jittle about physical class 6. In let us You have learnt a li and chemical changes in order to understand them better, study the structure cof matter. ELEMENTS ‘All the matter that is aroun of some basic pure substances called elements. An element is @ substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical methods. Elements combine in different ways to form everything around us. ‘There are 118 elements known till date, of which 94 are found in nature. The rest have been made by scientists in laboratories. ‘Aluminium, calcium, carbon, chlorine, copper, gold, hydrogen, iron, lead, magnesium, mercury, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silver, sodium, sulphur and zinc are some examples of elements. dus is made d, j= Orie) suas lesson, you will be able, ‘compounds and By the end of the I ‘a describe etement® mixtures én explain chernical symbols, formulae, 9 enfions and equations wrplan now pre sats can be obtained, ® crystallisation ij ex explain what rusting and how it canty prevente ATOMS Every element js made of many small try to break down thes particles further, they will eventually lose the properties of the element. The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element is called an atom. Each element is made up of only one kind of atom. A piece of gold is made of only gold atoms. The atoms of one Oo 0 a.Hydrogen atom —_b. Oxygen atom 52 Scanned with CamScannerMot ero ence pBit + different from the atoms er clement. For example, of any the f oxygen are different from i nitrogen. But all atoms. are chemically identical and ygen are chemically clement a of oxygen all atoms of nitro; identical. COMPOUNDS Flements combine in different ways to rm pure substal ; om d is. q substance that is_ Ag Ao or more elements formed I : d combine chemically in a ‘ed ratio. Water, common salt and carbon dioxide are some examples of compounds. Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. Common salt (sodium chloride) is made of sodium and chlorine. Carbon dioxide is made of carbon and oxygen. MOLECULES Some atoms can exist alone but others can exist only in groups. A molecule igthe smallest part element or gompound that can exist by itself. Therefore, a molecule may contain one or i haeenneres = 0 more atoms, which may be Bein gohan d mae “ment contains similar atoms, whereas Lo inces called compounds} 33 Ce Hien e sms are so small that they can be seen only with the help of copes. To get an idea of how small an atom is tus take gold chain, This chain cima 574,430,000,000, 1000.00 a molecule of a compound contains dissimilar atoms. Examples of Molecules ° A molecule of nitrogen has two atoms of nitrogen. * A molecule of phosphorus has four atoms of phosphorus. ¢ A molecule of water has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. ¢ A molecule of common salt has one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine. ° A molecule of carbon dioxide has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. oxygen» carbon oxygen pars te: Scanned with CamScannerCROPERTIES O| COMPOUNDS Composition A aghihe composition of : : a specific is fixed irrespectice peste compound amen of how and where it a CJA molecule of water will always © (Wo atoms of hydrogen and one ator x i ive of atom of oxygen, irrespective of where it is collected, Separation (A compound cannot be broken down to its constituent elements by physical methods of separation] 41@) chemical methods. For example, water cannot be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by sieving or filtration, but it can be broken down by passing electricity through it. Properties different from Constituent Elements properties of compounds are different from the properti¢9 of their constituent elements. For example, hydrogen is an explosive gas and oxygen is a gas that helps in combustion. But water, the compound formed by the combination of hydrogen and oxygen, is a liquid that helps extinguish fires. Carbon is a black, tasteless solid; and hydrogen and oxygen are gases. Yet, sugar, a compound formed out of these elements, is a sweet, white solid. 