Po, on the other hand, is an old but busy shopping and
the location of residential buildings in the vicinity of this sitting-out
lower-income residential district, with a population density of about
area, it is observed that social interaction between the elderly residents
36,495 persons per km2.Moreover, Sham Shui Po is the poorest district
have been occurred frequently.
in Hong Kong (Census and Statistics Department, 2013), with13 urban
Third, the Wan Chai Park is the biggest in size among the three
renewal projects involving a relatively small site area(URA, 2013b).
study parks, having a standard football court and also within this dense
Wan Chai is another old district and has higher-educated and
and urban renewal district. Hidden behind busy roads and high-rise
higher-income residents, lower population density and no public
towers, the Wan Chai Park is one of the most popular public open
housing estates. It is also a commercial area where many small-
spaces in the district. The sitting-out areas with tree shade are good
medium-sized companies are located. There are many landmarks and
places for the elderly to play chess and socialize (Fig. 4).
heritage buildings in this district, include temples and shophouses. As
Table 2 presents a comparison of features and amenities provided in
one of the three oldest districts in Hong Kong, Wan Chai has been facing
the three parks respectively. Site observations of the parks were
urban decay. Hence, the government has recently undertaken many
conducted by the two of the authors.
renewal projects to transform it into a livable living environment.
Table 1 provides the major profiles of the three districts showing
some apparent differences between the density and size of the 3. Methodology
redevelopment areas. The total area of all the public open spaces in
Wanchai is the smallest among the three districts and several small A preliminary list of design criteria for the design of public parks
open spaces are located in the old area of Wanchai. The park selected in enhancing healthy aging and aging in place is shortlisted from the
this study is the largest in the Wanchai district and is situated at the existing literature of books, professional journals, conference papers,
edge of the old area, next to a public hospital. government publications and internet resources in different countries.
Both parks in Kwun Tong and Shum Shui Po are located within The research team discussed and evaluated the suitability of the criteria
residential neighborhood whereas Wanchai Park is surrounded by based on the context of urban renewal districts and elderly in Hong
community/Institutional uses. Figs. 1–3 illustrate the design layout Kong. After several rounds of discussion, six major aspects and thirty
and the specific facilities provided in each park. In regard to the relevant sub-criteria were chosen (explained in section 2.2). It forms the
physical characteristics of the three public parks, they are mainly of basis of the theoretical framework, and helps develop and prepare the
three types. First, the Yuet Wah Street Playground is located at Kwun questionnaire survey. We then conducted interviews with a panel of
Tong district, in the neighborhood of the biggest single redevelopment experts to seek their opinions in order to validate and refine these
project ever in URA history, namely the Kwun Tong Town Centre criteria to better fit the local situation. The panel of experts comprises
Project. It has relatively large area with a variety of recreational of 12 professionals selected for their expertise in the fields of urban
facilities which is suitable for both kids and elderly. Therefore, it can design, architecture, urban planning, and elderly service practitioners.
be considered as one of the representative inter-generational park in In view of the experts’ opinion, we then translated these criteria into
Hong Kong more precise elaborative statements in layman terms. Thirty statements

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Fig. 2. Outline map showing the layout of the Yuet Wah Street Playground, Kwun Tong.
(Source: photo took by authors of the map provided at the park by Leisure and Cultural Service Department)

for the six variables:“Social connection and mobility”, “Social partici- parks respectively.
pation and inclusion”, “High-quality environment and supporting After obtaining the opinions of the respondents based on the first
facilities”, “Accessibility public transport”, “Outdoor urban furniture part of questionnaire, we used the principal component analysis (PCA)
and access to nature” and “Proximity of open space to public amenities” to transform this information into six predictor variables in the form of
were formulated. Thirty questions are included in the first part of continuous data series before proceeding to estimate the ordered logit
questionnaire to examine how the different design criteria and the model. The main purposes of a PCA are to analyze data in order to
respective major aspects affect the satisfaction the elderly derive from identify patterns, and to reduce dimensions of the dataset with minimal
using the selected parks, while personal information of the respondents loss of information (Pearson, 1901). It is a statistical tool which
is included in the second part (see Appendix). The questionnaire survey illustrating the covariance structure of a set of variable. Particularly,
intends to verify the degree of applicability of the list of attributes listed the method allows researchers to identify the principal directions in
in the literature review, and estimated whether these factors have an which the data varies. Fisher and MacKenzie (1923)suggest that PCA is
impact upon the satisfaction the elderly derive from using the three considered as more suitable than variance analysis for the modelling of
public parks in the study urban renewal districts, with the aid of response data. In our questionnaire, we have six categories of questions,
ordered logit model. each of which has five to six dimensions. With a view to carrying out
In doing the face-to-face survey, we adopted the stratified random quantitative analysis, we need to combine these dimensions into one
sampling technique to approach people who are aged around fifty years variable for each category of questions so as to construct predictor
old in the three specific public parks. Students helpers were employed variables.
to conduct the questionnaires in these three public parks and the elderly After constructing the predictor variables, we used ordered logit
were invited to participate in the survey and the purpose of the survey model to estimate how the predictor variables can exert an influence
was explained to them. The sample respondents are the users of the over the response variable (in a five-point Likert scale, “1” = very
three parks it is because the main aim of this study is to investigate dissatisfied,“2” = dissatisfied”, “3” = neutral”, “4” = satisfied,
which park characteristics are most appreciated by the users. Therefore, “5” = very satisfied). Ordered logit model is utilized to estimate the
the respondents must have actual experiences of using the park in order probability of each categorical outcome from more than two discrete
to indicate whether they like the characteristics and the facilities. choices, in which the log odds of the outcomes are modeled as a linear
Each respondent is required to rate the extent of agreement on the combination of the predictor variables. An underlying score was
level of importance of the different characteristics and features in the estimated as a linear function of the independent variables and a set
study park. A five-point Likert scale (1 = lowest important…3 = neu- of cutpoints. The probability of observing outcome i corresponds to the
tral…5 = highest important) is used in the questionnaire. In the second probability that the estimated linear function, together with the random
part of the questionnaires, some questions about the general back- error, lie within the range of the cutpoints computed for the outcome:
ground and the respondents’ usage of the public open space in the
district are included. The last question asks the respondent to indicate Pr(yj = i ) = Pr(ki −1 < β1x1j + β2x 2j + ... + βk xkj + uj ≤ ki )
his or her overall satisfaction derive from using the park. We had
successfully obtained a total of 365 pieces of questionnaires, 114 from It is assumed that uj is logistically distributed in ordered logit. Then
the Yuet Wah Street Playground in Kwun Tong, 130 from the Nam we can estimate the coefficients β1, β2, ..., βk together with the cutpoints
Cheong Street Sitting-out Area in Shum Shui Po, and 121 from the Wan k1, k2, ..., kk-1. k is interpreted as the number of possible outcomes, with
Chai Park in Wan Chai. Table 3 shows the profile of the respondents, k0 being −∞ and kk being + ∞.
the period of stay in the district and the satisfaction level in the three

