+ Equipment and Instrumentation: (i) instead of cups plus hemisph i ipheres (balls) with ditt (known) surface roughnesses, equivalent parallel plates (see COUETTE flow) could be selected; ° (ii) _ both transverse and squeeze-film (closed system) lubrication can be simulated for different external loads, ie, Lyauy and L(), representing walking and running; Gi) observe/measure h(t) for a range of Lsteady Values and L(t) waveforms; (iv) record gig t0 still assure full film lubrication and note given roughnesses; (¥) calculate hig, (e? +02)? and compare with the R.HLS. value of Equation (2.1.20). Problem 2.16; Ball-and-Cup Squeeze-Film Lubrication Plot for a given L(t) (see Eq. (2.1.14)) the squeeze-film pressure p(O1), velocity , and spacing h(8). Which system parameters are most influential? Self-explanatory Problem 2.17; Apparent Blood Viscosity in Capillaries In very small vessels, such as the capillaries, red blood cell diameters may be signifi ympared to vessel diameter so that the fluid cannot be ete a big homogencis Sigal I hs cathe uid may be approximated as a summation of finite cylindrical layers with thickness ‘equal to the red blood cell diameter. Find the apparent viscosity of blood considering the scanned with Camscannerns: ly fully-developed flow Image the tube made of concentric hollow cylinders of thickness Ar (red blood cell diameter) with the central core as a solid cylinder 2Ar or 0 (see Graph) No slip of the fluid at the wall Solution I: Approximate Analysis By considering the tube to be made of concentric hollow eytinders oF thickness Ar, equal to the red blood cell diameter (see Johnson, 1991), the total volume flow rate can be given as: (2.17.1) the mean fluid velocity in the ith ¢ ith annulus, and 7 is the total number of concentric cylinders. With ‘A; =2s74F (ris the mean radius of ith shell), Eq. (2.17.1) can also be written as O= > 2mAru, (2.17.2) i AM rpu,) = 17 Au, + 21, Aru, we have, 2 Au, 2 Pr Aru, = =r} 5 Ar + Ar) u,) (2.17.3) Inserting Eq. (2.17.3) into Eq. (2.17.2) yields = -0 Sf hare ay Aeu,) @174) ia a With the assumption of no-slip flow at the wall, ic, u=0atr=r,=R, we have scanned with CamscannerDAH) = O74 Moan CP iar =0 where (/=1) =0. Therefore, (2.17.5) For steady, we know (sce Sect.2.2.3): Lp _ld(_ dw -t But fl Slag 2.17.6 mL 14 (,ét) (2.176) where Ap is the constant pressure drop and L is the tube length. (2.17.6) yields (4, =¢) in circular tubes, Thus, from Bq. (2.17.5) and because of 1dr and n= RI dr, Be ae S rar=(Ar)*> ene? _ RR+ ay pra a(ayy (ary (2.17.9) we obtain by substituting Eq. (2.17.9) into Eq. (2.17.8): ak dp ary 10} Q Sak We (2.17.10) , ‘Comparing this result with the well-known Hagen-Poiseuille solution (i.¢., ce Sect.2.2.3) generates an apparent viscosity of 5 w=n{i-) 17.1) 7 Scanned with CamscannerGraph: 09 Whi 08 07 9 300 1000 7500 2000 Tube Radius R (ym) Note: A red cell diameter of 6m was used to graph the function. Solution If: Scale Analysis Alternatively to the above approximate solution and a somewhat detailed (and laborious) CFD simulation as implied in the problem statement, scale analysis (see Sect. 1.3.55) and a hypothesis fr Hgprey may be appropriate as well. Assuming steady laminar low-Reynolds-number flow (STOKES equation (1.3.22) in the text): Vp=HyV?