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2
 Two Degrees

The Earth's temperature has been rising. To limit catastrophic outcomes, the international scientific
community has set a challenging goal of no more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) average
temperature rise. Economists agree we will save trillions of dollars by acting early. But how do we act
successfully? And what's the backup plan if we fall short?
Setting politics aside, Two Degrees reviews the current science and explains how we can set practical
steps to reduce the extent of warming and to adapt to the inevitable changes, all while improving the bottom
line, beautifying our communities, and improving human health. The book is a practical guide intended for a
broad audience of those who occupy and shape our built environment. The authors provide a clear framework
for communities, policy makers, planners, designers, developers, builders, and operators to help manage the
impacts and capture the opportunities of our changing climate.
Two Degrees is divided into three sections—Fundamentals, Mitigation, and Adaptation—covering a
diverse array of topics ranging from climate-positive communities and low-carbon buildings to the
psychology of choice and the cost of a low-carbon economy. After a foreword by Amory Lovins, more than
10 contributing authors share knowledge based on direct experience in all aspects of built environment
practice. This book clarifies the misconceptions, provides new and unique insights, and shows how a better
approach to the built environment can increase resilience and positively shape our future.

Alisdair McGregor is a Principal of Arup and Arup Fellow, based in San Francisco. Cole Roberts is an
Associate Principal of Arup, based in San Francisco. Fiona Cousins is a Principal of Arup, based in New
York.

3
Two Degrees
The Built Environment
and Our Changing Climate

Alisdair McGregor, Cole Roberts, and Fiona Cousins

4
First published 2013 by Routledge
Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2013 selection and editorial material, Alisdair McGregor, Cole Roberts and Fiona Cousins; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Alisdair McGregor, Cole Roberts and Fiona Cousins to be identified as authors of the editorial material, and of the individual
authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.

Every effort has been made to contact and acknowledge copyright owners, but the authors and publisher would be pleased to have any errors or
omissions brought to their attention so that corrections may be published at a later printing.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

McGregor, Alisdair.
Two degrees: the built environment and our changing climate/Alisdair McGregor,
Cole Roberts, Fiona Cousins.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Climate change mitigation. 2. Biodiversity conservation. 3. Ecosystem management.
4. Coastal zone management. I. Roberts, Cole (Stephen Cole) II. Cousins, Fiona.
III. Title.
QC903.M396 2013
363.738’74--dc23

ISBN13: 978-0-415-69299-1 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-69300-4 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-08299-7 (ebk)

Book designed and typeset by Alex Lazarou

5
Contents

List of figures and tables

Notes on contributors
Foreword by Amory B. Lovins
Preface by Cole Roberts
Acknowledgments

Part 1
Fundamentals

1 The Science of Climate Change

Review Chapter
Jake Hacker and Cole Roberts
2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Built Environment
Review Chapter
Fiona Cousins
3 Policies to Mitigate Climate Change
Review Chapter
Fiona Cousins with Stephanie Glazer
4 Sustainability and Climate Change
Position Chapter
Alisdair McGregor
5 Mitigation and Adaptation
Review chapter
Alisdair McGregor

Part 2
Mitigation Strategies

6 Approaches to Zero Energy and Carbon

Guideline Chapter
Alisdair McGregor
7 Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon Buildings
Guideline Chapter
Fiona Cousins
8 Low-Carbon and Climate-Positive Communities
Guideline Chapter
Cole Roberts with Mark Watts
9 Getting to Zero for Existing Building Stock
Review Chapter
Fiona Cousins
10 Integrated Design
Guideline Chapter

6
 Alisdair McGregor
11 How We Choose: Evaluating Strategies and Trade-offs
Guideline Chapter
Cole Roberts
12 Can We Afford a Low-Carbon Economy?
Position Chapter
Simon Roberts
13 Corporate Leadership
Review Chapter
Alisdair McGregor
14 The Walmart Story
Guideline Chapter
Alisdair McGregor

Part 3
Adaptation Strategies

15 Introduction to Adaptation and Resilience

Review Chapter
Cole Roberts
16 Planning for Adaptation and Resilience
Review Chapter
Cole Roberts
17 Designing for Warmer and Wetter Climates
Guideline Chapter
Amy Leitch and Cole Roberts
18 Designing for Hotter and Drier Climates
Guideline Chapter
Cole Roberts
19 Designing for Coastal Communities
Guideline Chapter
Amy Leitch and Cole Roberts
20 Designing for Inland Communities
Guideline Chapter
Afaan Naqvi and Cole Roberts

Glossary
Index

7
Figures and tables

FIGURES
1.1 Global average land and sea surface temperature from direct thermometer measurements since 1850
1.2 The Earth's radiation balance
1.3 The greenhouse effect
1.4 Variations in atmospheric CO2 and CH4 since the start of the industrial revolution

1.5 The carbon cycle

1.6 IPCC AR4 projections for global average near-surface temperature change under three of the SRES marker scenarios (A2, A1B, and
B1) and indicative ranges for 2100 for all six SRES marker scenarios
2.1 Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, 2004, in terms of CO2

2.2 Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, 1990–2009

2.3 Carbon emissions factor for UK electricity grid
2.4 Buildings = energy case study
2.5 Embodied emissions footprint of construction materials
2.6 Indicative values for the amount of energy needed to bring clean water to buildings
3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions by region over time
3.2 The gap between Copenhagen Accord pledged emissions reduction targets and the long-term goal of limiting global temperature
increases to 2°C
3.3 Comparison of fuel economy standards
3.4 Eight principles of climate change communication
3.5 Changes in fuel mix for electricity generation showing the effect of the RGGI
3.6 Example Display Energy Certificate
3.7 California and United States per capita electricity consumption
4.1 Climate change affects the economy, environment, and social well-being; sustainability addresses climate change while balancing
economy, environment, and social well-being
4.2 SPeAR diagram
4.3 Integrated Resource Management for Waterfront Toronto
5.1 Mitigation strives to keep CO2e to 450 ppm, and adaptation is required to deal with impacts of 450 ppm

5.2 The stabilization triangle from Pacala and Socolow, 2004, adapted for 2012
6.1 The approach to net zero energy
6.2 Decision path for natural ventilation
6.3 The approach to net zero carbon
7.1 Site and source energy
7.2 Example building
7.3 Heat transfers through building envelope
7.4 The effect of glazing percentage on energy use
7.5 Comparison of energy use for residential, commercial, and garage space in the example building
7.6 Distribution of energy use by end use
7.7 Wind and buoyancy ventilation

8
7.8 Natural ventilation examples
7.9 Different air-based and water-based systems for providing heating and cooling
7.10 The effect of ice storage on peak electrical load
7.11 Energy recovery devices
7.12 Comparison of energy use with implementation of different mechanical system strategies
7.13 The effect of adding two 6-kilowatt turbines and covering the roofs of the building with photovoltaics, in terms of carbon
8.1 The productive value of suburban development is low despite the relative renewable energy potential
8.2 The integration pyramid—relationship of scale to cooperation, interdependency, and synergy
8.3 Carbon approach diagram for NZCCs and NPCCs
8.4 Lifetime carbon emissions of a sample building
8.5 Coincident heating and cooling energy recovery at Stanford University
8.6 The optimal scale of energy, water, and waste systems can vary due to many factors, not least of which is scale
8.7 Curitiba bus rapid transit ecodistrict
8.8 Good, better, and best development strategies plotted against increasing population
9.1 Of the eight required Princeton Stabilization Wedges, one is attributed to carbon emissions reductions associated with energy
savings of 25% in buildings
9.2 Average energy use intensity for U.S. commercial and residential buildings over time
9.3 The relative size of embodied carbon emissions and operational carbon emissions over time
9.4 Re-skinning projects such as this one provide the opportunity for replacement of both systems and envelope; renovations on this
scale can be expensive and complex
9.5 Typical life-cycle expenditures for a typical office
9.6 Carbon emissions abatement curve
9.7 Energy use comparison over two years of a project
9.8 UCSF Mount Zion Research Center
9.9 “Take the Stairs!” poster from NYC
9.10 Operable window details at (a) Selly Oak College, Birmingham, UK, and (b) Kroon Hall, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental
Studies
10.1 The Menil Collection, Houston, Texas; the ferro-cement blades are structure, daylight control, return air path, and architecture
10.2 The blades also form the bottom cord of the roof truss
10.3 Integration diagram plotting all the interactions that need to occur to integrate daylight and natural ventilation in a building
10.4 The natural ventilation system through the atria
10.5 Open work space with daylight
10.6 The Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Environment and Energy Building
10.7 A basement area in the core of the building shows the penetration of daylight
11.1 There really is another way
11.2 Maslow's hierarchy, adapted to the built environment
11.3 Items with greater integration impacts should be studied early in a project, while other topics of importance can be detailed later
11.4 The concept of “tunneling through the cost barrier” by eliminating costs systemically
11.5 Cost convergence over time through bottom-up cost checking
11.6 The 80/20 rule expanded to accommodate risk and value, relative toeffort
11.7 To prioritize design options for LCCA, a matrix like this can be used
11.8 Criteria-based mapping
11.9 Stanford Y2E2 building, whole-building LCCA
11.10 The Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) is the same as the Return on Investment expectation
11.11 The best investment may not be the one with the quickest payback
12.1 The output volumes of GDP for the three larger sectors of an example economy
12.2 Inputs required by the three larger economic sectors

