PAK302 – Pakistan Studies

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 Course Description
► The course will deal with political
background of Pakistan in its historical
perspectives throwing lights on the
country’s national movement process and
the formation of the new nation in the
subcontinent. It will also examine the
political dynamics and institutes of Pakistan
with a developmental approaches of its
political system.
 Course outline
► Learn the process of the foundation of Pakistan
► Examine the struggle for the freedom movement
► Understand the ideological, socio-political and
economic foundations of country
► Develop knowledge of foundations of Pakistan and
its political institutional framework and functional
performance
► Learn about the ups and downs Pakistan has
passed through in her search of democracy
 People in India
(A Historical Perspective)
► Ancient : Aryans( Hindu) and
Dravidians
► Medieval: Arabs, Persians, Turks,

Afghans and Mughals (Muslims)

► Modern: British (Christians)
Thus, Historical Foundations of
Pakistan should be studied through
three different stages of history:
Ancient Hindu
Medieval Muslims
Modern British
 Ancient
►Agrarian culture
►Significance of religion
►Caste-System
►Panchayat System
►Supremacy of authoritarian rule
►Significance of Region
(south/north)/Language
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 Medieval
► Urban culture
► Significance of Religion
► Sectarianism
► Supremacy of authoritarian rule
► Regional system
► Expanded administrative system
► Significance of Language
► Ideology (Islam and Hinduism)
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 Modern
►Rural-Urban culture
► Religious issue with reference to
Hinduism/ Islam
► Hindu Muslim conflict
► Expanded Bureaucratic System
► Authoritarian rule ( Division of Indian
administrative system based on
Central- Provincial-Local politics)
► Sense of political
participation-mobilization
and representation
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 Conclusion
With the study of historical foundations we come to
conclusion that Indo-Pak subcontinent became the
combination of Multi-culturalism and Socially Diversified
society. For example:

Ancient: Hindu India

Medieval: Muslim India
Modern: British Hindu-Muslim-Christian India
We closed our last lecture seeing
that the Indo-Pak subcontinent
historical basis created a multi-
cultural and socially diversified
society with strong centralism in
its governance.
• Now we enter the geographical and
socio-cultural foundations of
Pakistan
Geography and Culture
 Geography

• Geography is the study of man's natural

environment and how it influences his
social and cultural development.
• Geography with reference to
territorial boundary of a state
covers the study of following:
• Region
• Mountain
• Desert
• Sea
• Plain
• Rivers
 Regions
• Punjab
• Sindh
• Khyber Pakhtoon Khaw (Former N.W.F.P)
• Balochistan
• Kashmir (Distributed territory)
• Federally Administrative Area (FATA)
• Gilgit-Baltistan
 Mountains
• Mountainous North
• Koh-e-Safaid and Waziristan Hills
• Sulaiman and Kirthar Mountains
• Balochistan Plateau
• Potowar Plateau and the Salt Ranges
 Desert
• The Thar Desert (Sindh)
• The Cholistan Desert (Punjab)
• The Kharan Desert (Balochistan)
 Sea

Longest Coastline Of Pakistan is Balochistan

coastline which is 771 kms long while the
total length of the coastal areas of Pakistan
is about 1100 km. The coastal areas of
Pakistan are in the province of Sindh and
Balochistan. These coastal areas are on the
shore of Arabian sea and it connects Pakistan
with other countries of the world through a
sea route. Gawadar and Karachi are two
prominent ports on these coastal areas of
Pakistan.
 Plain
• The plain region of Pakistan is
largely covered by Punjab and
Sindh, where Punjab is highly
fertilized and for irrigation
purpose.
 Rivers
• Chanab River
• Indus River
• Jhelum River
• Ravi River
• Kabul River
• Sutlej River
• Thus, geography tells us that
Pakistan is rich in its geographical
foundation
• Now we take up the study of socio-
cultural foundations of Pakistan
 Culture

• Way of life based on traditions, value

systems, norms and common goal.
Pakistani culture is:

1. Multi-cultural

2. Socially diversified
 Multi-cultural
• Regions
• Languages
• Subcultures
• Castes
• Tribes
• Rural
• Urban( Metropolitan, city and towns)
• Mass
• Elite
• Religions
• Sects
 Socially Diversified
• Rich
• Poor
• Managers
• Workers
• Officers
• Subordinates
• Teachers
• Students
 Conclusion
• We come to understand that Pakistan is
a pluralistic cultural society, combined
with multi-culturalism and social
diversities which have been playing a
constructive role in political
development of the country.
Economic Foundations
 Indo-Pak Economy before 1947
1. Agriculture
2. Industrial
3. Urbanization
4. Cottage industry
5. Transportations (railways, air,
sea and river)
6. Import/Export
7. Custom duties
8. Proper Taxation System
9. Feudalism

In short, India had a sort of self

economic system with sufficient
economic life.
 Pakistan’s Economy at the time of
Independence

1. Disturbed agriculture
2. Absence of industry
3. No urbanization
4. No self sufficiency in living standard
5. Mass exodus of refugees from India
6. No proper taxation system
7. A feudal despotic society
8. Very poor economy
9. Political instability

In short, the infant Pakistan had a

complete insufficient economic life.
 Ideology

Ideology is foundation of thoughts

emerging from within the visionary
wisdom and spreading into the
socio-political environment of a
society as a forceful source of
leading the life process of the
mankind.
 Obstacle
Ideology

Agent Goal
 Ideology of Pakistan
• Teaching of the Holy Quran is
such source for Muslims that
has been taken up as ideology
of Islam.

• And Ideology of Islam is the

Ideology of Pakistan.
• Islamic Ideology is based upon two
basic teachings of the Holy Quran:

1.The Faith
2.Islam being complete code of

life.
 1. The Faith

1. Wahdat and Azmat

2. Risalat
3. Akhrat
 2. Islam being complete
code of life.

• Only religion (Islam) which

created culture otherwise
all religions are creation of
culture
• We study the ideology through
historical foundations of the
indo-Pak subcontinent being
divided into:
Hindu India
Muslim India
British India
• Basis of ideology of Pakistan
that is ideology of Islam was
initiated by the poet
philosopher Allama Muhammad
Iqbal
 Iqbal and Ideology

Allama Iqbal amalgamated the

western thoughts with eastern
(Muslim) thinking focusing the
purity of a nation by identifying
Islam with it.
• To him, mankind has reached
such a maturity that no further
revelation or Prophet is required
[as the Holy Quran is the final
revelation and Prophet
Muhammad (PBH) is the last
Prophet], but mankind itself can
work out its moral and
intellectual salvation.
• Allama Iqbal’s doctrine of self
consciousness and his
insistence on the religious ideal
of Islam are the forces behind
the creation of Pakistan.
• In Islam, there is no
compartment differentiating the
secular and religious life of
man.
• Ideology of Pakistan stems
from the ideology of Islam; this
moral consciousness of a
nation is based upon the
principles of the Holy Quran
 Making of Pakistan:
Movement for Freedom

Historical Perspective Factors Leading

to Muslim Separatism
 Historical Perspective
 The death of Aurangzeb (1707)and
Fall of Muslim Community
1. Rise of East India Company( EIC) after
Aurangzeb
2. Decline of Muslims Power under later
Mughals
Battle of Plassey(1757)
Lost of Siraj-ud-daullah by East India

Company under Lord Clive

Grant of Diwani(1765)
From then to 1858 British captured all

areas of the subcontinent and created

an Empire of the East India Company.

Before 1857 event( i.e. War of
Independence -- also called the Mutiny
by the British), there had been
insurgency and warrior movements
against the foreign invaders in the
subcontinent led by Syed Ahmad
Shaheed with his associates beginning
from the first quarter of the 19th
century, in his idealism of Jihad against
infidel rule in the subcontinent.
 1857aftermath opened a new era for
the Muslims of the subcontinent:
1. Appearance of Muslims as Muslim
Community ( Millat-e-Islamia)
2. Socio-Econ decline of Muslim
Community
3. Social/Econ rise of Hindus
4. Increasing influence of British in
British Imperialism along with the
Hindu Community partnership
5. Hindus Development of negative attitude
towards Muslims with hatred looking
at them through history, taking them as their
absolute rulers for about past 1000 years.
6. Emerging modernization among Hindu
culture e.g. Raja Ram Maham Roy,
Abolition of Sati
Advent of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and
his endeavor in renovating the Muslims
community competing Hindu emerging
modernization.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan opened a new
chapter through new teaching:
1. Education (Islam and western)
vernacular and English
2. Science and technology
3. Keeping away from politics
4. Harmony among Muslims, Hindus and
British
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Died in 1898
Prior to that Indian National Congress
(INC) was formed in 1885.
Charter Act of 1813, 1833 and 1853
were adopted for British social, solitical
and administrative influence on Indian
society
Indian Council Acts of 1862 and 1892
had been adopted.
These changes brought a new political
setup in the mind of the Hindu
community of the subcontinent which
were itself new idea and vision for them
(Hindus).
Ideological Movement
 Ideological Movement
 The basis of ideological movement
can be studied through historical
perspectives looking at:
1. Hindu India
2. Muslim India
3. British India
 Hindu India
Ancient Period : Aryans
• Its boundaries were within the Indus
valley
• It extended with the passage of time
when it was called Bharat to the Indo-
Gagnatic plain
• If never remained in occupation of one
single ruler.
• It was divided in North and South
• Emperor Asoka was first to unite India
after his victory in Kaling War on
South.
• He extended his empire up to
Afghanistan in North-West
• After Asoka there were hundreds of
years of anarchy in the country
 Muslim India
• The Muslim period begins with the
conquest of Sindh by Arabs under
Muhammad Bin Qasim.
• This time India was influenced by
Buddhism
• It was Khiljis who extended their
empire in the South
• They were followed by Tughlaqs who
extended the boundary further south.
• After the fall of Tughlaqs-Afghans
among whom the Lodhis were the last,
came the Mughals , who were
descendents of Changis Khan and
Timur.
• Under Mughals during Emperor Akbar
India was again united.
• The Muslims empire covered all four
boundaries of the subcontinent north,
south, east and west.
• However, death of Emperor Aurangzeb
brought the socio-political and
economic decline of the Muslims in the
subcontinent.
 British India
• British started from Bengal as trading
company with British Government
Chartered given in 1600 AD by Queen
Elizabeth I, to trade in India when
Emperor Jahangir was on throne.
• They soon captured India after Emperor
Auzangzab’s death in 1707.
• Emergence of British rule effected
Muslim existence in the subcontinent
to the great extent, particular Hindu-
British bias against Muslims
 Ideological Awakening
• For the purpose of ideological
awakening let’s compare Hindu-Muslim
religious and socio-cultural differences.
 The Hindu Religion:

• Aryadharam, included different faiths,

beliefs, rituals, practices and myths by
the different groups of Aryans.

• Hinduism as faith is much difficult to

define.
• Nehru said about it, “ it is hardly
possible to define it”. According to
him, “ believe in on God is Hindu, a
believe in many Gods is Hindu, and
even a non-believer in God is
Hindu. Hinduism neither was a
religion nor a distinct creed,
institution or a doctrine”.
 In Islam
• A Muslim is strict believer in one God.
He is free in his all actions with in the
pattern ordained for him under the Holy
Quran and The Sunnah which lead him
to right path.
• Islam means submitting one’s person
to the will of Allah.
• Islam is not just a religion but complete
code of life.

• Therefore, it is complete religion and

particular religion.
 Socio-Cultural

• When we compare the two, Hinduism

and Islam, a marked diversity is found
between them.
• To the Muslims: The world is unity and
his role in the world is self-affirmation
and self-assertion with the view to
establish the supremacy of moral
values derived from the concept of
oneness and greatness of Allah.
• To the Hindu: the world is Maya, an
illusion. It leads to pursuit of wealth.
• To the Hindu wealth is God. To the
Muslims it means nothing.
• To Hindu, cow is sacred deity to be
worshiped. To the Muslims it is meant
for human service and comfort.
• Their legal system and personal law
differs.

• They even differ on language , tradition,

history, custom, manners, dress and
food.
• In short, they differ from birth to death.

