CHAPTER 10

Sum, Difference,
and Product Formulas
10.1 Products of Sines and Cosines
sin a cos b 5 12[sin(a 1 b) 1 sin(a 2 b)]

cos a sin b 5 12[sin(a 1 b) 2 sin(a 2 b)]

cos a cos b 5 12[cos(a 1 b) 1 cos(a 2 b)]

sin a sin b 5 212[cos(a 1 b) 2 cos(a 2 b)]

For proofs of these formulas, see Prob. 10.1.

10.2 Sum and Difference of Sines and Cosines

sin A 1 sin B 5 2 sin 12(A 1 B) cos 12(A 2 B)

sin A 2 sin B 5 2 cos 12(A 1 B) sin 12(A 2 B)

cos A 1 cos B 5 2 cos 12(A 1 B) cos 12(A 2 B)

cos A 2 cos B 5 22 sin 12(A 1 B) sin 12(A 2 B)

For proofs of these formulas, see Prob. 10.2.

Solved Problems

10.1 Derive the product formulas.

Since sin(a 1 b) 1 sin(a 2 b) 5 (sin a cos b 1 cos a cos b) 1 (sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b)
5 2 sin a cos b
sin a cos b 5 12[sin (a 1 b) 1 sin (a 2 b)]
Since sin(a 1 b) 2 sin(a 2 b) 5 2 cos a sin b,
cos a sin b 5 12[sin (a 1 b) 2 sin (a 2 b)]
Since cos(a 1 b) 1 cos(a 2 b) 5 (cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b) 1 (cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b)
5 2 cos a cos b
cos a cos b 5 12[cos (a 1 b) 1 cos (a 2 b)]

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 CHAPTER 10 Sum, Difference, and Product Formulas 107

Since cos(a 1 b) 2 cos(a 2 b) 5 22 sin a sin b

sin a sin b 5 212[cos(a 1 b) 2 cos(a 2 b)]

10.2 Derive the sum and difference formulas.

Let a 1 b 5 A and a 2 b 5 B so that a 5 12(A 1 B) and b 5 12(A 2 B). Then (see Prob. 10.1)

sin(a 1 b) 1 sin(a 2 b) 5 2 sin a cos b becomes sin A 1 sin B 5 2 sin 12(A 1 B) cos 12(A 2 B)
sin(a 1 b) 2 sin(a 2 b) 5 2 cos a sin b becomes sin A 2 sin B 5 2 cos 12(A 1 B) sin 12(A 2 B)
cos(a 1 b) 1 cos(a 2 b) 5 2 cos a cos b becomes cos A 1 cos B 5 2 cos 12(A 1 B) cos 12(A 2 B)
cos(a 1 b) 2 cos(a 2 b) 5 22 sin a cos b becomes cos A 2 cos B 5 22 sin 12(A 1 B) sin 12(A 2 B)

10.3 Express each of the following as a sum or difference.

(a) sin 408 cos 308,  (b) cos 1108 sin 558,  (c) cos 508 cos 358,  (d) sin 558 sin 408

(a) sin 408 cos 308 5 12[sin (408 1 308) 1 sin(408 2 308)] 5 12(sin 708 1 sin 108)
(b) cos 1108 sin 558 5 12[sin (1108 1 558) 2 sin(1108 2 558)] 5 12(sin 1658 2 sin 558)
(c) cos 508 cos 358 5 12[cos (508 1 358) 1 cos(508 2 358)] 5 12(cos 858 1 cos 158)
(d) sin 558 sin 408 5 2 12[cos (558 1 408) 2 cos(558 2 408)] 5 212(cos 958 2 cos 158)

10.4 Express each of the following as a product.

(a) sin 5081 sin 408, (b) sin 7082 sin 208, (c) cos 5581 cos 258, (d) cos 3582 cos 758