9
12.3 The expenditure form of GDP, showing final supply of agriculture, utilities, goods, construction, and services, divided between four
types of final demand
12.4 Intermediate or intrasector demand
12.5 Full system schematic showing flows of energy, jobs, goods, construction, and services
12.6 Historical data for the service sector
12.7 The approach of embodied carbon consists of mapping carbon sources onto final consumption and other uses
12.8 Components of final demand for historical data and extrapolated to 2020
14.1 Walmart's pathway to a sustainable business model
14.2 Distribution of annual energy consumption for a typical Walmart Supercenter
14.3 The solar wall at Aurora
14.4 Passive cooling and photovoltaic panels at McKinney Garden Center
14.5 The Duct Sox at Aurora are suspended just above the merchandise
14.6 Inside refrigerated displays, showing the LED lights
14.7 Clerestory photovoltaics at McKinney
14.8 Photovoltaics and the solar wall: renewable energy for both heating and electricity
14.9 CO2 equivalent emissions for the McKinney store, compared to a reference store

14.10 Integration of refrigeration and space conditioning using a water circuit

14.11 A rooftop clear of air-handling units
14.12 Low-cost radiant floor installation
15.1 Elements of vulnerability
16.1 Direct changes in weather occur both in the extreme (variance) and in the average (mean)
16.2 An example Vulnerability Map with highlighted priority areas
16.3 A six-step adaptation approach that is comprehensive, prioritized, and time-based
16.4 Urban Resilience Framework
16.5 Infrastructure and the built environment vary in their ability to adapt in short amounts of time
17.1 Projected surface temperature changes relative to the period 1980–99
17.2 Relative changes in precipitation (in percent) for the period 2090-9, relative to 1980–99
17.3 New Orleans skyline and areas flooded by Hurricane Katrina
17.4 Changes in rainfall and temperature anticipated for five sample cities
17.5 An example Vulnerability Map illustrating risk and coping capacity factors
17.6 Shareholders in Wuhan's water infrastructure
17.7 Air-conditioning alleyway
17.8 A “bluebelt” of green infrastructure
18.1 The Central Arizona Project
18.2 Changes in rainfall and temperature anticipated for five sample cities
18.3 An example Vulnerability Map illustrating risk and coping capacity factors
18.4 Australia is among the first governments to address the adaptation response to climate change at a national level
19.1 1922 Miami River, Miami, Florida
19.2 2010 Miami River, Miami, Florida
19.3 Male, the capital of the Maldives
19.4 Main contributors to net extreme event hazard and regional mean sea-level rise
19.5 Changes in rainfall and temperature anticipated for five sample cities
19.6 An example Vulnerability Map consisting of risk and coping capacity factors
19.7 Evolution of planned coastal adaptation practices
19.8 Treasure Island redevelopment area, San Francisco Bay, California
20.1 Changes in rainfall and temperature anticipated for five sample cities
20.2 An example Vulnerability Map consisting of risk and coping capacity factors

10
20.3 Falls Lake, North Carolina, during the 2007-8 drought
20.4 Internally displaced people in the aftermath of Pakistan's 2010 flooding

TABLES
1.1 Analogy between the Earth's climate and a room heated only by the Sun
1.2 The main GHGs in the atmosphere today, with approximate contributions to the elevation of the Earth's surface temperature
1.3 The six SRES marker emissions scenarios
2.1 Emission levels for combustion of natural gas, oil, and coal
2.2 Global warming potential for select GHGs
7.1 Net zero energy buildings consensus definitions
8.1 Net Zero Carbon Community definitions
9.1 Energy and cost savings compared to business as usual
13.1 GE's progress on greenhouse gas reduction
13.2 The spectrum of corporations' responses to climate change
15.1 Understanding disasters and their relationship to risks
19.1 Summary of the most important consequences of flooding in New York, Jakarta, and Rotterdam
19.2 Summary of adaptation measures to reduce impacts from coastal flooding due to climate change in New York, Jakarta, and
Rotterdam

11
Contributors

Alisdair McGregor has over thirty years of experience in the design of buildings for low-energy
performance. He has led design teams for a wide variety of Arup projects including hospitals, research labs,
corporate offices, museums, and civic facilities, and has a particular interest in the integration of sustainable
design principles. He is always looking to find creative solutions that do more with less. As a leader in the
field of sustainable design, he is very proactive in searching for environmentally sound solutions to help
design intelligent buildings that make as small a demand as possible on the environment and its resources. He
lectures frequently at conferences, events, and educational forums on the subject of sustainable design and
health care. Alisdair was elected as an Arup Fellow in 2004 in recognition of his contribution to the
sustainable design agenda within Arup and the construction industry. He was granted an Honorary Senior
Fellowship in 2005 by the Design Futures Council for his noteworthy leadership in the advancement of design
solutions. He was named one of Fast Company's Top 100 Creative People in Business in 2011 (at number 17).
He leads the Buildings Practice in Arup's San Francisco office.

Cole Roberts leads the energy and resource sustainability business in Arup's San Francisco office.
Specializing in design, planning, and consultation in the new and existing built environment, Cole has led
dozens of projects to successful LEED certification, including numerous platinum and NZE achievements.
Cole has been a keynote speaker at numerous conferences, is a published contributor to peer-reviewed
journals, and is a frequent guest lecturer at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley.

Fiona Cousins is a principal in the New York office of Arup. She leads the sustainability team, which focuses
on translating sustainability aspirations into tangible actions that make a real difference on projects. She also
works as a project leader for large, multidisciplinary buildings. Projects include Princeton's Frick Chemistry
Laboratory, the High Museum of Art expansion, and the U.S.’s New London Embassy.

Stephanie Glazer advances climate change mitigation measures through planning for sustainable
development. An accredited GHG lead verifier in voluntary and compliance markets, she has developed and
verified GHG emissions inventories in the telecommunications, power and water/wastewater utilities, waste
management, retail, and entertainment industries. Stephanie authored a hybrid production- and consumption-
based carbon accounting protocol for development projects and has provided technical advice to the Clinton
Climate Initiative's Climate Positive Development Program. She evaluates policy effectiveness and currently
participates on ICLEI's Technical Advisory Committee for the Community-Scale GHG Accounting and
Reporting Protocol.

Jake Hacker is a building physicist and climate scientist based in the Arup London office. His main area of
interest is the mathematical modeling of the performance of low-energy buildings. Jake has a long-standing
interest in the science of climate change. He led Arup's Drivers of Change research on climate change, and
before joining Arup in 2001 studied environmental fluid dynamics at Cambridge University and worked at the
UK government's climate prediction institute, the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Jake is
currently a Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professor and Senior Teaching Fellow at University
College London.

Amy Leitch is a sustainability consultant with Arup, specializing in low-carbon design and climate change

12
resilience building. She has a background in sustainable building design, business strategy, land-use policy,
stakeholder engagement, and climate science. Amy earned her master's degree from the Duke University
Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, with a concentration in environmental law and
environmental economics enhanced by program evaluation. Her clients have included the U.S. government,
UN-HABITAT, the Bolivian National Park Service, and the C40.

Afaan Naqvi is a mechanical and energy engineer in the Arup San Francisco office, with integrated skills in
energy, water, waste, and sustainability. He consults on new and existing building performance and resource
efficiency, renewable energy generation, and carbon footprinting. Afaan also has a keen interest in district
energy flow and conservation, and has presented on the topic at various conferences.

Simon Roberts is associate director and energy specialist in the Foresight, Innovation and Incubator Group of
Arup. Dr. Roberts is a physicist with an industrial background in manufacturing, and with a long-term
involvement in sustainability and energy-related matters. His current research focus is on the 4see modeling
framework, which combines socioeconomic–energy aspects of a country in order to formulate physically
consistent scenarios twenty years or more into the future.

Mark Watts is a director based in London, in Arup's energy consulting team. Focused on cities and
sustainability, Mark leads Arup's partnership with the C40 group of the world's largest cities. Prior to joining
Arup as a director in November 2008, Mark was a climate change and sustainable transport adviser to the
Mayor of London for eight years. Mark led the development of London's groundbreaking Climate Change
Action Plan and the associated program of projects to reduce London's carbon emissions by 60 percent by
2025. He was also responsible for leading London's draft climate change adaptation strategy and, on behalf of
the Mayor, for establishing the C40 Large Cities Climate Group.