• To the Muslims every child is born a

Muslim, While to Hindu, a baby is
Hinduised through religious ceremony.
•
• Hindu burn their dead, while Muslims
bury theirs.
• To the Hindu, India is Bharat Mata. To
the Muslims Islam is Nationalism.

• On these differences a concrete

ideological movement emerged in the
subcontinent led by people like Sheikh
Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Waliullah, Shah
Abdul Aziz, Syed Ahmad Shaheed,
Syed Islamil Shaheed and the two
brothers Vilayal Ali and Enayat Ali.
Historical Movement
 Historical Movement
• Basis of historical movement for
creation of Pakistan may be said to
begin with the outbreak of the War of
Independence in 1857
• The War of Independence opened on
10th May 1857 in Meerut, a remote and
small city of the United Province of the
subcontinent.
• It brought many changes, particularly
in the political strategy of three parties,
British, Hindus and Muslims

• It gave direction of change and

settlement of the British and the Hindus
political designs.
 Nature of the War of
Independence
• It was not religious.
• It was more economic and socio-
cultural
• It was blamed by Hindus to be the act
of Muslims alone as religious
conspiracy against the British
 Aftermath of 1857
Advent of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Urdu-Hindi controversy
Formation of Indian National Congress
Partition of Bengal
Simla Deputation
All India Muslim League
Annulment of Partition of Bengal
• Word War I and the Muslims
• Khilafat Movement
• Allahbad Address
• Sharif Report
• Lahore Resolution
• Advent of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
 Urdu-Hindi Controversy
• Language is a fundamental means of
social-cultural interaction
• It may lead to disintegration in
societies with cultural diversities.
• Though Sir Syed teaching
westernization, there appeared Urdu-
Hindi controversy between the two
communities in UP during the end
of the 19th century.
• Formation of Indian National Congress
• Partition of Bengal
• Simla Deputation
All India Muslim League(1906)
• Simla Deputation made Muslim confident of
the fact that United effort would be fruitful for
the Muslim community.
• A meeting was convened at Dhaka in Dec.
1906 presided over by Nawab Waqar ul Mulk
which passed the resolution moved by
Nawab of Dhaka to established separate
Muslim organization name as All India
Muslim League.
• The most important factor of
establishment of All India Muslim
League was representative Government
to be introduced in India
• The Hindu agitation on the partition of
Bengal(1906) had confirmed the Hindu
prejudice towards the Muslim interest.
• The acceptance of the principle of
separate representation by Viceroy in
Simla Deputation.
• Word War I and Muslims
 Khilafat movement
• Khilafat movement had strong links with
Pakistan movement.
• Basically, the movement was against
British for unfair activities and attack
toward the Khilafat of Turkey under
Ottoman Empire.
• The Indian Muslims looked toward their
Muslim brother with the affection of
Ummah, so they had a deep sympathy for
the Turkey Caliph .
• Interestingly, the caliph was mentioned
in the Khutba of Friday and Eid in India
which had made Turkey more
significant religiously.
• Although, it has no basis in the Holy
Quran and the Hadith. Even though,
Caliph had special religious
significance for the Muslims of India.
• This led to a full-fledged movement in
India against British insurgency in
Turkey led by Maulana Muhammad Ali,
Maulana Shaukt and their mother
B.Amma.
• The Khilafat movement contributed the
concept of mass movement in the
subcontinent. However, the Khilafat
movement failed because of the end of
Ottoman Empire and the Khilafat by
Kamal Ata Turk.
 Allahbad Address
• In 1930 Allama Iqbal presided annual
session of All India Muslim League at
Allahbad
• It was memorable session of All India
Muslim League. In which he delivered
his address about the final destiny of
Muslim of India
• He claimed India is as Asian in
miniature.

• India is a continent of different human

groups with different people, languages
and religions
• Therefore, with infinite variety of
climate, race, language, creed and
social systems the constitutional
structure in India for the unity of
language, race, religion and identity
and economy, it is necessity to see that
Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and
Balochistan amalgamate in to single
state with self government within or
with out British Empire
• Hence Allama Iqbal suggested a
concluded North-West India Muslim
State as the destiny of Muslim at least
West and North India
• Sharif Report
• Lahore Resolution
 Conclusion

• Hence, the Historical Movement led the

formation of Pakistan with the passage
of Lahore Resolution in 1940. The
aftermath of Lahore Resolution turned
the role of All India Muslim League into
full-fledged political movement for the
creation of Pakistan in the practicability
which we will study in our Political
and Constitutional Movement.
Political Movement
 Political Movement
• The War of Independence, 1857
• Partition of Bengal, 1905
• Simla Deputation, 1906
• Muslim League, 1906
• GIA, 1909
• Lucknow Pact, 1917
• Nehru Report, 1927
• Jinnah’s fourteen Points, 1928
• RPC, 1930-31-32
• GIA, 1935
• Word War II, 1939
• Lahore Resolution, 1940
• Quit India Movement , 1942
• Cripps Mission, 1945
• Cabinet Mission, 1946
• Indian Independence Act, 1947
 The War of independence, 1857
• The nature and causes of the war were not
only religious but social, political and
economic as well.
• British entered India unlike the Muslim did
(slowly as traders).
• British desired conversion to Christianity and
replaced Persian to English as court
language in 1885.
• 1857 became popular movement and gave
birth to Nationalism in subcontinent
 Partition of Bengal, 1905
• It was an administrative issue taken by
Load Curzon the viceroy of India
realizing the bigness of the Bengal
presidency.
• Hindus blamed Curzon for deliberate
action.
• East Bengal had Muslim Majority.
• The partition affected Hindus
economically.
 Simla Deputation, 1906
• Muslims followed Sir Syed’s advice to
keep aloof from politics until the
Hindus showed grievances over the
partition of Bengal.
• Muslims desired to see the viceroy for
seeking Muslim protection.
• This led to the call of Simla Deputation
in 1906.
 Muslim League, 1906
• The after affect of Simla Deputation
was the formation of Muslim League in
the same year.
• the League was formed as a separate
Muslim organization for the purpose of
the Indian Muslims protection.
• Its formation also was reason of
introduction of representative
government in India.
 GIA, 1909
• The GIA ( Government of India Act)
called for provincial council
enlargement.
• It also granted concept of separate
electorate system.
 Lucknow Pact, 1917
• From 1906-11 Muslim politics remain
quiet until the annulment of partition of
Bengal in 1911.
• In 1913 Muslim League in its session
losing faith in British Pledge
proclaimed a form of self government
suitable of India for the protection of
Muslim interest.
• Same year Jinnah joined Muslim
League, war I began in 1914.
• In1916, both Congress and League
setup committee together for
political reform in India which was
accepted in Lucknow Pact.
• The Pact accepted the principles of
separate electorate and paved the
way for the GIA 1919.
 Nehru Report, 1927
• The 1919 constitution reform failed. It
led to the out come of Nehru Report.
• Nehru Report was Hindu report as in all
its proposal it showed the Hindu
interest ignoring 70Millions of Muslims.
• It even rejected the separate electorate
system.
 Jinnah’s fourteen Points, 1928
• The ultimate after affect of the Nehru
Report was reaction of the Muslim
League which appeared in the shape of
Mr.Jinnah’s fourteen points.
• Mr.Jinnah emphasized on federal
constitution with strong province and
uniform powers.
• He desired effective representation of
minorities in every provinces.
• Central legislature be given one-third
Muslim representation
• Full religious liberty be granted to all
communities.
 RTC, 1930-31-32

• Government of India disregarded both

the Nehru report and Jinnah’s fourteen
points and called for Round Table
Conference in London (RTC).
• There session of conference were held
in year of 1930-31 and 1932.
• But for one reason or the other all three
conferences were failed.
 GIA, 1935

• Sindh was separated from Bombay.

• Grant of Provincial Autonomy.

• Integration of Indian Princely States.

 Word War II, 1939

• Resignation of Congress ministries.

• Day of deliverance by the Muslims.

• Sharif Report 1939.

 Lahore Resolution, 1940
• All India Muslim League of annual
convention of 1940 studied the Sharif
Report.
• This led to passage of the famous
Lahore or Pakistan Resolution of 24th
March 1940.( Moved by A.K.Fazlul
Haque on 23rd March and seconded by
Ch.Khaliquzama)
 Cripps Mission, 1942

• The British were in trouble in the

geographical area of subcontinent in the
world war II as Japanese had advanced in
Burma.
• The British Government sent a mission led
by Sir.Stafford Cripps in 1942 to Delhi to set-
up an elected body in India after the war.
• Mission failed with the out brake of Quit India
Movement in 1942 by Gandhi.
 Quit India Movement , 1942
• Gandhi desired that the British should
leave India Immediately through a
movement known as Quit India
Movement.
 Cabinet Mission, 1946
• General election were held in 1946 .
• The election showed how the assembly
was divided between League and the
Congress.
• Provincial election were also held in
1946. Here also the League-Congress
division became obvious.
• Finally, the British Government sent a
mission of British Cabinet member
called Cabinet Mission.
• It comprised secretary of State for India
Lord Pethic Lawrence as its head with
Cripps and Alexander as Members.
• The mission declared Union of India
with British India and the states with of
foreign affairs, defense and
communications
• Other powers should be rested in
provinces.
• However, it failed although an interim
government was formed but the out
break of violent communal riots led to
the division of India.
• On 3rd June 947, Lord Mount Batten a
new viceroy of India announced his
plan but his plan failed.
 Indian Independence Act,
1947

• In the mean time the Indian

Independence Bill was drafted in July,
1947 and passed by the British
Parliament to divide India and create
Pakistan in August 1947.
Constitutional Movement
 Constitutional Movement
• Declaration of the colonization of India, 1858
• Council of India Act, 1861
• Council of India Act, 1892
• Government of India Act, 1909
• Government of India Act, 1919
• Government of India Act, 1935
• Cabinet Mission, 1946
• Indian Independence Act, 1947
 Declaration of the colonization of India, 1858

• Declaration of the colonization of India,

1858
• Queen Victoria became the Empress of
India.
 Council of India Act, 1861
• The first Act passed under the British
rule was Council of India Act, 1861and
became the land mark in the
constitutional history of India.
• It transferred the Company’s territory to
the British Crown.
• It gave a sort of legislative and
executive administration in India.
• It increased the Governor General
Council totaling five members
including the GG.
• It allowed the Indians for the first time
to have a share in the government of
the country.
• It provided legislative Councils for the
provinces.
 Council of India Act, 1892

• This was the second step in the Indian

constitution development.
• It enlarged the legislative Councils at
both, center and provinces.
• The Center council raised to sixteen
and provincial council to twenty.
• The proportion of non-official members
also increased.

• The councils were given the right to

discuss the budget and to criticize it
 Government of India Act, 1909

• It is also known as Minto-Morley

Reforms as it was designed by the
Governor General of India Lord Minto
and the Secretary of State for India
Lord Morley.
• The foundation of the reform was the
famous Simla Deputation of 1906
headed by Sir Agha Khan.
• The Main features of the Act were:
o Separate electorates system was accepted
o Method of election party indirect and partly
direct
o Provincial Councils were enlarge
o Provincial were given non-official majorities
but official majority was remained in center.
o The center Legislative Council was enlarge
o The Central Legislative Council could
question of the Administration and Policy
 Government of India Act, 1919
• Also known as Montagu-Chelms Ford Reforms.
• As the reforms were designed by the Secretary
of the State for India Edwin Montagu and
Viceroy Lord Chelms Ford
• The reforms decided to remove Congress-
League Scheme and arrange a compromise
drafted into a Government of India Bill passed
through British Parliament in 1919 December
and called GIA 1919.
• Its main Features were:
o Separate representation for the
Muslims and the Sikhs.
o Central Legislative Council expended
to sixty Seven.
o It was made a bicameral Legislature,
the council of State and the India
Legislative Assembly.
o In both, great majority of member
would be elected.
o In the provincial Government the Act created
the system of Dyarchy which was division of
power between the responsible ministers and
irresponsible Executive Councillors.
o Provincial Legislature where enlarger with
surety of elective representation.
o The right of vote lowered the property
qualification.
o Universities, land holders, Industries and
commerce received representation as
constituencies.
o Law & order and land revenue
departments were kept reserved for
British Administration.
o While Departments of Education,
Agriculture, public Health and Local
government were transferred to Indian
ministers.
o However, the ultimate authority was left
with the governor of the province who
was directly appointed by the viceroy.
 Government of India Act, 1935

• The Act provided for a federation of

India comprising both provinces and
princely states
• The Act gave the provincial autonomy
• The lists of subjects were drawn up:
1) Federal List 2) The Provincial List
3) Concurrent List
• Sindh and N.W.F.P were made
provinces.