8 We have learnt about mig Mes 6. Ina mixtur &: 10 OF more gin Cl are mixed together j he r N any rats different substances in Yaa MIXTURES aoa called the components of yow’te, 2 the components of a mixtyes iy ™ their properties in the mixture : ‘The air that we breathe is 4 fa gases like oxygen, nitrogen ang wl, dioxide. The tap water that we wl mixture with several min, i eral in it * dis v CHEMICALSYMBOIs st al “symbols short form of abbrevag t can be used to represent an element an atom of an element. In this system, every element is represented by a single letter or a combination of two letters derived from its name. For example, carbonis represented by a C, hydrogen by antl and oxygen by an O. { When the names of two or more elements start wil first two letters a differing lette1 For example, Ca while cobalt Similarly, Ar st arsenic and At Scanned with CamScannerical FORMULAE ‘This differs from element to clement, HEM presents one atom ofan Elements combine in fixed ratios a symbol emul represents one (based on their valencies) to form ahem nent or a compound, compounds. is “I jeof ane scqhformula ofa compound Some elements like helium and neon nic ¢ ich elements have combined hhave a valency of 0, Wreserelententedeys? Is us sound. ‘not combine with any other eer te an the compound ' oe ccanroccur as singleatom Js us the number of atoms of tel 7 @ [also each element P of the compoun’ resent in one molecule Some elements have variable valencies For example, carbon’has two valencies, An atom of carbon can dombine with one atom of oxygen to form carbon f valency monoxide or with two atoms of oxygen asain to form carbon dioxide. Cobalt Neon Nickel eae gon Fluorine lace Helium He Nitrogen e H Oxygen Hydrogen Todine T | Phosphorus Calum | Ca Lithium li Silicon Carbon | C —_| Magnesium Manganese Chone | Cl ~The symbols of some elements are derived from their names in ot Latin Fr example, coppers represented by Cu (cuprum) gold lence Fe(ferrum) lead by Pb (plumbum), mercury by Hg (hydrarg DIT ptsumby (atm) andsiver bya ergentarh Scanned with CamScannerSS Calcium Chlorine Sulphur Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Iodine 1 Tron Nitrogen Aluminium The atomicity and chemical formulae ofa few elements are given in Table 6.3. Bromine Chlorine Fluorine 3 Atomicity of a Compound ‘A molecule of a compound is made up of atoms of different elements in fixed ratio. The chemical formula of, compound is represented by the syn, of its constituent elements, with each symbol followed by the number of g of that element present in the molecy, as a subscript. We can sec from Table 6.2 that the valency (combining power) of hydro (H) is 1 but the valency of oxygen (0) is 2. This is why one atom of oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen, form a molecule of water (HO). Let us now take the example of sodiug chloride (common salt). Both sodium and chlorine have a valency of 1. So, one atom of sodium (Na) combines ni, one atom of chlorine (Cl) to form one molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl). (When only one atom of an element is present in a compound, the number‘ is omitted and not written in subscript) ‘There are some groups of atoms which tend to stay together. Hydroxide, carbonate, sulphate and nitrate are sonyydroxide nitrate icarbonate carbonate sulphate e groups have their own e with other atoms. _ Thes xa 4d combin k down during valencies i do not brea most chemical reactions. AL REACTION that new substances shemical change. CHEMIC: “We have learnt are formed in ac heal eatin are called products. reactants > products Copper sulphate reacts with iron to form iton sulphate and copper. This reaction can be written as: H, +0, Compare the number of atoms of each element on left- and right-hand sides of the equation. You can see that there are 2 atoms of hydrogen on either side. But there is only 1 atom of oxygen on the left-hand side, while there are 2 atoms of oxygen on the right-hand side. So, the equation is not balanced. In order to balance the equation, multiply the left-hand side by 2. 2H,0 + H, +0, dh inegar, baking soda, matchsticks, watch glass h of baking soda, You will observe ty dish. What do you a, % extinguished, The vinegar Carbon dioxide is produced with a, so the flame is extinguished, Now there are 2 atoms of oxygen op either side. But there are 4 hydrogen atoms on the left against 2 hydrogen atoms on the right. In order to balance the number of hydrogen atoms on both sides, multp, the hydrogen molecule by 2 on the right-hand side. ° 2H,0 > 2H, + 0, Now, there are 4 atoms of hydrogen on either side, Similarly, there are 2 atoms of oxygen on either side. This is the balanced equation. Here are some more examples of chemical equations. Notice that they ar balanced. : Example 1 Formation of sodium chloride sodium + chlorine ~> sodium chloride 2Na + Cl, 2NaCl Example 2 Reaction of iron and copper sulj iron + copper sulphate — copper +i Fe + CuSO, Cu + FeSt Scanned