13
Foreword by Amory B. Lovins

I wrote my first professional papers on climate change in 1968 and on nuclear proliferation in 1973. It was
clear then to any thoughtful observer that these were energy's two existential threats to civilization, and that
we must take the utmost care to avoid both—and certainly not to trade off one for the other. Remarkably
misguided policies have now given us both. Yet now as in the 1960s we can still greatly mitigate both threats
by choosing the best buys first, rather than the worst. To be sure, many designers of efficient buildings and
communities now seek climate-adaptive designs too, either as a hedge against slow adoption of known
solutions for mitigating climate change or because some climate change is now unavoidable. But often similar
design approaches, as this book describes, can achieve both mitigation and adaptation goals together, at or
below normal construction cost.
The best of the best buys is radical energy efficiency, most of all in buildings and communities. Globally,
40 percent of fossil carbon emissions are due to buildings and 24 percent due to transport between buildings;
the rest are from industry. Most of this energy is wasted, and technologies for using it more productively keep
improving faster than they're installed, so the unbought “efficiency resource” keeps getting bigger and
cheaper. U.S. buildings, for example, could save $1.4 trillion in net present value by wringing three to four
times more work from their energy. The savings would be worth four times their cost, earning an average 33
percent internal rate of return (not counting nonenergy benefits that are often much larger). Industry, too,
could double its energy productivity, with a 21 percent internal rate of return.
These empirically grounded, peer-reviewed findings rely most of all—especially in our built environment
—on a quiet revolution called “integrated design” that this valuable book helps to explicate (in Chapter 10 and
throughout). Optimizing whole systems for multiple benefits, rather than isolated components for single
benefits, can often make very large energy savings cost less than small or no savings, turning diminishing
returns into expanding returns. This is true not only of energy but of all resources, and not just in buildings but
across whole urban systems and their resource sheds—transportation, water, waste, materials, and carbon.
For example, consider water, which is intimately linked to energy in many ways and in both directions.
Stanford University's Y2E2 building saves six times as much water indirectly through its energy efficiency as
it saves directly through fixtures: synergy beats efficiency. (The building's direct energy savings, increased by
higher occupancy and longer hours because everyone wanted to be there, paid back in just two years, a 35
percent annual return on investment.) Similarly, in Pittsburgh's Nine Mile Run, a costly combined sewer–
overflow problem (one of more than a trillion dollars’ worth across the United States) could be resolved at
roughly zero or negative cost through smart landscape architecture and real estate models.
In South Central Los Angeles in 1998, TreePeople experimentally retrofitted a 1920s bungalow so
effectively that a thousand-year cloudburst—71 centimeters (28 inches) of rain in 20 minutes, all from fire
hoses—stayed entirely on-site. Replicated citywide, this approach could cut water imports 50 to 60 percent,
help control flooding, reduce toxic runoff into the sea, improve air and water quality, save energy, cut by 30
percent the flow of yard wastes to landfills (creating instead water-retaining, soil-building mulches and
composts), beautify neighborhoods, and create perhaps 50,000 jobs for urban watershed managers. The city's
two biggest water agencies, one annually spending a billion dollars bringing water in and the other a half
billion dollars to take it away, hadn't previously talked to each other.
The water-and-landscape story is even bigger. Professor Malin Falkenmark in Stockholm notes that the
unused “green water” falling on the landscape is so much larger than the “blue water” captured in pipes that
retaining and more productively using even a small fraction of the former can dwarf the major efficiency
gains available from the latter. Better management of green water could lift billions out of water poverty and
make food production far more resilient to climate change.
Or consider the ubiquitous asphalt car parks outside big-box stores and shopping malls. Their dark color
absorbs solar heat, baking the store, customers, and their cars in hot air and radiant heat, and reducing paving

14
life. It also absorbs light at night, boosting security-driven night-lighting standards until customers driving off
the lot are so dazzled they'll have accidents anyway. In contrast, light-colored paving keeps the store,
customers, and cars comfortably cool; makes the paving last almost indefinitely; and by increasing optical
reflectance, can cut lighting energy to just 1 percent of official norms with superior visibility and aesthetics.
And while repaving the parking area one might as well consider photovoltaic shades and, for that matter,
pervious surfaces—which in turn can shrink or eliminate costly stormwater-management infrastructure.
However many resources it encompasses, integrated design of whole systems often starts with energy.
That's not the only good handle to grasp: as Chapter 8 of this book describes (and as Chapter 14 of Natural
Capitalism described in 1999), Curitiba, Brazil, achieved astonishing results through integrative design that
was first established with water, food, wastes, and other factors as priorities, then expanded, optimized, and
maximized over forty years.
The needed questions are often arrestingly simple. For example, how much thermal insulation should you
install in your house in a cold climate? The textbooks say to add only as much as will repay its extra cost from
saved fuel over the years. This is methodologically incorrect, because it omits the avoidable capital cost of the
heating equipment. My own house—at an elevation of 2,200 meters (7,100 feet) in the Rocky Mountains in
Western Colorado, where temperatures used to go down to −44°C (−47°F)—was optimized for both operating
and capital costs together (doubling its insulation) and is now simultaneously ripening its thirty-seventh
through forty-first passive-solar banana crops with no furnace. When completed in 1983–4, this building used
1 percent the normal space- and water-heating energy, about 10 percent the normal household electricity, and
half the water, yet repaid its 1 percent extra construction cost in 10 months. Eliminating the heating equipment
saved about $1,100 more in construction cost than it added for superinsulation, superwindows, airtightness,
and ventilation heat recovery.
That building helped inspire 32,000 European “passive buildings” that have and need no heating
equipment, yet provide superior comfort with comparable or sometimes slightly lower construction cost. In
the 1980s and 1990s, the same approach eliminated space-cooling equipment up to 46°C (115°F) in dry
climates—not an upper limit—and cut a Bangkok home's air-conditioning energy by 90 percent, in both cases
with better comfort and normal or lower construction cost. In all these cases, today's technologies are even
better and cheaper. My house has retrofitted them and is measuring their performance—complicated by the
annoying tendency of the monitoring equipment to use more energy than the lights and appliances it's
measuring.
Similar techniques apply to big buildings too. A few years ago, RMI co-led with Johnson Controls the
conceptual and schematic design of an integrated advanced energy retrofit as part of the $0.5 billion
renovation of the Empire State Building. Normal checklists of incremental measures were initially proposed
to save less than 10 percent of the energy, yet integrated savings achieved over 40 percent. Remanufacturing
the 6,514 clear double-glazed windows on-site into superwindows that passed light but blocked heat—cutting
winter heat losses by at least two-thirds and summer heat gains by half—combined with lighting and plug-
load improvements to cut the peak cooling load by one-third. This allowed the retrofit team to renovate and
shrink the old chilled-water equipment rather than replacing and expanding it, saving $17 million in capital
cost. This cut the total retrofit cost to $13 million and the payback to three years, with stunning economic
advantage to the owner, Tony Malkin, who is spreading this approach to the whole industry.
The late Greg Franta, FAIA and I designed a similarly surprising retrofit for a curtain wall office tower
near Chicago in 1994, saving three-fourths of its energy with slightly less investment than its scheduled
renovation, which saved nothing. Instructively, the design, though approved by the owner, was not executed.
A leasing broker, short of cash and incentivized on deal flow, scuttled the retrofit to avoid delaying
commissions. The property then couldn't be re-leased because of poor comfort and high gross occupancy cost,
so it was sold off at a distressed price. This illustrates why successful integrative retrofit requires meticulous
attention to detail—each of the two dozen parties in the commercial real estate value chain can be a
showstopper, though each is a business opportunity—and mindfulness of each party's remarkably perverse
incentives. But with trillions of dollars of net present value on the table, there's plenty of reason to pay
attention. And today's techniques are even better—permitting, for example, an expected energy saving around
70 percent in the General Services Administration's flagship retrofit, with RMI, of the Byron Rogers Federal
Building in Denver, all within federal investment guidelines. That could make it the most efficient office
building in the United States despite its poor orientation, 1964 vintage, and requirements for full asbestos
abatement, federal blast-resistance retrofit, and historic preservation.
Everywhere, innovation is oozing if not gushing up through the cracks. Walmart's purchasing power drove
innovation that cut the cost of radiant floor-slab cooling by 69 percent (see Chapter 14). Nearly 5,000 actions
by the mayors of the world's 40 largest cities are uplifting citizens, saving money, and cutting emissions (see

15
Chapter 8). Stanford University expects to save over a fourth of its climate-harming emissions and 18 percent
of its water just by integrating its buildings’ heating and cooling needs in a campus-wide system (see Chapter
8). Consistently, integrative thinking trumps reductionism.
In short, this book reviews the fundamentals and opens a cornucopia of creative ideas for doing more and
better with far less for longer, with lower cost and risk. To be sure, the cornucopia is the manual model—you
must actually go turn the crank—but these gifted practitioners point the way to astonishing opportunities.
A concluding word about the organization of this book: Chapter 1 is an enjoyable review of climate
science. It is also an update on what has happened since the last IPCC report in 2007. It brings bad news. It
may depress you, and it's hard to depress people into action. So if you want to review climate science
fundamentals and understand how and why our species has a serious problem caused by experimenting with
the planet's climate, read it. But if you already know there's a climate problem and just want to get on with
solving it—or if you want to do the same things anyway (whether you believe the climate science or not) for
other reasons, such as making money or improving national security—then you can skip straight to Chapter 2.
In that and the rest of this excellent book, you can learn to create abundance by design, through practical
transformation, in a spirit of applied hope.

Amory B. Lovins
Chairman and Chief Scientist
Rocky Mountain Institute
Old Snowmass, Colorado
March 18, 2012

AUTHORS’ NOTE: We invited Amory to author the foreword due to our deep respect for his and Rocky
Mountain Institute's contribution to a sustainable built environment. Founded thirty years ago, RMI continues
to be an independent, entrepreneurial, nonprofit think-and-do tank that drives the efficient and restorative use
of resources. Its practices in the built environment, transport, industry, and electricity have led to such game-
changing publications as Natural Capitalism (www.natcap.org), Reinventing Fire (www.reinventingfire.com),
www.retrofitdepot.org, and hundreds of papers free at www.rmi.org, all complemented by the emerging
initiative “10×E: Factor Ten Engineering.”
For those keen on further reading, we recommend RMI's Reinventing Fire (2011), which shows how a
2050 U.S. economy 2.6 times today's could need no oil, no coal, no nuclear energy, and one-third less natural
gas than now; emit 82 to 86 percent less fossil carbon; cost $5 trillion less (in net present value, counting no
externalities); need no new inventions or acts of congress; and be led by business for profit.

