MANGU PREMOCK EXAMINATIONS

GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME
SECTION :
Answer ALL the questions in this section.

1. (a) Name TWO places where diamond mining is done in the Republic of South Africa.
(2 mks)
-Alexander Bay
-Kimberley
-Pretoria
-Jagersfoutein
-Koffie foutein
-Bloem foutein

(b) State THREE problems facing gold mining in South Africa. (3 mks) - Water
shortage due to competition for water with other industries.
-High cost of mining due to increasing depth of mines
-Poor quality ore as a result of increasing depth of mines
-Over exploitation of gold which has led to the exhaustion of the mineral/closure of mines
-High cost of labour due to competition of labour by other sectors of the economy.

2. (a) Na me TWO major wheat growing counties in Kenya. (2 mks)

-Uasin Gishu
-Trans Nzoia
-Nakuru
-Narok
-Laikipia
-Nyandarua
-Nyeri

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-Meru.

(b) Give THREE uses of wheat. (3 mks)

-Wheat seed is used in making wheat flour used as human food
-Wheat seed is used to manufacture animal feeds
-Wheat straw is directly fed to animals
-Wheat flour is used for making adhesives/glue - Wheat straw is used to make paper/straw boards
- Wheat flour is used in making beer.
-Wheat straw is used by mushroom growers, thus promoting mushroom production.

3. State FIVE characteristics of shifting cultivation. (5 mks)

-Vegetation is cleared in a virgin forest by slashing and burning
-Seeds are planted on the ashes
-Farmers depend on manual family labour
-Land is communally owned
-Yields decline after a period due to overcultivation forcing the farmer to abandon it.
-Farming is done mainly for subsistence
-Almost all the farmers produce the same crops
-Plots are small and scattered in the forest
-Farmers use simple tools/implements
-Plots are abandoned and new ones cultivated when the soils become exhausted.

4. Identify the characteristics of nomadic pastoralism. (5 mks)

-Animals are kept in large number herds
-Different animals are kept e.g cattle, donkeys, goats, sheep and camels
-Animals depend on natural pastures
-Practised in regions where population is low, allowing land for migration
-Poor breeds of animals are kept
-Nomads lose a large number of animals in case of disease attacks/drought - Migration follows
traditionally-established routes.
5. (a) Name THREE ways in which placer mining can be done. (3 mks)
-Panning
-Dredging
-Hydraulic mining

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 (b) State TWO problems facing Trona mining on Lake Magadi. (2 mks)
-Stiff competition in the market from large sc ale producers e.g USA and Israel
-Hostile environment due to the high air temperatures which affect the workers
High labour costs, because workers need incentives so as to work in such hostile
environment.

SECTION:
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
6. The table below shows the estimated exports of fruits from Kenya to the European market
in ‘000 of tonnes between 2000-2004. Use it to answer the questions that
follow.

Crop 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Oranges 50 45 42 38 30
Apples 20 25 32 28 25
Tangerine 32 35 40 38 35
s 22 24 36 30 34
Melons

Total 124 129 150 134 124

(a) (i) Use a cumulative bar graph to present the date. (Use 1cm to represent 20 tonnes)
(10 mks)

(ii) Give two disadvantages of using cumulative bar graphs in data presentation.
(2 mks)
-It is difficult to draw as it involves a lot of calculations
-Only a limited number of items can be represented since too many items will be difficult to
interpret.
-It is difficult to tell the contribution of individual items unless this is done through measurements
and calculations.
-The trend in the production of an item from year to year could be difficult to tell at a glance.

(b) Name five areas in Kenya where horticulture is practiced. (5 mks) - Kiambu
-Murang’a

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-Nyeri
-Nyandarua
-Kirinyaga
-Machakos
Makueni
-Kajiado
-Nairobi
-Nakuru
-Kericho
-Eldama Ravine
-Embu
-Meru

(c) Explain four reasons why horticultural produce is exported by air to the European markets.
(8 mks)
-The crops fetch high prices, thus they are able to cater for the high freight charges - Most of the
products are perishable and therefore must be transported before they deteriorate, hence air
transport.
-The largest market for Kenya’s horticultural products is in Europe and the only way
to transport the products is by air
-Major horticultural producers produce large quantities which can easily cover the high freight
charges

7. (a) State four characteristics of coniferous forests which favour their exploitation.(4 mks)
-The trees occur in pure/uniform stands
-The trees are light in weight
-There is little undergrowth
-Trees have straight trunks with few branches.

(b) Explain five factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.
(10 mks)
-The area receives high rainfall throughout the year which encourages continuous growth of trees
-The area has deep, well drained soils that allow the roots to penetrate deep into the ground to
support the trees
-The area has moderate/cool climate ideal for the growth of a variety of trees

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 -The area is a gazetted forest reserve prohibiting settlement/cultivation hence allowing
forests to grow without interference
The steep slopes/rugged terrain discourage human activities thus enabling forests to

thrive well.

(c) Use the map of Kenya below to answer the following questions.
(i)Name the forest reserves marked A, B, C and D. (4 mks)
A– Mt . Elgon
B– Mt. Kenya
C– Arabuko Sokoke
D– Mau

(ii)Name TWO hardwoods commonly exploited in the forest reserve marked A.