(a) sin 508 1 sin 408 5 2 sin 12(508 1 408) cos 12(508 2 408) 5 2 sin 458 cos 58
(b) sin 708 2 sin 208 5 2 cos 12(708 1 208) sin 12(708 2 208) 5 2 cos 458 sin 258
(c) cos 558 1 cos 258 5 2 cos 12(558 1 258) cos 12(558 2 258) 5 2 cos 408 cos 158
(d) cos 358 2 cos 758 5 22 sin 12(358 1 758) sin 12(358 2 758) 5 22 sin 558 sin (2208)
5 2 sin 558sin 208

sin 4A 1 sin 2A
10.5 Prove 5 tan 3A.
cos 4A 1 cos 2A

sin 4A 1 sin 2A 2 sin 12 (4A 1 2A) cos 12 (4A 2 2A) sin 3A

5 5 5 tan 3A
cos 4A 1 cos 2A 2 cos 1 (4A 1 2A) cos 1 (4A 2 2A) cos 3A
2 2

1
sin A 2 sin B tan 2 (A 2 B)
10.6 Prove 5 .
sin A 1 sin B tan 12 (A 1 B)
1 1
sin A 2 sin B 2 cos 2 (A 1 B) sin 2 (A 2 B) 1 1
tan 12 (A 2 B)
5 5 cot 2 (A 1 B) tan 2 (A 2 B) 5
sin A 1 sin B 2 sin 12 (A 1 B) cos 12 (A 2 B) tan 12 (A 1 B)
1
10.7 Prove cos3 x sin2 x 5 16 (2 cos x 2 cos 3x 2 cos 5x).
cos3 x sin2 x 5 (sin x cos x)2 cos x 5 14 sin2 2x cos x 5 14(sin 2x)(sin 2x cos x)

5 14(sin 2x) [12(sin 3x 1 sin x)] 5 18(sin 3x sin 2x 1 sin 2x sin x)

5 18{212(cos 5x 2 cos x) 1 [212(cos 3x 2 cos x)]}

1
5 16 (2 cos x 2 cos 3x 2 cos 5x)

10.8 Prove 1 1 cos 2x 1 cos 4x 1 cos 6x 5 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x.

1 1 (cos 2x 1 cos 4x) 1 cos 6x 5 1 1 2 cos 3x cos x 1 cos 6x 5 (1 1 cos 6x) 1 2 cos 3x cos x
5 2 cos2 3x 1 2 cos 3x cos x 5 2 cos 3x(cos 3x 1 cos x)
5 2 cos 3x(2 cos 2x cos x) 5 4 cos x cos 2x cos 3x

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 108 CHAPTER 10 Sum, Difference, and Product Formulas

10.9 Transform 4 cos x 1 3 sin x into the form c cos(x 2 a).

Since c cos(x 2 a) 5 c(cos x cos a 1 sin x sin a), set c cos a 5 4 and c sin a 5 3.
Then cos a 5 4/c and sin a 5 3/c. Since sin2 a 1 cos2 a 5 1, c 5 5 and 25.
Using c 5 5, cos a 5 4/5, sin a 5 3/5, and a 5 0.6435 rad. Thus,
4 cos x 1 3 sin x 5 5 cos(x 2 0.6435).
Using c 5 25, a 5 3.7851 rad and

4 cos x 1 3 sin x 5 25 cos(x 2 3.7851)

10.10 Find the maximum and minimum values of 4 cos x 1 3 sin x on the interval 0 % x % 2p.
From Prob. 10.9, 4 cos x 1 3 sin x 5 5 cos(x 2 0.6435).
On the prescribed interval, cos u attains its maximum value 1 when u 5 0 and its minimum value 21 when
u 5 p. Thus, the maximum value of 4 cos x 1 3 sin x is 5, which occurs when x 2 0.6435 5 0 or when
x 5 0.6435, while the minimum value is 25, which occurs when x 2 0.6435 5 p or when x 5 3.7851.