with CamScannerspoieo Bac p ie OO 50 gavin the blanks ih ‘ne smallest price ofan element that retains the properties of that element i # * called alan a 2. the properties ofCoMPoubfnre very different from the properties of their 7 constituent elements ‘ © g.etements combine in fixed ratios based on their’ to form compounds, a. The substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction are called 5A chemical equation is balanced if the number of lV’ of eachulbynxt is equal on both sides of the equation. | ‘D US water, water is the liquid form and steam CHANGES AROUND 0S is the gaseous form, Therefore, these hanges 0CcUF around us all the time. changes are physical changes. Changer into water water freezes InN. other examples of physical changes Ice me issolves in milk, milk sets to we: ice, ea an inflated balloon changes a form ¢ re itis squeezed, and wax (# Melting of butter shape nit is heated. ‘Tearing of paper melts when it : You have learnt that all changes can be (®) Breaking of glass) broaly classified a physical or chemical) pissolution of sugar in water ot the Fi changes based 2s lon eraaew ‘© Evaporation of seawater Its in ba wal compound Condensation of water vapour substance - Characteristics of Physical PHYSICAL CHANGES Changes ‘properties of a substance and where no olde} A 3.0 When water changes to steam on heating or to ice on cooling, no new Substances are formed. Ice, water and Steam are different only in their physical Properties—ice is the solid form of Scanned with CamScanner[rts What kind of change is involved when a sheet of paper is shredded? It is a physical change since no new substance is formed but it is not possible to get back the sheet of paper by any simple method. Therefore, it is an irreversible physical change. Crystallisation Crystals are the purest form of a solid substance. They have a definite geometric shape. estas is the process of stpafing a solid from its S257) Aim: To observe physical and chemical changes Materials required: candle, matchsticks, piece of cardboard solution as crystals It is an example of a physical change ang , used to get pure crystals of certajy substances. For example, we get Sal by the evaporation of sea water, By the salt that we get is not pure, So crystallisation is used to get pure crystals of salt. Pure crystals OF othe, substances can also be obtained through this method. Crystals are formed naturally but can also be made artificially by crystallisation. First a solute is disso} in a solvent till the solution becomes saturated.! The solvent is allowed to evaporate to get large crystals of the solute. (Crystallisation is commonly used in industries to form the crystals of substances like sugar, common salt, ure alum and copper sulphate from their respective solutions) M68 Understanding a 1 Method: Place a candle on a piece of cardboard and light it with a match. What happens to the wax? Hold a piece of cardboard about 5 cm above the candle flame for about 30 seconds. What do you observe on the cardboard? Blow out the candle. - "Observations and conclusions: You will see that some wax melts near the flame. This molten Wax solidifies back to solid wax when the candle is blown out. This change in the wax is thus @ | physical change. You will see black soot deposited on the cardboard. When wax is burned, soot is is a chemical change. The burning of wax also results in the formation of smoke ai dioxide. "saturated — containing as much di Scanned with CamScanner; Fig, 6.3 Salt crystals obtaining common salt from seawater CHI EMICAL CHANGES Charges that isa the formation ges){The burning of paper, Curdling of milk, cooking of food, You know that seawater contains salt; that is why it tastes salty. Common salt ig recovered from seawater by evaporation and crystallisation. Seawater is usually stored in huge shallow ponds and left digestion of food in the body and there for the water to evaporate naturally. photosynthesis in plants are ‘The salt is left behind as impure crystals sim examples of chemical changes and purified by crystallisation before it is Chemical changes are poet *&8) distributed for use. irreversible, AS “im: To make alum crystals from alum solution ia | Materials required: beaker, water, alum Powder, Bunsen burner, thread, glass rod, tripod EID stand, Petri dish Method {Take 200 mi of water in a beaker, add alum powder and prepare the solution by sing the contents of the beaker until most of the alum dissolves and some is left undissolved. | 2. Heat the solution over a Bunsen burner. Mix