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Fig. 3. Photos of the Nam Cheong Sitting-out Area, Sham Shui Po.
Source: Development Bureau (2012)

4. Results and discussions displays the z-statistic, which tests whether each coefficient is signifi-
cantly different from zero. While the Pseudo R-Square is estimated to
4.1. Association between satisfaction level of using the parks and the evaluate the goodness of fit, it cannot be interpreted as R2 in standard
planning-related factors ordinary least square (OLS). It is because a logistic regression model
employs the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) to produce estimated
Table 4 reveals the logistic coefficient β for each predictor variable coefficients through an iterative process. The estimated coefficients
for each alternative category of the outcome variable for the full sample were not calculated to minimize variance so that the Pseudo R-Square
and three different public parks. Our discussions focus on three sub- does not explain the variations in the dependent variable. Unambigu-
samples only. The logistic coefficient is the anticipated magnitude of ously, higher values indicate better fit.
change in the logit for each one unit change in the predictor. When an
estimated coefficient is very close to zero, then the predictor variable
has very less explanatory power in predicting the logit. Table 4 also 4.1.1. Three individual parks models
In Kwun Tong model (YuetWah Street Playground), we included six

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Fig. 4. Outline map showing the layout of Wan Chai Park, Wan Chai.
(Source: photo took by authors of the map provided at the park by Leisure and Cultural Service Department)

planning related factors and two demographic factors into the esti- factors into the estimated equation. Out of the six planning-related
mated equation only while the variables Education and Period are factors, only Social Connection and Mobility (SC), Environment and
excluded due to the issue of singularity. Out of the six planning-related Supporting Facilities (ENV), Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF), Proximity
factors, only Social Connection and Mobility (SC) and Accessible Public of Public Open Space to Amenities (PU) are statistically significant,
Transport (AT) are statistically significant, bearing a positive sign. The bearing a positive sign. Moreover, education level is also found to have
Social Connection and Mobility (SC) variable consists five dimensions a positive effect on satisfaction level respondents derive from using the
including social network, social connection, social ties, place attach- park while the year of stay is found to have a negative effect.
ment and mobility. Accessible Transport (AT) consists of walkable to Seemingly, all significant factors are either positively or negatively
public transport, adequate choices, barrier free, direction, and ease of associated with the degree of satisfaction elderly derived from using
use of public transport. The rest of variables Social Participation and local public parks.
Social Inclusion (SP), Environment and Supporting Facilities (ENV), In summary, the results show that only Social Connection and
Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF), Proximity of Public Open Space to Mobility (SC) are significant in influencing the satisfaction the elderly
Amenities (PU) have been found to exert no influence on the choice derive from using all the three parks. It is found that Social
determination. Moreover, Male and Age are also found to have a Participation and Social Inclusion (SP) is not a significant planning
positive effect on satisfaction level respondents derive from using the related factor.
park. Seemingly, all significant factors are positively associated with
the degree of satisfaction the elderly derive from using local public 4.2. The extent of the planning and demographic factors in influencing
parks. elderly satisfaction of using the park
In Shum Shui Po model (Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area), we
included four demographic factors into the estimated equation. Out of In the next stage, the data analysis investigates the magnitude of
the six planning-related factors, only Social Connection and Mobility how the variables affect the satisfaction the elderly derive from using
(SC) Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF), Proximity of Public Open Space to the park. The five outcome choices (1 very dissatisfied …5 very
Amenities (PU) are statistically significant, bearing a positive sign. satisfied) reveal the satisfaction level. We have computed the prob-
Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF) includes consideration of reducing ability of each outcome choice based on the estimates obtained in the
stress, seating arrangement, connection to nature, features help con- above four models. Tables 5–8 present the influence of the predictor
necting to nature and way finding. Proximity of Public Open Space to variables on the determination of multi-response choices for the full
Amenities (PU)involves availability and proximity to public amenities, model and the three different parks. The figures suggest that how each
familiarity with the open space in the local area. Moreover, Age and independent variable determines the probability of each choice actually
Education are also found to have a positive effect on choice determina- happens while figures in parentheses can be interpreted as the marginal
tion. Seemingly, all significant factors are positively associated with the probability of each category of choice induced by one unit change in
degree of satisfaction the elderly derive from using local public parks. each independent variable. Our discussions focus on the statistically
In Wan Chai model (Wan Chai Park), we included four demographic significant variables for the three different parks only.