Supplementary Problems

10.11 Express each of the following products as a sum or difference of sines or cosines.

(a) sin 358 cos 2585 12(sin 6081 sin 108)

(b) sin 258 cos 7585 12(sin 10082 sin 508)

(c) cos 508 cos 7085 12(cos 12081 cos 208)

(d) sin 1308 sin 5585 212(cos 18582 cos 758)

(e) sin 4x cos 2x 5 12(sin 6x 1 sin 2x)

(f) sin x/2 cos 3x/2 5 12(sin 2x 2 sin x)

(g) cos 7x cos 4x 5 12(cos 11x 1 cos 3x)

(h) sin 5x sin 4x 5 212(cos 9x 2 cos x)

10.12 Show that

Ï3 1 1 Ï6 1 Ï2
(a) 2 sin 458 cos 158 5 and cos 158 5
2 4

Ï3 1 Ï2
(b) 2 sin 82 128 cos 37 128 5
2

Ï3 1 Ï2
(c) 2 sin 127 128 sin 97 128 5
2

10.13 Express each of the following as a product.

(a) sin 508 1 sin 208 5 2 sin 358 cos 158

(b) sin 758 2 sin 358 5 2 cos 558 sin 208
(c) cos 658 1 cos 158 5 2 cos 408 cos 258
(d) cos 808 2 cos 708 5 22 sin 758 sin 58
(e) sin 4x 1 sin 2x 5 2 sin 3x cos x
(f) sin 7 u 2 sin 3 u 5 2 cos 5 u sin 2u
(g) cos 6 u 1 cos 2 u 5 2 cos 4 u cos 2u
(h) cos 3x/2 2 cos 9x/2 5 2 sin 3x sin 3x/2

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 CHAPTER 10 Sum, Difference, and Product Formulas 109

10.14 Show that

(a) sin 4081 sin 2085 cos 108

(b) sin 10581 sin 1585 Ï6y2
(c) cos 46581 cos 16585 2Ï6y2
sin 758 2 sin 158
(d) 5 Ï3y3
cos 758 1 cos 158

10.15 Prove:

sin A 1 sin 3A
(a) 5 tan 2A
cos A 1 cos 3A
sin 2A 1 sin 4A
(b) 5 tan 3A
cos 2A 1 cos 4A
1
sin A 1 sin B tan 2 (A 1 B)
(c) 5
sin A 2 sin B tan 12(A 2 B)
cos A 1 cos B
(d) 5 2cot 12(A 2 B) cot 12(A 1 B)
cos A 2 cos B
(e) sin u 1 sin 2u 1 sin 3u 5 sin 2u 1 (sin u 1 sin 3u) 5 sin 2u(1 1 2 cos u)
(f) cos u 1 cos 2u 1 cos 3u 5 cos 2u(1 1 2 cos u)
(g) sin 2u 1 sin 4u 1 sin 6u 5 (sin 2u 1 sin 4u) 1 2 sin 3u cos 3u
5 4 cos u cos 2u sin 3u
sin 3x 1 sin 5x 1 sin 7x 1 sin 9x (sin 3x 1 sin 9x) 1 (sin 5x 1 sin 7x)
(h) 5 5 tan 6x
cos 3x 1 cos 5x 1 cos 7x 1 cos 9x (cos 3x 1 cos 9x) 1 (cos 5x 1 cos 7x)

10.16 Prove:

(a) cos 1308 1 cos 1108 1 cos 108 5 0   (b) cos 2208 1 cos 1008 1 cos 208 5 0

10.17 Prove:
1
cos2 u sin3 u 5 16 (2 sinu 1 sin 3u 2 sin 5u)

10.18 Transform (using radians):

(a) 4 cos x 1 3 sin x into the form c sin(x 1 a) Ans. 5 sin(x 1 0.9273)

(b) 4 cos x 1 3 sin x into the form c sin(x 2 a) Ans. 5 sin(x 2 5.3559)

(c) sin x 2 cos x into the form c sin(x 2 a) Ans. Ï2 sin(x 2 p/4)
(d) 5 cos 3t 1 12 sin 3t into the form c cos(3t 2 a) Ans. 13 cos(3t 2 1.1760)

10.19 Find the maximum and minimum values of each sum of Prob. 10.18 and a value of x or t between 0 and 2p at which
each occurs.
Ans. (a) Maximum 5 5, when x 5 0.6435 (i.e., when x 1 0.9273 5 p/2); minimum 5 25, when x 5 3.7851.
(b) Same as (a).
(c) Maximum 5 Ï2, when x 5 3p/4; minimum 5 2Ï2, when x 5 7p/4.
(d) Maximum 5 13, when t 5 0.3920; minimum 5 213, when t 5 1.4392.

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