Q.1: Write short notes on the following: flexible and practical than that of Jains.

This is
where there was a difference in the views of Marx
(a) Describe Gandhiji's views regarding
and Gandhiji regarding Aparigraha. For example,
non-violence and non-possessiveness.
Marx, being a materialist, said that the only way to
Introduction: establish equality was to snatch the property of the
Mahatma Gandhi was the main thinker of rich. Whereas Gandhiji explained the principle of
Navya Vedanti ideology. He believed that God trusteeship.
resides in every particle. Therefore, God resides (b) Nehru's ideology on communalism and
in every human being. Service to humanity is secularism
service to God. Upanishads, philosophy and Geeta
have the greatest influence on Mahatma Gandhi. Introduction:
The influence of John Raskin's book "Unto This Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the most
Last" can be seen in his Hind Swaraj. Gandhiji influential people of modern India. He deeply
also learned a lot from Western religions and influenced India's social, economic and political
philosophy. He took the idea of "compassion" from thought process and programs. Nehru's life was
Jesus Christ. influenced by 'Renaissance'. Due to his nature,
Main part: studies and postulates, he was opposed to
conservatism, fundamentalism and communalism.
Gandhiji's thoughts regarding non-violence
His ideas regarding communalism were innovative
1. Non-violence is not just an ideal but the
and educational. He was the first leader of India
natural law of mankind.
who deeply understood the social, economic
2. Unwavering faith in God is necessary for
and political implications, nature, symptoms and
complete adherence to non-violence.
causes of communalism.
3. Non-violence is not impractical but it is the
only practical path. Main part:
4. It is not a violation of non-violence to cause Nehru's ideology on communalism
suffering to any living being for its moral, 1. Nehru was against communalism from
spiritual or material development. the early years of his political career.
5. If a creature is suffering unbearable pain and Communalism was made the main target in
there is no other way for its salvation, then it Nehru's political tours and the speeches given
is appropriate to end its life. by him in various youth conferences. Like in
Gandhiji's thoughts regarding renunciation "Nehru Bharat League" there was a prohibition
1. Its simple meaning is not to collect but on providing membership to any person
Gandhiji took it in a broader meaning. Like associated with any sectarian or communal
taking something from the society while organization. Nehru accepted religion only as
working continuously. Do not claim rights on a cultural inspiration and heritage.
anything without hard work. 2 Nehru was opposed to organized religion.
2. To use whatever is there other than the He always described politicization of
essentials of life in the interest of society. This religion as disgusting. According to him, any
is also the principle of trusteeship. organized religion unquestionably becomes
3. Instead of snatching money from the a vested interest. Committed to eliminating
capitalists, a change of heart is necessary. communalism in independent India, Nehru
4. Being a materialist, Marx does not consider got a resolution passed through Iyengar.
change of heart possible. Nehru considered communalism more
Conclusion: dangerous than any external attack.
Based on the analysis of the above facts, it can Nehru's ideology- on secularism
be concluded that Gandhi's non-violence is more 1. According to Nehru, secular state means that
"the state should protect all religions" but
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 should not favor any religion at the cost of 6. In 1946, Prasad joined Nehru's interim
others, nor should it accept any religion as the government as the Food and Agriculture
state religion. Minister and gave the slogan "Grow more
2. In Nehru's view, democracy, socialism and food".
secularism are closely related and together Dr. Rajendra Prasad- Achievements
they are capable of building an India that 1. He officially joined the Indian National
promotes the dignity of man and the full Congress in the year 1911 at its Annual
development of his personality, in which the Session held in Calcutta.