• Dyarche was eliminated.

• 1937 Elections
• Congress ministries
• World war II and resignation of
Congress Ministries
• Sharif Report
• Day of deliverance
• Lahore Resolution
• Cripps’ Mission
• 1946 Elections
 Cabinet Mission, 1946

• General election were held in 1946 .

• The election showed how the assembly
was divided between League and the
Congress.
• Provincial election were also held in
1946. Here also the League-Congress
division became obvious.
• Finally, the British Government sent a
mission of British Cabinet member
called Cabinet Mission.
• It comprised secretary of State for India
Lord Pethic Lawrence as its head with
Cripps and Alexander as Members.
• The mission declared Union of India
with British India and the states with of
foreign affairs, defense and
communications
• Other powers should be rested in
provinces.
• However, it failed although an interim
government was formed but the out
break of violent communal riots led to
the division of India.
• On 3rd June 947, Lord Mount Batten a
new viceroy of India announced his
plan but his plan failed.
 Indian Independence Act, 1947
• The bill was drafted and introduced in the
House Of Commons by the British PM, Attlee
on 4th July and passed on 15th July by HC and
on 16th July by HL.
• With out amendment received the Royal
assent on 18th July.
• The Act provided for the partition of India
and the establishment of two Dominos of
India and Pakistan on the Mid night of 14-15th
August, 1947
• The Act also provided:

o The legislative supremacy of the two Dominions

o the Legislators were given full powers to make
laws.
o The British government had no control over the
affairs of Dominions.
o The Act terminated British authority over India.
• Separate provisiols governments setup for India
and Pakistan on July 20.
• On August seven Mr.Jinnah as QA left India for
the Last tine the flew to Karachi the capital of
New Dominion of Pakistan.
• The constitune assebble met on august 11 and
elected QA as its President. On august 15th 1947
Pakistan officially became free when QA was
sworn as GG and new Pakistan Cabinet took
office.
Role of Leadership

(Characteristics and style)

 Leadership
Defined
• Leadership is interpersonal influence
directed toward attaining goal and is
achieved through communication.

• By communication we refer simply to

sending and reviewing messages

• Leadership is a way of influencing

people
• Leadership is an act that causes other to act
responding shared direction.

• Leadership is a dynamic force to motive and

coordinate

• Leadership is an ability to inspire confidence

and support among the people.

• A leader creates a vision.

• To be a leader one must have followers and

he must have commitment to achieve goal.
 Who is a Leader?
• Leader constitutes a minority of the
population, but exercises majority of
political power.

• Leader organizes, mobilizes and

allocates resources which are accepted
by the persons for whom these action
are relevant.
 Leadership Qualities
• Basically there are Three Types of
Leadership:
1. Political Leadership (i) Moral
(ii) Legal

2. Traditional Leadership

3. Charismatic Leadership
 Political Leadership
• Can have either Moral or Legal bases
• It is moral basis when leaders
command authority among their
followers in the absence of legal
sanctions.

• Such as Political leaders who stand in

opposition to those in power.
• It is legal basis when leaders have legal
sanctions as legitimate by the majority
of a group or institution
• Such as the democratic authority of
country like Prime Minister and his
Cabinet or President and his Cabinet or
the members of the legislative
assemblies.
 Traditional Leadership
• Traditional Leadership emerges with
tradition.
• Such as traditional elite which
comprises those who rise to leadership
out of customary, hereditary or older
cultural patterns.
• Its power is based upon tradition,
family, land and religion.
 Charismatic Leadership
• Heroes in history also emerge our of
charisma.
• They charismatic leader is always
radical who challenges established
practice by going into the root of
matter.
• Leaders are “ eventful man” and “
event making man”.
• Leaders are superior individual.
• Leaders have possession of power.
• Leadership is interpersonal influence to
attain goal and achieve through
communication.
• Leadership is an act causing other to
act to bring positive change with a
shared direction
• Leadership is a dynamic force to
motivate and coordinate to achieve the
objective.
• Leadership is the ability to inspire
confidence and support among the
people.
• Leadership creates a vision and given
direction to achieve that vision.
 Leadership Style
1. Authoritarian ( Autocratic)

2. Participant (Democratic)

3. Delegative ( Free Reign)

4. Oligarchic ( Coterie Reign)

 Analysis
1. Charismatic ( Quaid-e-Azam)

2. Participative ( Z.A.Bhutto)

3. Situational ( Sir Syed Ahmad Khan)

4. Transactional ( Allama Iqbal)

(eventful)
5. Transformational ( Mullana M.Ali Johar)
( event making)

6. Quiet (Abdul Sattar Edhi)

7. Servant (Shah Waliullah)

8. Autocratic ( Ayub Khan)

 Masses are Followers

• Masses are always exploited either by

their leader, elite or even by the
representatives of these two.
 Masses are of Different kinds:
1. Passive
2. Blind
3. Active
4. Violent
5. Mercenaries
6. Traditional
7. Participative
Conclusion
Role of Leadership
 Shah Waliullah,
Shah Abdul Aziz
Sayyied Ahmad Saheed
 Shah Waliullah
1703-1762
• Shah Waliullah was the first Sufi in the
modern times who bothered to give a
thought to declining conditions of he Muslim
community and decay of the Mughal Empire.
• Like Ibna-Khaldun he followed history, but
unlike him he was not only a political theorist
but also practical reorganizer of the Muslim
society of the subcontinent.
• He saw the disintegration of the Mughal
empire with the palace intrigues.

• He saw the chaos that affected the

social, religious and ethical values of
the national life which made him to a
revitalize the Muslim India and Islamic
values.
• He was son of a Sufi and had a back
ground of strong religious teaching.
• He opened a school at Delhi called
Madarss Rahimia in name of his father
Sheikh Abdul Raheem.

• He was convinced that for the Muslim

of India the decaling period of the
Muslims after Aurangzaib’s death was a
critical period for their socio-political
and spiritual life because the spirit of
Islam was forgotten.
• Moreover, the self styled Ullama were
narrow minded, intolerant and
fabricators of false Hadith.

• They acted as a shop keepers selling

dua and taveez.

• Shah Waliullah criticized economic

disparity and corruption and believe
that a nation can’t improve under the
condition of working its working people
improves.
• Thus, he found it necessary to have a
spiritual awaking of the India Muslims
for their socio-economic and spiritual
development.
• To him Islamic State doesn’t only
balance social, economic and spiritual
life but also pave the way to salvation
after death.
• Shah Waliullah attempted Tatbiq
(integration) of the total Islamic
structure.
• He interpreted tatbiq recommending
ijtehad ( exercise of independent
judgment) as oppose to taqlid
(imitation).

• Ijtehad is necessary as each age bring

news problems and new situations.

• He also believe that Prophet’s (PBS)

code of law should appeal to common
sense.
• He advised Muslim not to mix up with
non-Muslim population like dress,
behavior and life.
• He was a practical Philosopher.
• He knew that renaissance of Islam was
not possible with out reorientation of
Muslim mind for that he established
hundreds of schools in different part of
India.
• He believed that the purpose of the
knowledge is to safe the community
with preservation of Islamic believe and
the ideological entity of the Indian
Muslims.

• He believed that the reasons for the

fast Muslim decay was that they had
forgotten what was vital in Islam.
• He believed that discovery of truth was
feasible only through the knowledge of
history.

• Thus, to know the present and to be

careful for the future, investigations of
the past was necessary.

• Shah Waliullah is called the founder of

Muslims revivalism.
• Hence, to Shah Waliullah, the religious
and social believes of the Muslims of
the subcontinents and of Pakistan are
the manifestation of his teaching.
 Shah Abdul Aziz
(1746-1824)
• Teaching of Shah waliullah were further
spread by his son Shah Abdul Aziz.
• He declared India a Dar-ul-Harb, a land of war
and called the Muslim for Jihad to uphold
the principles of Islam.
• His father’s mission was reformation of
Muslim thoughts. But the time had changed.
And so Adbul Aziz believed the restoration of
the Muslim authority was necessary.
• This was only possible through
religious consciousness in the Muslim
community.
• He succeeded his father to continued
teaching and preaching.
• To him India was no more Dar-ul-slam
because King Shah Alam a blind
Mughal emperor lost his power in the
hands of British Christians.
• Thus, he opened Jihad, first with
getting a Holy Quran translated into
common Urdu language of the Muslims
by his brother Shah Rafiuddin.
• Second, he opened centers in
important cities to preach his
philosophies
• Third, he found a loyal commander to
command the Muslim force for such
purpose under his student Saiyyed
Ahmad Barellvi.
• Shah Abdul Aziz like his father desired
to create a democratic Islamic social
order with economic equality with all
citizens.
• His Fatwa that India had become a
Dar-ul-Harab activated the Muslim mind
and the Muslims became ready for the
war of Liberation to make India once
again a Dar-ul-Islam
 Sayyied Ahmad Saheed
1786-1831
• Sayyied Ahmad Bareillvi became the
for most executor of the philosophy of
Islamic revivalism which had been
initiated by Shah Waliullah and Shah
Abdul Aziz.
• Ahmad Saheed took up the task to
bring back the lost glory of the Muslims
of India with puritan Islamic values.
• He was a dynamic man to inspired
people to religious believe.

• He was appointed by Shah Abdul Aziz

as the leader of the Liberation
Movement.

• He experienced war tactics in six year

learning.
• He was born in Rai Bareilly (UP). He
was not interested in conventional
education instead liked martial sports.

• For example, in childhood even in

games he used to organize Islamic
regiment and attacked regiment on
non-believers.
• As a young man he took interest in
social work helping the poor and
downtrodden.
• He studies many theological works but
could not achieve scholastic eminence.
• However, he prepared for Jihad
through mass contact for which he
toured long way in the subcontinent
meeting all sections of people rice and
poor, and villages and towns.
• His strategy was first to crush the Sikh
power in Punjab and then to attack the
British.

• He fought they battle with the force of

Rinjeet singh and first encounter he
defeated the Sikhs. But in the second
battle Bala Kot he received Shahhad by
the Sikh force.
• It is said that there were several
reasons for his loss of war including
the betrayal of one Pathan Chief named
as Yar Muhammad Khan because the
enforcement of Shariat laws of Sayyied
Ahmad was in conflict with their
customary laws
Conclusion
Role of Leadership
 Shah Waliullah,
Shah Abdul Aziz
Sayyied Ahmad Saheed
 Shah Waliullah
1703-1762
• Shah Waliullah was the first Sufi in the
modern times who bothered to give a
thought to declining conditions of he Muslim
community and decay of the Mughal Empire.
• Like Ibna-Khaldun he followed history, but
unlike him he was not only a political theorist
but also practical reorganizer of the Muslim
society of the subcontinent.
• He saw the disintegration of the Mughal
empire with the palace intrigues.

• He saw the chaos that affected the

social, religious and ethical values of
the national life which made him to a
revitalize the Muslim India and Islamic
values.
• He was son of a Sufi and had a back
ground of strong religious teaching.
• He opened a school at Delhi called
Madarss Rahimia in name of his father
Sheikh Abdul Raheem.

• He was convinced that for the Muslim

of India the decaling period of the
Muslims after Aurangzaib’s death was a
critical period for their socio-political
and spiritual life because the spirit of
Islam was forgotten.
• Moreover, the self styled Ullama were
narrow minded, intolerant and
fabricators of false Hadith.

• They acted as a shop keepers selling

dua and taveez.

