Mouloud Mammeri university of Tizi-Ouzou, 2024-2025

Faculty of Sciences, L1 ( Computer Science), Section D

Exercises : Vector spaces

Exercise 1:
I) Let E be the set of all functions f : R −→ R defined by: f (x) = ax + b, where a and b
are real numbers. Suppose that E is endowed with two laws ”+” and ”.” such that:

∀f, g ∈ E, (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x),

∀λ ∈ R, ∀f ∈ E, (λf )(x) = λf (x).

Show that (E, +, .) is a vector space.

II) In R2 , we consider the two laws ”+” and ”.” given by:

∀(x, y) ∈ R2 , ∀(x′ , y ′ ) ∈ R2 , (x, y) + (x′ , y ′ ) = (x + x′ , y + y ′ ),

∀λ ∈ R, ∀(x, y) ∈ R2 , λ(x, y) = (λx, y).

Is (R2 , +, .) a vector space?

Exercise 2: Are the following sets vector spaces with the indicated operations? If not, explain
why ?
a- The set V of nonnegative real numbers ; ordinary addition and scalar multiplication.
b- The set of all polynomials of degree ≤ 3; ordinary operations in P ( the set of polynomials).
c- The set V of all functions f : R −→ R with point-wise addition and scalar multiplication
defined by (λf )(x) = f (λx).
Exercise 3: Are the following sets subspaces of F (R, R)?

E = {f ∈ F (R, R), f (0) = 1} ,

E = {f ∈ F (R, R), f continuous} .

Exercise 4: Prove that the set:

E = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ; x + y + z = 0


is a subspace of R3 .
Exercise 5: In the following cases, justify whether or not E is a subspace
of Rn (n = 3, 4 or 2):

E = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ; x + y = −z ;


E = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ; 2x + y − z = 2 ,


1
 = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ; x + y + 3z = 0 ,

E
= (x, y, z) ∈ R3 ; x + y + 3z = 2 ,

E
= (x, y, z, t) ∈ R4 ; x = y = 2z = 4t ,

E
= (x, y) ∈ R2 ; xy = 0 .

E

Exercise 6:   
1 1
2 −2 4
Let e⃗1 = 
3 and e⃗2 =  3  be two vectors of R .
  

4 −4
Determine x ∈ R and y ∈ R (whenever it is possible) so that:
 
x  
1 e⃗1 , e⃗2
1.   ∈ span
  .
y
1
 
x  
1 e⃗1 , e⃗2
2.   ∈ span
  .
1
y

Exercise 7:
Are the following families of vectors of R3 independent ?
If not, find a non trivial linear combination of these vectors:
   
  1 1
e⃗1 , e⃗2
1. with e⃗1 = 0 and e⃗2 = 2 .
1 2
     
1 1 1
e⃗1 , e⃗2 , 3⃗2
 
2. with e⃗1 = 0 , e⃗2 = 1 , e⃗3 = 1 .
    
0 0 1
     

⃗
 1 2 −1
e⃗1 , e⃗2 , 32
3. with ⃗e1 = −1 , e⃗2 = −1 , e⃗3 =
     1 .
1 3 −1

Exercise 8:
In R4 , compare the subspaces F and G given by,

2
      
1 −1 −5
0 −2 −3
F = span 1 ,  3  ,  1 
     

1 −1 5
   
−1 4
−1 1
G = span  1  , 2
   

−1  4      
2 1 3 5
Exercise 9: Let a =  3 , b = −1, c = 7, d =  0 .
−1 −2 0 −7



Let E = span a, b , F = span c, d .

Show that E=F.

Exercise 10:
Are the following families in R3 independent?
Give in each case a basis of the subspace spanned by these families
   
 2 0 
1. A =  3  , 1

0 4
 
       
 0 1 0 4 
2. B =  1  ,  2  , 2 , 6
−1 −1 1 3
 
      
 1 2 0 
3. C =  1 , −1 , −1
   
0 1 1
 

Exercise 11:      
0 α α
3    ⃗ = 0  where α ∈ R.
In R , consider the vectors ⃗u = α , ⃗v = 3 and w
 
2 5 1

1. For which values of α is the family {⃗u, ⃗v , w}

⃗ independent?
⃗ generate R3 .
2. For which values of α does the family {⃗u, ⃗v , w}
     
0 1 1
3. Deduce that   1 , 3 , 0 is a basis ofR3 and compute the coordinates of the
   
 2 5 1
x
⃗
vector j = y  in this basis.

z

3
 Exercise n12: o
Let E = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) ∈ R4 , x1 + x3 = 0 and x2 + x4 = 0 .
     
1 1 1
1 −1 0
Let u⃗1 = 
1, u⃗2 =  1 , u⃗3 = 1
    

1 −1 0
Let F = span(u⃗ 1 , u⃗2 , u⃗3 ). We admit that E is a vector space.

1. Give a basis of E and deduce its dimension.

2. Give a basis of F .

3. Give a generating family of E + F .

4. Show that E ⊕ F = R4 .