Dalits and the poor have equal freedom as 2. Presided over the Bombay session of the
their counterparts. There was improvement Indian National Congress in October, 1934.
in the standard of living also. 3. In 1946, when the Constituent Assembly was
3. Nehru's commitment towards secularism was established to draft the Constitution of India,
complete, comprehensive and unconditional he was elected its President.
as he described dams like Bhakra Nangal as 4. Committees headed by him-
modern temples, mausoleums or universities. ™™ National Flag Ad Hoc Committee
It was due to his efforts that the word secular
™™ Rules of Procedure Committee
was added to the Preamble of the Constitution
™™ Finance and Staff Committee
in the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in
1976. ™™ Steering Committee
Conclusion: Conclusion:
Based on the analysis of the above facts, it can Based on the analysis of the above facts, it
be concluded that Nehru, like Mahatma Gandhi, can be concluded that after two and a half years
accepted the moral imperative of religion as a of independence, the Constitution of independent
practical necessity. He put forward secularism as India was ratified on 26 January 1950 and he was
an ideal and worked seriously for its propagation elected the first President of India. In 1962, after
in the society. 12 years as President, he retired, and was later
awarded the Bharat Ratna, the country's highest
(c) Highlight the major works and civilian honour.
achievements of Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
(d) Explain the rationale and impact of JP's
Introduction: slogan of “Total Revolution”.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was born on December
Introduction:
3, 1884 in Jiradei, Siwan district of Bihar. His father
was Mahadev Desai. After obtaining a master's Total revolution was the idea and slogan
degree from the Law Department of Calcutta of Jaiprakash Narayan which he had called to
University in the year 1915, he started his legal overthrow the power of Indira Gandhi. Loknayak
practice in the Patna High Court in the year 1916. Jayaprakash Narayan had said that the complete
revolution includes seven revolutions: political,
Dr. Rajendra Prasad- Major works
economic, social, cultural, intellectual, educational
1. Influenced by Gandhiji, he presented ideas
and spiritual revolution.
related to caste and untouchability.
2. Contribution in the Rowlatt Act of 1918 and Major part:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 This movement started with the student
3. Called for non-cooperation in Bihar also movements of Bihar and Gujarat and soon it
during the non-cooperation movement. became a national level movement. In January
4. Leaving his legal practice, he started a National 1974, students started a protest in Gujarat against
College in Patna in the year 1921. the steep rise in prices of various commodities,
5. Supported the volunteers when they were which was supported by all opposition parties.
arrested while making salt. In March 1974, a similar demonstration started

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in Bihar and Jayaprakash Narayan was invited to Manohar Lohia and Ramanand Mishra.
lead the peaceful student movement. J.P. demanded ™™ O.B.C. he belonged to the barber community,
the resignation of the Central Government and listed among the extremely backward class
the Congress of Bihar. Also called for a complete (EBC).
revolution in the socio-economic and political ™™ Entered politics in 1952 and served as an
fields. JP Announcement of nationwide close at MLA until 1985.
railway stations. ™™ During his Chief Ministership in 1977, the
The prevailing circumstances which led to the Mungeri Lal Commission recommended
movement- reclassification of backward classes into
™™ The Bangladesh crisis caused huge stress on extremely backward classes (including weaker
the Indian economy. sections of Muslims) and backward classes.
™™ After the war in Pakistan, America stopped ™™ Reclassification was also seen as an impact of
providing all types of aid to India, due to the Mandal Commission report. In it, 27%
which a food crisis also arose in India. reservation for other backward classes was
™™ There was a huge jump in the price of crude advocated.
oil, resulting in an increase in the prices of all ™™ Implemented wide-ranging policies including
commodities. promoting Hindi and Urdu as second
™™ The rate of industrial development was very official languages, waiving school fees and
low and the unemployment rate was high. strengthening Panchayati Raj.
™™ In 1972–73, there was a decline in crop ™™ Recently the President of India announced
production due to less rainfall. Due to which that socialist leader and former Chief Minister
the food problem became even deeper. of Bihar Jannayak, Karpoori Thakur, will be
posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis of the above facts, it can Q.2-(a): What were the similarities and
be conclusively said that there was a split in the dissimilarities between Mahatma Gandhi
Congress immediately before the 1971 elections, and Rabindranath Tagore? Present the
but Indira Gandhi came to power with an absolute analysis with examples. Also tell their
majority with the slogan of 'Garibi Hatao'. But the effect.
socio-economic condition of India did not improve Introduction:
at that time. A complete revolution started as a Despite the common goal of independence
form of protest. from British rule, the leading figures of
(e) Evaluate the suitability of Karpoori India's independence, Mahatma Gandhi and
Thakur as a recipient of Bharat Ratna Rabindranath Tagore, had different approaches
with respect to his political and towards education and nationalism.
administrative achievement. Maijor Part:
Introduction: Differences between Mahatma Gandhi and
Karpoori Thakur, popularly known as Tagore on the basis of education:
Jannayak, was a prominent Indian politician. He Mahatma Gandhi-
served as the 11th Chief Minister of Bihar twice, 1. Gandhi believed in the concept of Nai Talim
from 1970–71 and 1977–79. or basic education.