(2 mks)
-Elgon Teak
-East African Olive

(d) State FIVE problems facing forestry in Kenya. (5 mks)

-Rapid increase in population has led to encroachment into forests hence destruction of forests
-Occurrence of forest fires which have led to the destruction of large areas under forest
-Attacks by pests/diseases has led to destruction of valuable tree species.
-Some wild animals damage trees
-Forest degazettment reduce land under forest
-prolonged drought leads to drying of some trees

8. (a) (i) What is agriculture? (2 mks)

- This is the cultivation of c rops and rearing of animals

(ii) Identify FOUR characteristics of plantation farming in Kenya. (4 mks)

-Plantations cover large areas
-Most of the plantations are owned by foreign companies

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 -Specialize in the cultivation of one crop/monocropping/monoculture is practiced.
-There is scientific management of activities.
-There is a large capital outlay.
(b) Give FOUR physical factors that influence the growing of tea in Kenya. (4 mks)
-Tea requires cool temperatures throughout the year - Tea requires high rainfall throughout the
year - Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
-Tea requires deep, well drained slightly acidic volcanic soils
-Tea grows well in the highlands
-Tea bushes require protection from strong winds.
(c) Explain FOUR problems facing small scale tea farming in Kenya. (8 mks)
-Feeder roads to small tea holdings are in poor state, leading to delays in collection of tea leaves,
causing wastage.
-Delayed payments for the delivered tea leaves, lowers morale among farmers, leading
to reduction in production.
-Reduced bonuses paid out to the farmers lead to frustrations, lowering production
-High cost of farm inputs reduces the farmers’ income, leading to frustration and consequent
low production.
-Farmers are affected by long drought/hailstones which destroy the crop, causing reduced
production and low incomes.
-Tea production is affected by pest attacks e.g red spider mite leading to reduced production
-Root rot affect the crop contributing to low yields.
-Fluctuation of prices in the world market make it difficult for the farmer to plan ahead.
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(d) You plan to carry out a field study on a tea farm.

(i)Give FIVE reasons why you need a route map. (5 mks)

-To show the extent of the area of the study
-To show the route to be followed during the study and avoid getting lost
-To show the features to be studied
-To enable the learner estimate the distance to be covered - To show the general nature of the
terrain - To help prepare a working schedule.

(ii)Give TWO methods the class may use to gather data. (2 mks)
-Interviewing/asking questions
-Administering questionnaires

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-Taking photographs Observation
-Content analysis

9. (a) Name FOUR sugarcane growing areas in Kenya. (4 mks)

-Ramisi
-Mumias
-Nzoia
-Nambale
-Kabras
-Muhoroni
-Chemilil
-Miwani
-Songhor
-Koru
-Awendo
(b) Give FOUR human factors that influence successful sugarcane production (4 mks) -
Sugarcane production requires a lot of labor for field preparation, harvesting, weeding and
loading
-Requires good road network for the quick delivery of the cane to the millers
-Capital should be available to pay the workers, purchase machinery and farm inputs
-There should be a processing factory nearby to speed up the cane processing.

(c) (i) Describe the stages involved in the processing of sugar cane at the factory.(6 mks)
-At the factory, the cane is weighed while still on the trucks
-Offloaded and washed
-Cut into pieces
-The pieces are then passed between rollers which squeeze out juice
-Fibre is used for making fuel for the boilders
-The juice is put into a clarifier
-The juice is put into evaporators where it is boiled with lime, under pressure
-The syrup is passed on a vacuum pan
-A dark brown mixture of molasses and sucrose/massecuite is formed

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 -It is put in a centrifuge where crystals are separated from molasses - It is then refined to brown/
white sugar - Packaged ready for sale.

(ii) Give THREE by-products obtained from sugarcane. (3 mks) Molasses

-Bagasse
-Wax
-Aconitic acid
-Filter lake/mud

(d) Your class visited a sugarcane plantation for a field study on land preparation and
planting.
(i)Outline FOUR activities that you are likely to identify. (4 mks)
-Clearing natural vegetation
-Ploughing
-Harrowing
-Digging of shallow furrows 1.2 – 1 .8m apart
-Laying down of the cane cuttings/seed cane in the furrows - Covering the seed cane with soil.

(ii)Give FOUR methods you would use to record data during the study. (4 mks)
-Taking photographs
-Writing notes
-Filling in questionnaires
-Drawing sketches/diagrams
-Tabulating the collected information

10. (a) (i) Define mining. (2 mks)

- This is the process of extracting minerals from the earth’s crust.

(ii) Clearly state FOUR formations in which minerals occur. (8 mks)

-Veins and lodes where minerals occur in cracks/faults/crevices in igneous rocks
-Alluvial/placer deposits – it is the occurrence of minerals while mixed with alluvium.

-Beds and seams – it’s occurrence of minerals due deposition, accumulation

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 and concentration in horizontal strata of the earth’s crust under great pressure
Sand heat.
Weathering products – minerals formed by deep weathering of a variety of

rocks under tropical conditions of alternating wet and dry conditions.

(b) (i) Name THREE methods of underground mining apart from shaft method.(3 mks)
-Drift/Adit mining
-Solution
-Drilling

(ii) Describe how shaft method is carried out. (6 mks) - Vertical shafts are sunk
underground to reach the ore.
-Horizontal tunnels/galleries are dug from the vertical shaft to reach the vein of the mineral
bearing rock. - Light rail tracks are put in place
-The galleries are supported by timber pit props or steel beams erected to support the roof to
prevent it from collapsing. - The mineral bearing rock is blasted by explosives
-The ore is along the tunnel by light railway or conveyor belt
-The ore is then brought to the surface by a cage which also transports miners, equipment, etc to
and from the mines
-It should be well ventilated and free from water.

(c) Explain THREE benefits of the oil mining to the local community in Turkana.
(6 mks)
-Offers employment to many of the local people raising their living standards
-It will lead to widespread urbanization contributing kto new urban settlements - Improvement
of infrastructure and social amenities –roads, railway, pipeline, schools, hospitals etc.

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