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Table 2 satisfaction the elderly derive from using the public park can be
Major features and amenities provided in the three selected parks. enhanced if planning and design can pay more attention to “Social
Connection and Mobility” aspect. The reasons for the respondents not
Features/amenities Yuet Wah Street Nam Wan Chai Park,
Playground, Kwun Cheong Wan Chai satisfying with the Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area may be due to
Tong Sitting-out the fact that the park is divided into six parts by busy roads and traffic,
Area, Sham it is merely a tiny area for elderly to hang out. With very few chairs and
Shui Po facilities, small groups of elderly usually scatter in a specific small area
Sitting area √ √ √ and travelling from one area to another requires crossing of the roads,
Greenery √ √ √ thus, the elderly often have very little interaction with other small
Trees and shrub. Trees and Trees and shrub. groups.
shrub. In Wan Chai model (Wan Chai Park), the variable Social Connection
Natural sun-shading for good good Very good
and Mobility (SC) is highly associated with Choices 2 (dissatisfied) at
activities
built sun-shading structure √ √ √ 54.8% and 3 (neutral) at 43.3%. When it increases by one unit, the
Pavilion/plaza for group √ ⨯ √ probability of choosing Choice 2 (dissatisfied) will decrease by 19.5%
gathering one one while Choice 3 (neutral) will increase by 17.3%. Other choices
Children playground √ ⨯ √
(satisfied, very satisfied) will increase by 2.1% and 0.03%, respectively.
one two
Sport field ⨯ ⨯ √ These results suggest that the satisfaction the elderly derive from using
two the public park can be enhanced if actions are taken to significantly
Kiosk √ ⨯ √ improve “Social Connection and Mobility.” The Wan Chai Park is a very
one one big playground in comparison with the other two parks, with 6.55 ha of
Water features ⨯ ⨯ √
land, having children’s playgrounds, community gardens, water fea-
(pond, fountains) one
Community Garden ⨯ ⨯ √ tures, sport field, sitting areas, and open space and facilities for doing
16 planting exercises. However, the different areas are not very well connected,
plots, 144 m2 because of the different height levels and they remain as separate areas.
functions/events/activities playing chess, playing Jogging, fitness
In regard to connection to neighborhood, the park is surrounded and
dancing, fitness chess exercising,
exercising, martial playing chess,
hidden by several hospital blocks, thus, it is not visually and physically
art, body exercise, Tai Chi, playing connected to local neighbourhood.
jogging soccer After analyzing the three parks, the respondents are most satisfied
Toilets √ ⨯ √ with the planning and design of the Kwun Tong Park in terms of
one one
enhancing social connection and mobility. It can be seen that planning
Smoking area √ √ √
(provide an interactive (approx. 50m2) (approx. 150m2) and design of a park could enhance social connection and mobility
space for smokers) when it allows elderly to socialize with friends, meet new friends and
> 50% of elderly 100% 31.5% 82.7% do some exercises. A park is located in the vicinity of housing estates
indicated either
can ensure the nearby residents not to travel a long way to visit it. A
Satisfied or Very
satisfied with the park
user-friendly public open space should also have safe pathways to
(*the sample enable people to freely walk around while providing a broad choice of
respondents are users movement within and between different activities areas with clear
of the three parks information to the visitors. Being inside the public park, people should
respectively.
feel independent and have a sentimental attachment of the surround-
ings.
4.2.1. Social connection and mobility (SC)
In Kwun Tong model, the variable Social Connection and Mobility
(SC) is highly associated with Choices 5 (very satisfied) at 70.1%. When 4.2.2. Environment and supporting facilities (ENV)
it increases by one unit, the probability of choosing Choices 5 (very In Wan Chai model, the variable Environment and Supporting
satisfied) will increase by 21.7% while the Choice 4 (satisfied) will Facilities (ENV) is also highly associated with Choice 3 (neutral) at
decrease by 21.7%. These results suggest that the satisfaction level the 72.8%. When it increases by one unit, the probability of choosing
elderly derive from using the public park can be enhanced if actions are Choices 2 (dissatisfied) and 3 (neutral) will decrease by 4.4% and 7.0%,
taken to improve “Social Connection and Mobility.”In this respect, the respectively while the other categories 4 and 5 (satisfied, very satisfied)
YuetWah Street Playground in Kwun Tong is fully satisfied with these will increase by 11.1% and to 0.28%, respectively. These results mean
requirements. It is a reasonable size playground, with 1.59 ha of land, that the satisfaction the elderly derive from using public open space can
having children’s playground, kiosk, toilets, sitting area for chatting, be moderately enhanced by improving “Environment and Supporting
and open space and facilities for doing exercises. The different facilities Facilities.” In the Wan Chai Park, respondents did not show either a
in the park are within short walking distance from each other without strong satisfaction nor dissatisfaction on the Environment and
any level changes. Thus, mobility within the park is satisfactory and it Supporting facilities aspect. The park is clean, has sanitary facilities,
enhances social interaction between different users in different areas. In and adequate lighting for safe walking and sitting. However, the
addition, the park is surrounded by a number of residential blocks and maintenance of the facilities is not satisfactory. There are six types of
is in close proximity to the town centre. Thus, sense of connection to the fitness facilities inside the park, but two of them are broken.
local neighbourhood is strongly maintained. In line with previous studies, people feel good to be in a clean and
In Shum Shui Po model(Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area), the pleasant outdoor environment without any noise and rubbish pollution.
variable Social Connection and Mobility (SC) is highly associated with With adequate lighting, people feel safe and secure, enjoying walking
Choices 1 (very dissatisfied)at 73.2% and 2 (dissatisfied) at 25.9%. alone in the public open space during day and night time. The
When it increases by one unit, the probability of choosing Choice 1 maintenance of the facilities is very important to keep elderly satisfied.
(very dissatisfied) will decrease by 16.4% while Choice 2 (dissatisfied) Other facilities, such as chairs and public toilets should be located
will increase by 15.6%. Other choices (neutral, satisfied) will increase within a manageable walking distance among each other and can be
by 0.87%and 0.02%, respectively. These results suggest that the easily found.

