Ve d i c A g e
(1500-600 BC)
E a r l y Ve d i c A g e L a t e r Ve d i c A g e
(1500-1000 BC) (1000-600 BC)
P a s to r a l
Communi ty
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F i rs t t o b e C o m p i l e d
R i g Ve d a
S t a r t s w i t h l i n e “ A g n i m i l e P u ro h i t a m ”
Ba l Gan gad har Tilak
Compiled B ook: The Arctic Home in the
vedas
S aid All In dian s were Ar yan s
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B o g h a z ko i I n s c r i p t i o n ( Tu r ke y )
Mentioned Names such as
I n d r a , Va r u n a e t c .
भ्रा ता - B r o t h e r
स प्त - S e v e n
अं द र - U n d e r
S imila r S ou nd ing wo rds
L i n g u i st i c B a s i s
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Ve d a s : O l d e s t Te x t ( C o m p i l e d d u r i n g Z e h d a Av e s t a ( I r a n
) )
Mea ning : - Kno wled ge
T hey were Orall y Pas sed ( S hru ti) one g enerati on to
another
A pauras heya : - No t created by man b ut gif ted by God
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Subdivision
s
Samhita B ra h m a n s Aryankas Upnishads
Colle ct io n of Sacrifices Hermits B h a kt i
Hymns (Sukta) & ( Live in Jun gle s
Rituals )
Pa r a : Ve rs u s
A l s o K n o w n a s “ Ve d a n t a ”
1 0 8 U p n i s h a d s ( Tr a d i t i o n a l )
M ain : 10
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R i g Ve d a
• Made up of 10 Mandalas
• Oldest and largest Collection of Sanskrit Hymns
• To t a l : 1 0 2 8 H y m n s
• Ve r s e s : 1 0 , 6 0 0
• Hymns rec i te d by Hot ri
• D e i t i e s : I n d ra , A g n i , V i s h n u , Va r u n a
• G a y a t r i M a n t r a : B y S a g e V i s h w a m i t ra ( M e n t i o n e d i n 3 r d
Mandala)
• 2-7 mandal a: Made Fi rst, Late r: 1st , 9th and 10 th.
• 10th Mandala mentioned Puru sh a Sukta
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Purusha Sukta
(Mentioned in 10th Mandala)
Mouth Feet
( B r ah m a n s ) ( S h u d ra )
Arms Thighs
( K s h a t r i ya ) ( Va i s h ya )
9th Mandala mentions: Lord Soma
(Lo rd o f Pla ne ts)
S om ras ( En ergy D rin k )
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S a m a Ve d a
• Oldest Book On Music
• Consist of Chanting Melodies
2 Upanishads
Chandogya Kena
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Ya j u r Ve d a
C o l l e c t i o n O f M a n t ra s ( R i t u a l s & S a c r i f i c e s )
Divided in 2 Sections
Shukla Krishna
Contains Sathapatha (Black)
Bra hmana .
L a r ge s t ( W h i t e )
Im por tant Upanis hads
1 . B r i h a d a r a ny a k a ( O l d e s t U p n i s h a d )
2 . Ka t h a ( S t o r y o f N a c h i ke ta & Ya m a )
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At h a r va Ve d a
Ve d a o f M a g i c Fo r m u l a e t o wa r d o f f e v i l s p i r i t s & D i s e a s e s
Divided into 20 Khandas
I m p o r ta n t U p a n i s h a d s
1 . Ma ndu ka Upa ni sh ad : S aty m eva Jayate i s taken from here
2 . M a h a U p a n i s h a d : Va s u d h a i v a K u t u m b k a m ( w h o l e w o r l d i s
fami ly) taken from Chapte r 6 of M aha U pani shad and is al so in
R i g Ve d a
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School Of Philosophy
( B e l i e v e i n Ve d a s )
1. S a m a k hy a : K a p i l a
2. N ya ya : G a u ta m ( S c i e n t i f i c A p p r o a c h )
3. Va i s h e s h i k a : K a n n a d a ( M e ta p h y s i c s )
4. Yo ga : Pa t a n j a l i
5. U t t a r M i m a n s a ( Ve d a n ta ) : B a d ra y a n a
P hi l o s o p h i c a l Tea c h i n g s o f U p a n i s h a d s
6 . P u r va M im a n s a : J a m i n i
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Ve d a n g a s : To o l s t o U n d e r s ta n d Ve d a s
To t a l 6 Ve d a n g a s a r e :
1. Siksha : Study of Phonetics
2. K a l p a : S t u d y o f P ra c t i c e s
3. V y a n k a r a n : S t u d y o f G ra m m a r
4. Nirukta : Study of Etymology
5. Jyoti : Study of Light
6. Chha nda : Stu dy of Poetic Matters
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E a r l y Ve d i c A g e : R i g Ve d a
Himvanta M unjavat
(H im a laya ) (Hindu Kush)
Sapt Sindhu:
River : Old Name
Indus : Sindhu
J h e l u m : V i t a st a
Chenab : Askini
R av i : P u r u s h i n i
Beas : Bipasha
Sutlej : Shutudri
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S o c i e t y : 4 Va r n a s
