Reactive absorption of Carbon dioxide into New Absorbents
Project I Report submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
Master of Chemical Engineering
by
Nikhil Balaram Mhatre
Department of Chemical Engineering
Institute of Chemical Technology
Mumbai-400019
Maharashtra, India
Dec 2017.
1 Table of Contents
2 Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 4
3 CO2 separation Techniques......................................................................................................................... 6
4 Basic Characteristic property needed for Amine solvents............................................................................7
5 Structure-activity Relationship of Amine.................................................................................................... 8
5.1 Structure of amine.........................................................................................................................................8
5.2 Boiling point and water solubility of amines..................................................................................................9
5.3 Effect of chain length on Amine.....................................................................................................................9
5.4 Effect of side chain.......................................................................................................................................10
5.5 Effect of number of functional group on Amine performance......................................................................10
5.6 Effect of different functional group in Cyclic Amine.....................................................................................11
5.7 Effect of pKa value on Cyclic loading capacity of amine...............................................................................11
6 Kinetics of different amines...................................................................................................................... 12
6.1 Reaction Mechanism....................................................................................................................................12
6.2 Model Contactors........................................................................................................................................14
7 General Absorption-Desorption Prosess Cycle..........................................................................................15
7.1 Lean loading and L/G ratio effect on reboiler duty as well as CO2 recovery.................................................16
7.2 Pilot Plant results For different Amines........................................................................................................17
8 Review for latest amine blends................................................................................................................ 19
8.1 Experimental Result.....................................................................................................................................21
9 Future Work............................................................................................................................................. 22
10 References............................................................................................................................................... 23
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 CO2 ANNUAL EMISSIONS......................................................................................................................................4
FIGURE 2 VARIOUS CO2 CAPTURE TECHNIQUES.....................................................................................................................6
FIGURE 3 PRIMARY,SECONDARY,TERTIARY AMINE.................................................................................................................8
FIGURE 4 PILOT PLANT SETUP...........................................................................................................................................15
FIGURE 5 ABSORBER SETUP..............................................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 6 DESORBER SETUP..............................................................................................................................................20
List Of Tables
TABLE 1 PILOT PLANT RESULT...........................................................................................................................................17
TABLE 2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT........................................................................................................................................21
2 Introduction
We know that from past decades temperature across a globe increases rapidly.Observable
phenomena like changes in regular pattern of seasons,like in India Mansoon would not at time
also less capacity of rain result in drought where some places unexpected raining cause flooding
etc.As we seen this different changes in atmosphere result in unstable life for human as well as
animals.Rise in sealevels due to melting of glaciers followed by high Tide conditions like
Tsunami,Cyclones,these are also some indications of changes in atmosphere.Knowing the
probalbility of these events and severity of there effect on day to day life, global warming is now
become very important concern.Considering worst case scenario people Awareness about the
environment becomes utmost priority.If we see the gases responsible for Green house
effect,carbon dioxide is playing major role.Carbon dixide directly contributes to the global
warming.Majority of carbondioxide released in atmophere from the industrial stack gas
emissions.Fossil fuel and Natural gas based power plant contributes around 25% of total carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.With increase in the industrial growth annual realese of carbon
dioxide into air also increasing. In order to reduce the impact of these natural disasters, the
National Research Council has recommended a substantial reduction in CO 2 emissions in the
coming years[1].
Figure 1 CO2 Annual emissions
We can see the Figure 1 CO2 Annual emissions.Due to the effort some national organizations for
environmental safety,it assumed that yearly emission of CO 2 can be minimized.But even after lot
of regulations and amendments is shows unsatisfying results.Only solutions is come upto
improvement in energy efficiency and low cartbon energy source. If we see major countries like
US,UK,China CO2 emmisions are declined to reduced[2].This the effect of higher energy
demand from the industrial sector .Although there are many novel renewable sources of energy
available also used in some part of world,still it is comparatively low to fossil fuels.Some places
its not possible to used many renewable sources like solar energy,wind enrgy etc,they are also
depend on fossil fuels.As we see coal,oil and Natural gas consumption growing rapidaly.