16
Preface

I decided not to tell lies in verse. Not to feign any emotion that I did not feel; not to pretend to believe
in optimism or pessimism, or unreversible progress; not to say anything because it was popular, or
generally accepted, or fashionable in intellectual circles, unless I myself believed it; and not to believe
easily.
Robinson Jeffers (1887–1962), poet

There are many books on theory. This is not one. This book is about getting to a better place, stepping aside
from the politics of climate change, and stepping into the practice of creating buildings, infrastructure, and
communities that will last us into a human-stewarded future. All of the authors are practicing professionals
from diverse backgrounds who have worked on some of the most well-known (and some not so well-known)
high-performance projects in the world. They've seen some success and some more valuable failure. And their
experience is blessed by the critical comments and prior work of their peer community of “doers”—designers,
planners, policy makers, business professionals, appointed and elected officials, builders, farmers, and
everyday citizens.
If I were a reader, what would capture my attention, impress and intrigue me? What are my expectations,
and what would I like to discover in this book? I will not say opportunity or optimism. These words are too
easy to throw around and often difficult to back up. Oversold and under-realized, one might say. A critique of
either likely labels the critic a recalcitrant, or worse, a pessimist. I prefer to start at the origin of opportunity—
a “coming toward a port”—and the suggestion of safe harbor. This image evokes both where we are and
where we need to be. That is, dark seas with a storm brewing—and calm waters ahead, if we can reach them.
However, this book is less about the storm and the safe harbor than the sails, oars, and spirit that separate the
two. To better set the scene, I pull two words from the following pages, the word synergy and the word
compete. The two define this book, because they tell us how to reach our goal, not just how nice it will be
when we arrive. Their meaning is closer than one would expect: synergy, “to work together,” and compete, “to
strive together.”
Our companies, countries, and people certainly do strive, but do they realize they strive together? That
they push each other toward a higher shared goal?
Historically, the solution to shortage and growth has been efficiency. Less use per unit output. More
comfort per unit input. But what if the whole idea of efficiency is incomplete? Like a fundamental law of
physics, it makes sense, but only until you look outside the car and realize that it is driving toward a cliff, very
efficiently.
Among the authors there is over 110 years of experience. The reviewers triple that. But more important is
the range in years of experience, gender, origin, education, and age. A single voice often focuses on
efficiency, but diversity seeks synergy and fosters competition. Although any of us could have written a book
with a similar title (and others have), I don't believe any of us could have written this book alone.
Within its chapters, the book reviews many topics in the built environment. It lays out a methodical path
for lowering carbon emissions toward zero and moving toward climate-positive communities, while
simultaneously making money from the investments and creating healthier places for our families. It describes
a proven process for building resilient communities that are not hobbled by extreme weather and the domino
effect of accumulated risks. It showcases examples of success and failure among cities, home builders, major
institutions, and large corporations.
The questions this book answers are the questions many of us ask. Can we afford a low-carbon economy?
How do the trillions of square feet of buildings and billions of people really change—not just how should they
change? How can carbon neutrality be both possible and profitable? Why do we make the decisions we do,
and can we work with our irrational tendencies and default decisions? If we do need to adapt, what will

17
adaptation really feel like?
In writing this book, we aimed to answer questions that each of us had in our heart. We also wanted to
share our learned insights so that the ideas can go farther and wider than each of us can physically. That is, we
wanted to both gain knowledge and share it.
Alisdair's windsurfing brings him often to the beach. There on the doorstep of the Pacific, he tells me he
can see the ocean of his children's old age: nearly 2 meters (6.5 feet) higher and over his head by recently
revised estimates, the sand beneath his toes long since washed away and the nearby buildings either flooded or
barricaded behind seawalls. Fiona's hometowns of New York City and London are just as threatened by rising
seas. When I visit my family's farms and ranches in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wyoming, I wonder how
such distant effects will reach them. Will farms fail when reefs do? It's hard not to worry in general, and not to
be confused by debate. The impacts are also easy to ignore on a sunny day among friends and family. Would
it be as easy to ignore an impending asteroid strike, an “impact event” that squeezes all the change of a
century into just a few years?
When Alisdair first outlined this book nearly four years ago, the content was much as you'll read it today.
It is a play in three parts—Fundamentals, Mitigation, and Adaptation—with an emergent voice from its many
authors. Chapters are (1) reviews of fundamental science, (2) position chapters that carry the weight of their
authors’ opinions, or (3) guideline chapters that are intended to convert easily to the professional and personal
practice of the reader. References and a glossary are provided for further reading and corroboration.
The bulk of the insight and inspiration—arguably the credit for this book as a whole—stems from the
projects, people, collaborators, and competitors of Arup. Although the authors work or have worked for Arup,
this is not a book by a firm. The time has been largely our own, as will be the responsibility for error and
omission.
We hope you will open the pages of this book and find it valuable now and in the years ahead—in terms
of creativity, methodology, and how easy and how hard practice is compared to theory. We also hope that you
will be inspired to continue the conversation among friends, family, and colleagues with passion and shared
experience. Only through synergy and competition, working together and striving together, will we arrive
safely in our harbor.

Cole Roberts, PE, coauthor

Twenty-two years after 1990 baseline emissions (2012)

18
Acknowledgments

This book is formed from the hard work of tens of thousands of individuals around the world, each striving to
improve understanding of climate change, form effective policy, and shape better buildings, cities, and
infrastructure. In addition to the emergent voice from all these people, the authors would like to acknowledge
the insights and inspiration provided by the following people and organizations:
From the Arup community Engin Ayaz, Stephen Belcher, David Brown, Stephen Cook, Adam Courtney,
Jo da Silva, Raj Daswani, Steve Done, Martín Fernández de Córdova, Laura Frost, Karin Giefer, Stephanie
Glazer, Jake Hacker, Chris Jofeh, Sam Kernaghan, Amit Khanna, Amy Leitch, Chris Luebkeman, Afaan
Naqvi, Jordan O'Brien, Tim Pattinson, John Roberts, Simon Roberts, Davina Rooney, Christopher Rush,
Jeffrey Schwane, Pauline Shirley, Robert Stava, Mike Sweeney, Cameron Talbot-Stern, Vinh Tran, Polly
Turton, John Turzynski, Chris Twinn, Mark Watts, and Frances Yang.
And most of all, Jesse Vernon, for her editing skill and commitment to quality.
From the design community Clark Brockman (Sera Architects), Jeb Brugmann (ICLEI), Margaret Castillo
(Helpern Architects), Judy Corbett (LGC), Kaitlyn DiGangi (consultant), Rosamond Fletcher (AIA NY),
Robert Goodwin (Perkins & Will), Dave Johnson and William McDonough (WMP), Amory Lovins (RMI),
Huck Rorick (Groundwork Institute), Bry Sarte (Sherwood), Severn Suzuki (ECO), Sim Van der Ryn (former
CA State Architect), and Donna Zimmerman.
From the policy community Sam Adams (former mayor of Portland); Keith Bergthold (City of Fresno);
Cal Broomhead, Gail Brownell, and Rueben Schwartz (SF Environment); Center for Climate and Energy
Solutions; the Institute for Social and Environmental Transition; Ken Livingston (former Mayor of London);
Heidi Nutters (BCDC); the Rockefeller Foundation; and the team at the World Bank Climate Change
program.
From the research and climate science community Nancy Carlisle, Shanti Pless, and Otto Van Geet
(NREL); Jared Diamond (UCLA); B.J. Fogg (Stanford University); the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change; Geoff Jenkins (UK Hadley Centre); Ron Prinn (MIT); Chris Sabine (NOAA); and Professor Keith
Shine (Reading University).
Our friends and families We are grateful for the insights, ad hoc reviews, and encouragement of
Mackenzie Bergstrom, Olly Gotel, Kash Heitkamp, Jenny McGregor, Raymond Quinn, Hayes Slade, and
Serena Unger.

19
 PART 1
Fundamentals

20
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Sed si de aureis titulum accipimus, primae agressionis
pretium 433 fr.; sequentium vero stuprationum, 11 fr. 42 c.,
quod verisimilius de puella venusta et tenella.

8° Si puella jam noctem promisisset, cellulae illius

inscribebatur: OCCUPATA EST.

"Aut quod illa amicae suae amatorem praedicet: Fores

occlusae omnibus sient, nisi tibi; In foribus scribat,
occupatam esse se."
Plaut. Asin. IV, I, 13 sqq.

9° Nudas se praebebant meretrices in lupanaribus.

"Scorta visebantur nudis corporibus."

Tacit. Annal. lib. XV.

"Per prostitutarum nuda corpora."

Cyprian. de Spectac. 6.

Vide Artemidor. XII.

"Quum ego negarem me cognoscere domum, video

quosdam, inter titulos (cellarum), nudasque meretrices
furtim conspatiantes. Tarde, imo jam sero intellexi me
in fornicem esse deductum."
Petron. Sat.

Sed cellis sane suis nudae stabant et prostabant.

...Audiat ille
Testarum crepitus cum verbis, nudum olido stans
Fornice mancipium quibus abstinet...
Juv. XI, 169 sqq.

Caetera nudae, papillas tamen amiciebant.

 ...Tunc nuda papillis
Prostitit auratis.
Juv. VI, 122 sq.

Id est, lino aurato vinctis.