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Table 3
Profile of the respondents.

Full sample Kwun Tong Shum Shui Po Wan Chai

Gender
Male 218 (59.7%) 57 (50%) 98 (75.4) 63 (52.1%)
Female 147 (40.3%) 57(50%) 32 (24.6%) 58(47.9%)
Age
50 ∼ 54 21 (5.8%) 2 (1.8%) 11 (8.5%) 8 (6.6%)
55 ∼ 64 77 (21.1%) 16 (14.0%) 36 (27.7%) 25 (20.7%)
65 ∼ 74 107 (29.3%) 40 (35.1%) 31 (23.8) 36 (29.8%)
75 ∼ 84 118 (32.2%) 35 (30.7%) 49 (37.7) 34 (28.1%)
85+ 42 (11.5%) 21 (18.4%) 3 (2.3%) 18 (14.9%)
Education level
Primary school- 281(77.0%) 110 (96.5%) 94 (72.3%) 77(63.6%)
Secondary school 67(18.4%) 4 (3.5%) 28 (21.5%) 35(28.9%)
Tertiary + 18 (4.9%) 0 (0%) 9 (6.9%) 9 (7.4%)
Monthly median expenditure
\$2000 ∼ 2999 63 (17.3%) 26 (22.8%) 23 (17.7%) 14 (11.6%)
$3000 ∼ 3999 118 (32.3%) 55 (48.2%) 33 (25.4%) 30 (24.8%)
$4000 ∼ 4999 75 (20.5%) 17 (14.9%) 28 (21.5%) 30 (24.8%)
$5000 ∼ 5999 45 (12.3%) 8 (7.0%) 17 (13.1%) 23 (19.0%)
$6000+ 61 (16.7%) 8 (7.0%) 29 (22.3%) 24 (19.8%)
Period of stay in the neighborhood
less than 1 year 9 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 4 (3.1%) 5 (4.1%)
1 ∼ 5 years 33 (9.0%) 0 (0%) 18 (13.8%) 15 (12.4%)
6 ∼ 10 years 63 (17.3%) 0 (0%) 45 (34.6%) 18 (14.9%)
11 ∼ 15 years 54 (14.8%) 7 (6.1%) 29 (22.3%) 18 (14.9%)
15 years+ 206 (56.4%) 107 (93.9%) 34 (26.2%) 65 (53.7%)
Satisfaction level
Very dissatisfied 4 (1.1%) 0 (0%) 4 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
Dissatisfied 26 (7.1%) 0 (0%) 23 (17.7%) 3 (2.5%)
Neutral 80 (21.9%) 0 (0%) 62 (47.7%) 18 (14.9%)
Satisfied 128 (35.1%) 24 (21.1%) 41 (31.5%) 63 (52.1%)
Very satisfied 127 (34.8%) 90 (78.9%) 0 (0%) 37 (30.6%)

*
The sample respondents are all users of the three parks respectively.

Table 4
Ordered logitestimates of satisfaction index.

Full sample Kwun Tong Shum Shui Po Wan Chai

SC 0.781297** 1.564704** 0.733426** 0.799017***

Social Connection and Mobility (4.268194) (2.531411) (2.294725) (3.147057)
SP −0.071580 0.678715 0.449664 −0.357818
Social participation (−0.452867) (1.05775) (1.187514) (−1.211016)
ENV 0.463326** −0.73541 0.306788 0.651832**
Environment and outdoor facilities (2.961901) (−1.55163) (1.109233) (2.306740)
AT 0.198735 0.726278* 0.290954 0.191580
Accessible transport (1.345940) (1.901363) (1.006663) (0.820242)
OF 1.507894** 1.569867 1.49162*** 0.898935**
Outdoor Urban Furniture (6.620142) (1.500549) (2.754645) (2.281443)
PU 1.144843** 0.587226 1.903432*** 1.157075***
Proximity of Public Open Space to Amenities (5.273380) (0.846234) (4.227608) (3.556731)
MALE 0.645885* 1.11952* 0.6498 0.473456
(2.420661) (1.721191) (1.310261) (1.071321)
AGE 0.822998** 1.108866* 1.095409* 0.530436
(2.717207) (1.667465) (1.716461) (1.125382)
EDUCATION 1.524887** 1.737743** 1.245521**
(4.359394) (2.508606) (2.524215)
PERIOD −0.208793 0.203022 −1.315645**
(−0.692768) (0.413511) (−2.485020)
Pseudo R-squared 0.488801 0.227479 0.387621 0.343897
Schwarzcriterion 1.560528 1.203496 1.871476 1.928819
Hannan-Quinncriter. 1.470390 1.075149 1.70124 1.750438
LR statistic 465.6577 27.84814 113.9444 89.65156
Prob(LR statistic) 0.000000 0.000504 0.000000 0.000000
Akaikeinfocriterion 1.410943 0.987481 0.387621 1.628445
Log likelihood −243.4972 −47.2864 1.871476 −85.52090
Restr. Loglikelihood −476.3260 −61.2105 1.70124 −130.3467
Avg. loglikelihood −0.667116 −0.41479 113.9444 −0.706784
Observation 365 114 130 121

Notes: Figures in parentheses are z-statistics; * statistically significant at 10 percent level; ** statistically significant at 5 percent level; *** statistically significant at 1 percent level.

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Table 5
Impact of independent variables on multi-response choices (Full sample).