Main part: 2. He advocated a holistic education that
promotes practical, intellectual and moral
Historical and political philosophy
skills.
™™ He was a freedom fighter, and a staunch
3. He emphasized on eliminating the gap
socialist. He worked under the guidance of
between the elite Class and the common
stalwarts like Jaiprakash Narayan, Dr. Ram
people and promoting practical education.
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4. Gandhiji was a supporter of behavior based 9. Education should be closely related to the
education instead of knowledge based life of the community. It should have a broad
education. According to him, the education perspective to be alive and dynamic.
system should be such that it inspires a 10. The medium of instruction should be mother
person to become moral by providing him the tongue. Because infinite values cannot be
knowledge of good and bad. achieved through a foreign language.
5. He considered education as a powerful 11. The aim of education should be the all-round
medium for the all-round development of and harmonious development of all the innate
human beings. Therefore, in the Wardha powers and personality of a person.
Scheme, he himself had emphasized on 12. Native primary schools should be revived to
making the first seven years of education free provide education to the common people.
and compulsory.
Difference between Mahatma Gandhi and
6. He believed that a person can receive
Tagore on the basis of nationalism:
education in his mother tongue with more
interest and ease. Therefore, he was in favor of Mahatma Gandhi
imparting primary education to the people in 1. The specialty of his nationalism was non-
their mother tongue. violence and Satyagraha.
7. For linguistic integration at the all India level, 2. Gandhi's nationalism was deeply rooted in
he was in favor of providing education in the idea of self-reliance and Swaraj.
Hindi language only till class seven. 3. He promoted the idea of boycotting British
8. Due to the importance given to self-reliance, goods and institutions as a way of weakening
Gandhiji strongly believed that education the British ruler.
should promote skills among people, so that 4. Geographical unity – Geographical unity
people can become self-reliant through small is always helpful in the development of
and cottage industries. nationalism. For example, when people are
Rabindranath Tagore united geographically, they are naturally
1. Tagore supported a more liberal and bound by national unity.
cosmopolitan education. 5. Racial Unity-Racial unity also helps in the
2. He founded Shantiniketan to promote art, development of nationalism. For example,
creativity and cultural integration. in the initial stage of social development, the
3. His philosophy emphasizes the all-round importance of racial unity has been sufficient
development of individuals so that the diverse to bind people into the bond of one nationality.
cultures of the world can be enriched. 6. Common historical past Common past also
4. The abilities of music, acting and painting helps in the development of nationalism.
should be properly developed among the For example, the memory of the freedom
students. struggle of 1857 or the massacre of Jallianwala
5. Students should be provided with clear Bagh still brings people of different political
knowledge of the background of Indian ideologies of India together at one place. As
ideology and Indian society. a result, a feeling of unity emerges in them
6. Students should be given good mental food which is the soul of nationalism.
so that they can develop in an environment of 7. Cultural unity - Like common past, common
ideas. culture also proves to be very helpful in the
7. Students should be given education by keeping development of nationalism. For example,
them in close contact with nature, away from the unity of language, religion, economic life,
the filth and immorality of the city. art and literature maintains that sympathy
8. Education should be national and it should among the people, which is inevitable. Thus,
take full account of the past and future of cultural unity holds special importance in the
India. development of nationalism.

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8. Political unity- Political unity is also helpful its purest form before us. He said that, where India
in the development of nationalism. For is a nation, it is also an important part of the world.
example, how extreme nationalism flourished Gandhiji's nationalism was a form of his love for
in Germany under the political unity created the world. He said that my goal is world friendship.
under the auspices of Hitler or in Italy under We want to live and die for world brotherhood.
the political unity created under Mussolini's On the other hand, Tagore had a universal
dictatorship. view about nationhood with a liberal concept.