"Tunc illa cuncto prorsus spoliata tegmine, taenia

quoque, qua decoras devinxerat puellas, lumen propter
adsistens, etc."
Apul. Met. X.

Idcirco nudae stabant, ut inspici possent ab amatoribus.

10° Cellae tamen illae, foedis suppellectilibus, non

instructae, sed vere inquinatae: nam pro lecto, matta aut
teges vilissimo junco texta, et pro strato, cento rudis
libidinibusque innumeris sordidatus.

"In locum secretum venimus; centonem anus urbana

rejecit et hic, inquit, debes habitare."
Petron. Sat.

...Dormire virum quum senserat uxor,

Ausa Palatino tegetem praeferre cubili,
......
Sed, nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero,
Intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar.
Juv. VI, 116 sqq.

Pro lumine tandem, oleariae lucernae.

"Redoles adhuc fuliginem fornicis."

Senec. Controv. I, 2.
...Acris ubi me
Natura incendit, sub clara nuda lucerna
Quaecumque excepit turgentis verbera caudae,
 Clunibus aut agitavit equum lasciva supinum, etc.
Hor. Sat. II, VII, 47 sqq.
Obscurisque genis turpis, fumoque lucernae
Foeda, lupanaris tulit ad pulvinar odorem.
Juv. VI, 131 sq.

11° Lupanariis prostabant et pueri ad usum pathicorum, ut

patet ex Cod. Theod. l. IX, tit. 7; et Martial. loco supra
citato, n° 5. Prostitutionem puerorum prohibuit Domitianus.

Nec quam superbus computet stipem leno,

Dat prostituto misera mater infanti.
Qui nec cubili fuerat ante te quondam,
Pudor esse per te coepit et lupanari.
Mart. IX, VI, 6 sqq.

12° In palatio suo lupanar constituit Caligula.

"...lupanar in palatio constituit: distinctisque et

instructis pro loci dignitate compluribus cellis, in quibus
matronae ingenuique starent. Misit circum fora et
basilicas nomenclatores ad invitandos in libidinem
juvenes senesque: praebita advenientibus pecunia
fenebris, appositique qui nomina palam subnotarent,
quasi adjuvantibus Caesaris reditus."
Sueton. in Calig. 41.

Sic publice confessum, lenocinium inter honestas lucri

rationes constitutum fuit; principisque ad exemplar cives
lupanaria exstruxerunt, quorum, quis crederet? et locus et
fructus inter res haereditarias numerabantur.

"Pensiones, licet a lupanario perceptae sint, nam in

multorum virorum praediis lupanaria exercentur."
L. ancillarum, ff. de haered. pet.
13° Revera, infamis non erat apud antiquos lustrorum
assuetudo: nimia tantum culpabatur.

"Si quis est, qui etiam meretricis amoribus interdictum

juventuti putet, valde severus; negare non possum...
Quando non permissum, quando reprehensum?"
Cic. pro Cael. 20.

lupanarius: Magister lupanaris.

"Corpora omnium constituit vinariorum, lupanariorum,

caligariorum, et omnino omnium artium."
Lamprid. in Alex. Sever.

lupari: Scortari, prostare.

"Atqui scalis cum meretrice e nostro ornatu per vias

lupantur."
Turpilius, apud Non. Marc.

...Et divos thure precemur

Consilium faxint placeat: tu impune luperis.
Lucil. Frag. V, 8 sq.

lupatria: Scortum.

"Ipse nescit quid habet,... Sed haec lupatria providet

omnia."
Petron. Frag.

Lupercalia: Festa in honorem Panis, a loco dicto Lupercal,

sub monte palatino. Celebrabantur mense februario. Eodem
etymo luperci pro sacerdotibus pastorum dei, qui, adlucente
solemnitatis die, ab ortu solis nudi per urbem cursitabant,
mulierum palmas, ventrem, uterumque pelle caprina
ferientes, qua re et fecunditas et facilior partus fieri
putabatur.
 ...Steriles moriuntur, et illis
Turgida non prodest condita pyxide Lyde,
Nec prodest agili palmas praebere luperco.
Juv. II, 140 sqq.
Hic exsultantes salios, nudosque lupercos, etc.
Virgil. Aeneid. VIII, 663.

lustra: Pro locis quibus concelebrantur libidines

foedissimae.

"Proprie lamae lustrosae quae sunt in sylvis aprorum, a

quarum similitudine, ii qui, in locis abditis et sordidis,
ventri et desidiae operam dant, dicuntur in lustris vitam
agere."
Festus.

Si neque avaritiam, neque sordes ac mala lustra

Objiciet vere quisquam mihi purus et insons,
Ut me collaudem, si et vivo carus amicis.
Hor. Sat. I, VI, 69 sqq.
Quem sumptum facis in lustris circum oppida lustrans?
Lucil. Fragm. XXX, 70.

"Is apud scortum corruptelae et liberis lustris studet."

Plaut. Asin. V, II, 17.

lustrari: Scortari. Vide Lucil. supra.

"Unde is nihili? ubi fuisti? ubi lustratus? ubi bibisti?"

Plaut. Casin. II, III, 29.

"Nam qui liberos esse illico se arbitrantur, Ex conspectu

heri si sui se abdiderunt, Luxuriantur, lustrantur,
comedunt quod habent."
Idem. Pseudol. IV, VII, 4 sqq.
lustro (-onis): Substantive. Qui in lustris versatur.

"Pessimorum pessime, audax, ganeo, lustro, aleo."

Naevius.

lusus: In obscenis. Vide verb. LUDERE.

luteus color: Ex ritu, et quasi specialis in nuptiis; nempe

pro socco et vittis, teste Plinio; ideoque boni ominis, et non
mali, ut apud nos.

Vota cadunt, utinam strepitantibus advolet alis,

Flavaque conjugio vincula portet Amor.
Tibull. II, II, 17 sq.
Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu
Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
Tendit...
Ovid. Met. X, de Orphei nuptiis, 1 sq.

Nuptae pedes socco luteo induebat novus maritus.

Crura distincto religavit auro,

Lutea plantas cohibente socco.
Senec. in Hippolyt. de Hercule.
Flammeum cape, laetus huc,
Huc veni, niveo gerens
Luteum pede soccum.
Catull. LVI, 8 sqq.

lutum (-i): Vir luxuriosus, perditus.

"O tenebrae, o lutum, o sordes, o paterni generis oblite,

materni vix memor!"
Cic. in Pisonem.

Redde, putrida moecha, codicillos;

 Non assis facis, o lutum, lupanar,
Aut si perditius potest quid esse, etc.
Catull. XXXIX, 20 sqq.

lux: Verbum amatorium.

"Meum desiderium, mea lux."

Cic. ad Terentiam.

Longe ante omnes mihi quae me carior ipso est,

Lux mea, qua viva vivere dulce mihi est.
Catull. LXIII, 159 sq.

luxuria: Contra pudorem et supra modum profusio.

"Intelligimus quam sit turpe diffluere luxuria, delicate ac

molliter vivere."
Cic. de Offic. I.

Nunc patimur longae pacis mala; saevior armis

Luxuria incubuit, victumque ulciscitur orbem.
Juv. VI, 292 sq.
 MACHAERA

machaera: Pro pene.

"Noctu in vigiliam quando ibat miles, tum tu ibas simul?

Conveniebatne in vaginam tuam machaera militis?"
Plaut. Pseudol. IV, VII, 84 sq.

maenas: Mulier Bacchi sacerdos: foemina vino et venere

furens.

"Aut contrectare, quod mares homines amant? Deglupta

maena, Sarrapis sementium..."
Plaut. Poenul. V, V, 32 sq.

A μαίνεσθαι, furere.

Nota bonae secreta Deae, quum tibia lumbos

Incitat, et cornu pariter vinoque feruntur
Attonitae, crinemque rotant, ululantque Priapi
Maenades. O quantus tunc illis mentibus ardor
Concubitus! quae vox saltante libidine!
Juv. VI, 314 sqq.

malacissare: Μαλάκαζειν. Lenire, emollire; ad obscena

translatum, et tunc pro effoeminare.

"Malacissandos articulos exoletis meis porrigam? ut

muliercula, aut aliquis in mulierculam ex viro versus
digitulos meos ducat?"
Senec. Epist. 66.
 "PI.—Apage a me, apage. BA.—Ah! nimium ferus es. PI.
—Mihi sum. BA.—Malacissandus es."
Plaut. Bacch. I, I, 31.

Hinc:

malacus: Mollis, delicatus.

"Tum ad saltandum non cinaedus malacus aeque est

atque ego."
Plaut. Mil. III, I, 74.

"Tun' tantilli doni caussa, olerum atque escarum et

poscarum, Moechum malacum, cincinnatum
umbraticolam, tympanotribam Amas...?"
Plaut. Trucul. II, VII, 48 sqq.

Malchio: Eodem sensu, quod patet ex Trimalchione

Petronii.

Hos Malchionis patimur improbi fastus,

Nec vindicare, Rufe, possumus: fellat.
Mart. III, LXXXII, 32 sq.

malta aut maltha:

"Maltas, veteres molles appellari voluerunt a graeco,

quasi μαλάκους."
Non. Marc.

Insanam vocant quam maltam ac foeminam dici vident.

Lucil. Frag.
Dum vitant stulti vitia, in contraria currunt.
Malthinus tunicis demissis ambulat: est qui
Inguen ad obscenum subductis usque facetus, etc.
Hor. Sat. I, II, 24 sqq.
malus: Deformis, invenustus.