Conventional way of reducing CO2 capture after combustion of fossil fuels is the
absorption using various amine-based solvents.Even these solvents showing satisfying results
they have there own drawbacks.Number of studies and practices are done in improvement of
these solvents as well as development of new solvents.Although absorption using aquous amine
solvents is most popular and required lowest cost ,but there regeneration needs lots of
energy.There regeneration cost drastically affects the total profit of industry,hence new amine
based solvents are widely researched .The reason of using amine based solvents is that its made
from cheap and easily available natural resources.Other than absoption there are various different
kind of technologies have been studied but not practically applied, so again choice is come to
absorption process.
3 CO2 separation Techniques
Many methods are available for the capture of CO 2 from gases and are currently used
worldwide. Modification in available process and along with new techniques is developed for
efficient and cost effective capture of CO2.
1) Adsorption[3],
2) Physical absorption,
3) Chemical absorption,
4) Membrane absorption,
5) Cryogenic separation ,
6) Microbial System, are the method currently used for the CO2 capture.
Figure 2 Various CO2 Capture Techniques
As we seen amines are most used solvent ,along with it different types of other solvents like
carbonate-bicarbonate buffers, amino acid salts also used for absorbing CO 2. Industies typically
used post combustion methods to capture CO2 as we know using some physical or chemical
absorption means.In this post combustion process absorption of CO 2 is followed by desorption
process.
4 Basic Characteristic property needed for Amine solvents
1) It have low viscosity which reduces power used for transport also gives high heat transfer
rates[4].
2) High loading capacity for CO2 is most desired property for solvent as it reduces total
amount of amine needed.
3) Amine having low heat of desorption directly relate to loading capacity of amine since
high temperature reduces CO2 loading in any contacting equipment it also save the use of
internal cooling.
4) It must have low degradation capability,as in order to withstand higher temperature.It
reduces need for solvent replacement.
5) Lower volatility is unique property for any solvents as loss of solvent always need make-
up solvent this increases cost for solvent.
6) Some amines have property to form scaling at surface of contacting unit it most desirable
situation.As fouling decreases rate heat as well mass transfer.So solvent need to be lower
tendency to precipitate on surface otherwise some extra care taken for that like
intermittent washing.
7) Other common properties like having environment friendly,low cost and easily available
etc
5 Structure-activity Relationship of Amine
Here we are going to see the different strctures of pure amines,blends of amines and mixture of
amines with different components.Also the reaction accompanied with carbondioxide and
amines that effect efficiency of solvents.
Before we need to see structure and properties of carbondioxide and Amine..In CO 2 there
is symmetry of oxygen atom around the carbon hence it does not show any dipole moment.Based
on this its clear that CO2 is completely Non-polar component. We can see that current trend is to
develop new amine blends compromising of different characterastics that are suitable to our
requirement.For doing this we need know about the structure of the amines that will responsible
for certain effect like absorption and desorption kinetics,CO2 loading capacity,heat of
absorption,equilibrium loading and heat required for regeneration etc[5].From this we wil see
from literature which blends gives better loading capacity and heat of regeneration and there
composition.As they stated that proper mixing ratio for different amine also affect the overall
performance, so we will see different result available in literature for same blend but having
different composition as well as different contacting equipments. Before going to there
experimental studies we need to see the effect of `structural differences arises from number of
functional groups,side chain ,chain length as well as position of different functional group
attached to molecule.So in this report we will see how this structure-activity relationship affect
the performance in amine considering normal practices like absorption desorption.
5.1 Structure of amine
As we know nitrogen have valency 3 or 5.Similarly Amines typically have three bonds and one
pair of lone pair electrons. It makes nitrogen sp3 hybridized, trigonal pyramidal, 109.5 o of an
bond angle.Depending upon the carbon chain atom amines are divided into three catagories
namely primary amine,secondary amine and tertiary amine Figure 3.
Figure 3 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Amine
5.2 Boiling point and water solubility of amines
As we know hydrogen bonding in any amine molecule plays an important role to affect
its solubility in other solvents ,boiling points also changes with hydrogen bonding.Based on that
we can say that primary amine have highest hydrogen bonds compared to secondary and
secondary have greater hydrogen bonds than tertiary amine.So make it simple boiling point of
amine reduces with respect to decrease in number of hydrogen bonding.Thats why blending
with tertiary hydrocarbons helps to reduced regeneration temperature ultimately reduced heat
duty required for regeneration. Although amines like primary ,secondary or tertiary are effective
in CO2 capture process industrially,it still lack in high absorption capacity,corrosive to some
equipments,loss by degradation and volatilization and we already seen high energy for CO 2
regenerationl.So depend on there drawbacks there are some screening criteria for selecting best
amine solvent either pure or blends or mixing with another component.If we see individualy
taking consideration of primary amine and analyzing its drawbacks we can able to find the useful
properties as per requirement.We take conventional primary amine solvent
Monoethanolamine(MEA) into consideration ,its regeneration needs temperature greater than
100oC .As we know reaction kinetics rate increases with respect to temperature,so even in
regeneration is done at temperature greater than boiling point temperature.It is noted that the
energy consumption in the reboiler is estimated to be 15–30% of the total power production of
coal-fired power plant for about 90% CO 2 removed. They have given using MEA as a base
amine.
