Solubility Rules
The following solubility rules were taken from "Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry", Alan Pribula, Scientific American Books,1989. 1. All salts of Na+, K+, and NH4+ are soluble. 2. All salts of NO3-, ClO3-, and C2H3O2- are soluble. (AgC2H3O3 is partially soluble.) 3. All salts of halides and SCN- are soluble except those of Ag +, Cu+, Pb2+, and Hg22+. (HgI2 is also insoluble. PbCl2 is soluble in hot water.) 4. All salts of SO42- are soluble except for BaSO4 , PbSO4 , and SrSO4 . (CaSO4 , Ag2SO4 and Hg2SO4 are partially soluble. 5. All salts of CO32-, PO43-,SiO32-, C2O42-, and SO32- are insoluble, except for those of Na+, K+, and NH4+. (MgC2O4 and Cr2(C2O4)3 are also soluble.) 6. All oxides and hydroxides are insoluble except for those of Na+, K+, and Ba2+. (Ca(OH)2 is partially soluble.) 7. All salts of S2- are insoluble except for those of Group IA and IIa elements and of NH4+.
http://www.ausetute.com.au/solrules.html
Rules for Learning the Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
Negative Ions + (Anions) any anion any anion any anion nitrate NO3acetate (CH3COO-) + + + + + Positive Ions (Cations) alkali ions (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+) hydrogen ion [H+(aq)] Solubility of = compounds in water = soluble Example
Chloride (Cl-), + Bromide (Br-), Iodide (I-) +
Sulphate (SO42-)
Sulfide S2-
+ Hydroxide OH+
sodium fluoride, NaF, is soluble hydrogen chloride, = soluble HCl, is soluble ammonium amonium ion = soluble chloride, NH4Cl, is + (NH4 ) soluble potassium nitrate, any cation = soluble KNO3, is soluble sodium acetate, any cation = soluble CH3COONa, is soluble silver chloride, silver (Ag+), lead (Pb2+), mercury low solubility AgCl, forms a = 2+ + + (Hg ), copper (Cu ), thallium (Tl ) (insoluble) white precipitate (a white solid) potassium bromide, any other cation = soluble KBr, is soluble barium sulphate, calcium (Ca2+), strontium (Sr2+), barium low solubility BaSO4, forms a (Ba2+), silver (Ag+), lead (Pb2+), radium = (insoluble) white precipitate (a (Ra2+) white solid) copper sulphate, any other cation = soluble CuSO4, is soluble + + + + + + alkali ions (Li ,Na ,K ,Rb ,Cs ,Fr ), alkali earth metals magnesium sulfide, = soluble 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ (Be ,Mg ,Ca ,Sr ,Ba ,Ra ), MgS, is soluble and H+(aq), NH4+ low solubility zinc sulfide, ZnS, any other cation = (insoluble) is insoluble strontium alkali ions (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+), = soluble hydroxide, + + 2+ 2+ 2+ + H (aq),NH4 ,Sr ,Ba ,Ra ,Tl Sr(OH)2, is soluble
Phosphate, + PO43-, Carbonate, CO32-, sulphite, SO32+
silver hydroxide, low solubility AgOH, is insoluble any other cation = (insoluble) (forms a precipitate) ammonium alkali ions (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+), phosphate, = soluble H+(aq),NH4+ (NH4)3PO4, is soluble magnesium low solubility any other cation = carbonate, MgCO3, (insoluble) is insoluble
All compounds of the ammonium ion (NH4+), and of Alkali metal (Group IA) cations, are soluble. All nitrates and acetates (ethanoates) are soluble. All chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble EXCEPT those of silver, lead and mercury(I). All sulphates are soluble EXCEPT those of silver, lead, mercury(I), barium, strontium and calcium. All carbonates, sulfites and phosphates are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium and Alkali metal (Group IA) cations. All hydroxides are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium, barium and alkali metal (Group I) cations. All sulfides are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium, Alkali metal (Group I) cations and Alkali earth metal (Group II) cations. All oxides are insoluble EXCEPT those of calcium, barium and Alkali metal (Group I) cations; these soluble ones actually react with the water to form hydroxides (hydrolyse)
http://www.csun.edu/chem/documents/Ksp.pdf
The Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxide
Introduction
When any salt is added to water, at least some of it dissolves into ions. When solid stops dissolving, the solution and the solid are in equilibrium. This is illustrated below for silver bromide (AgBr). AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) "solubility product" = Ksp = [Ag+][Br-] At equilibrium, the ion concentrations multiply together through the "solubility product" to give a constant Ksp. ("Insoluble" salts simply have very small Ksps so very little dissolves. AgBr is one of these.)