• Shah Waliullah criticized economic

disparity and corruption and believe
that a nation can’t improve under the
condition of working its working people
improves.
• Thus, he found it necessary to have a
spiritual awaking of the India Muslims
for their socio-economic and spiritual
development.
• To him Islamic State doesn’t only
balance social, economic and spiritual
life but also pave the way to salvation
after death.
• Shah Waliullah attempted Tatbiq
(integration) of the total Islamic
structure.
• He interpreted tatbiq recommending
ijtehad ( exercise of independent
judgment) as oppose to taqlid
(imitation).

• Ijtehad is necessary as each age bring

news problems and new situations.

• He also believe that Prophet’s (PBS)

code of law should appeal to common
sense.
• He advised Muslim not to mix up with
non-Muslim population like dress,
behavior and life.
• He was a practical Philosopher.
• He knew that renaissance of Islam was
not possible with out reorientation of
Muslim mind for that he established
hundreds of schools in different part of
India.
• He believed that the purpose of the
knowledge is to safe the community
with preservation of Islamic believe and
the ideological entity of the Indian
Muslims.

• He believed that the reasons for the

fast Muslim decay was that they had
forgotten what was vital in Islam.
• He believed that discovery of truth was
feasible only through the knowledge of
history.

• Thus, to know the present and to be

careful for the future, investigations of
the past was necessary.

• Shah Waliullah is called the founder of

Muslims revivalism.
• Hence, to Shah Waliullah, the religious
and social believes of the Muslims of
the subcontinents and of Pakistan are
the manifestation of his teaching.
 Shah Abdul Aziz
(1746-1824)
• Teaching of Shah waliullah were further
spread by his son Shah Abdul Aziz.
• He declared India a Dar-ul-Harb, a land of war
and called the Muslim for Jihad to uphold
the principles of Islam.
• His father’s mission was reformation of
Muslim thoughts. But the time had changed.
And so Adbul Aziz believed the restoration of
the Muslim authority was necessary.
• This was only possible through
religious consciousness in the Muslim
community.
• He succeeded his father to continued
teaching and preaching.
• To him India was no more Dar-ul-slam
because King Shah Alam a blind
Mughal emperor lost his power in the
hands of British Christians.
• Thus, he opened Jihad, first with
getting a Holy Quran translated into
common Urdu language of the Muslims
by his brother Shah Rafiuddin.
• Second, he opened centers in
important cities to preach his
philosophies
• Third, he found a loyal commander to
command the Muslim force for such
purpose under his student Saiyyed
Ahmad Barellvi.
• Shah Abdul Aziz like his father desired
to create a democratic Islamic social
order with economic equality with all
citizens.
• His Fatwa that India had become a
Dar-ul-Harab activated the Muslim mind
and the Muslims became ready for the
war of Liberation to make India once
again a Dar-ul-Islam
 Sayyied Ahmad Saheed
1786-1831
• Sayyied Ahmad Bareillvi became the
for most executor of the philosophy of
Islamic revivalism which had been
initiated by Shah Waliullah and Shah
Abdul Aziz.
• Ahmad Saheed took up the task to
bring back the lost glory of the Muslims
of India with puritan Islamic values.
• He was a dynamic man to inspired
people to religious believe.

• He was appointed by Shah Abdul Aziz

as the leader of the Liberation
Movement.

• He experienced war tactics in six year

learning.
• He was born in Rai Bareilly (UP). He
was not interested in conventional
education instead liked martial sports.

• For example, in childhood even in

games he used to organize Islamic
regiment and attacked regiment on
non-believers.
• As a young man he took interest in
social work helping the poor and
downtrodden.
• He studies many theological works but
could not achieve scholastic eminence.
• However, he prepared for Jihad
through mass contact for which he
toured long way in the subcontinent
meeting all sections of people rice and
poor, and villages and towns.
• His strategy was first to crush the Sikh
power in Punjab and then to attack the
British.

• He fought they battle with the force of

Rinjeet singh and first encounter he
defeated the Sikhs. But in the second
battle Bala Kot he received Shahhad by
the Sikh force.
• It is said that there were several
reasons for his loss of war including
the betrayal of one Pathan Chief named
as Yar Muhammad Khan because the
enforcement of Shariat laws of Sayyied
Ahmad was in conflict with their
customary laws
Conclusion
Role of Leadership
1. Sir Aga Khan
2. Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
( Khilafat Movement)
Sir Aga Khan III
(1877-1957)
• The second Muslim renaissance began
with Sir Aga Khan, first being during
the period of Sir Syed Ahman Khan
• Sir Aga Khan enjoyed a unique
personality in the history of
subcontinent being both a spiritual
leader of the Asmaili community and
also of the Muslim community in
general.
• The Muslim renaissance took a new
shape under the leadership of Aga
Khan.
• He was the Iman of Shia Muslims
• He had visionary idealism and creative
consciousness with a new
interpretation of Shiaism of Hazir Imam
(living Imam), Hazrat Ali (R.A) being the
first and Aga Khan III the 48th.
• His followers are known as Asmalies.

• His full name was Sultan Muhammad

Ali the Aga Khan.

• He was born in Karachi in 1877 and

became Imam at the age of eight which
he inherited from his grand father and
was known as Aga Khan III.
• He received modern education and
settled in England and lived most of the
time in Europe.

• He became very influential in Europe

and was tiled as His Highness and
Prince by Queen Victoria.

• This made him influential man in the

British aristocratic political society.
• Sir Aga Khan appeared on the socio-
religious, political and economic scene
of the Indo-Pak subcontinent as
charismatic person by influencing the
affairs of the 20th century.
• Basically a spiritual leader of the Ismaili
community he played a significant role
as political leader in the Muslim
Freedon Movement of subcontinent.
• He was world statesman and diplomat
coring three continents Asia, Africa and
Europe from the last decade of Queen
Victoria’s reign to the early years of
Queen Elizabeth’s reign.

• From the very begging he looked for

the welfare of his people and
established himself as champion of
harmony among Indian population.
• He supported the separate electorate
for the Muslims because of the Hindu
attitude.
• He wished a separate Muslim
organization to protect the interest of
Muslim community.
• He advocated the Muslims of accept
the best values from the West to seek
material progress through modern
science and technology
• And on the other hand he asked Muslim
to maintain Islamic values to guide
their moral and spiritual orders.
• He presented himself as a true devotee
of Islam. He was a Shia but had equal
respect for all the four pious Caliphs.
• He created bridge to fill the gab
between the Shia and the Sunnies
saying ,“they are brothers and different
parts of same body”.
• He believed in universality of Islam and
rejected the intolerant sectarianism.
• The council Act of 1892 had introduced
the principles of elective
representation. In 1906 this principle
was to be extended.
• The partition of Bengal had brought a
great agitation among Hindus which
made Muslims fearful of getting any
justice from Hindu majority.
• The Muslims thought of separate which
was taken up by Sir Aga Khan as a
cause of lead Muslim delegation to the
Viceroy to Shimla in 1906.
• It was Aga khan leadership at Shimla
deputation became success for the
Muslims.
• He with his British Aristocratic
background convinced Viceroy Lord
Minto to accept his proposal of
separate electorate.
• Shimla deputation thus became a land
mark in the history of Indo-Pak.
• It grew the Two-Nation Theory and
eventually led to the demand of
separate Muslim state which later
emerged as the sovereign State of
Pakistan.
• Aga Khan tried best to pursue Hindu
Leaders to make INC attractive to the
Muslims.
• Having failed in his afford he organized
a separate political party for the
Muslims.

• Thus, in December 1906 the All India

Muslim League was formed in Dhaka.

• Sir Aga Khan was true disciple of Sir

Syed Ahmad Khan. He like Sir Syed
desired Higher Education for the
Muslims and it was his endeavor that
the MAO College of Aligarh became
Aligarh Muslim University.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
( Khilafat Movement)
• Another important leader leading the
Muslim community towards freedom
was Mulana Muhammad Ali Johar

• Mulana Johar is closely recognized for

his role in the Khilafat Movement.
• Khilafat movement had strong links
with Pakistan movement.
• Basically, the movement was against
British for unfair activities and attack
toward the Khilafat of Turkey under
Ottoman Empire.
• The Indian Muslims looked toward their
Muslim brother with the affection of
Ummah, so they had a deep sympathy
for the Turkey Caliph .
• Interestingly, the caliph was mentioned
in the Khutba of Friday and Eid in India
which had made Turkey more
significant religiously.
• Although, it has no basis in the Holy
Quran and the Hadith. Even though,
Caliph had special religious
significance for the Muslims of India.
• The word Khafat is derived from the
word khalifa mean means a successor
or a person who holds authority as a
representative.
• The legal authority of khalifa though
offend challenge remained intact till the
fall of Abbasside Caliphate in Bugbad
in 1258A.D.
• It was he Ottomans who assumed the
title of Khalifa considering themselves
the successors of Caliphates.

• Their authority were recognized by the

Muslims Kings of India.

• But when the British Christian authority

took over India this recognition was
denied
• The Word War I pushed Turkey ( the
Ottomans) on the opposite side of the
Great Britain.
• The major reason was the Germans
were building railway complex in
Turkey and had influence the Turks to
join them in war.
• During the war the Aligarh students
took the lead in collecting funds to help
Turkey.
• Medicals missions were sent to help
Turkish army.
• The Aligarh students Movement
created a society of the Servants of the
Kaaba to maintain the sanctity of
Makka, Madina and Jerusalem under
the secretary ship of Maulana Shaukat
Ali an old boy of Aligarh and the elder
brother of Maulana Johar.
• The name of these two brothers
became synonymous with Khilafat
Movement.
• In the beginning to appeased the
Muslims the British Government
promised to respect the status of the
Caliph and the rights of the Turks to
their homeland.
• But after the war at the Peace
Conference it became evident that the
British desired to take full revenge form
Turkey for fighting against British.
• This led to the two brothers found an
association known as All India Khilafat
Conference.
• Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali
Johar the conference passed a
resolution telling the Muslims that it
was the religious duty to abstain from
participation in British victory and
boycott the British goods and non-
corporate with British Government
• This led to a full-fledged movement in
India against British insurgency in
Turkey led by Maulana Muhammad Ali,
Maulana Shaukt and their mother
B.Amma.
• The Khilafat movement contributed the
concept of mass movement in the
subcontinent. However, the Khilafat
movement failed because of the end of
Ottoman Empire and the Khilafat by
Kamal Ata Turk.
• Hence, the leadership role of Mulana
Muhammad Ali Johar contributed
significantly in the Freedom Movement
of the Muslim community of India.
Role of Leadership
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and
The Aligarh Movement
1. Sir Sye Ahmad Khan
(1817-1898)
• Although the British historian at the later
period had realized that the Muslims were not
lone responsible for the “Mutiny”, it was Sir
Syed who in fact convinced the British earlier
than that about this truth.

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the political and

intellectual influence for the rehabilitation of
the Muslims who recovered them from the
socio-political, economic and intellectual
darkness after the War of Independence.
• Sir Syed was born in Delhi in 1817 in
highly respectable family. He entered
the service of East India Company and
rose to the position of judge.
• During 1857 he served with loyalty and
distinction.
• He wrote the famous pump let “ Essay
on the Causes of the Indian Revolt” and
“Loyal Muhammandans of India”.
• He enumerted the cause of 1857
distubances as:
1. People were not satisfied with the
action of Government
2. The laws were of alien origin
3. People and government were pole
apart
4. Acts causing uneasiness among the
soldiers
5. Denial of representation to the people

6. Unwillingness of Government towards

the welfare of the people

7. The Muslims’ share was not greater

than that of Hindus

8. It was not a planned insurrection.

• He defended the Muslims against the
British change of sedition and
disloyalty.
• In 1875, he established the
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
at Aligarh.
• He retired in 1876 and worked as a
Member of the Governor General’s
Legislative Council for five years and
died in 1898.
• Sir Syed was remarkable personality
who left his unmistakable impact on
the Muslim in four different but inter-
connected spheres: Education,
Religion, Social life, and Politics

1. Education was the foundation on

which he build he super structure of
his religion, social, and political ideas.
• He asked Muslims to seek western
education learning English and
acquiring western knowledge of
science and technology
• He asked Muslims to maintain their
Islamic belief based on the Holy Quran
and Sunnah but try to get away with
tradition Islamic learning in their
process of education.
2. In Religion, he asked Muslims to maintain
their Islamic belief based on the Holy Quran
and Sunnah but try to get away with
tradition Islamic learning in their process of
education.
• He stood for rational approach in religion
and said that the revealed truth could be
understood best through reason.
• There could be no contradiction between
the word of God( revealed truth) and the
work of God ( Laws of physical sciences)
• In short, he argued that the basic idea
that truth can be understood and
interpreted in the light of human
knowledge is sound.