"Viden' hanc?—Video, haud mala est mulier.—Pol, vero

ista mala, et tu nihili."
Plaut. Bacch. V, II, 42 sq.

"Quid? ea ut videtur mulier?—Non, edepol, mala. Ut

morata est?—Nullam vidi melius mea sententia."
Plaut. Merc. II, III, 57 sq.

Verum a te metuo, tuoque pene

Infesto pueris bonis malisque.
Catull. XV, 9 sq.

mala foemina: Non casta, impudica.

Non tuus levis in mala

Deditus vir adultera,
Pro qua turpia persequens,
A tuis teneris volet
Secubare papillis.
Catull. LVI, 101 sqq.

malum: In obscenis. Ab hortis ad venerem verecunde

translatum.

"Enimvero praegnanti oportet et malum et malum dari."

Plaut. Amph. II, II, 91.

"Nisi habeas, quamquam tu bella es, malum tibi

magnum dabo jam."
Plaut. Bacchid. V, III, 53.

Quod movear non est, quia si furaberis ipse

Grandia mala, tibi mala βραχεῖα dabo.
Priap. Carm. LXXIV, 1 sq.
Sic mala mittebant puellis concubitum rogantes.

Ut missum sponsi furtivo munere malum

Procurrit casto virginis e gremio,
Quod miserae oblitae molli sub veste locatum,
Dum adventu matris prosilit, excutitur.
Catull. LX, 19 sqq.

male mas: Ad venerem lentus, iners.

Vos quod millia multa basiorum

Legistis, male me marem putastis.
Catull. XVI, 12 sq.

mamma, mamilla: Uberis eminentia: papilla vero breve

illud apex, quo lac trahitur. Hinc:

mamma: Pro matre.

"Quum cibum ac potionem buas et papas vocent;

matrem, mammam, patrem, tatam."
Varr. de lib. educandis.

Graece μάμμη. Vide Mart. I, CI.

mamma: Pro nutrice.

Et similis regum pueris pappare minutum

Poscis, et iratus mammae lallare recusas.
Pers. III, 17 sq.

Vide Gruteri inscript. p. 662.

mammam opprimere: Tractare.

"...ubi mamma manicula Opprimitur alia; aut si lubet,

corpora Conduplicant."
Plaut. Pseudol. V, I, 16 sqq.
mamillae strictae: E sinu patentes. Sic strictus dicitur
gladius pro evaginato.

Cumque paludatis ducibus, praesente marito,

Ipsa loqui recta facie, strictisque mamillis.
Juv. VI, 400 sq.

mammae inclinatae:

Necdum inclinatae prohibent te ludere mammae:

Viderit hoc, si quam jam peperisse pudet.
Propert. II, XVI, 21 sq.

mammae jacentes:

"Taceo fractas pondere arvinae jacere mammas,

quasque foedum esset in pectore virili vel prominere."
Sol. Apollinaris, III, 13.

mammae pannosae: Tritae, rugosae. A panno usu

confecto.

Aut tibi pannosae pendent a pectore mammae,

Aut sulcos uteri prodere nuda times.
Mart. III, LXXII, 3 sq.

mammae stantes: Ut sunt virginis intemeratae. Vide Stat.

Sylv. I, 2.

mammeata, mammosa: Quae grandes mammas habet.

"Hujus amica mammeata, mea inimica et malevola."

Plaut. Poenul. I, II, 181.

Mammosam metuo: tenerae me trade puellae,

Ut possint niveo pectore lina frui.
Mart. XIV, CXLVII, 1 sq.
mamillare: Indumentum speciale mamillis compescendis.
Vid. Martin. Lexic. Sic sub hoc titulo Martialis in mulierem
mammosam:

Taurino poteras pectus constringere tergo;

Nam pellis mammas non capit ista tuas.
Mart. XIV, LXIV, 1 sq.

mancipium:

"Qui alteri quicquam mancipio tradit, ita dat quasi

suum, ut accipientis illico faciat, dominiumque
transferat pure atque in perpetuum."
Faber, ad tit. de diversis reg. juris antiqui.

Hinc et ad venerem, usitatissima translatione:

mancipio se alicui dare: Saepe contumeliose. Vide verb.

EMANCIPARE.

"Memini, et mancipio tibi dabo.—Egon' a lenone

quicquam Mancipio accipiam."
Plaut. Curc. IV, II, 8 sq.

"Adduxit simul Forma expetenda liberalem mulierem...

Eam te volo accurare, ut istic veneat, Ac suo periculo is
emat qui eam mercabitur: Mancipio neque promittet
neque quisquam dabit."
Plaut. Pers. IV, III, 51 sqq.

manicatus, manuleatus: Mollis, effoeminatus,

mulierculus. Viri enim nudis brachiis incedebant; foeminae
vero, chirodatae et manuleatae. Cicero, Action. 2, Catilinae
objecit quod manicatus esset.

"Apud me vero Epicurus est fortis, licet manuleatus sit."

Senec. Epist. I, 33.
 Brachiaque in manicis, et pinctae vincula plantae,
Carbaseique sinus, et fibula rasilis auro, etc.
Stat. Theb. VII, 637 sq.

manus amica: Suîmet meretrix aut moechus, in solitaria

voluptate.

Pontice, quod nunquam futuis, sed pellice laeva

Uteris, et veneri servit amica manus;
Hoc nihil esse putas? scelus est, mihi crede, sed ingens,
Quantum vix animo concipis ipse tuo.
Mart. IX, XLI, 1 sqq.

manus fututrix: Quae ad venerem sollicitat.

...Inguina saltem
Parce fututrici sollicitare manu.
Levibus in pueris plus haec, quam mentula, peccat;
Et faciunt digiti, praecipitantque virum.
Mart. XI, XXIII, 3 sq.

manus pullaria: Dextera; a palpandis tentandisque pueris

et puellis. Arnob. advers. Gent. III, II.

"Pullaria."
Plaut. Frag. ex locis amissis, vers. 56.

manus scelerare: Foeda tractatione polluere.

...Jam parce sepulto,

Parce pias scelerare manus.
Virgil. Aeneid. IV, 42 sq.

"Scelerare manus."
Plaut. Frag. ex locis amissis, vers. 40.

manus: Pro virili peculio.

 "Atque edepol ut nunc male eum metuo, miser! Si
quispiam det, quoi manus gravior siet, etc."
Plaut. Pseudol. III, I, 18 sq.

"Cedo manum ergo.—Estne haec manus?—Ubi illa altera

est furtifica laeva?"
Id. Pers. II, II, 43 sq.

marisca: Ficus majori mole et insipida. (Varr.) Unde pro

muliere fatua.

Non eadem res est: Chiam volo, nolo Mariscam.

Ne dubites quae sit Chia, Marisca tua est.
Mart. XII, XCVI, 9 sq.

Chia vero ficus erat saporis acerbiusculi, proptereaque in

deliciis.

marisca: Ulcus venereum; tubercula in ano, ad fici

similitudinem.

...Sed podice levi

Caeduntur tumidae, medico ridente, mariscae.
Juv. II, 12 sq.

maritus: Proprio sensu, qui fecundat; mas, admissarius.

Inde pro viro in connubiis. More antiquo, mariti romani,
peregre redeuntes, uxoribus de adventu nuntios
praemittebant. Et bene. De hoc usu prudentissimo, vide
Plutarch. Quaest. rom. IX.

"Me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori

suae."
Plaut. Amph. I, I, 40.

maritus: De pecoribus.
 Massyli leo fama jugi, pecorisque maritus
Lanigeri, mirum qua coiere fide.
Mart. IX, LXXI, 1 sq.
Quisque coetus continetur conjugali foedere.
Ecce, jam super genistas explicant tauri latus;
Subter umbras cum maritis ecce balantum greges.
Pervigil. Veneris, 71 sqq.

maritus: De arboribus.

Vere concordant amores, vere nubunt alites,

Et nemus comam resolvit de maritis imbribus.
Ibid. 2 sq.

maritus: Et saepe ad flagitiosa translatus.

Lingua maritus, moechus ore Nanneius,

Summoenianis inquinatior buccis.
Mart. XI, LXII, 1 sq.
...Ne thalassionem
Inducas manibus libidinosis,
Et fias sine foemina maritus.
Mart. XII, XCV, 5 sqq.

maritale capistrum: Frenum conjugale. Metaphora ab

equis.

...Si moechorum notissimus olim

Stulta maritali jam porrigit ora capistro,
Quem toties texit perituri cista Latini?
Juv. VI, 42 sqq.

maritata pecunia: Quam profert mulier conjuncta; dos.

"Pulchra edepol dos pecunia est.—Quae quidem, pol,

non maritata est."
 Plaut. Epidic. II, I, 10 sq.

marmorea: Mulier quae, petrae similis, sub viro immobilis

jacet.

At Chione non sentit opus, nec vocibus ullis

Adjuvat; absentem marmoreamque putes.
Mart. XI, LXI, 7 sq.

mascarpio: Masturbator.

"Ingemui ego, utique propter mascarpionem,

lacrymisque ubertim manantibus, obscuratum dextra
caput super pulvinum inclinavi."
Petron. Sat.

mascula: Tribas.

Et de nimboso saltum Leucate minatur

Mascula lesbiacis Sappho peritura sagittis.
Auson. Cupid. cruci affix. 24 sq.

massilienses: In proverbium erant tanquam molles et

paedicones.