Not H e re di tary Bas e d O n Profe ss ion
No Ch ild M arriage
W i d o w Re m a r r i a g e Niyo ga ( A llo wed )
Pa t r i a r c h a l S o c i e t y H o w e v e r, T h e C o n d i t i o n o f
Wo m e n w a s g o o d
C o w ( A g h a ny a )
C o w w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s “ We a l t h D e c i d e r ”
G avi sht hi : Ba ttle o f C o ws
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C o w s d u r i n g R i g Ve d i c Pe r i o d
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Polity
Elective Monarchy ( Hereditary)
1.Sabha : Community of few Privileged
2.Samiti : Community of common people
3.Vidhata : For Religious Purpose
Rashtra
Ranking Of Officials
Jana
Purohit : Priest
Visa
Senani : Army Chief
Gramani : Village Head Grama
K ul a
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Reli gion
They Worshipped Nature
Indra, Prithvi, Agni, Soma, Vayu
Intermediary Between human and God
Purandara ; Destroyer of Forts ( Lord of Plough )
Rudra : God of Animals
Aditi : Mother of Gods
Savitri : Gayatri Mantra Dedicated to her
No animals were Worshipped
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Pottery
Orche Coloured Pottery
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L a t e r Ve d i c Pe r i o d : 1 0 0 0 B C - 6 0 0 B C
Other 3 Vedas were Compiled
Ganga Yamuna Doab
Aryans Expended from Punjab to Western Uttar Pradesh
Upper Portion: Kuru
Middle Part : Panchal
] Hastinapur
Kuru Tribe : 2 Clan
Pandava
Kaurava
] Mahabharata ( 950 BC )
Compiled on : 4th Century AD ( 400 AD)
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L a t e r Ve d i c Pe r i o d : 1 0 0 0 B C - 6 0 0 B C
Towards the later Vedic Period they shifted from Doab area to eastern UP.
Expansion Possible : Iron Weapons + Horses
Krishna Ayas / Shyam Ayas
Metal
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Agriculture
• Chief means of livelihood
• King also did manual labour in field
• Vrihi: Rice
• Wooden ploughshare (Rural)
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Political Organization
Centralised
Sabha: women no longer allowed to sit in it
Dominated by Brahmins
Samiti
Vidatha
Bali: Voluntary offering to King
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S o c i e t y : Va r n a S y s t e m
• Brahmans
• Kshatriya : Trade
• Vaishya
• Sudra : Servant
• Conditions of Women Deteriorated
• Gotra ( Clan) System emerged
• Ashram
• Brahmacharya
• Grihasta
• Vanaprastha
• Sannyasa
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Marriage
Anulom Vivah : Boy’s Higher caste + Girl lower caste
Pratiloma Vivah : Gir’s higher Caste + Boy Lower Caste
8 Ty p e s o f M a r r i a g e
Brahma Vivah : Marriage with same Varna with Vedic Rituals
Gandharva Vivah: Love Marriage
Daiva Vivah: Father Donated his Daughter to Priest as Dakshina
Arsha Vivah: Token Bride Price of a cow and Bull were given
Prajapati Vivah: Marriage without Dowry
Asur Vivah: Marriage By Purchase
Rakshasa Vivah : Marriage by Abduction
Paishacha Vivah: In this Marriage, a girl who is not in her senses is forcibly Married off.
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Gods
Gods Other Gods Started Emerging
Pottery
Later Vedic Age
Grey Coloured Pottery
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One Liners
• The language of Aryans: Sanskrit
• Dharamasutras contain: norms for rulers
• As per Rig Veda or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), the river Goddess was: Sindhu
• Hymn in the form of dialogue in Rig Veda, between Sage Vishwamitra and two rivers
that were worshipped as Goddesses were: Beas and Sutlej
• 30 Rig Veda manuscripts from 1800-1500 BC included in UNESCOs Memory of the
World Register: 2007
• A person’s Vedic approach and his relationship with society are determined by four
goals in life: Artha, Moksha, Dharma, Kama
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One Liners
• According to “the Ramayana”, Ratnakar was other name of: Valmiki
• At one stage in the Vedic age, the King was called “gopati” which meant: Lord of
cattle
• Term that denotes “rituals”: Kalpa
• Sage Vyasa compiled Puranas and the Mahabharata
• Book written by Aryabhatta: Aryabhatiyam
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