• His main purpose was to bring some

reconciliation between the rulers and
the down-trodden Muslims and he thus
tried to bring close affinity between
Islam and Christianity
3. Social life, he stood for simplicity,
honesty and other homely virtues.

• In his famous book, “ Tahdhib-ul-

Akhlaq” he taught the people to accept
what was sound and attractive in
European manners and social life.
4. In politics, Sir Syed had three main ideas to
inculcate:
a) Muslims to keep away from politics.
b) British must be friends.
c) Muslims not to join the Congress.

• He argued that political must be left alone

by the Muslims until they had brought
themselves up to the level of Hindus
• In short, Sir Syed contributed to Muslim
renaissance in India. He created self
confidence in his people. He took them
out from the darkness and removed the
charges of disloyalty and rehabilitee
them with their rulers( British)
• His greatness lies in proving the farm
foundation on which the Muslims
established their strength of being
becoming a Nation.
2. The Aligarh Movement
• Sir Syed held religious views of Shah
Waliulllah and was influenced by his
teachings.
• But he knew that there was no Ahmad
Shah Abdali who could now overthrow
the British as he did the Marathas in 3rd
Battle of Panipat.
• He also knew that crossing swords with
British as Jihad movement preached by
Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmad
Shaheed will bring no fruit
• The darkness period of the Muslim
could only bring light through
education and modern knowledge of
science and technology.

• This will bring awaking in the Muslim

mind who had been in darkness
• This led him to do significant
contributions in the world of education
 a) foundation of MAO college at Aligarh
b) Publication of Aligarh Institute
Gazette
c) Foundation of Muhammadans
Education Conference
• Sir syed desired to bring the Muslims
to his line of though for which he
fought with courage.
• He was impressed most in the British
system of education which was an
essential process for thinking and
character building
• This made him to establish English
public school which named MAO
college at Aligarh in which he
reconciled oriental learning with
western learning and science
• At Aligarh a new political consciousness
among the Muslism emerged discovering a
meeting around between Islam and the West.

• Aligarh became a common platform for the

Muslims of different localities of
subcontinent carring different sub-cultural
background, native languages and traditions
merging together at Aligarh identifying as
Muslims Community and speaking common
language Urdu and English to understand
each other.
• Thus, Aligarh created a socio-political
religious force in the name of Muslim
Community against the other competitive
community of the Hindus.
• The Muhammadan Educational conference
brought a new consciousness which led to
the establishment of Muslims school all over
India.
• The Urdu language was purified and enriched
due to the annual reports of the conference.
• By the time Sir Syed died Aligarh had
become a firm center of the Muslim
Movement in the subcontinent for their
recognition as community standing equal to
the Hindus
• From here emerged the famous Ali Brothers
who led the Muslims Community in particular
and Indian populous in general against the
British in the name of Khilafat Movement
which became a founding stone of mass
movement in India.
• In short, Aligarh movement created a
recognized identity of the Indian
Muslims with the revival of the spirit of
the Ummah.
• Aligarh became the symbol of Muslim
politics particularly after it was made
the famous Aligarh Muslim University.
• Undoubtedly Aligarh created a nation
as it can not be denied that the
Pakistan idea is the out come of Aligarh
Movement.
• The foundation of the educational
institution at Aligarh gave that beacon
of light to the Indian Muslim with a
synthesis of Islamic values and
western knowledge which produced
such young men who developed those
traits of character which build empires.
Role of Leadership
Allama Iqbal,
QA Muhammad Ali
Jinnah
 Allama Muhammad iqbal
• Allama Dr. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was
born in Sialkot on 9th Nov, 1877 and
died in Lahore on 21st April,1838

• He went England at Cambridge and

Germany for higher education and
received a Ph.D in Philosophy .
• He took up teaching at the Government
College Lahore.
• He was recognized a renowned poet
philosopher of the subcontinent. Later,
he entered into Indian politics as a part
of Muslim League.
• He has written many well known books
to mention few:
1. The Development of Metaphysics in
Persia
2. The Reconstruction of Religious
thought in Islam
3. Bang-e-Dara
4. Bal-e-jabril
5. Zarb-e-Kalim
6. Javed Namah
• Allama Iqbal is a unique contributor to the
making of Pakistan.
• If Sir Syed prepared the ground through
Aligarh Movement for a Muslim State
• If Sir Aga Khan founded separate electorate
for Muslims through Simla Deputation
• If Mulana Muhammad Ali Johar taught the
style of mass movement through Khilafat
Movement
• Then Allama Iqbal raised the structure of the
Muslim state through the Allahabad Address
on which the blue print was prepared in the
Pakistan Resolution.

• It goes to Allama Iqbal’s credit that he

initiated the idea of separation of the two
communities, Muslims and Hindus

• Before him people advocated partition, but

Allama Iqbal gave the concept of
Nationalism and Nation State for the Muslim
Community of the subcontinent.
• He clearly declared that the principle of
European democracy could not be
applied in India as communalism was
indispensable to form a harmonious
country.

• It was from here that he strongly

defended the Muslim Nationalism
defining it as moral consciousness.
• Thus, in Allahabad Address he
declared:
“ I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP,
Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated
into single state. Self government
within the British Empire or with out
British Empire, the formation of a
consolidated North-West Indian Muslim
state appears to me to be the final
destiny of the Muslims at least of
North-West India”.
• The abolition of Caliphate in Turkey left
the Indian Muslims aimlessly drifting in
Indian politics.

• It was Allama Iqbal who with his well

versed knowledge on Arabic, Persian,
Urdu, English, the Holy Quran , the
Hadit and the Islamic theories appeared
on the scene in support of the Muslim
Community.
• He dominated the Muslim thought
infusing the Muslim mind the sense of
advancement through effort and
struggle.

• It was his philosophical thought of

Khudi or selfhood which became a
turning point for the development of
dynamic mind of the Indian Muslims
 To quote Allama:

Ghulami Mein na kaam Aaati Hain

Tadbeerein na Shamsheerein

Jo Ho Zoq-e-Yaqeen paida tou kut jati

hain Zanjeerein
• He believed that the creation of
superior people centers around Islam
alone and not the race.

• In his book Reconstruction of Religious

Thought in Islam he argued that
modern western thought was a direct
descendant of the glorious medieval
intellectual culture of Islam which came
in the West through Spain and Sicily.
• Allama Iqbal believed that the Holy
Quran and the teaching of the Prophet
(PBH) are highly meaningful for the
development of mankind.

• He therefore, stressed on faith and

institution denouncing intellectualism
and reason being hollow and useless
and insisted upon faith as sole guide in
his famous book Bal-i-Jibril.
• His concept of Khudi and philosophy of
believe in faith and institutions led him to the
concept of Nation as Moral Consciousness
which declared his genius in his famous
Allahabad Address.

• It was definitely Iqbal’s call to action in the

name of Islam that Pakistan came into shape.

• It was him who gave the meaning of ideology

of Pakistan as ideology of Islam.
 Quaid-i-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1876-1948
• Quaid-i-Azam is a unique personality of
the 20th century of Muslim politics in
the subcontinent filled with charismatic
qualities of leadership.

• To estimate him as a hero ,legal mind

superior individual we can quote the
Australian Governor of Bengal
R.G.Casey who had said that:
“ It is not too much to say that Mr. Jinnah
is the only outstanding Muslim of all
India stature in Indian politics today…
He appears to have the legal mind…he
holds his cards very close to his chest.
A man of iron discipline. He is
dogmatic and sure of himself; I would
believe that it does not ever occur to
him that he might be wrong”.
• Up to 30 years of his age he was a
lonely man. He discouraged intimacy.
• It was Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar
who brought him to the Muslim League
circle.
• It was G.D.Tilak who gave him the taste
of politics
• In 1913, he became the Member of the
Imperial Legislative Assembly
• At the same time he was the member of
the INC and AIML and became a sincere
worker for the Hindu-Muslim
cooperation to the extent that he was
regarded as the Ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim unity.

• The signing of Lucknow Pact was

credited to him and made him the first
rank leader of united India.
• Like Sir Syed, QA was also realistic and
too cautions to be trapped.

• Again like him QA also first tried to

befriend with Hindus

• And like him after the Lucknow Pact, he

saw the game of Hindu mind in the
Nehru Report whereas, Sir Syed had
seen this in Urdu-Hindi controversy.
• Sir Syed advised the Muslims to keep
away from Congress politics. QA also
resigned from the congress when Nehru
Report completely ignored the Lucknow
Pact.

• The failure in his Hindu-Muslim unity

program and his personal grief of
untimely death of his young wife made
him to close his house at Bombay and
left for England.
• He influenced the Muslim thought with
his famous fourteen points in reply to
Nehru Report.

• The Simon Commission came to

examine the working of 1919 Reforms
QA condemned it saying that for the
constitutional issues Indian
Representative must be added to any
commission to bring a reform.
• The British remembered Sir Syed’s
opinion that if Indian opinion was not
given any share in Indian
administration the revolt like 1857
might occur more often and the British
took notice of Sir Syed’s advice.
• Similarly, QA announced to convene
round table conference of Indian
delegates to sought out the
constitutional issues and British
government agreed.
• But all three RTCs(1930-31-32) failed.
• While in London it was Mr. Liaquat Ali
Khan who made QA’s mind change to
come back to India and to lead the
Muslims

• He was elected independent member of

central legislature by the Muslims of
Bombay while he was still in England.
• When he returned, it was Sir
Muhammad Iqbal who convinced him
that he was the only leader who could
safe the Muslims form the Hindus who
were trying to wipe out what was
remained of Islam in India.

• His return to India brought many

changes in him. Foremost was that he
came nearer to the Muslim Community.
• He became the president of the Muslim
League. It was over shadowed by the
INC before that.

• Now under his leadership it became

organized to take active part in 1937
elections.

• This brought a new light in the Muslim

masses and united them which resulted
in the adoption of famous Lahore
Resolution of 1940.
• During the years of his political
campaigning all over the country he was a
changed man.

• He no more discourage intimacy. He

emerged a happier man meeting youth
students and old politicians.

• He declared in his speeches that Hindu and

Muslims must organized separately and
only then they can understand each other
better.
• The remarkable event of 1940 was a
turning point for QA leadership. He
emerged as the great leader of the
Muslim Community by declaring the
Muslims different of the Hindus in all
respects, such as, Faith, Belief, Laws,
Social codes, Social norms and
Culture.

• Thus, they cannot have unity of

thought and their identity can not be
merged with the Hindus.
• Hence, India are of two nations, the
Muslims and the Hindus. This became
the focal point of Lahore Resolution of
1940.

• QA made it clear that if freedom and

independence come to the people of
India, it must come on the basis of
Pakistan and Hindustan.
• QA left a strong image on the Hindus of
India just to quote one Dr.C.R.Reddy
who paid tribute to him on his 64th
Birthday in 1940 saying: “ he is the
pride of India and not the private
possession of the Muslims”.

• Indeed, Quaid-i-Azam is the right title

for the right man.
Lahore Resolution 1940 and
Aftermath
1. Lahore Resolution passed on 24th
March, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto
Park and now know as Minar-e-
Pakistan.
2. Background of the passage of The
Lahore Resolution
3. October 1940 Gandhi’s announcement
of Satyagagrah ( Resistance)
4. Cripps Mission of March 1942.