"Ubi tu es qui colere mores massilienses postulas?

Nunc, tu si vis subigitare me, proba est occasio."
Plaut. Cas. V, IV, 1 sq.

Vide Brodaeum, Miscellan. III, 27.

mastuprari, mastuprator: Eodem sensu quo masturbari,

masturbator. A manu, vel manum stuprare.

masturbari: Foede se tractare. A manu et turbo. Item

apud Graecos, χειρουργεῖν, manibus operari. Antiquissima
turpitudo.
 Hoc nihil esse putas? scelus est, mihi crede, sed ingens.
......
Nempe semel futuit, generaret Horatius ut tres;
Mars semel, ut geminos Ilia casta daret.
Omnia perdiderat, si masturbatus uterque
Mandasset manibus gaudia foeda suis.
Ipsam crede mihi naturam dicere rerum:
Istud quod digitis, Pontice, perdis, homo est.
Mart. IX, XLI, 3 sqq.

Lydorum erat quotidianus usus, horis meridianis manibus

inducere thalassionem. Cael. Rhod. XX, 4.

Peculiare hoc vitium pueris, ab omni memoria. Inde illud

Juvenalis, praeceptoribus et paedagogis in aevum penitus
affigendum.

...Exigite ut sit
Et pater ipsius coetus, ne turpia ludant,
Ne faciant vicibus. Non est leve, tot puerorum
Observare manus, oculosque in fine trementes.
Juv. VII, 238 sqq.

masturbator: Qui se foede tractat.

mater: Pro nutrice. Nam nutrix non semel, sed quotidie

mater.

"Et sunt nati filii gemini duo, Ita forma simili pueri, uti
mater sua Non internosse posset, quae mammam
dabat, Neque adeo mater ipsa, quae illos pepererat."
Plaut. Menaechm. Prolog. vers. 18 sqq.

matrimonium: Lege Poppaea nuptiis arcebantur foeminae

quinquagenariae, propter sterilitatem; et viri sexagenarii,
quum fortes nisi fortibus, et validi nisi validis creari non
possint. De viris interdictum tollit Claudius (Sueton. in
Claud. 23); de mulieribus vide lib. XXVII, Cod. de Nupt.

Ex ritu romano, matrimonium tria genera, confarreatio,

coemptio et usus. Vide haec verba.

matrimonia: Pro matronis.

"Et convocatis plebeiis matrimoniis, conquesta de injuria

patriciorum, etc."
Tit. Liv. lib. X.

Eadem metonymia, conjugium pro conjuge apud

Propertium.

matronae: Ingenuorum uxores, ab innuptis cultu et ornatu

discretae, quod notandum praesertim statuariis, pictoribus
et tragoedis. Discernebantur.

1° Coma. Innuptae capillos gestabant cirros et cincinnos;

matronae vero, implexos.

"Simulque se mulieres intellexerunt, vertunt capillum,

acu lasciviore sibi crinibus a fronte divisis, apertam
professae mulierositatem, etc."
Tertull. de Virgin. velandis.

2° Palla. Gallice une simarre. Vestis solemnis cum longo

syrmate; qua non nisi in publicum utebantur matronae; et
tunc in signum dignitatis. Diis pallam tribuebant antiqui, ut
videtur Apollini cytharam tenenti in antiquo Neronis nummo.

Ad talos stola demissa et circumdata palla.

Hor. Sat. I, II, 99.

A meretricibus discernebantur stola longa et talari.

Meretrices enim, teste Nonio, veste succinctiore utebantur.
Vide MERETRIX et TOGA.

"Matronas appellabant eas quibus stolas habendi jus

erat."
Fest.

Hinc Horatius:

...Sunt qui nolint tetigisse, nisi illas

Quarum subsuta talos tegat instita veste.
Sat. I, II, 28 sq.
Quis floralia vestit, et stolatum
Permittit meretricibus pudorem?
Mart. I, XXXVI, 8 sq.

matronalia: Festa matronarum in memoriam raptus

Sabinarum. Calendis martiis celebrabantur. Junoni
sacrificabant, ut novus annus ab exordio felix esset ac
faustus, et in partu et in amore conjugali. Eodem die,
foeminae inter se munuscula missitabant.

"Saturnalibus dabat viris apophoreta, et calendis

martiis, foeminis."
Sueton. in Vespas. 19.

Vide Martial. V, XXXVI; Ovid. Fast. III, 229; Plaut. Mil., III,
I, etc.

Matronae, quae sacra colunt pro laude virorum,

Mavortis primum quum rediere dies.
Auson. de Feriis rom. 7 sq.

matula: Sensu foedissimo.

"Jam hercle ego vos pro matula habebo, nisi mihi

matulam datis."
Plaut. Most. II, I, 39.
medicae: Obstetrices juratae, quarum officium erat
mulieres inspicere.

"Quoties de mulieris praegnatione dubitatur, quinque

obstetrices, id est medicae, ventrem jubentur
inspicere."
Anian. ad Paull.

medius, media: Adj. De pudendis utriusque sexus.

Per medios ibit pueros, mediasque puellas

Mentula; barbatis non nisi summa petet.
Priap. Carm. LXXVI, 1 sq.

"Edepol! ego illam mediam diruptam velim."

Plaut. Casin. II, V, 18.

Velle quid hanc dicas, quamvis sim ligneus, hastam,

Oscula dat medio si qua puella mihi?
Priap. Carm. XLIV, 1 sq.

medullae: Pro viri rore illo quo procreamur.

Dum jam turgidulo tument liquore

Vascula, et liquidae fluunt medullae;
Imbelles procul osculationes
Udulis fugias pati labellis.
Petron. Phaleuc. 10 sqq.

meiere: Semen emittere; venerem perficere.

Dimittit neque famosum, neque sollicitum, ne

Ditior aut formae melioris meiat eodem.
Hor. Sat. II, VII, 51 sq.
Ut tuus iste nepos olim satur anseris extis,
Quum morosa vago singultiet inguine vena,
Patriciae immeiat vulvae?
 Pers. VI, 71 sq.

meiere in pedes: Quod accidit mentulis retractis.

Jam, nisi per somnum non arrigis, et tibi, Maevi,

Incipit in medios meiere verpa pedes.
Mart. XI, XLVII, 1 sq.

mel, melliculum: Inter blandimenta. Mel enim antiquis in

deliciis.

"Egon' apicularum opera congestum non feram, Ex dulci

oriundum, melliculo dulci meo?"
Plaut. Curcul. I, I, 10 sq.

"Nunc pol, demum ego sum liber. Meum corculum,

melliculum, Verculum."
Idem, Casin. IV, IV, 14 sq.

Vide Hieronym. ad Nepotian.

"Licetne amplecti te?—Quid, amplecti licet?—Ut quia te

tango, mel mî videor lingere!"
Idem, ibid. II, VIII, 20 sq.

De irrumatione penis melle uncti, vide Hieronym. Mercurial.

lib. IV. Vide et quod refert Suetonius de Lucio Vitellii filio, in
Vitell. 2.

membrum: Absolute: pro membro virili.

Hujus et Alcinoi mirata est filia membrum

Frondenti ramo vix potuisse tegi.
Priap. Carm. LXIX, 17 sq.

Hinc, et eodem sensu:

membrosus, membrosior: Valde mentulatus.

 Sed ruber hortorum custos, membrosior aequo,
Qui tectum nullis vestibus inguen habet.
Priap. Carm. praefat. 5 sq.

Memmius: Spurcissimus poeta de quo Plin. Jun. in epist.,

ut oratore.

Quid referam Ticidae, quid Memmî carmen, apud quos

Rebus abest omnis, nominibusque pudor?
Ovid. Trist. II, I, 433 sq.

menstrua foeminarum:

"Scribit Epiphanius, foeminas semen et menstruum

libare deo, et deinde potare solitas."
Hieronym. Mercurial. lib. IV.

mentula: Membrum virile.

Nec per circuitus loquatur illam

Ex qua nascimur, omnium parentem,
Quam sanctus Numa mentulam vocabat.
Mart. XI, XVI, 8 sqq.
Castas Pieridum chorum sorores
Auso ducere ad mentulam Priapi.
Priap. Carm. I, 7 sq.

mentulam puero facere: Ad venerem puerum educare.

Ah facinus! tunica patet inguen utrimque levata,

Inspiciturque tua mentula facta manu.
Mart. XI, LXXI, 5 sq.

mentula: Pro viro. Pars pro toto.

Quid? nisi taenario placuisset troica cunno

Mentula, quod caneret, non habuisset opus?
 Priap. Carm. LXIX, 1 sq.

mentulatus: Pene majore instructus.

Quod si quis inter haec locus mihi restat,

Deus Priapo mentulatior non est.
Priap. Carm. XXXVI, 10 sq.

Mercurius: Et etiam inter deos nuptiarum numeratur.

Plutarchus, initio libri de Praeceptis connubialibus,
Mercurium juxta Venerem collocari solere tradit, quod
conjugii voluptas ratione potissimum ac sermone consistat.

Fervidus tecum puer, et solutis

Gratiae zonis, properentque Nymphae,
Et parum comis sine te Juventas
Mercuriusque.
Hor. Od. I, XXX, 5 sqq.

Inde caduceus inter emblemata conjugii, ex ritu aegyptiaco.