Experimental Objective.
In this experiment, we will measure the concentration of Ca2+(aq) in equilibrium with modestly
soluble Ca(OH)2(s) and then calculate the Ksp for Ca(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OHKsp = [Ca2+][OH-]2 Titration of Ca2+ with EDTA4-. We are going to sample a solution in equilibrium with solid Ca(OH)2 and then titrate the Ca2+ ions with a solution of EDTA4- (ethylenediamine tetraacetate). One mole of EDTA4- will react with one mole of Ca2+ to form Ca(EDTA)2-, a "complex ion". Ca2+ + EDTA4- Ca(EDTA)2The indicator. In the same way pH indicators change color when they react with H+, the indicator "Eriochrome Black T" (abbreviated as EBT) changes in the presence of Ca2+. The Ca2+ reacts with blue EBT to make its color change to red. Ca2+ + EBT Ca(EBT)2+ (blue) (red) When EDTA reacts with all the Ca2+, the indicator EBT looses its Ca2+ and reverts from red back to its original blue. This color change will indicate the endpoint where all the Ca2+ has reacted with the EDTA. At this point, we can calculate the moles of EDTA added, the moles of Ca2+ it reacted with, the amount of OH- that had to accompany this Ca2+ in solution [assuming it all came from Ca(OH)2], and finally the Ksp of the Ca(OH)2.
Important Notes
This is a quick experiment, so you are expected to complete the report form and give it to your instructor before leaving. You may work in groups of 2 (but no larger without explicit permission from your instructor). The questions at the end of the procedure must be completed and returned to your instructor one week after completing the experiment. Though you are not expected to copy the detailed procedure in to your notebook, you are expected to summarize the procedure in your own words. Include important details such as about reagents and indicators you used. This will be important for notebook quizzes. No photocopies are allowed. Include spaces for you to write results. You are also expected to record all results in your notebook as you collect them.
Experimental Procedure.
1. Pour 50 mL of saturated calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solution into a 125 mL beaker. DO NOT shake up the stock bottle. It is saturated and solid will be on the bottom. 2. Fold a piece of filter paper into a cone and fit it into a funnel. Your instructor will demonstrate the folding technique. 3. Pour your calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solution into the paper cone and allow the solution to drip into a dry 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 4. Remember to cover this flask with a 30 mL beaker when you are not pipetting from it. 5. Measure the temperature of your solution with a dry thermometer.
6. Pour 75 mL of EDTA solution into a dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 7. Rinse a clean burette three times with 2-3 mL portions of this EDTA solution. 8. Fill the burette with the EDTA solution. 9. Into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask: Pipette 10 mL of the filtered calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solution. Add 2 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator to the 250 mL Erlenmeyer. 10. Titrate the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 solution with the EDTA solution until the indicator changes form reddish to a pure blue. Careful, a purplish (reddish-blue) color is not the end point, but it does show that your are near the end point. 11. Repeat the titration two more times. Experiment #5 Page 2 The Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxide
Prelaboratory Exercises
Name: Date: Lab Instructor: A student titrates a 10.0 mL solution of calcium hydroxide with 0.1000 M EDTA ( ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid) and obtains the following results. Initial burette reading: 0.20 mL Final burette reading: 5.75 mL 1. Calculate the number of moles of EDTA added during the titration. 2. Calculate the molarity of the calcium hydroxide solution. 3. Calculate the number of moles of OH- present in the 10.0 mL sample of calcium hydroxide.
Experiment #5 The Solubility Product of Calcium Hydroxide Page 3 Experiment #5 Page 4 The Solubility Product of
http://www.bpreid.com/cations.php Qualitative Analysis of Cations This qualitative analysis applet involves cations of lead, silver, copper, iron, nickel, and mangenese, that can be classified in three groups: Group I: Pb2+, Ag+ Group II: Cu2+ Group III: Fe2+, Ni2+, Mn2+
In choosing your strategy for separating and identifying these cations, consider the following hints.
1. The Group I cations form insoluble chlorides. (Add a squirt of 6M HCl.) PbCl2(s) will dissolve in hot water. 2. Group II sulfides are insoluble in acidic solution. (Add a squirt of 6M HCl, a squirt of thioacetamide, and heat in the water bath.) 3. Group III sulfides are insoluble in basic solution. (Add another squirt of thioacetamide, heat, and then add concentrated ammonia.)
http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_cation_names_formulas_help.htm http://www.chemcollective.org/stoich/reaction_stoi.php