7. Arrival of Cabinet Mission in 1946

6. Failure of Cabinet Mission and

passage of 1947 Act.
1. Lahore Resolution passed on 24th
march, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto
Park and now know as Minar-e-
Pakistan
2. Background of the passage of The Lahore
Resolution

• Quaid-e-azam made several attempts

during 1935-39 to make the Congress
leaders to understand the Muslim point of
view. Such as:
i. He started in 1935 with Rejinder Prasad
(then congress president) but failed
ii. In 1937, he exchanged letters with Gandi
and Nehru and both refused to understand
him.
iii. He exchanged letters with newly
elected Congress President Subhas
Chandra Bose, which had no eventful
result.
iv. Then again he exchanged letters with
Nehru in 1939 who adamantly believe
that there was no Hindu-Muslim
problem existed
v. Consequently, it showed that
congress attitude reinforced Muslim
separatism showing oppression in
Hindu majority provinces by the
congress government.
• Ideologically speaking Muslims had
not lived under the sovereignty of
non-Muslim rulers and believed in the
Darul-Harb and Darul-Islam.

• In history they passed through many

ups and downs since the birth of
Islam but always revived
• Western education had given them
the concept of nationalism which they
redefined on the basis of Islamic
nationalism with reference to
tradition, religion and society.
• However., Quaid-e- Azam made a last
attempt to reach at agreement with
congress in1939
• He promised to agree for the duration
of War if the congress accepted his
five points:
a) Coalition ministries in he provinces
b) No legislation affecting Muslims if 2/3
of the Muslims opposed it
c) No congress flag to be hoisted on
public buildings
d) No Bande-Matran as national song
e) To stop Congress affect to destroy
Muslims League
• Congress did not agree with Quaid-e-
azam proposal

• AIML met in Patna for annual

convention in1938 and created a
Committee headed by Mr.S.M.Sharif
to examine and report the
government towards Muslims in
Congress majority provinces.
• In 1939, congress resigned from it
government due to political issues
emerging between Gandi and British
government on the question of War.

• Same year (1939) the Sharif

Committee submitted its Report in the
AIML convention showing negative
attitude oppressing Muslims in
Congress majority provinces.
• Thus, in the 1940 annual section
Lahore Resolution was passed on 24th
March which declared the demand of
an independent, sovereign state for
the Muslims of subcontinent by
dividing India into two states of India
and Pakistan.
3. In October 1940, Gandhi announced
his plan of individual Satyagrah which
led oven 600 person including top
Congress leaders in to prison. Gandhi
provoked a mass movement but failed
because it was not for the freedom of
India but for British government to
recognize Congress as only
representative of the Indian people.
 4. The Cripps Mission, 1942
• The British were in trouble in the
geographical area of subcontinent in
the world war II as Japanese had
advanced in Burma.
• The British Government sent a mission
led by Sir.Stafford Cripps in 1942 to
Delhi to set-up an elected body in India
after the war.
• Mission failed with the out brake of Quit
India Movement in 1942 by Gandhi.
 5. The Cabinet Mission, 1946
• General election were held in 1946 .
• The election showed how the
assembly was divided between
League and the Congress.
• Provincial election were also held in
1946. Here also the League-Congress
division became obvious.
• Finally, the British Government sent a
mission of British Cabinet member
called Cabinet Mission.

• It comprised secretary of State for India

Lord Pathic Lawrence as its head with
Cripps and Alexander as Members.
• The mission declared Union of India
with British India and the states with of
foreign affairs, defense and
communications

• Other powers should be rested in

provinces.
• However, it failed although an interim
government was formed but the out
break of violent communal riots led to
the division of India.

• On 3rd June 1947, Lord Mountbatten a

new viceroy of India announced his
plan but his plan failed.
6. Indian Independence Act,1947
• The bill was drafted and introduced in
the House Of Commons by the British
PM, Attlee on 4th July and passed on
15th July by House of Commons and on
16th July by House of Lords.

• Without amendment received the Royal

assent on 18th July.
• The Act provided for the partition of
India and the establishment of two
Dominos of India and Pakistan on the
Midnight of 14-15th August, 1947
• The Act also provided:

o The legislative supremacy of the two

Dominions
o the Legislators were given full powers
to make laws.
o The British government had no control
over the affairs of Dominions.
o The Act terminated British authority
over India.
• Separate provisional governments
setup for India and Pakistan on July 20.

• On August seven Mr.Jinnah as QA left

India for the Last time and flew to
Karachi the Capital of New Dominion of
Pakistan.
• The Constituent Assembly met on
august 11 and elected QA as its
President. On August 15th 1947
Pakistan officially became free when
QA was sworn as GG and new Pakistan
Cabinet took office.
Conclusions
Foundation of National State
of Pakistan
1. Concept begins with the fall of
Mughals after the death of Auragzeb
in 1707.
2. Decline of the Muslim Community.
3. Rise of East India Company
4. Bases of Muslim Nationalism in the
Indo-Pak subcontinent
1. Concept begins with the fall of
Mughals after the death of Auragzeb
in 1707.
 2. Decline of theMuslim
Community
a. Socio-cultural
b. Political
c. Economic
d. Administrative
3. Rise of East India Company

• Rise of East India Company after the

Battle of Plassey,1757 and fall of
Siraj-ud-daulah
 4. Bases of Muslim Nationalism in the
Indo-Pak subcontinent

• Ideological
• Historical
• Socio-cultural
• Political
• Constitutional
 Ideological
a. Difference between Dara Shikouh and
Aurangzeb
b. Shah Waliullah
c. Shah Abdul Aziz
d. Syyed Ahmad Shaheed
e. Allama Iqbal
 Historical
a. Fall of the Mughals
b. Muslim insurgency
c. War of Independence
 Socio-Cultural

• Syed Ahmad Khan

• Sir Aga Khan

 Political
• All India Muslim League

• Khilafat Movement

• Aligarh Movement
 Constitutional
• 1909 Act
• 1919 Act
• 1935 Act
• 1946 Cabinet Mission
• 1947 Independence Act
Conclusion
Foundation of National State
of Pakistan
1. Concept begins with the fall of
Mughals after the death of Auragzeb
in 1707.
2. Decline of the Muslim Community.
3. Rise of East India Company
4. Bases of Muslim Nationalism in the
Indo-Pak subcontinent
1. Concept begins with the fall of
Mughals after the death of Auragzeb
in 1707.
 2. Decline of theMuslim
Community
a. Socio-cultural
b. Political
c. Economic
d. Administrative
3. Rise of East India Company

• Rise of East India Company after the

Battle of Plassey,1757 and fall of
Siraj-ud-daulah
 4. Bases of Muslim Nationalism in the
Indo-Pak subcontinent

• Ideological
• Historical
• Socio-cultural
• Political
• Constitutional
 Ideological
a. Difference between Dara Shikouh and
Aurangzeb
b. Shah Waliullah
c. Shah Abdul Aziz
d. Syyed Ahmad Shaheed
e. Allama Iqbal
 Historical
a. Fall of the Mughals
b. Muslim insurgency
c. War of Independence
 Socio-Cultural

• Syed Ahmad Khan

• Sir Aga Khan

 Political
• All India Muslim League

• Khilafat Movement

• Aligarh Movement
 Constitutional
• 1909 Act
• 1919 Act
• 1935 Act
• 1946 Cabinet Mission
• 1947 Independence Act
Conclusion
Infant Nation

(crisis and survival)

• Introduction

1. Role of Muslim League in Making of

Pakistan

2. Role of Leadership in making

Pakistan

3. Emergence of Pakistan
• We will study Infant Pakistan under
following heading:
1. Geographical
2. Environmental
3. Soci0-cultural
4. Political
5. Economic
 Geographical setup
1. East ( East Bengal)
2. West ( North-West former India)
3. Sea, mountain, Rivers, Desert and Plain
4. Basically Agricultural Society.
 Environmental
1. After effects of the communal roits in
Punjab

2. Mass immigration form India

3. Socio-cultural, political, economic

insecurity
 Socio-cultural
• Problem of social adjustment after
settlement of inhabitant
• Interrelation between with sub-culture
with other sub-culture
• Problems regarding residential
settlements
• Chaotic conditions, regarding
education, health and local services.
 Political
• Muslim League role ended as its goal-
achievement was creating of Pakistan
• It was probably not aware of what next.
• Leadership crisis
• Illness and death of QA
• QA and after

• Social, Economic and Security problem

delayed political progress.

• First constituent assembly

• Objective resolution
 Objective resolution:
• With exception of the passage of
Objective Resolution the first
constituent assembly could not reach
any other conclusion.
• It failed to create a powerful organized
political society
• The objective resolution presented:
“Sovereignty over the entire universe
belongs to God Almighty alone, and the
authority which He has delegated to the
State of Pakistan through its people for
being exercised with in the limits
prescribed by Him as a sacred trust”.
• Thus, the Objective Resolution gave
the principle of democracy, freedom,
equality, tolerance and social justice
with in the Islamic framework

• This lead to a compromised between

the traditionalist and modernist groups
which had emerged on the
constitutional issues at the early days
of Pakistan’s political history.
4. Rise of Jagirdars and Zamindars

5. Second Constituent Assembly

6. Constituent of 1956
 Economic
• Economic Chaos
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Road and transport
4. Absence of Utility services
5. Employment
The First Republic, 1956
 1. Introduction
• The state of Pakistan as a new political
society was established as a symbol of
Islamic Ideology.
• Independence of the new country led to
a national struggle of survival rather
than progress and reform.
• Thus, constitution was delayed
• Unfortunately it also sowed the seed of
selfish motive among the petty leaders
who cared more for office and power
than to represent nation.
• Leaders exploited their opportunity and
looked for selfish interest which
created barrier for development
 2. Background
• Interim Constitution, GIA 1935
• Basic Principles Committee:
the constituent assembly established
Basic Principle Committee to report in
accordance with the Objective
Resolution of 1949. Its main task was to
report on the main principles of the
future constitution.
 3. Passage of Objective
Resolution, 1949

• The significant step towards the

framing of the constitution by the
constituent assembly was the passage
of objective resolution.
 Objective Resolution
• “Sovereignty over the entire universe
belongs to God Almighty alone, and the
authority which He has delegated to the
State of Pakistan through its people for
being exercised with in the limits
prescribed by Him as a sacred trust”.
• Thus, the Objective Resolution gave
the principle of democracy, freedom,
equality, tolerance and social justice
with in the Islamic framework

• This lead to a compromised between

the traditionalist and modernist groups
which had emerged on the
constitutional issues at the early days
of Pakistan’s political history
 4.Constitutional Crisis and Fate of
the First Constituent Assembly

• Assassination of QM, Liaquat Ali Khan,

1951
• His death was a blow to Pakistan.
• He was succeeded by Khawaja
Nazimuddin as P.M.
• He was replaced by former Finance
Minister Ghulam Muhammad as
Governor General of Pakistan.
• Muhammad Ali Formula: Compromise
formula on Federal Legislature

Nazimuddim’s basic principles draft was

severely criticized in 1952
 Muhammad Ali Borga was appointed P.M
who regarded his principle task to break
the constitutional deadlock.
 He was successful with his well known
Muhammad Ali Formula adopted in 1954.
• He suggested that:

a. Federal legislature to have two houses.

b. The House of the People to have 300
members representing each unit on
population basis
c. Equal powers to be extended to both
Houses.
d. In case of difference of opinion between the
two House there will be a joint session to
pass the resolution by majority vote.
• Controversy between Provincial
Autonomy and as a Strong Center:
 Pakistan is pluralistic society.
 There was a demand for a strong center
particularly from West Pakistan
 Ultimately the solution was found into
British pattern of three lists given
under1935 constitution.
• Issue of National Language

• Elections in East Pakistan:

 Before the adoption of draft constitution
Provincial elections were held in East
Pakistan in 1954 and United Front Party won
with overwhelming majority and Muslim
League complete lost having only 10 seats
out of 309.
 The main items of United Front was:
a. Recognition of Bengali as official
Language with Urdu
b. Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
and its replacement by a directly
elected body for future constitution
c. Complete autonomy for East Pakistan
except Foreign policy, defense and
currency
• Dissolution of first constituent Assembly
 The constituent Assembly could not
complete its work because of constitutional
issue and was adjourned on 1st January 1955.
 Governor General Ghulam Muhammad
dissolved the constituent Assembly and
announced an end of the working of the
assembly saying that the assembly lost the
confidence of the people and can no longer
function.
Trial for another step in constitution
Making
• The second constituent as summoned by
Ghulam Muhammad.
• There was no difference from the first one
except it had representation of East and
West Pakistan on party base unlike the first.
• The second constituent Assembly in harsh
gave the first constitution to the country only
in six months and declared Pakistan an
Islamic Republic in 1956.
 Constitution of 1956
• Parliamentary form of government
• Federal Government
• Federal Legislature-One House
• President and Cabinet
• Provincial Governments ( EP, Punjab,
Sindh and Frontier) Distribution of
power between Federal and provincial
Government.
• Judiciary
• Islamic provisions
• Fundamental rights
• Directive Principles of State Policy:
 Muslims to order their life according to
the Quran and Sunnah
 Provision of food, clothing, housing,
education and medical relief
Improvement of living standards
 Abolition of illiteracy
 Discouragement of parochialism and
racialism.
 Unity between Muslim countries
 Goodwill with the world
 Separation of judiciary from executive
 Protection of rights of non-Muslims
 Protection of women and children
 Parity in East and West Pakistan in
representation and administration
• Emergency provisions
Ayub Khan Era

First Military Regime

And
The Second Republic
1958-69
 Introduction
• The Ayub Martial Law opened a new era
for the process of development and
change in the politics of Pakistan
Failure of 1956 Constitution and advent
of Martial Law by General Muhammad
Ayub Khan
• 1956 Constitution created a
parliamentary democracy but failed
because of many defects which are as
follows:
1. PM was to be appointed by the
president in his own discretion
2. President could dismiss the PM
3. Pakistan became prey to legitimacy
crisis
4. Absence of leadership
5. Inexperienced politicians without
support of majority
6. Unpopularity of The Muslim League
7. Emergence of many political parties
8. Political system based on personal
and parochial lines.
9. There was no political conviction.
 Advent of Ayub Khan and 1962
Constitution
• Presidential system
• Federal form with one unit
• Uni-cameral legislature
• Judiciary
• Ideological council
• Directive principles of state policy
• Fundamental rights
• BD system
 BD System
Division Council (16) Chairman:
Commissioner
Members: Half elected
and half officials

District Council (78) Chairman: DC

Memebrs: Half elected
and half official
Rural: Thana or Tahsil Urban
Council Cantonment Municipal committee
board Chairman: officer
Chairman: SDO/AC/ Chairman: officer Members: half
Tahsil officer Members: half ( Ch. of comtt) half
( Ch. of comtt) officers
Members: Elected half officers

Union Council or Town Union Committee

Committee Chairman: Elected
Chairman: Elected Members: 15-20
Members: 10-15 Elected
Elected
Wards
 1962 Constitution: The second
Republic
President and his
Cabinet

Federal Public Planning National Judiciary Ideological

service committee commission Assembly Supreme Court Council

BD Members
80000
 Administrative Function
NA President Center

PA Governor Province

Div Council Commissioner Division

Dist Council Dy.Comm. District

Tah/Union AC/SDO Sub-Division

Council
Elected by BDs Reporting to
above authority
• Strong centralized Autocratic
Government

• Not a Political State but an

Administrative State
• Downfall of Ayub Khan: Causes and
Effects.
Conclusion
The Second Military Regime
and After
1969-1971
• The study will be discussed under
four heads:
1. Advent of Yahya Khan
2. General Elections of 1970
3. Constitutional Crisis
– Role of Awami League
– Role of Pakistan Peoples Party
4. Secession of East Pakistan
 1. Advent of Yahya Khan
• Ayub’s autocracy ended with martial
law again imposed after eleven years
• Ayub never allowed development of
national leadership during his regime
• Ayub himself invited General Yahya,
the military chief to take over the state
authority as CMLA
• General Yahya never wanted power
rather believed in government of
elected representatives of people
• He took two decisions for the
advancement of constitutions making
process:
1. On November 28, 1969 he announced the
dissolution of One Unit with restoration
of West Pakistan provinces and creation
of Balochistan as province.
2. He revoke the parity between the two
wings and announced one man one vote.
This meant that east Pakistan would have
majority seats based on populations.
• Yahya Khan also gave a Legaal
Framework Order (LFO) which made a
simple majority sufficient for framing
the constitution.
• The LFO( 30th March 1970) prescribed
the limits in which elections was to be
held and constitution was to be framed
• The LFO provided:
• “Pakistan shell be Federal Republic to
be known as the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan in which the Provinces and
other territories which are now and may
hereafter be included in Pakistan shell
be so united in a federation that
independence, the territory integrity
and national solidarity of Pakistan are
ensured that the unity of federation is
not in anyway involved”.
• The LFO also provided that constitution
was to be framed in 120 days failing
which the national assembly would be
dissolved
• In the main while the East Pakistan
political leader of The Awami League,
Mujbur Rahman came out with his
famous six-point formula in which he
declared his intention of all most
autonomous independent East
Pakistan.
• Mujib’s Six Points was a clear
indication of his being a traitor
declaring East Pakistan territory as a
independent state
 2. General Elections of 1970
• The ever first general elections were
held in united Pakistan which resulted
into divided Pakistan
• The elections were held on 7th
December, 1970 on the basis of direct
and universal adult franchise.
• The elections were free and fair.
• The Awami League won 167 seats out
of 169 in East Pakistan
• Out of 144 seats in West Pakistan, the
PPP of Z.Z.Bhutto won 81 seats and
later it became 88 when seven
independent member joined PPP.
• The total results showed that the
elections became basis of regional
representation as PPP represented only
in Punjab and Sindh and Balochistan
and NWFP had representation of
National Awawi Party led by Khan
Abdul Wali Khan.
 3) Constitutional Crisis
• The regional representation in the both
wings created constitutional crisis.
• On the one hand it was Mujibur
Rahman who was determined to seek
his six point formula
• On the other hand in West wing the
were complications with in the West
wing and also with the Eastern Wing.
 • Role of Awami League
• The Leader of the Awami League
categorically declared that he would
rather be father of a new nation then
the Prime Minister of Pakistan
 • Role of Pakistan Peoples Party

• The leaders of the People Party had a

cordial equation with General
Yahya .e.g. General Yahya went to
Larkana to meet Bhutto where as he
went to Dhaka and called Mujibur
Rahman in Governor house to meet
him whom he had declared next PM of
Pakistan.
 Secession of East Pakistan
• The constitutional crisis grew further
when Mujibur Rahman told New York
Times that there should be two Prime
Minister one in East and other in West
Pakistan
• The Ethnic violence in the mean time
took place in East Pakistan on that
General Tikka Khan, the CNC, ordered
military operation in East Pakistan.
• The violence increased and that led the
entry of India to declared a War on
Pakistan on both borders West and
East.
• Which ultimately resulted into
recessions of East Pakistan and
Creation of Bangladesh.
• The fall of East Pakistan led to the
departure of Yahya Khan who handed
power to Z.A.Bhutto as Chief Martial
Law Administration and President of
the country on 17th December, 1971.
Conclusion
Session of East Pakistan

Formation of Bangladesh
1. Back ground
2. Islam in Bengal
3. Significance of Bengali Language
4. Bengalis’ hero is Rabaindra nath
Tygore.
5. Subash Chandar Bose resigned from
the Presidency of INC for Greater
Bengal
6. Husain Shaheed Suharwardi
presented scheme of Independent
Bengal. Jinnah, Gandi, Bose, Liaqual
Ali Khan agreed but Nehru, the
President of INC did not agree with
that.
7. Immigration to East Pakistan in 1947
from India and rising influence of non
Bengalis over Bengalis
8. Economic underdevelopment of East
Bengal
9. Cultural inferiority complex in
Bengalis against Biharis (Indians)
10. Language crisis,1952
11. United Front Party in East Pakistan
and its rising influence in politics in
early days of Pakistan
12. Disparity between East and West
Pakistan

13. 1970 Elections

14. Pakistan Army Role

15. West Pakistan Arrogance

16. Cross boarder terrorism

17. Indian intervention and Indo-Pak War
in 1971
18. Soviet Union participation with India
19. United States/ China/Britain/ France
gave lip service to Pakistan during
1971 War
20. Internal violence in East Pakistan,
external war with India that resulted
into lost of war by Pakistan
21. Creation Of Bangladesh
Conclusion
Advent of Z.A.Bhutto
1. Introduction
2. Bhutto leaves Ayub’s cabinet and
established PPP
3. His rise as a people leader
4. Departure of Ayub Khan and advent of
Yahya Khan
5. General Elections of 1970 and PPP
victory in West Pakistan
6. Constitutional crisis and East
Pakistan crisis
7. Indo-Pak War and fall of East Pakistan
8. Departure of Yahya Khan and advent
of Z.A.Bhutto as Civilian CMLA and
President of Pakistan
9. Bhutto’s Reforms
10. Interim Constitution, 1972
11. Constitution making and adoption of
1973 Constitution
 1) Introduction
• Life and education
• Arrival in Pakistan
• Joining Government
• Close associate of Ayub Khan
• 1965 War with India and role of Bhutto
• Leaves Ayub cabinet and establishes
his on party, PPP
• Becomes event-making and eventful
man
 2) Bhutto leaves Ayub’s cabinet and
established PPP
• 1965 War with India and role of Bhutto
• Leaves
• Ayub cabinet and establishes his on
party, PPP
 3) His rise as a people leader

• Becomes event-making and eventful

man
 4) Departure of Ayub Khan and advent of
Yahya Khan

• Causes of the departure of Ayub Khan

 5) General Elections of 1970 and PPP victory
in West Pakistan

• Bhutto establishes as majority leader of

west wing of the country and his
counter part Mujibur Rahman holds
over whelming majority in east wing.
• 1970 election results showed regional
feelings instead of national inspiration.
6) Constitutional crisis and East Pakistan
crisis

• Regionalism develops constitutional crisis

7) Indo-Pak War and fall of East Pakistan
 8) Departure of Yahya Khan and advent of
Z.A.Bhutto as Civilian CMLA and President of
Pakistan
• For a while Yahya resisted his
departure but having no support from
GHQ surrendered and handover to
Bhutto
 9) Bhutto’s Reforms
• He barred important industrialists to
leave the country
• He put behind the bar to those who
opposed him
• He retired many army generals
• He released Mujibur Rehman
• In economic reform he nationalized
industries
• In lands reforms, he brought socialist
kind of elements.
• In education reforms, he nationalized
colleges and schools
• He screened out a large number of Civil
servants
 10) Interim Constitution, 1972

• Interim Constitution, 1972 came in to force on

21st April, 1972 with withdrawal of Martial law
• It was adopted by National Assembly which was
elected in 1970. on all Pakistan basis.
• Legally a new elections should have been held
for a new assembly after secession of East
Pakistan
• But neither PPP nor the opposition asked for it.
• Thus, this assembly acted constituent assembly
for both 1972 interim constitution and 1973
constitution.
• The salient features of 1972
constitution:
1. It was Presidential system.
2. President was to be a Muslim elected
for five years
3. Constitution was silent on the mode
of presidential election
4. In case of vacancy his successor will
be elected by the National Assembly
5. There will be a Vice President elected
by the NA for five years.
6. There was to be a unicameral legislature
where the NA was federal legislature
7. The NA had the power to legislate on all
subjects mentioned in the federal and
concurrent legislative lists
8. President could with hold accent from any
bill passed by NA and could return it for
reconsideration for his recommendation for
amendment
9. President was the head of government and
had advice to the council of minister who
were pointed by the president from among
the member of NA but could loose their NA
seat after being consecutively 12 months in
the council of ministers
10. At the provincial level there was
Parliamentary system
11. The governors where point by the President
in his own discretion
12. The provincial legislature was also
unicameral
13. Administrative relations between center
and province were similar to those of 1962
constitution
14. There was a National Economic Council
15. The judicial was same as 1962 constitution
11. Constitution making and adoption of
1973 Constitution
The Third Republic : the
Constitution of 1973
 Introduction
• Background and 1972 Constitution
• Role of PPP and opposition
• Adoption of constitution without any
vote of dissent
• Lengthy and detailed constitution
 Salient feature
1. Fundamental Rights
2. Directive Principles of State policy
3. Parliamentary form of Government
4. Federalism
5. Role of President
6. Cabinet
7. Federal Legislature
8. Provincial Governments and
Legislatures
9. Judiciary
10. Islamic Provisions
11. Emergency Provisions
12. Amendments in constitution
 1. Fundamental Rights
• Security of person
• Safeguard against unlawful arrest and detention
• Prohibition of slavery and forced labor
• Freedom of movement
• Freedom of assembly
• Freedom of association
• Freedom of business
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of profess religion
• Right to hold property
• Equality before law
• Right to preserve language, script and culture
• Safeguard against discrimination in services
 2) Directive Principles of State Policy