P(Y = 1) P(Y = 2) P(Y = 3) P(Y = 4) P(Y = 5)

SC* (0.43049) (0.53038) (0.03795) (0.00117) (0.00001)

[0.25709] [0.66123] [0.07911] [0.00254] [0.00002]
{−0.17340} {0.13085} {0.04116} {0.00138} {0.00001}
SP (0.33900) (0.60438) (0.05489) (0.00172) (0.00002)
[0.35522] [0.59186] [0.05130] [0.00160] [0.00002]
{0.01622} {−0.01252} {−0.00358} {−0.00012} {0.00000}
ENV* (0.06859) (0.63662) (0.28283) (0.01184) (0.00012)
[0.04428] [0.55654] [0.38030] [0.01869] [0.00019]
{−0.02431} {−0.08008} {0.09747} {0.00685} (0.00007}
AT (0.39513) (0.55987) (0.04364) (0.00135) (0.00001)
[0.34875] [0.59690] [0.05270] [0.00165] [0.00002]
{−0.04638} {0.03702} {0.00906} {0.00030} (0.00000}
OF* (0.01014) (0.23952) (0.67029) (0.07921) (0.00084)
[0.00226] [0.06634] [0.64923] [0.27839] [0.00378]
{−0.00788} {−0.17318} {−0.02105} {0.19917} {0.00294}
PU* (0.00973) (0.23217) (0.67491) (0.08231) (0.00087)
[0.00312] [0.08908] [0.68596] [0.21910] [0.00274]
{−0.00661} {−0.14310} {0.01105} {0.13679} {0.00187}
MALE* 0.05955 0.61336 0.31321 0.01374 0.00014
AGE* 0.00016 0.00509 0.14911 0.79547 0.05017
EDUCATION* 0.00816 0.20284 0.69131 0.09664 0.00104
PERIOD 0.08506 0.66620 0.23925 0.00940 0.00009
*
Indicates the variable is statistically significant.
Figures in parentheses represent the probability of each outcome associated with each independent variable.
Figures in square brackets represent the probability of each outcome when each independent variable increases by one unit.
Figures in curly brackets represent the marginal probability associated with a one-unit increase in each independent variable.
The significant variables with the highest probability bolded, (1 = very dissatisfied…3 = neutral…5 = very satisfied).

Table 6 improving “Accessible Public Transport.”In this respect, the Yuet Wah
Impact of independent variables on multi-response choices (Kwun Tong). Street Playground is also satisfied with these requirements. This play-
ground is surrounded by several existing private housing estates, the
P(Y = 1) P(Y = 2) P(Y = 3) P(Y = 4) P(Y = 5)
town center including a major urban renewal project and it has several
SC* n/a n/a n/a (0.29889) (0.70111) exits that are very close to them. Outside the main entrance, it takes less
[0.08186] [0.91814] than five minutes for the users to get access to many public bus stops
{−0.21703} {0.21703}
where people can go to many parts of Hong Kong there. If elderly need
SP n/a n/a n/a (0.64030) (0.35970)
[0.47451] [0.52549] to take mass transit railway (MTR), it takes them around ten minutes
{−0.16579} {0.16579} walking from the park to the station.
ENV n/a n/a n/a (0.74557) (0.25443) As it is observed that many elderly do exercise in a public park in
[0.85942] [0.14058] the morning and after dinner. It is very important that they can have
{0.11386} {−0.11386}
easy access to the park by public transportation or on foot. Hence,
AT* n/a n/a n/a (0.76251) (0.23749)
[0.60831] [0.39169] adequate choices and frequent public transportations near the public
{−0.14520} {0.15420} park with clear directional signs is fundamental. It is important to make
OF n/a n/a n/a (0.08782) (0.91218) elderly feel safe and do not experience any obstructions in taking public
[0.01964] [0.98036]
transportation on their way to a public park. Comprehensive informa-
{−0.06818} {0.06818}
PU n/a n/a n/a (0.21418) (0.78582)
tion on routes, frequency and schedules of transportation are needed to
[0.13157] [0.86843] be provided in the vicinity of the public park.
{−0.08261} {0.08261}
MALE* n/a n/a n/a 0.44274 0.55726
4.2.4. Outdoor urban furniture (OF)
AGE* n/a n/a n/a 0.58791 0.41209
In Shum Shui Po model, the variable Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF)
*Indicates the variable is statistically significant. is highly associated with Choice 3 (neutral) at 68.3%. When it increases
Figures in parentheses represent the probability of each outcome associated with each by one unit, the probability of choosing Choices 1 (very satisfied) and 2
independent variable. (dissatisfied) will decrease by 0.63% and 18.1%, respectively while the
Figures in square brackets represent the probability of each outcome when each other categories 3 and 4 (neutral, satisfied) will increase by 3.6% to
independent variable increases by one unit.
15.2%. The results mean that Outdoor urban furniture is statistically
Figures in curly brackets represent the marginal probability associated with a one-unit
increase in each independent variable.
significant, however, it has no clear influence in affecting the satisfac-
The significant variables with the highest probability bolded, (1 = very dissatisfied… tion level the respondents derive from using the park.
3 = neutral…5 = very satisfied). In Wan Chai model, the variable Outdoor Urban Furniture (OF) is
also highly associated with Choices 2 (dissatisfied)at 38.0% and 3
4.2.3. Accessible public transport (AT) (neutral) at 58.4%. When it increases by one unit, the probability of
In Kwun Tong model, the variable Accessible Public Transport (AT) choosing Choices 2 (dissatisfied) will decrease by 18.0% while Choice 3
is also highly associated with Choices 4 (satisfied) at 76.3%. When it (neutral) will increase by 13.3%. Other categories 4 and 5 (satisfied,
increases by one unit, the probability of choosing Choices 4 (satisfied) very satisfied) will increase by 4.7% and 0.08%, respectively. That
will decrease by 15.4% while the Choice 5 (very satisfied) will increase means improving Outdoor Urban furniture (OF) can moderately mini-
by 15.4%. These results mean that the satisfaction level the elderly mize the dissatisfaction derived from using the park.
derive from using the public park can be effectively enhanced by In this respect, The Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area is not
satisfied by the users. This park is located in the middle of the main

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

Table 7
Impact of independent variables on multi-response choices (Shum Shui Po).

