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The Solid State Full Detailed Notes Bihar Paramedical

The document provides detailed notes on the solid state, including classifications of solids into crystalline and amorphous types, with examples and properties. It discusses types of crystalline solids, crystal lattices, unit cells, packing efficiency, imperfections, and electrical and magnetic properties. Key definitions and multiple-choice questions are also included to reinforce understanding of the material.

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187 views4 pages

The Solid State Full Detailed Notes Bihar Paramedical

The document provides detailed notes on the solid state, including classifications of solids into crystalline and amorphous types, with examples and properties. It discusses types of crystalline solids, crystal lattices, unit cells, packing efficiency, imperfections, and electrical and magnetic properties. Key definitions and multiple-choice questions are also included to reinforce understanding of the material.

Uploaded by

chandisua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: The Solid State

(Bihar Paramedical & B.Sc. Nursing Detailed Notes)

Introduction:

Solids are substances which have definite shape and volume. The particles in solids are closely

packed due to strong intermolecular forces.

Classification of Solids:

1. Crystalline Solids:

- Long-range orderly arrangement of particles.

- Sharp melting point.

- Anisotropic (different properties in different directions).

- Examples: NaCl, Quartz, Ice.

2. Amorphous Solids:

- Irregular arrangement of particles.

- Gradual softening on heating.

- Isotropic (same properties in all directions).

- Examples: Glass, Plastic.

Types of Crystalline Solids:

1. Ionic Solids: Ions held by electrostatic force (e.g., NaCl, KCl).

2. Molecular Solids: Molecules held by van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds (e.g., Ice, CO2).

3. Metallic Solids: Positive ions surrounded by mobile electrons (e.g., Cu, Fe).

4. Covalent Solids: Atoms held by covalent bonds (e.g., Diamond, SiO2).

Crystal Lattices and Unit Cell:


- Crystal Lattice: 3D arrangement of constituent particles.

- Unit Cell: Smallest repeating unit in a lattice.

Types of Unit Cells:

1. Simple Cubic (SC) - 1 atom/unit cell

2. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) - 2 atoms/unit cell

3. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) - 4 atoms/unit cell

Packing Efficiency:

- SC = 52%, BCC = 68%, FCC = 74%

Density of Unit Cell:

Formula: Density = (Z × M) / (a³ × NA)

Where:

Z = number of atoms/unit cell, M = molar mass,

a = edge length, NA = Avogadro's number

Imperfections in Solids:

1. Point Defects:

a) Vacancy Defect

b) Interstitial Defect

c) Frenkel Defect

d) Schottky Defect

2. Non-Stoichiometric Defects:

- Metal Excess Defect

- Metal Deficiency Defect


3. Impurity Defects:

- Introduced by doping foreign atoms

Electrical Properties:

- Conductors: Free electrons (e.g., Metals)

- Insulators: No free charge carriers

- Semiconductors: Intermediate conductivity (e.g., Si, Ge)

Magnetic Properties:

1. Diamagnetic: Weakly repelled (paired electrons)

2. Paramagnetic: Weakly attracted (unpaired electrons)

3. Ferromagnetic: Strongly attracted (Fe, Co)

4. Ferrimagnetic and Antiferromagnetic: Complex magnetic behaviors

Important Definitions:

- Crystal Lattice: A regular 3D arrangement of particles.

- Unit Cell: The smallest repeating structural unit of a crystal.

- Packing Efficiency: The percentage of total space filled by particles.

- Anisotropy: Property varying with direction in a crystal.

- Isotropy: Property uniform in all directions (in amorphous solids).

MCQs:

1. Which solid has sharp melting point?

a) Amorphous b) Crystalline c) Both d) None

Answer: b
2. Which unit cell contains 4 atoms?

a) BCC b) FCC c) SC d) HCP

Answer: b

3. Schottky defect is found in:

a) High density crystals b) Ionic solids with similar size ions

c) Metals d) Covalent solids

Answer: b

4. Diamond is an example of:

a) Molecular solid b) Covalent solid

c) Ionic solid d) Metallic solid

Answer: b

5. Which of the following is an amorphous solid?

a) Quartz b) Ice c) Glass d) Diamond

Answer: c

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