5.3 Effect of chain length on Amine
Singh et al.[6] done experiments in order to show the effect of carbon chain length on to
performance of amines.First experiments done in alkanolamines.They use desorption rate
paramer as a function of amine performance in regeneration.Change in concentration is plotted
against time to find out initial desorption rate upto linear deviation.There studies reveals that the
while increasing chain length upto four carbon atom desorption capacity also increasing but
beyond four carbon chain its shows decreased in desorption rate.
Same experiments done with alkylamines upto six carbon atom chain.As here also showing same
result for four carbon atom desorption capacity is high.Except at six carbon atom chain it show
excellent result,here concentration taken is lower than remaining component.Hexylamine shows
highest desorption capacity.They given possible explanation for this is that formation unstable
carbamates lead to formation of carbonates,so it increases desorption rate.
For Diamines solvents-From there results it is found that ethylenediamine (EDA)and
hexadimethylenediamine(HMDA) have great potential for CO 2 desorption as they have showed
the higher initial desorption rate .By increasing carbon chain length to seven it again decreases
desorption capacity.
5.4 Effect of side chain
The position of functional group in chain is an very important is shows significant differene in
desorption capacity in alkanol amine,alkyl aminesand diamines.When hydroxyl group placed at
β position to amine group it shows greater desorption rate compared to α position,in case of
alkanol amine.Similarly in diamines amine place at β position would be great.Where as in alkyl
amine alkyl group placed at α position shows good results.This caused by sterical hindrance
effect lead to unstable carbamates formation.
5.5 Effect of number of functional group on Amine performance
A] For increase in number of amine group-
It is found that increased in number of amine group in solvent result in more reaction site opened
to CO2 to react.[7] In study they have done experiments from increasing amine groups from
EDA to tetraethylenepentamine(TEPA).From there result its found that desorption capacity is
increased linearly upto five amine group beyond that it shows similar results.
B] For increase in number of hydroxyl group-
For increased in hydroxyl group in amine also shows higher desorption rate due to again steric
hindrance effect of hydroxyl group around amine group.This is tested upto two hydroxyl groups.
5.6 Effect of different functional group in Cyclic Amine
Cyclic amine are noted as best solvent for CO 2 capture because of there fast absorption rate and
high absorption loading capacity.It is found that substitution of amine group at saturated cyclic
ring increases formation of carbonates.So substituting different functional group at saturated ring
results in decrease in desorption rate.Cyclic saturated diamine like Piperazine(PZ) shows highest
desorption capacity without substitution of any group.
5.7 Effect of pKa value on Cyclic loading capacity of amine
pKa value also known as Amine dissociation constant,it indicates basicity of
amine(Muchan2017).It is related to kinetics as well as equilibrium loading of amine.As there
given in literature pKa value greater than 7.5 were sufficient for CO 2 capture.It is related to the
cyclic loading capacity of amine.From the study(Bernhardsen etal.,2017),many tertiary and
secondary amines were tested ,there pKa value calculated.They comes to the conclusion at
optimum value of pKa for tertiary amine is around 9.1,at this pKa value they showed highest
cyclic loading capacity.They found out that pKa value is decreases as increase in hydroxyl group
on tertiary amine,because electron with drawing effect of hydroxyl group.
6 Kinetics of different amines
There are lot of research going on nowdays for finding suitable solvent .The first criteria is
almost depend on it does not have very slow kinetics.As we know for determining the kinetics
different experiments were done in literature that compromises almost all of known amines and
there blends etc.CO2 capture using amines is comes under gas-liquid phase reactive
absorption.As we know in power plant ,fertilizer or any chemical industries amount of flue gases
release is enormous, amount of carbon dioxide is significant among them .So even there are
some operations for SOX,NOX removal it stil large amount of CO 2 we need to separate before
vent it to atmosphere.Size of Assembly made for CO 2 removal consist of Absoption –desorption
column is totally depend on what kind of kinetics shown by amine used in the process.A detailed
knowledge of reaction kinetics is very important in design of reactor and determining
performance of column. If kinetics is slow we need larger contacting equipment that again rises
cost needed for manufacturing .