till the undissolved alum has also dissolved. _ Understanding ga 3 Stop heating the solution and let it cool. As the solution cools, it becomes supersaturated and clum crystals start forming in the beaker. } 4. Careully pick out one crystal of alum and place it on a Petri dish, Tie one end of a piece of thread around the alum crystal at one end carefully, | 8. Heat the alum solution again and dissolve all the alum. & Tie the thread with the crystal at one end to a pencil or a glass rod. 1.Pace the rod over the beaker with the suspended crystal in the solution, undisturbed for a few days, Observations and conclusions: The small alum crystal suspended in the solu which a larger crystal is formed. You can also make crystals of other substal __ {Peer sulphate using the same method, a Scanned with CamScannerCharacteri: Changes ics of Chemical Certain characte indicate the occurrence of a chemical change. G there may be a change in colour * Evolution of a gas or effervescence may be observed. + A precipitate? may be formed. YA) * Heat may be given out or absorbed. Let us learn about some examples of chemical changes. Rusting of Iron Have you seen what happens to iron objects that have been left out in the open for-a few days or weeks? An orange-brown material called rust is formed on the surface of the iron objects. [Rast is actually iron oxide formed by the reaction of iron with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of moisture. The rusting of iron is, therefore, a chemical change”) Af A710 Fig. 6.5 Rusting of iron “precipitate a solid substance that is formed from a liquid Prevention of rusting Rusting can be prevented by, ating iron surface with oil, irease BP Fain ayer prevents iron from coming in ¢ with air and moisture. However, rusting take place if there is a crack in the coay Another method of preventing rustip, is to coat the iron with another meta, such as zine or chromium. The procey depositing a layer of zinc on iron is cay galvanisation. The iron water pipes » which are used to supply water to ho, © are galvanised to prevent rusting, Browning of Fruits Have you seen what happens to a slice of apple if itis left exposed to the air fy some time? It becomes brown in coloy, ‘This browning of the slice of apple is due | toa substance in the apple that reacts wig, | the oxygen in the air to forma brown. | coloured substance. This is a reaction thi is similar to the rusting of iron. Other fruits and vegetables like pears, peaches, brinjal and potatoes also 62 Scanned with CamScanner“sp obsgrve the rusting of iron ine required: iron nail oF any object made of Iron eave an iron object, such as an iron nail in a moist place for two or three days 4 e ‘conclusions: You will observe the formation of an orange or brown powdery | seston eee ‘object. This is called rust. nce \ bserve whether air (oxygen) and water are required for the rusting of iron ig required: conical ask, stopper, spirit lamp, stand, beaker, muslin cloth, iron nails oetsmmon iron pins, water oe % | ask almost completely with water, up to about three cm from the top. fia conic! é ' ; it with the sprit lamp. Let the water boil for one or two minutes so that the air dissolved in the water iS expelled. ron nails into the flask. Put the stopper is airtight. muslin cloth water | half of the it 5 rae ask, making sure that rest of the nails on a muslin cloth. Secure knot and wet the cloth. Dip the other end of ter so that the cloth remains wet. | tewe te setup for one or two days making sure that | 4 Place the them ina the cloth in wa the coth does not become dry. | gctnspect the nals inside the flask and those inside the Fig. 6.7 Rusting of iron nails, | Toit cloth. Record your observations. sand conclusions: You will observe that the nails inside the flask do not rust, whereas tresein the moist cloth do, This shows that the rusting of iron requires both air (oxygen) and water. : 4 fusing is @ chemical reaction between iron and oxygen that occurs in the presence Sfaier= iron + oxygen — iron oxide . 4Fe + 30, + 2Fe,0, The reaction cannot take place when there is no oxygen, and therefo conical flask do not rust as the water has been rid of dissolved oxys tL exhibit browning when the cut surfaces ate exposed to air. The browning of cut fruits can be prevented by rubbing aa ce Juice on the cut surfaces or by coloured ae the cut fruits under water to when i ‘ent contact with oxygen. solution: \ 63 yFerio, md — Scanned with CamScannerUnderstanding + Aim: To study the reaction of iron with copper sulphate 4 LYS Materials required: copper sulphate, water, glass rod, iron nails, sandpaper, test tube 6.6 2 Method / 4. Take about 100 mi water in a test tube and add some copper suphate tol. DissoWve the sap by stirring the solution with a glass rod. Observe the colour of the solution. 