Nam conduplicati serpentes in symbolum erant
conjunctionis maris cum foemina. Sic caduceatum
Mercurium pro conjugibus Caro et Narbona invocat
Martialis:

Cyllenes caelique decus, facunde minister,

Aurea cui torto virga dracone viret,
Sic tibi lascivi non desit copia furti,... etc.
Mart. VII, LXXIV, 1 sqq.

merere: Quaestum corporis facere.

"Qui in ordine erat, is aes militare merebat, et ob

mercedem, laborem, vel infamiam corporis locat."
Varr. Rerum human. lib. XX.

Vide Non. Marc. Hinc:

meretrix: Foemina suî quaestum faciens, salvo tamen
pudore publico.

"Inter meretricem et postibulam hoc interest: quod

meretrix honestioris loci est et quaestus. Nam
meretrices a merendo dictae sunt, quod copiam suî
tantummodo noctu facerent: prostibula, quod ante
stabulum stet, quaestus diurni et nocturni causa.
Plautus Cistellaria manifestissime discrevit: 'Intro ad
bonam meretricem; adstare in via solum prostibulae
sane est.'"
Non. Marc. Dictionum in significato differentiae.

Meretrices apud aedilem inscribebantur. Vid. AEDILIS.

Et tunc nomen mutabant. Addit et probat Douza, eas quae

quaestui renuntiabant, primum sibi liberum et proprium
assumere solitas esse.

"Namque hodie earum mutarentur nomina, Facerentque

indignum genere quaestum corpore."
Plaut. Poenul. V, III, 20 sq.

Flavo galero peculiariter utebantur, in modum galeae facto;

et in scenam lutea veste semper introductae; quia, inquit
Scaliger, similis est ille color auro cujus cupientes maxime
sunt. Vide J. C. Scalig. poet. I, 13.

Sic et uxor Claudii, ut meretrix videretur,

...nigrum flavo crinem abscondente galero,

Intravit calidum veteri centone lupanar.
Juv. VI, 120 sq.

Ex disciplina publica, veste succinctiore utebantur

meretrices; dum matronae, talari.
 "Meretrix cum veste longa peregrino in loco solet
tutandi caussa sese sumere."
Afran. apud Non. Marc.

Inde stola interdictae.

Quis floralia vestit, et stolatum

Permittit meretricibus pudorem?
Mart. I, XXXVI, 8 sq.

Inde togatae:

Coccina famosae donas et iantina moechae:

Vis dare quae meruit munera? mitte togam.
Idem, II, XXXIX, 1 sq.

Caeterum, communi appellatione vocitabant antiqui

quascumque famosas, et quae, libidine incensae, uredinis
tantum incitamine prostant, nulla mercede conducta. Tales
fuere Cleopatra et Messalina. Sic Juvenalis:

Ausa palatino tegetem praeferre cubili,

Sumere nocturnos meretrix Augusta cucullos, etc.
Juv. VI, 117 sq.

Derivata sunt: meretricium (Suet.) Meretricie adverb.

(Plaut.) Meretricius -a -um (Cic.) Meretricari, id est scorta
sectari, lupanaria celebrare. (Columell.) Meretricula,
scortum pusillum, humile. (Cic.) Vide verba LUPANAR,
TOGA.

meridiari: Nonnunquam in obscenis. Rem habere cum

amica. Ex more antiquorum media luce dormitandi, ut nunc
Itali, Hispani et alii Meridionales.

Meae deliciae, mei lepores,

Jube ad te veniam meridiatum.
 ......
Verum si quid ages statim jubeto;
Nam pransus jaceo, et satur supinus
Pertundo tunicam palliumque.
Catull. XXX, 1 sqq.
Quae tuo veniunt hero,
Quanta gaudia, quae vaga
Nocte, quae media die
Gaudeat!
Idem, LVI, 116 sqq.

meritorii pueri: Catamiti. (Cic.; Serv. in Eclog. Virg. VIII)

"Pueri meritorii dicuntur qui, aut sponte sua, aut

jubente domino, prostant, turpique quaestu merentur."
Britann. in Juvenal. III, 234.

meritorium: Lupanar.

"Meritoria, loca tabernarum ubi adulteria committuntur."

Isidor. Gloss.

"Meritoria intra urbem, quod diu quidem tenere non

potuit."
Vopisc. in Tacit. imp.

milesius sermo: Verba voluptaria, ex moribus Milesiorum

lascivia notissimorum.

"Et ego tibi sermone isto milesio varias fabellas

conseram, auresque tuas benevolas lepido susurro
promulceam."
Apul. Met.

militare: Saepe de duello venereo.

 "Paratus miles arma non habui."
Petron. Sat.

Militat omnis amans, et habet sua castra Cupido.

Ovid. Amor. I, IX, 1.

Vixi puellis nuper idoneus,

Et militavi non sine gloria;
Nunc arma, defunctumque bello
Barbiton hic paries habebit, etc.
Hor. Od. III, XXVI, 1 sqq.

"Lydorum emollita improbitas illuc progressa fertur, ut

alienas uxores virginesque in locum producentes, ...
omnes constuprarent. Unde tyrannidem assecuta
Omphale, stupratarum una, illatas ulciscens injurias,
servis dominas prostituit in loco eodem quem, rei
atrocitatem mollientes, Lydi vocant mulierum certamen
et γλυκὺν ἀγῶνα, id est dulcem luctam."
Cael. Rhod. Lect. antiq. XX, 14.

Vide verba HASTA, PRAELIARI, etc.

mimi: Histrionum spurcissimum genus, quorum lascivia ab

Arnobio sic describitur.

"Ne symphoniacas agerent et fistulatorias artes,

cantionibus ut praeirent obscenis numerositer, et
scabillorum concrepationibus sonoris; quibus animarum
alia lasciviens multitudo incompositos corporum
dissolveretur in motus; et ad ultimum clunibus et
coxendicibus sublevatis, lumborum crispitudine
sublevare."
Arnob. adv. Gent. II.

Gallice des bateleurs, des baladins.

mimi: Poemata, ab initio ridicula, postea foedissimo sale
tincta.

Sed si Panniculum, si spectas casta Latinum,

Non sunt haec mimis improbiora: lege.
Mart. III, LXXXVI, 3 sq.
Quid si scripsissem mimos obscena jocantes,
Qui semper vetiti crimen amoris habent?
Ovid. Trist. II, 497 sq.

Hinc:

mimicus: Saepe pro obsceno.

"Vitandum est utrumque oratori, ne scurrilis jocus sit,

aut mimicus."
Cic. de Orat.

mimice incedere: Lascive.

...illa, quam videtis

Turpe incedere mimice, ac moleste
Ridentem catuli ore gallicani;
Circumsistite eam et reflagitate.
Catull. XXXIX, 15 sqq.

mimula: Saltatrix. Romae quondam, ut nunc apud nos,

mimulae in deliciis procerum.

"Venisti Brundusium, in sinum quidem et complexum

tuae mimulae."
Cic. in Anton.

Mimnermus: Poeta eroticus Smyrnaeus. Claruit temporibus

Solonis.

Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero.

 Propert. I, IX, 11.

mingere: In mulierem semen emittere; venerem perficere.

Egregium narras mira pietate parentem,

Qui ipse sui gnati minxerit in gremium.
Catull. LXII, 29 sq.

mitra: Pileum incurvum. Proprie meretricum, ut patet ex

multa lectione. Vide Serv. ad Aeneid. IV, 21. Et etiam
mollium et effoeminatorum.

Et nunc ille Paris, cum semiviro comitatu,

Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
Subnixus, rapto potitur...
Virgil. Aeneid. IV, 215 sqq.

moechari: Adulterium committere. Dicebatur generaliter et

de utroque sexu. Sic innupta maritato viro prostans, et
coelebs nuptam iniens, pariter moechantur.

Sancta ducis summi prohibet censura, vetatque

Moechari; gaude, Zoïle, non futuis.
Mart. VI, XCI, 1 sq.

moechissare: Peculiariter de viro in mulierem; verbum

Plautianum.

"In adulterio dum moechissat Casinam, credo, perdidit."

Plaut. Casin. V, IV, 7.

moechus, moecha: Adulter, adultera.

Cur Otho mentito sit quaeritis exsul honore?

Uxoris moechus coeperat esse suae.
Vet. poet. catalecta, edente Stephano Valeto.
Et Cosmianis ipse fusus ampullis,
 Non erubescit murice aureo nobis
Dividere moechae pauperis capillare.
Mart. III, LXXXII, 26 sqq.

moechi semitarii: Scortatores, agrorum semitis vilissimas

rusticolas subigentes.

...Hanc boni beatique

Omnes amatis, et quidem quod indignum est,
Omnes pusilli et semitarii moechi.
Catull. XXXV, 14 sqq.

moecha lingua: Fellatrix, quum varias admittat mentulas.

Quid narrat tua moecha? non puellam

Dixi, Tongilion: quid ergo? linguam.
Mart. III, LXXXIV, 1 sq.

moechimonium: Adulterium.

"Mendicimonium et moechimonium, Laberius in libro

quem Cropium inscripsit; in eo verba haec inveniet qui
doctrinae studium putaverit adhibendum."
Non. Marc.

molere: In re obscena. Molit, qui subigit; molitur subactus

aut subacta.

Hunc molere, illam autem ut frumentum vannere

cunnis.
Lucil. Frag. VII, 11.
Deglubit, fellat, molitur per utramque cavernam,
Ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat.
Auson. Epigr. LXX, 7 sq.
Nam simul ac venas inflavit tetra libido,
Huc juvenes aequum est descendere, non alienas
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