6.1 Reaction Mechanism
At first we have to know about reaction mechanism responsible for CO 2 separation .There is
common Zwitterian mechanism shows the reaction steps while reacting amine to CO 2.In this
reaction mechanism amine reacts with CO 2 to form an zwitterian complex.At this point there
have two possible cases,one is Zwitterion reacts with amine molecule to give carbamate,this is
also known as proton transfer reaction and another is zwitterion intermediate reacts with
Water ,by hydrolysis to give free amine and bicarbonate.But in these situation we will observe
the effect of streic hindrance effect on hydrolysis step,there have structural reason that cause
stearic hindarance that we see in brief.First in case unhindered Primary or secondary amines in
first step there is formation of stable carbamate that forms strong bond with CO 2 that will result
in higher amount of energy needed for breaking there bond and ultimately higher heat duty for
regeneration.Whereas in the case of hindered amines there formation of unstable carbamate that
readily hydrolysed gives bicarbonates.where we know that CO 2 is not that much strongly bonded
to carbonates as compared to carbamate.So this result in lower heat duty required for hindered
amine compared to unhindered amines.Also noted in literature amines like MEA, MMEA and
EMEA act as effective promoters in aqueous solutions of stericaly hinderd amines[8].
Zwitterian Mechanism[9]
A] For Unhindered Primary or secondary Amines:
−¿¿
+¿ COO ¿
AmH +C O2 K Am H
⇔
This zwitterion undergoes deprotonation by a base B to form carbamate,
+ ¿¿
−¿ +B H ¿
−¿+ Bk B AmCOO ¿
+¿CO O ¿
Am H
→
If the base ‘B’ in above reaction is amine itself we have,
+ ¿¿
−¿+ Am H 2 ¿
2 AmH +C O 2 AmCO O
⇔
B] For hindered Amines,
As carbamate is unstable it gives Hydrolysis reaction representated by,
⇔
−¿¿
−¿+ H 2 O . AmH +HC O3 ¿
AmCOO
As here we see structural effect of amines on this reaction. When we say amine above
mechanism only applied for primary or secondary amine .Whereas in case of tertiary amine it is
stated that(Vaidya et al.,2007) it does not react directly with the CO 2 as there is no hydrogen
bonding to form carbamate with CO 2 ,it will have catalytic effect on reaction of water with CO 2
and this reaction generally known as Acid-base catalytic reaction.Also tertiary amine shows less
reactivity towards CO2 compared to primary or secondary amines.
CO2 reaction with water,
⇔ −¿ ¿
C O2 + H 2 O . H +¿+ HC O 3 ¿
CO2 with water in presence of tertiary amine,
⇔ −¿¿
Am+C O2 + H 2 O . Am H +¿+ HC O 3 ¿
6.2 Model Contactors
So its always favourable that choice of amine must have faster kinetics.In this process overall
rate is depend on the mass transfer resistance offered by contacting vessel and reaction rate
constant.So on laboratory scale reaction rate constant for different amine at process parameters
(temperature,pressure,composition,flowrate) investigated.And also validated at contacting
vessels.
Experimental contactors used for Determination Of Gas-liquid Kinetics[10]
1) Stirred Cell Reactor
2) Wetted-Wall Column
3) Wetted-Sphere Absorber
4) Hemispherical Contactor
5) Laminar Jet Absorber
6) Disk Column
7 General Absorption-Desorption Prosess Cycle
Feed for this unit is generally flue gases vent from different chemical processes ,consist of
gaseous mixture compromising SOX,NOX,CO2,N2,O2 etc.Before passing it through absorber unit
it need pretreatment to remove most of NO X,SOX using different desulphrization and denox
units.It is found that average 11-13 volume % of carbon dioxide is present in flue
gases,remaining gas mainly consist of N2.So in pilot plant testing for heat duty and CO 2 loading
we take CO2 in 12 volume % proportion with nitrogen.Flue gas from industry consist of small
traces of SOX,NOX,etc gases that we not considered in pilot plant testing.