1. Muslims to live in accordance with

Holy Quran and Sunnah
2. Securing of well-being to the people:
– Income, food, clothing, housing,
education, health
3. Promotion of social justice and
removal of illiteracy
4. Discouragement of parochialism,
tribalism and racialism
5. Strengthening unity between Pakistan and
Muslims countries
6. Protection of legitimate rights and interests
of non-Muslim minorities
7. Protection of marriage, family, mother and
the child
8. Participation of woman in all spheres of law
9. Promotion of local government institutions
10. To eliminate interest (Riba or sood) system
as early as possible
11. Participation in Armed Forced of Pakistan
is open for all.
3) Parliamentary form of Government
(National assembly and Senate)
4) Federalism
5) Role of President
6) Cabinet
7) Federal Legislature
8)Provincial Government and Legislature
9)Judiciary
 10) Islamic Provisions
1. No law in Pakistan will be made which is
repugnant to the in junctions of the Holy
Quran and Sunnah
2. President and Prime Minister will be Muslim
3. A strong bounds would be principle of
policy for relation with Muslim countries.
4. For formation of Council of Islamic
Ideology which will recommend the NA and
the PAs regarding the injunctions of Islam.
 11) Emergency Provisions
• When is emergency is declared in the country by
the president with the consent of the parliament
then:
1. The Parliament has power to make laws for
provinces for provincial matters
2. Federal executive would have power to give
direction to provinces
3. The federal government will give all power to
Governor of the province
4. At the time of emergency some fundamental rights
may be suspended such as freedom of movement,
assembly, association, trade and business,
speech, and property right.
 12) Amendments in the
Constitution
• Amendments can be make in
constitution by the two third of the
total number of member of NA vote and
by the votes of majority of the total
members of Senate
Conclusion
Socio-Political and Economic
Changes under Z.A.Bhutto
1. Introduction
2. Bhutto’s concept of Modernization
and Change
3. Bhutto’s Socio-Economic Policies and
Implications
4. After effects of his Reforms
5. Elections of 1977
6. PNA Movement against Bhutto
7. Fall of Z.A.Bhutto
 1) Introduction
• Bhutto’s personality
• Bhutto’s ideology :
o Islam is our faith, democracy is polity and
socialization is our economy
• Bhutto’s Leadership Charisma
• Bhutto’s Constitution of 1973
 2) Bhutto’s concept of Modernization and
Change
• Meaning of modernization
• Believing in possibility of bringing
change he had said,

“ if countries like Iran and Egypt can

introduce free education and medical
care, why should a great Islamic
country like Pakistan not be able to do
that?”.
“The Pakistan People’s Party is a Party
of masses and it has promised that we
shall end the system of exploitation
and eradicate poverty, hunger and
misery from the country”
• Brought politics on streets
• Tried to give democracy based on
social and economic justice
• Administrative reforms
 3) Bhutto’s Socio-Economic Policies and
Implications

• Nationalization of education
• Nationalization of economic recourses
such as, industries, banks, insurance
companies
• Elimination of multiculturalism leading
to national integration.
• Labor reforms:

o Labor- management relations

o Minimum low wage fixed
o Workers hours fixed
o Housing and education for children
o Security of employment
o Workers share in annual profit
4) After effects of his Reforms
• His autocratic attitude
• His associates corruption, dishonesty
and malpractice
• Officers victimization
• Financial bribes
• All these brought misery, agony and
suffering instead of modernization and
development
5) Elections of 1977
6) PNA Movement against Bhutto
7) Fall of Z.A.Bhutto
Conclusion
The Third Military Regime,
1977
1. Introduction
2. Advent of General Zia ul Haq
3. Zia’s Philosophy of Governance
4. Islamization in Pakistan
5. Zia’s Legacy
6. Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. Advent of Zia
 3) Zia’s Philosophy of Governance
• Depoliticization
• Local Government institutions
• Islamization
 4) Islamization in Pakistan
• Formation of Majlis-i-shoora to
promotor effective contract between
and the government
• The local councils of the local
government were constituted for
spreading process of Islamization
• Introduction of Shariat court
• Formation of institution of Zakat
• Introduction of Nazim-a-Salat
• Introduction of Zakat, Hudood and Ushr
ordinances
 5) Zia’s Legacy
• 8th Amendment of 1973: it established
Presidential authority to dissolve the NA in
his own discretion and his power over
judiciary
• Process of Islamization sowed the seed for
affluent elites to dominate politics.
• Introduction of depoliticization environment
with non-party basis election of the local
bodies.
• Entry on non-immigrant Afghans in millions
• Introduction of Kalashnikovs Culture and
mass business of drugs
• Terrorism increased with kidnapping,
riots, murders, theft etc
• Introduction to ethnic politics
• Influence of commercial elite in Punjab
against leftist group, PPP
• Pakistan again went toward retardation
6.Conclusion
Islamization in Pakistan
1. Introduction
2. Zai’s Philosophy of Governance
3. Islamization in Pakistan
4. Process of islamization
5. Merits and demerits of the process of
Islamization
6. Conclusion
1) Introduction
 2) Zai’s Philosophy of Governance

• Depoliticization
• Local Government institutions
• Islamization
 3) Islamization in Pakistan
• Causes due to environment
 National
Global
 4) Process of Islamization

• Formation of Majlis-i-shoora to promote

effective contract between people and
the government
• The local councils of the local
government were constituted for
spreading process of islamization
• Introduction of Shariat Court
• Formation of institution of Zakat
• Introduction of Nazim-a-Salat
• Introduction of Zakat, Hudood and Ushr
ordinances
 5) Merits and demerits of the
process of Islamization
• Merits:
 People came near to Islam in Pakistan
 Fear of religion developed
 Unity among Muslim Ummat was
realized
 Pakistan sought important position in
Muslim world
• Demerits:
 Rise of Terrorism
 Introduction of Kalashnikovs culture
and drugs
 Non-immigrant afghans and central
Asians
 Ethic politics
Conclusion
Governments of Benazir Bhutto
and Nawaz Sharif
(1988-1999)
• Introduction
• Benazir comes to Power, 1988
• Nawaz Sharif comes to Power, 1991
• Benazir returns to Power, 1993
• Nawaz Sharif returns to Power, 1997
• Conclusion
• Introduction
 Benazir comes to Power, 1988

• Election of 1988 and PP victory as largest party

• She became first woman PM in December 1988
in the Muslim world
• But Nawaz Sharif got majority in Punjab and
became the CM
• She made coalition with MQM which fell apart
soon
• Her government was failed with nepotism,
bribery, corruption and became failed in just 2
years when she was removed by President
G.I.Khan in 1990, August
 Nawaz Sharif comes to power, 1991
• Elections of 1991 gave largest majority to
Nawaz Sharif and he became the PM
• Nawaz Sharif inclined with PPP for
negotiations for scrap 8th amendment ,
curtailing the power of President
• Seeing this G.I.Khan dissolved NA in April
1993 but Supreme Court restored the
Parliament and PM
• Nawaz Sharif faced problem in Sindh from
PPP
• Conflict arose between President and PM
that led to both resigned from their offices in
July 1993.
• They both were asked for resign from their
offices by the then Army Chief.
 Benazir returns in Power, 1993
• In October 1993 elections Benazir Bhutto PPP
came again in power as largest party in NA
and became PM
• This time she made his own party man, the
President Farooq Laghari , a former CSP
• Her second term was more damaging as even
her brother Murtaza Bhutto was killed with
cold blooded murder on the road at the
entrance of his in Karachi
• She was ultimately removed by her own
chossen President Farooq Laghari in
November, 1996
Nawaz Sharif returns to Power, 1997
• In February 1997 elections Nawaz Sharif’s party
won the largest number of seats and became
PM
• Farooq Laghari tried his best to remove his
government but failed which led him to resign
from Presidential office
• Nawaz Sharif succeeded in passing 13th and 14th
amendments:
 13th curtailing presidential power to
dismiss PM and Na
 14th prevented floor crossing
• In 1997 Pakistan with US, Saudi Arab and UAE
recognized Taliban regime in Afghanistan
• In 1998 May 25th India conducted nuclear tests
and tried to occupy Azad Kashmir
• Pakistan responded on May 28th 1998 the
nuclear tests
• Nawaz Sharif also announced freezing of
foreign currency account
• The relation between Pakistan and India
normalized when Indian PM Atal Bihari
Vajpaee visited Lahore on bus
• Soon after that Pak Army took control of
Kargil, Kargil was part of Pakistan 1971
• On the domestic level Nawaz Sharif tabled
the 15th amendment to made Quran and
Sunnah the supreme law of Pakistan
• Nawaz Sharif took the constitution in his and
then tried to dismiss the CNC Parvez Mushref
• This brought his downfall and arrival of
Martial Law after 10 years of civilian
government
• Pakistan again went back to political
retardation
• Conclusion
The Fourth Military Regime,
1999 and after
• Introduction
• Trial of Nawaz Sharif for Hijacking
• Supreme Court upheld Military take over
• Removal of President Tarar
• Musharaf and National power
• Musharaf and 9/11
• Referendum
• Local government reform
• War on terrorism
• NRO
• Conflict with judiciary
• De-uniform
• Assassination BB(2007)
• Election of February 2008
• Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani became PM on 2008
• Musharaf resigned as President
• Zardari became President
• Conclusion
Introduction
Trial of Nawaz Sharif for Hijacking
Supreme Court upheld Military take over
Removal of President Tarar
Musharaf and National power
Musharaf and 9/11
Referendum
Local government reform
 NRO
(National Reconciliation Ordinance)
Conflict with judiciary
De-uniform
Assassination Benazir Bhutto(2007)
Election of February 2008
Syed Yousaf Raza Gilani became PM
on 2008
Musharaf resigned as President
Zardari became President
Conclusion
Foreign Policy Challenges
 Foreign Policy
• Introduction
What is foreign Policy?
How and why it is made and designed?
• Initial Stages: Infant Pakistan
• Ayub Era
• 1965 Indo-Pakistan War
• 1971 Indo-Pakistan War
• Bhutto Era
• General Zia and Islamization Process
• Afghan-Soviet War and Pakistan
• Civil Government of Benazir Bhutto and
Nawaz Sharif
• Parvez Musharraf, 9/11
• Pakistan after 9/11
• US-Afghan War and Pakistan
• Pakistan and War on Terrorism
• Recent Development
• Conclusion
• Introduction

What is foreign Policy?

How and why it is made and designed?

• Initial Stages: Infant Pakistan
•Ayub Era
1965 Indo-Pakistan War
1971 Indo-Pakistan War
Bhutto Era
General Zia and Islamization Process
Afghan-Soviet War and Pakistan
Civil Government of Benazir
Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif
Parvez Musharraf, 9/11
Pakistan after 9/11
US-Afghan War and Pakistan
Pakistan and War on Terrorism
Recent Development
Conclusion
Futuristic Outlook
 Futuristic Outlook
• Introduction:
What we learnt about Pakistan
1. Socio-cultural
2. Geographical
3. Historical
4. Economic
5. Ideological
• Search for Good Governance
Constitutions: 1956, 1962 and 1973
• Dearth of Political Leadership
• Rise of Bureaucracy
• Failure of Democracy
• Military interventions
• Federal issues
• Population growth
• External-internal migration
• Poverty and unemployment
• Literacy
• Media and public awareness
• Conclusions
REMEMBER IN PRAYERS
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