2. Clean the iron nails thoroughly with sandpaper. Record their colour. 3. Now, drop the iron nails in the copper sulphate solution and leave them undisturbed over : ih, 4, Take the iron nails out the next day and observe the colouir of the iron nails and the soiy on, Observations and conclusions: ‘opper from, __ the copper sulphate solution is deposited on the iron nails and gives the n¢ reddis run colour. Some iron from the iron nails reacts with copper sulphate in the solution and forms q new substance, iron sulphate, whichis green in colour. Since this change involves the formation of new substances, itis a chemical change. Looking Back Choose the correct option and fil in the blanks. {physical chemical, reversible, irreversible, evaporation, crystalisation] ° oo * 4, Melting of wax is a change. 2. Rusting of iron isan ___change. 3.Ina_____ change, no new substance is formed, 4, Shredding of paper is aan ___ change, 5. Burning of paper isa ___change. 6. Common salt is recovered from seawater bi _followed by ASSSSS) ark vit you have understood the ‘concept. Yourself) ‘8 An element is a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical methods. ‘S The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element is the atom, ‘SA compound is a substance that is formed wh combine chemically in a fixed ratio, ‘SA molecule is the smallest particle of an eler exist by itself. 8 A chemical symbol is used to denote an elem used to denote a molecule. 64 Scanned with CamScannershe number" of a c a achemic se substances te substances remical €4 fe viae and symbols t affect on! nis the process of tallsatio ie # deposition of a layer ess 0} jple choice questions t option. mallest particle of 8 compound that re is the b) molecule d) mixture |, Thes! canexist in natu! element 2. Which of thes compounds? 2) The composition of @P: compound remains fixed. b) Compounds cannot be separated into their constituent elements by physical methods. Compounds can be separated into their constituent elements by chemical methods. eis not true about articular jtoms in a molecule of an element is called its atomicity, 1 change or reaction is a process in which new substances are formed. that undergo a chemical reaction are called reactants. ’ that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction are called na pemembering/Understanding/Applying | oducts: uation is the representation of a chemical reaction through chemical { 'd are called physical changes. ¥ separating a solid from its solution as crystals. 1 of zinc on iron is called galvanisation. ly the physical properties of a substance and where no new \ 3, The chemical symbol for arsenic is —— £e b)Ar OS d)An aA 4, The valency of helium and calcium are __ respectively. a)Oand1 b) 1 ando )land2 d)0and 2. 5, ‘Sulphate’ is a/an ——— a) element b) molecule d) compound 6. Which of the following does a chemical equation not do? a) It lists all the reactants, Scanned with CamScanner7. Whichof theseisa chemical change? a) the dissolution of sugar in water b) water freezing to ice ¢) the melting of wax 8. Theburning of waxis an example pfa/an change. (i) reversible ii) physical (iii) irreversible (iv) chemical a) (i)and (ii) b) (ii) and (ili) “Oi and Gv) 4) and (iv) 9. Rusting is the change of. a) iron oxide to iron b) oxygen to carbon dioxide 4) carbon dioxide to oxygen 10, The browning of the cut surfaces of fruits is similar to. b) condensation d) crystallisation a) evaporation | Forpeerassessment ) Objective-type questions B, Fillin the blanks. 1. Thereare HI _ elements known tillnow. 2. Common salt is made of Jeduuuiand 3. The properties of compounds are different from the properties of their constituent 4. Melting of waxisa/an Phyedthange. 5. The process that takes place when a supersaturated solution of urea is cooled to get the solute is called 6. Iron nails dipped ina solution of copper sulphate acquire a reddish-brown copper colour. This is an example of a change. SAMAK UB wa see 7. ‘The chemical formula of calclum cary | Is : 8, CuSO, Is the chemical formula for C. Say whether the statement: or false, | T 1. Anelementismade ofonlyone kinds, | at T 2. Carbon dioxide is made of carbon ang) oxygen. | T 3, Amixtureisa substance that has tig, | more elements in a fixed ratio, T 4, The components of a mixture retain the) properties in the mixture, y T 5, Asymbolcan be used torepresentan | element or an atom of an element, T 6 Thenumber of atoms in a molecule ofa element is called its formula. 