Absorber unit can be design either plate or packed depending on requirement,flow arrangement
for flue gas from bottom and amine solvent fed from top,so contacting is counter-current.Other
inlet is for CO2 lean solvent from desorber unit from the top.Desorber unit consist of same
counter-current arrangement,where one inlet is CO 2 rich amine from bottom of absorber unit
from the top and steam from reboiler from down.At top product of desorber consist of CO 2 and
steam .
Figure 4 Pilot Plant Setup
Operating parameter for pilot plant Figure 4 are like most of absorption and desorption column at
atmospheric pressure,Temperature of absorption column varied from 20 oC to 40oC for evaluation
of heat of absorption.But in the small column we does not considered temperature variation from
bottom to top.Due to absorption is exothermic process as reaction rate is decreased as
temperature goes on increasing.So for maintaining temperature constant across column is done
by intercooling provided at certain points.For temperature of 20 to 30 oC feed cooler is
needed.Where as desorber temperature needed at range of 80 to 150 oC in order to desorb larger
CO2.But we know as increase in temperature will result in increased in heat duty required for
reboiler.So we see reboiler heat duty and CO 2 lean loading is depend on each other.If we rise
temperature it gives better cyclic loading for CO 2 at the expense of energy,optimization is done
in order to select good solvent as well as contacting column. Reboiler heat duty and the cyclic
loading is main concern for every pilot plant and the amine used.In our study we also use this
parameters from the various pilot plant results obtained from literature to compare different
amines as well as there blends.
7.1 Lean loading and L/G ratio effect on reboiler duty as well as CO2 recovery
It is given that along with all structural properties of amines there are many other factors also
responsible for reduction in reboiler heat duty.It is given that in Artanto et al,[11]recovery of
CO2 also depend on liquid flowrate to gas flowrate ratio (L/G) and lean loading of CO 2 after
desorber.In his report he made correlation for recovery of CO 2 ,L/G ratio and lean loading and
tested it for different amines solvents.He found that reboiler duty also changes with lean CO 2
loading,L/G ratio and type of amine used.he given three possible combination to obtain higher
CO2 recovery-
1) Circulation of low CO2 lean loading keeping L/G ratio constant
2) Increased L/G ratio while keeping lean gas rate constant
3) Circulation of high CO2 lean loading with high L/G ratio
Where from above we see that recovery of CO 2 and heat duty of reboiler are depend on each
other.If we increases L/G ratio pumping cost as well as higher column needed this increases total
cost that will be not desired .And if we Take low lean loading of CO 2 it required higher reboiler
duty ultimately increases operating cost in expense of high recovery.So we will need to do
optimize process parameters and design based on economic evaluation.
7.2 Pilot Plant results For different Amines
Table 1 Pilot Plant Result
Reference Name of Composition of CO2 cyclic Equipment Energy used
solvent solvent loading used for for
capacity contacting regeneration
Singh et al,[12] AMP- 1-(for 5 mol 0.44 mol of Pilot 3.62 MJ/Kg
HMDA %CO2) 26.7 wt % CO2/mol of plant- of CO2
AMP-11.9 wt% amine Consist of
HMDA general
0.46 mol of Absortion
2-(for 10 mol CO2/mol of 3.41MJ/Kg
%CO2) 26.7wt% amine – of CO2
AMP-11.9wt% Desorption
HMDA Unit
AMP+PZ AMP 30 wt% + 0.51 mol of 3.87 MJ/Kg
CO2/mol of of CO2
PZ- 5 wt%(for 5 amine
mol% CO2)
MEA 1-(for 5 mol 0.29 mol of 4.80 MJ/Kg
%CO2)MEA 31 CO2/mol of of CO2
wt% amine
4.33 MJ/Kg
2(for10 mol 0.34 mol of of CO2
%CO2) CO2/mol of
amine
MEA31%
AMP AMP 35.6 wt 0.37 mol of 3.91 MJ/Kg
%(10 mol%CO2) CO2/mol of of CO2
amine
Mangiaracina MEA MEA 30 wt% 0.18 mol of Pilot plant 3.395 MJ/Kg
et al,[13] CO2/mol of of CO2
amine
Stec et al,[14] MEA MEA 30 wt 0.25 mol of pilot plant- 3.78 MJ/Kg
%(13.5 mol % CO2/mol of consisting of CO2
CO2) amine of packed
column for
absorption
and
desorption
Brúder et al, MAPA + MAPA 0.36-0.44 mol Pilot plant 3.8 MJ/Kg of