P(Y = 1) P(Y = 2) P(Y = 3) P(Y = 4) P(Y = 5)

SC* (0.73265) (0.25898) (0.00819) (0.00018) n/a

[0.56825] [0.41448] [0.01691] [0.00037]
{−0.16441} {0.15550} {0.00871} {0.00019}
SP (0.50347) (0.47422) (0.02183) (0.00048) n/a
[0.35522] [0.59186] [0.05130] [0.00160]
{−0.11072} {0.09850} {0.01196} {0.00027}
ENV (0.07200) (0.69832) (0.22350) (0.00619) n/a
[0.05400] [0.65762] [0.27998] [0.00839]
{−0.01799} {−0.04069} {0.05648} {0.00220}
AT (0.46878) (0.50568) (0.02500) (0.00055) n/a
[0.39747] [0.56868] [0.03315] [0.00073]
{−0.07130} {0.06297} {0.00815} {0.00018}
OF* (0.00812) (0.25326) (0.68288) (0.05573) n/a
[0.00184] [0.07191] [0.71844] [0.20781]
{−0.00628} {−0.18135} {0.03556} {0.15207}
PU* (0.00601) (0.20124) (0.71877) (0.07399) n/a
[0.00090] [0.03661] [0.61352] [0.34897]
{−0.00511} {−0.16463} {0.10524} {0.27498}
MALE 0.13316 0.73596 0.12775 0.00314 n/a
AGE* 0.00009 0.00379 0.15316 0.84297 n/a
EDUCATION* 0.00710 0.22898 0.70061 0.06331 n/a
PERIOD 0.13730 0.73579 0.12388 0.00303 n/a

*Indicates the variable is statistically significant.

Figures in parentheses represent the probability of each outcome associated with each independent variable.
Figures in square brackets represent the probability of each outcome when each independent variable increases by one unit.
Figures in curly brackets represent the marginal probability associated with a one-unit increase in each independent variable.
The significant variables with the highest probability bolded, (1 = very dissatisfied…3 = neutral…5 = very satisfied).

road. While the environment is very noisy, air quality is also bad. The shelter, seats should be comfortable for the elderly to use throughout
Wan Chai Park is also not satisfied by the elderly in regard to Outdoor the seasons. Noticeable signs are also very important for elderly to
Urban furniture. There are many wooden and stone bench, children’s know where they are in public open space. The natural features, such as
playground, community garden plots, soccer pitch, model boat pool, flowers, trees, fountains and fish ponds should be added to public open
chess playing area, fitness station for elderly, smoking area and space, making elderly feel in touch with the nature.
reflexology area. Unfortunately, some of them are not well maintained
and have poor physical conditions. 4.2.5. Proximity of public open space to amenities (PU)
Similar to other studies, public open space facilities and furniture In Shum Shui Po model, the variable Proximity of Public Open
must be sufficient, and make elderly at ease when using them. With Space to Amenities (PU) is also highly associated with Choice 3

Table 8
Impact of independent variables on multi-response choices (Wan Chai).

P(Y = 1) P(Y = 2) P(Y = 3) P(Y = 4) P(Y = 5)

SC* n/a (0.54819) (0.43336) (0.01818) (0.00028)

[0.35305] [0.60682] [0.03952] [0.00061]
{−0.19514} {0.17347} {0.02134} {0.00034}
SP n/a (0.96014) (0.03891) (0.00093) (0.00001)
[0.97179] [0.02754] [0.00065] [0.00001]
{0.01165} {−0.01137} {−0.00028} {0.00000}
ENV* n/a (0.09713) (0.72791) (0.17187) (0.00309)
[0.05308] [0.65767] [0.28333] [0.00592]
{−0.04405} {−0.07024} {0.11146} {0.00283}
AT n/a (0.03918) (0.60209) (0.35061) (0.00812)
[0.03258] [0.56354] [0.39407] [0.00982]
{−0.00661} {−0.03855} {0.04346} {0.00170}
OF* n/a (0.38012) (0.58401) (0.03533) (0.00054)
[0.19973] [0.71651] [0.08242] [0.00134]
{−0.18039} {0.13250} {0.04709} {0.00079}
PU* n/a (0.07755) (0.70900) (0.20950) (0.00395)
[0.02575] [0.51097] [0.45081] [0.01247]
{−0.05180} {−0.19803} {0.24131} {0.00852}
MALE n/a 0.06747 0.69280 0.23514 0.00459
AGE n/a 0.02002 0.45245 0.51145 0.01607
EDUCATION* n/a 0.02436 0.49815 0.46430 0.01319
PERIOD* n/a 0.00876 0.27038 0.68445 0.03641

*Indicates the variable is statistically significant.

Figures in parentheses represent the probability of each outcome associated with each independent variable.
Figures in square brackets represent the probability of each outcome when each independent variable increases by one unit.
Figures in curly brackets represent the marginal probability associated with a one-unit increase in each independent variable.
The significant variables with the highest probability bolded, (1 = very dissatisfied…3 = neutral…5 = very satisfied).