Rabindranath Tagore Whereas Gandhiji was not only a true nationalist
1. His approach was more rational than but also an internationalist. There is a feeling of
traditionalist. sacrifice behind their movements.
2. He envisioned nationalism beyond borders by (b) Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra
focusing on cultural unity and harmony. Bose had respect for each other despite
3. He saw India's heritage as a bridge between their different ideologies. Explain in
East and West. He believed that India should detail.
be united, not isolated.
Introduction:
4. He conceptualized and called for a Hindu
Rashtra in his book titled Swadeshi Samaj. In the year 1942, Gandhiji called Bose a
5. In his 1917 ‘Nationalism in India’, he wrote prince among patriots. Gandhiji said that Netaji's
that the political and economic organizational patriotism was second to none. His bravery shines
basis of nationalism should only be the through in all his actions. He aimed high and failed
mechanical effort to achieve greater prosperity but not really. On another occasion Gandhi said,
by increasing production and saving human "Netaji will live for all time to come in the service
labour. of India." Whereas Gass considered Gandhiji a
6. The concept of nationalism has basically been symbol of Indian nationalism and called him
used to increase the prosperity and political "Father of Nation".
power of the nation by taking advantage of Main Part:
advertising and other media. Similarities in their ideologies
7. The concept of growth of power has made 1. Both men considered socialism the way
human life unstable and unsafe by creating forward in independent India.
an environment of mutual hatred, hatred and 2. Both were religious people and disliked
fear among the nations. communism.
8. Nationalism is used to control the external 3. He spoke against untouchability and talked
relations as well as the internal situation of the about the liberation of women.
nation. 4. Gandhi was a strong believer in non-violence
9. In the above mentioned situation it is natural and Satyagraha, while Bans considered
for control over the society to increase. Gandhi's strategy based on non-violence to
10. The nation dominates the society and be inadequate for India's independence.
individual's personal life. As a result, it 5. Bose believed that only violent resistance
acquires a frightening controlling character. could end imperialist rule in India and abroad.
Conclusion - Difference
Based on the analysis of the above facts, 1. Non-violence versus extremist approach-
it can be concluded that Gandhi focused on ™™ Gandhi was a strong believer in non-violence
practical education and non-violence in shaping and Satyagraha, while Bose considered
his nationalism. The foundation of Gandhiji's Gandhi's strategy based on non-violence to
nationalism was based on the superiority of life be inadequate for India's independence.
and spiritual principles rather than relying on ™™ Bose believed that only violent resistance could
material aspirations. He presented nationalism in drive out foreign imperialist rule from India.
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2. Means and ends ™™ Gandhi's Ramrajya was based on the concept
™™ Bose'a eyes were on the outcome of the action. of truth, non-violence and self-regulation.
There was no moral issue for him in taking 5. Considerations on Economy -
help from Nazism, fascists or later Imperial ™™ Gandhi's concept of Swaraj was his own
Japan. brand of economic vision. We wanted a
™™ But Gandhiji used to say that no wrong means decentralized economy without state control.
can be used to achieve the end, no matter how ™™ Bose was in favor of massive industrialization
desirable the end may be. for India.
3. As government 6. Education
™™ In his early writings, Bose expressed the ™™ Gandhi was against the English education
opinion that democracy was an acceptable system.
political system for India.
™™ Besides, he was also against the use of English
™™ But later, he seemed to lean towards the view as the medium of instruction.
that, at least initially, a democratic system
™™ Both were in favor of higher education.
would not suffice for the process of rebuilding
Especially in technology and scientific fields,
the nation and eradicating poverty and social
because they wanted an industrial India.
inequality.
™™ Gandhi's ideal state Ramrajya, did not require Conclusion -
a representative government, a constitution, a Based on the analysis of the above facts,
service, or a police force. it can be concluded that Gandhi and Bose had
™™ Gandhi was opposed to centralization. deep respect for each other despite their different
4. Militarism ideologies. However, both appreciated the work
™™ Bose was very attracted to military discipline. done by each other in the national struggle for
Whereas Gandhiji was overall against the independence and played a very important role in
army. India's freedom struggle.

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