[15] DMMEA(12 2M,DMMEA 3M of CO2/mol of –packed CO2
mo% CO2) amine column
Aroonwilas et MEA+MDE MEA 2M,MDEA 0.11-0.22 mol Packed 1.2-2.4
al,[16] A 1M of CO2/mol of Column MJ/Kg of
amine CO2
8 Review for latest amine blends
We will see recent report Wai et al.,[17] for testing CO2 loading,heat duty,heat of
absorption ,Cyclic capacity of amine,desorption rate etc.They are using
Diethylenetriamine(DETA) and AMP blends for absorption.By varying composition of blends
they have studied effect of composition on above given parameters.As we seen AMP has used
widely in mamy researches due to its steric hindrance effect.Where as DETA have three amine
group,two primary and one secondary.As the number of amine group increases reactivity of
amine solvent towards CO2 also increases.Thats why effect of there individual properties
enhance performance of blend with respect to both heat of regeneration and CO 2 loading
capacity.There are many number of ways we can estimate which type of combination is good
either from literature study or taking various blends and testing it on pilot plant level.So in order
to validate our setup we need some reference that take from literature.Of course from there
results, parameters for same amine solvents shows different results.One can always take
experimental run with MEA,as most used conventional solvents used as standard reference for
comparision.
In this study they have taken sample run with MEA 5M and different composition of AMP and
DETA but total blend of 3M.Below composition they have taken-
1) AMP 2.5M + DETA 0.5M
2) AMP 2M + DETA 1M
3) AMP 1.5 M + DETA 1.5M
4) AMP 1 M + DETA 2 M
Set-up used in this experiments is not a continuous absoption-desorption unit.It consist of
absorption reactor and saturator ,For temperature control it was placed in water bath.Amine
solution placed in saturator for achieve desired temperature of 313K.Amine blend mixed with
deionized water.CO2 composition was fixed at 15 vol % of total mixer remaining is N 2.Using
mass flowmeter desired flowrate is maintained.Absorption is done upto equilibrium is reached
and continuous CO2 rich loading is calculated from amine solution.Slope of CO 2 rich loading
with respect to time gives initial absorption rate.For desorption process,desorption reactor Figure
6.2 was placed in insulated oil bath,heat is provided using electrical hot plate.Reactor is heated
upto desired temperature of 363 K .once temperature attain
Figure 5 Absorber Setup
equilibrium CO2 lean loading measured from sampling point within certain interval of time and
similar way initial desorption rate is calculated.CO 2 lean loading is also calculated .
Figure 6 Desorber Setup
8.1 Experimental Result
There result for different composition given in Table 2-
Table 2 Experimental Result
Amine Composition CO2 loading(mol of CO2 /mol of amine) Heat
Rich loading Lean loading Cyclic Duty(KJ/mol
loading of CO2)
MEA MEA 5M 0.52 0.43 0.09 1008.9
AMP 0.75 0.42 0.33 649.6
2.5M ,DETA
0.5M
AMP + AMP 2M,DETA 0.83 0.62 0.21 729.6
DETA 1M
AMP 0.92 0.88 0.14 1170.9
1.5M,DETA
1.5M
AMP 1M,DETA 1.03 0.92 0.11 1317.2
2M
Cyclic loading is find out from the difference of equilibrium absorption loading and CO 2 lean
loading.Heat duty is measured for electrical hot plate for desorption.
As from above case we will know that by varying different composition of blends also make
significant difference in case of amine performance.This reference will be helpful in our research
work.
9 Future Work
As we know different number of blends have been used for CO2 capture but still we need
efficient solvent that compromises fast kinetics as well as low heat of regeneration.
Cyclic Diamine PZ shows an excellent result when used in blend with different
amine ,also its blend with primary hindered amine AMP are investigated worldwide.We
can validate there performance in our set-up.
Tertiary amine and PZ is also gain attention in recent years as PZ acts as Promoter for
enhancing kinetics of tertiary amine.But still need pilot plant runs to validate heat duty
needed.
Addition of PZ +AMP +tertiary amine also have good potential need to be tested.As
recently triple blend of amine might give excellent performance.