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

(neutral) at 71.9%. When it increases by one unit, the probability of the proportion of elderly (aged 65 or above) is 16.8% (Kwun Tong),
choosing Choices 1 (very dissatisfied) and 2 (dissatisfied) will decrease 16.3% (Shum Shui Po) and 16.7% (Wan Chai) of the total number of
by 0.51% and 16.5%, respectively while the other categories 3 and 4 people in the three districts respectively. Thus, the obtained valid
(neutral, satisfied) will increase by 10.5% and 27.5%. These results questionnaires represent 0.11%, 0.2% and 0.51% of the population
indicate that the satisfaction the elderly derive from using public park respectively. According to Barlett, Kotrlik, and Higgins (2001), an
can be enhanced slightly by improving “Proximity of Public Open Space appropriate sample size for this study which employed categorical data
to Amenities.” In this respect, the Nam Cheong Street Sitting-out Area is is about 264. Due to man power constraint, the number of question-
not satisfied by the users. Inside the park, there is even no public toilet. naire obtained is less than the estimated minimum sample size. It could
Elderly have to walk a long way from the park to get access to bank, fast be seen as a fair representation of the entire elderly population. In this
food shop and clinic. This park is quite isolated. study, stratified random sampling technique was adopted. Firstly,
In Wan Chai model, the variable Proximity of Public Open Space to people who are aged over 50 years old in three public parks were
Amenities (PU) is also highly associated with Choice 3 (neutral) at invited to take part in survey. In addition, only users who are actually
70.9%. When it increases by one unit, the probability of choosing using the parks are invited to make sure they are in true social
Choices 2 (dissatisfied) and 3 (neutral) will decrease by 5.2% and influence. Moreover, the sampling contains of different gender, age,
19.8%, respectively while the other categories 4 and 5 (satisfied, very education level and economic level.
satisfied) will increase by 24.1% and 0.85%. These results indicate that In regard to sampling of situation, this study chose three districts
the satisfaction level the elderly derive from using public open space and three parks with different size, facilities and design characters. The
can be enhanced by improving “Proximity of Public Open Space to questionnaire surveys were repeated in three districts to collect
Amenities.” respondents living in different social and physical background to
It can be seen that the Wan Chai Park is not very satisfactory in increase the representativeness of the sampling. The study is a cross-
fulfilling these requirements. There are two main entrances in the park. sectional study, although different time of the year with different
While one is very close to the main street with fast food shop, retail weather conditions may affect elderly perception and use of the parks,
shop and bank, the other is close to the vehicle lane, with no public it is not investigated in this study.
amenities.
The spatial location of the two studied parks reveals that elderly 5. Conclusions
people prefer that there are many destinations (e.g. shops, cafes, clinics,
banks, etc.) to go within short walking distance from and visually This study identifies key planning and design criteria for public
connected to public open space. It makes them more convenient to open spaces for the elderly which should be considered by the
perform some everyday lives activities, e.g. getting groceries, doing government policy agenda. The study aimed to elicit the association
medical check, and going to the banks and the availability of these between six key planning related factors and the satisfaction the elderly
amenities also enhance their sense of familiarity with the area. derive from using the public parks. The study also evaluated the major
physical features and amenities of the three public parks and how they
4.2.6. Dummies affect the planning related factors and, hence, the elderly overall
Those dummy variables Male, Age, Education and Period only satisfaction with the parks. This paper employed questionnaire surveys
determine the probability of each choice happens, but do not produce conducted in public parks in three urban renewal districts and the
marginal probability induced by one unit change in each independent principal component analysis (PCA) to construct the underlying factors
variable. In Kwun Tong model, the Male variable is almost evenly for planning of open spaces for the elderly, based on the interviewees’
associated with Choices 4 (satisfied) at 44.3% and 5 (very satisfied) at responses. After constructing the predictor variables, this paper esti-
55.7%. This implies that male respondents are generally happy (100%) mated an ordered logit model to see whether these factors contribute to
with using the Kwun Tong public park. For age group, this variable is the satisfaction the elderly derive from using public open spaces. A
almost evenly associated with Choices 4 (satisfied) at 58.8% and 5 (very limitation of this study is the small sample of parks due to human
satisfied) at 41.2%. This implies that people aged 64 or below, and 65 resource constraint. If more parks were investigated, the physical
or above are all satisfied (about 100%) with using public park in Kwun objectives factors of the parks could be included as independent
Tong. variables in the statistical modeling.
In Shum Shui Po model, the Age variable is highly associated with Two key findings are revealed from the empirical results. These
Choices 4 (satisfied) at 84.3%. This implies that most people aged 65 or show that “Social Connection and Mobility” (SC)is consistently found to
above are all satisfied with using public park in Shum Shui Po. For be the common planning factor that can significantly influence the
education level, this variable is highly associated with Choice 3 satisfaction level respondents derive from using the public parks, when
(neutral) at 70.1% while 22.9% of people having secondary school or considering the three individual parks. In contrast, “Social participation
above are dissatisfied with using public park in Shum Shui Po. People and Inclusion” (SP) is not regarded as an important factor which can
falling into the category of “very dissatisfied” or “satisfied” are influence the satisfaction the elderly derive from using the three parks.
negligible. It means that it is important to consider social network, social ties,
In Wan Chai model, the Education variable is highly associated with social connection, place attachment and mobility when planning and
Choices3 (neutral) at 49.8% and 4 (satisfied) at 46.4%. People falling design public parks. It is important that the park allows them to
into the category of “dissatisfied” or “very satisfied” are negligible. For socialize with friends, meet new friends and maintain a strong sense of
Period, this variable is highly associated with Choice 4 (satisfied) at connection for the long-term local neighbors. In addition, the open
68.4% while people falling into the category of “neutral” comprises space should be within a short distance of the nearby residents. It is not
27.0% of total respondents. Very few respondents are in the category of just the physical distance that matters, elderly people also have a strong
either “dissatisfied” or “very satisfied”. need in place attachment in local neigbhourhood (Degne, 2015) and a
sense of belonging to the local district.
4.3. External validity Social participation and social inclusion are the major domains for
achieving age-friendly cities, as stated by the WHO (2007), surprisingly,
Population validity (people) and ecological validity (situation) are this study shows that these considerations have been relatively
discussed below. neglected in the planning and design of the studied public parks in
Sampling of people is affected by sampling size and sampling urban renewal districts, which were designed a few decades ago. In
method. According to the Census and Statistics Department (2011), addition, the elderly do not show a strong expectation that their