7. Anequation is balanced to make surety the number of atoms of each element same on both sides ofthe equation, 8. Rusting isa physical change, 9. Aphysical change can be reversible or irreversible. 10. Crystallisation is an irreversible change, Short answer questions D. Answer in brief. 1, Whatis an element? 2. Define an atom and a molecule. 3, What is the formula of nitric acid? Namette atoms present in one molecule of nitric add ‘Compound A reacts with ee a ‘compound B to form: kind of change does t 5. What compounds do represent? H,0, CO, 6. Whatis crystallisation Scanned with CamScannerethechemical ‘equation in words, 1. wit en using ‘chemical formulae, for the and rearchange that ‘occurs when iron nails er ped in copper sulphate solution, are" anbrowning ofthe cut surfaces of tom isd vegetables be prevented? so in wth he ep of examples the ; ‘erence petween an atom and a molecule. ist three main properties of all compounds. ayebatancea equations for the following chernical reaction cau #0196" > calcium oxide 0 ajuminium + chlorine > aluminium chloride 6 A lori ws 2, His! Ho 1, Aniron gate has to be paint pajivlives in JOdMPUr sex which of these fiends W cut an apple into sm Sf this it Skills © her-order Thinking 3, Talssistet all pie what willbe the result 0 Molenles, Life Skills’ © Adarkorblack layer forms on silver kinds of iver articles at home using simp Takea large vessel in which all the inthe one teaspoon of baking soda and torn al andthe silver items. Letit boil for five minute along ladle and wash with a dishwashing liqui required, Ved P wnt a HV Bed PF | Vaemedt ther 3Eq. Hyg) acity in the desert area o ill experience great ces and put them in water to stop them from browning. ith regard to the nutrients in the apple? - 2: AQusaye Greet Sidelerdacty Ka articles when they are left outin le materials. silver items fit. Fill it with enough juminium foil (reuse t 5. Switch off the stove. Te id and a scrub. You can Define. Define» hse ange an aractetistics. Give thre a Physical changes. ammlesof ~ Des j ese an eretnent Be et erst ‘ Defin. Defoe a hea change andi leristics. Give th les thea aan three examples of What is rus ting of rea iting ofton How canitbe Des a aN experiment to prove that fet and air are needed for rustn: occur, “° Explain with an experiment what happens when iron nails are dropped into a solution of copper sulphate, ah ~~ = AL Ata. cog. Lnaldeat foPcticle pron demart “ure, ¥ I apple trOdramiva, ard risnonaty uy MOR ted regularly; if not, it may start rusting. Why? wddthid naysayy pape f Rajasthan. Raj lives in coat the {ter problems with rusting of iron articles? Amnadtast hori cy the open. Learn how toclean these Scanned with CamScannerL. Research project Have you seen how the pages of old books (more than happened. Isit a reversible change or an irreversible ch 50 years) look? Find out what change hay ange? Is ita physical or chemical change Ul. Experimental project Selecta day of your choice. Observe some changes around you for an rw Record a fess 10changt Specify the cause and effect of each change, and classify the changes * Irreversible, physical and chemical changes. Nl. Model making | Noo Make models of molecules of different elements (oxygen, nitrogen and so on) and compounds (a dioxide, water copper sulphate and so on) using smal plastic balls or table ae balls to represeng atoms of elements. Colour the balls representing a particular element in a particular colour IV, Meet and discuss flea ehen atch ‘Analg Form groups of four and classify the following changes as physical and chemical changes. Seaiaiiiat —— Popping of popcorn Formation of brass—an alloy of copper and zinc “Making compost in a compost pi Boiling an egg Marie Curie Marie Curie, a Polish scientist, is one of the most famous women scientists in the world. She and her husband, Pierre Curie, discovered an element in 1898 which they named ‘Polonium’ after her birth country. They also discovered ‘Radium’ a few months later. »» She won.the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 (with her husband) and the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only woman to win in two different subjects. o_o necce Internet Links) © © http://www.chemkids comifiles/matter_chemphyshtm! http/wwewquia.com/quiz/303960 htm! Scanned with CamScanner