10 References
[1] M. Wang, A. Lawal, P. Stephenson, J. Sidders, and C. Ramshaw, “Post-combustion CO 2
capture with chemical absorption: A state-of-the-art review,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 89,
no. 9, pp. 1609–1624, Sep. 2011.
[2] M. C. Stern, F. Simeon, H. Herzog, and T. A. Hatton, “Post-combustion carbon dioxide
capture using electrochemically mediated amine regeneration,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 6,
no. 8, p. 2505, 2013.
[3] C. A. Grande, S. Roussanaly, R. Anantharaman, K. Lindqvist, P. Singh, and J. Kemper,
“CO 2 Capture in Natural Gas Production by Adsorption Processes,” Energy Procedia, vol.
114, pp. 2259–2264, Jul. 2017.
[4] P. M. Mathias, S. Reddy, A. Smith, and K. Afshar, “A Guide to Evaluate Solvents and
Processes for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture,” Energy Procedia, vol. 37, pp. 1863–1870,
2013.
[5] S. Singto et al., “Synthesis of new amines for enhanced carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture
performance: The effect of chemical structure on equilibrium solubility, cyclic capacity,
kinetics of absorption and regeneration, and heats of absorption and regeneration,” Sep.
Purif. Technol., vol. 167, pp. 97–107, Jul. 2016.
[6] P. Singh and G. F. Versteeg, “Structure and activity relationships for CO 2 regeneration from
aqueous amine-based absorbents,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 347–359,
Sep. 2008.
[7] P. Singh, J. P. M. Niederer, and G. F. Versteeg, “Structure and activity relationships for
amine-based CO2 absorbents-II,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 135–144, Feb.
2009.
[8] P. D. Vaidya and S. G. Jadhav, “Absorption of carbon dioxide into sterically hindered
amines: Kinetics analysis and the influence of promoters,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 92, no.
12, pp. 2218–2227, Dec. 2014.
[9] P. D. Vaidya and E. Y. Kenig, “Absorption of into aqueous blends of alkanolamines
prepared from renewable resources,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 62, no. 24, pp. 7344–7350, Dec.
2007.
[10] P. D. Vaidya and E. Y. Kenig, “GAS–LIQUID REACTION KINETICS: A REVIEW OF
DETERMINATION METHODS,” Chem. Eng. Commun., vol. 194, no. 12, pp. 1543–1565,
Aug. 2007.
[11] Y. Artanto et al., “Performance of MEA and amine-blends in the CSIRO PCC pilot plant at
Loy Yang Power in Australia,” Fuel, vol. 101, pp. 264–275, Nov. 2012.
[12] P. Singh, W. P. M. V. Swaaij, and D. W. F. (Wim) Brilman, “Energy Efficient Solvents for
CO2 Absorption from Flue Gas: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium and Pilot Plant Study,” Energy
Procedia, vol. 37, pp. 2021–2046, 2013.
[13] A. Mangiaracina, L. Zangrilli, L. Robinson, H. M. Kvamsdal, and P. Van Os,
“OCTAVIUS: Evaluation of Flexibility and operability of Amine Based Post Combustion
CO2 Capture at the Brindisi Pilot Plant,” Energy Procedia, vol. 63, pp. 1617–1636, 2014.
[14] M. Stec, A. Tatarczuk, L. Więcław-Solny, A. Krótki, M. Ściążko, and S. Tokarski, “Pilot
plant results for advanced CO2 capture process using amine scrubbing at the Jaworzno II
Power Plant in Poland,” Fuel, vol. 151, pp. 50–56, Jul. 2015.
[15] P. Brúder, F. Owrang, and H. F. Svendsen, “Pilot study—CO 2 capture into aqueous
solutions of 3-methylaminopropylamine (MAPA) activated dimethyl-monoethanolamine
(DMMEA),” Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, vol. 11, no. Supplement C, pp. 98–109, Nov.
2012.
[16] A. Aroonwilas and A. Veawab, “Integration of CO 2 capture unit using single- and blended-
amines into supercritical coal-fired power plants: Implications for emission and energy
management,” Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 143–150, Apr. 2007.
[17] S. K. Wai, C. Nwaoha, C. Saiwan, R. Idem, and T. Supap, “Absorption heat, solubility,
absorption and desorption rates, cyclic capacity, heat duty, and absorption kinetic modeling
of AMP–DETA blend for post–combustion CO 2 capture,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 194,
pp. 89–95, Apr. 2018.
