Here’s a more detailed breakdown of the document:

### Unit 5: Global and Regional Developments Since 1945

This chapter discusses significant historical events from 1945 onward,

focusing on political, social, and economic changes worldwide.

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## 1. The United Nations (UN)

### Formation and Purpose:

- Established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations (which failed to

prevent World War II).

- Initially signed by 51 nations, now has 193 member states.

- Goals: Maintain peace, promote cooperation, resolve international

conflicts, protect human rights, and support economic development.

### Structure of the UN:

The UN is composed of six main organs:

1. General Assembly – All member nations meet to discuss global issues,

approve the budget, and elect Security Council members.

2. Security Council – The most powerful body, responsible for peace and
security. It has five permanent members (U.S., U.K., Russia, China, France)
with veto power and ten rotating members.

3. Secretariat – Led by the Secretary-General, responsible for

administration and peacekeeping operations.

4. Trusteeship Council – Helped former colonies gain independence

(inactive since 1994).

5. International Court of Justice (ICJ) – Settles legal disputes between

countries (based in The Hague, Netherlands).

6. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – Focuses on economic and

social cooperation.
### Key Principles:

- Sovereign equality of all members.

- Peaceful settlement of disputes.

- Prohibition of force unless authorized by the UN.

---

## 2. The Cold War (1947–1991)

### Origins:

- Post-World War II tensions between the U.S. (capitalist) and Soviet Union
(communist).

- Led to proxy wars, arms race, and ideological conflicts.

### Major Cold War Events:

- Superpower Rivalry – U.S. and USSR competed for global influence.

- Korean War (1950–1953) – North (USSR-backed) vs. South (U.S.-backed).

- Vietnam War (1955–1975) – North Vietnam (communist) vs. South

Vietnam (U.S.-backed).

- China’s Communist Revolution (1949) – Mao Zedong established

communist rule.

- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – Countries that remained neutral during

the Cold War.

- Fall of Communism in Asia – Soviet influence declined, leading to the fall

of the Berlin Wall (1989) and the dissolution of the USSR (1991).

---

## 3. Arab-Israeli Conflict

- Causes: Tensions over land in Palestine between Jews and Arabs.

- Major Wars: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973 (Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War).
- Ongoing Issues: Israeli-Palestinian tensions, peace negotiations, and
regional conflicts.

---

## 4. United Nations in Action

### Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution:

- The UN has helped resolve conflicts through diplomatic missions and

peacekeeping forces.

- Examples: Korean War, Middle East peace efforts, African conflicts, and
humanitarian missions.

### Languages of the UN:

- Six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and

Spanish.

---

## 5. Exercises and Activities

The chapter includes multiple-choice questions, discussion prompts, and

matching exercises on:

- UN’s purpose and structure.

- Cold War conflicts and superpower involvement.

- Arab-Israeli conflicts and peace efforts.

---

### Conclusion:

This unit covers major global events after 1945, emphasizing international
relations, wars, and peace efforts. It highlights the UN’s role in global
governance and how superpower rivalries shaped modern history.
---

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5.2

1. US-Soviet Relations During WWII:

The US and the Soviet Union were allies during WWII, united against the
Axis Powers (primarily Nazi Germany).

Despite their alliance, tensions existed due to ideological differences—

capitalism vs. communism.

Cooperation included military strategies (e.g., opening of the Western

Front) and post-war planning (Yalta and Potsdam Conferences).

Relations began to sour near the end of the war over issues like the future
of Eastern Europe and the Soviet control over territories it liberated.

2. Cold War Characteristics:

A period of geopolitical tension (1947–1991) between the US (and its

allies) and the Soviet Union (and its allies).

Ideological conflict: Capitalism vs. Communism.

Proxy wars: Indirect conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, etc.

Espionage: Intelligence gathering by CIA and KGB.

Propaganda: Both sides used media to promote their ideologies.

Space Race and Arms Race: Competition for supremacy in space

exploration and military technology.

3. The Truman Doctrine (1947):

A policy introduced by President Harry S. Truman to contain the spread of

communism.

Promised economic and military aid to countries threatened by

communism, starting with Greece and Turkey.

Marked the official start of the US’s policy of containment and the Cold
War.

4. The Division of Germany:

After WWII, Germany was divided into four occupation zones controlled by
the US, UK, France, and the USSR.

In 1949, the zones split into:

West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): Democratic and capitalist.

East Germany (German Democratic Republic): Communist under Soviet

influence.

Berlin, though within East Germany, was also divided, leading to the Berlin
Blockade (1948–49) and later the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

5. Military Blocs and the Arms Race:

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): Formed in 1949 by the US and

Western allies to counter Soviet power.

Warsaw Pact: Established in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc
allies in response to NATO.

Arms Race: Intense competition to build superior nuclear weapons and

delivery systems.

Included development of hydrogen bombs, ICBMs, and nuclear

submarines.

Led to the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), deterring direct

conflict between the superpowers.

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5.4

1. Japan:

After WWII, Japan was occupied by the US (1945–1952).

The US helped rebuild Japan’s economy and established a democratic

government.

Japan became a key US ally in Asia, acting as a base for American military
operations during the Cold War.

It adopted a pacifist constitution (Article 9), renouncing war but

maintaining a Self-Defense Force.

Economically, Japan became a major industrial power and a symbol of

capitalism in Asia.

2. Korea:
After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel:

North Korea: Backed by the USSR and later China (communist).

South Korea: Supported by the US (capitalist).

Korean War (1950–1953):

North Korea invaded South Korea.

US-led UN forces intervened, and China later entered to support the North.

Ended in a stalemate with an armistice in 1953—Korea remained divided,

no peace treaty signed.

The Korean Peninsula remains divided and tense to this day.

3. China:

Chinese Civil War (1945–1949): Between Nationalists (Kuomintang) and

Communists.

Communists, led by Mao Zedong, won and established the People's

Republic of China in 1949.

The US supported the Nationalists, who retreated to Taiwan.

China became a major communist power and initially allied with the USSR.

Sino-Soviet Split (1960s): Relations between China and the USSR broke
down, affecting global Cold War dynamics.

China pursued its own path (e.g., Cultural Revolution, 1966–76) and later
improved relations with the US (e.g., Nixon's visit in 1972).

4. Vietnam:

Vietnam was divided after the French colonial defeat in 1954:

North Vietnam: Communist (supported by USSR and China).

South Vietnam: Anti-communist (supported by the US).

Vietnam War (1955–1975):

US escalated involvement to prevent the spread of communism (domino

theory).

Despite heavy US involvement, the North eventually won, unifying

Vietnam under communism in 1975.

The war had a major impact on US foreign policy and public opinion.

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5.4. Non-Aligned Movement /NAM/

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was formed during the Cold War as an
organization of countries that chose not to align with either the United
States or the Soviet Union, aiming to remain independent or neutral. NAM
included most Asian, African, and Latin American nations, united despite
their political, economic, and cultural differences. The movement was not
neutral on global issues but advocated for peaceful intervention in world
politics.

NAM’s roots trace back to the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia,

where 29 post-colonial leaders gathered to promote decolonization,
economic development, and condemn apartheid and colonialism. The first
official NAM conference took place in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Key
leaders included Joseph Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser
(Egypt), Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), and Sukarno
(Indonesia).

The Havana Declaration of 1979 outlined NAM's purpose to safeguard the

national independence, sovereignty, and security of its members in their
struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, and racism.