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

opinions will be considered or that they will be asked to participate in are not too far.
the process of designing and the management of the public open spaces 3. Being in the public open space gives me an 12345
and city planning, with a view to enjoying social ownership, enhanced opportunity to be independent and feel a
community development, etc. This reflects that the culture of actively sentimental attachment of the surroundings.
taking part in participation activities in the park venue is not clearly 4. I like going to the public open space to meet and 1 2 3 4 5
embedded in the expectations of the Chinese elderly. However, the chat with other people and do exercises with
growing momentum of public participation in different urban discourse them.
and policy making in the last decade, particularly among younger 5. I feel happy, at peace, relaxed and contented 12345
groups of people, prompts the need to reconsider the extent in which doing activities in the public openspace with
public open spaces can facilitate social and civic participation and my friends or alone.
inclusions. In response to this change, more consultation and partici- 2.Social participation and social inclusion (SP)
patory approach in planning and design of parks can be promoted. In 1. I have the opportunity to contribute to 12345
addition, cross-generation integration in public parks is of paramount community discussions and consultation about
importance by providing variety of uses in different areas. For instance, city and community planning specifically in
elderly can watch their grandchildren playing while chatting with terms on public open space matters.
others. Moreover, as elderly is often attached to the history and past 2. I have the opportunity to interact with people of 1 2 3 4 5
events and stories of the old district, better linkage to cultural heritage different age groups and background in the
in the design of the park features could provide opportunities for the public open space.
elderly to share with the younger groups about the stories of the old 3. I feel my experience and knowledge can be 12345
district where they have lived for many years and hence enhance their shared and innovate or inspire others during
sense of community. the talks in the open space.
This study is significant in both planning theory and practice. As 4. I am satisfied with the way the areas in the 12345
public parks is one of the most important venue for elderly social public open space are able to accommodate a
interaction, it contributes to theoretical constructs by providing better variety of uses (e.g. dance shows, health
understanding of how planning and design of public parks can be lectures, etc.)
improved to support healthy aging. The findings can enhance social 5. The public open space reminds me of some 12345
wellbeing and the quality of life of our ageing population, and elements that represent our local culture and
strengthen social integration and cohesion within districts where urban history.
renewal is planned. The conceptual framework developed is useful for 3. Environment and supporting facilities (ENV)
harnessing urban renewal as an effective vehicle for enhancing 1. It feels good to be in a clean and pleasant 12345
satisfaction the elderly derive from using the public urban space. outdoor environment without noise and
Better understanding of the needs of an increasing elderly population rubbish.
help contributing to urban sustainability to be embedded in future 2. I feel safe and secure enjoying nature/gardens 1 2 3 4 5
developments. and walking alone in the park during day and
In a practical sense, this study delivers long-term impacts by: night time.
providing useful insights enabling urban planners and designers to 3. I could enjoy the green and pleasant landscape 1 2 3 4 5
highlight the social connection and mobility aspects in the planning and consistently, due to adequate and timely
design of public parks and to promote the important association measures of maintenance.
between social participation and inclusion opportunities and elderly 4. I enjoy walking around the park at night time 1 2 3 4 5
health. In addition, this study can inform decision-makers about the since it is well lit.
needs and preferences of elderly people in relation to healthy ageing 5. I have no problems accessing public toilets, 12345
and ageing-in-place objectives when undertaking urban redevelopment because of its absence nor long distance to
projects. In the context of dynamic social, cultural, political changes in walk.
the communities and personal aspirations of the elderly, there needs to 6. There is no overlapping of schedules in terms of 1 2 3 4 5
be adequate recognition of the diverse needs in different districts and the use of the public open space facilities.
during different periods of time. 7. The amenities are always available to use (not 1 2 3 4 5
overcrowded)
Acknowledgements 8. The amenities are always in good condition and 1 2 3 4 5
ready to use.
This paper was fully supported by a grant from the General Research 4. Accessible public transportation (AT)
Fund of the Hong Kong SAR Government (Project No. PolyU5405/ 1. It is easy to walk to public transports stations/ 1 2 3 4 5
12H). The authors would like to thank the research assistant, Mr. Zhang bus stops from my home to the public open
Qi for data collection. space.
2. There are enough choices and frequent public 1 2 3 4 5
Appendix A transportations near the public open space.
2. It is safe and no trivial obstructions in taking 12345
Questionnaire survey public transportation on the way to the public
Part I − Evaluation of the public park open space.
3. The directional signs and transport routes are 1 2 3 4 5
clear and large enough to direct my way to and
1.Social connection and mobility (SC) level of from the public open space vicinity.
importance 5. Comprehensive information on routes, 12345
1. Going to the public open space allows me to 12345 frequency and schedules of transportation are
socialize with friends and meet new people. clearly provided in the public open space
2. It is easy or pleasant to walk around the public 1 2 3 4 5 vicinity.
open space due to safe pathways, and distances 5.Outdoor Urban furniture and connection to nature (OF)

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Y. Esther H.K. et al. Landscape and Urban Planning 165 (2017) 39–53

1. The public open space facilities are sufficient 12 345 Degne, C. (2015). Socialising place attachment: Place, social memory and embodied
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