¥ Thus, Pag = Hay Hptauma Ht, ¥, Dy-~) Happ = Hptasma (+ OHt + BHO + +++) scanned with CamscannerProject Note: Laboratory and/or computer experiments could be employed to determine the coefficients a and b as a function of the other system quantities for a reasonable range of capillaries and associated pressure drops. Answer: As indicated in Fig. 1.1.2, the left side of the heart receives re- oxygenated blood via the pulmonary vein in the (left) atrium from where it flows past the mitral valve into the ventricle. While the left heart chamber starts contracting, the valve closes, pressure builds up in the ventricle (systole), the aortic valve opens and blood is pushed via the aorta throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac output (CO) = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV). Typically, HR ~ 72 beats/min and SV = 70mV/beat , so that CO#5 Vmin The associated pressure and volume changes in the left ventricle for one cardiac cycle is graphed below (see also Figs. 2.2.1 and 2.2.2a,b): 2 end-systolic volume + EDV = end-diastolic volume + A> B= blood ejection into the aorta * B-»C= ventricular contraction (V = ¢) + C—>D# chamber relaxation + DAS chamber filling scanned with CamscannerProblem 2.19: Oscillating Tubular Wall generating Fluid Motion Similar to Example 2.16, now analyze the peristaltic pumping for two- dimensional flow in a circular tube of radius a. Find the velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, and overall pressure drop. Project No ; ; ; + Consider transient laminar axisymmetric developing flow in an clastic tube of radius a. + Assume a reasonable wall condition for a(x,t), similar to Eq. (E2.16-3); again, Reis < 1. + Employ studentFluent (see Appendix) or FEMLAB (Comsol Multiphysics) to set up and solve this problem. Windkessel theory (cf. Sect.2.2.3 and Example 2.13): For example, the aorta is modeled as an elastic chamber and the peripheral blood vessels as a representative rigid tube with resistance R. Thus, the inflow rate, or left ventricular ejection history, O(i), can be expressed as: oM=c#L.2 aR mere Che wal compliance () Interpret the biofluid mechanics meaning of each term and determine the dimensions of C and RC. (®) Multiply the equation th eae in through by exp(t/RC), integrate from t=0 to t=t, © Select a couple of Q(t)-functions, (&) How could the com gutculate p(), plot p(), and comment, l? scanned with Camscannerdssumption: one Compliance 7 Concepts: Outtow npiance nearly elastic, + Compliance resistance spherical chamber _ Ww R aqy ‘tiform streams a & <2 sconstant properties & “ gage pressure p © Continuity Ww 0, » A Qu, Fel tater F Qo dvd @ win c-%, & dp Tp aa ttee =O Gy 8 oe we obtain for On) = are Om cig. O08 R (2.20.1) where the dimensions are: 2FT. FD LB (c]==5 and {CR} ie, RCer {atime constant) (b) Equation (2.20.1) can be rewritten as 1 l p+ pas 2.20.2) praeP? Gao (2.20.2) gubject to p (C= 0) = po, where QW, RC rand C are given. This linear first-order rate equation has the solution (see, for example, No. 1.1.4 in Polyanin & Zaitsev, 1995): p= pettt + etre {5 a(ye*de (2.203) ° (©) Assume that the inflow rate (or left ventricular ejection history), QW, can be approximated as ‘Asinat) «fOr OS ESL, (systole) 20-19 for t, @ Wp inal) . eo <7V & WA vif and Problem 2.24: eating Vessels or Airways (a) Streamlines ‘omment: Flow separation may occur in bifurcating vessels when the area of cross sections change abruptly from large to small tubes. scanned with CamscannerComment: Blood flow splits at the flow divider of the bifurcating vessels ‘and new boundary layers are generated in the daughter tubes. The axial Velocity profiles are skewed to the inner wall due to the inertia effect and the centrifugally induced pressure gradient. aaa Secondary Velocity Fields ha J Inspiratory flow Expiratory flow scanned with Camscanner(Comment: For both inspiratory and expiratory flows, the air stream is curved and therefore secondary motions develop when it turns a bend from the parent or daughter tube to the downstream tube. During inhalation, the secondary velocity field in the daughter tube exhibits two distinct vortices which moves the high speed fluid up around the top of the tube toward the rom the outside of the side of the bifurcation and low speed fluid fr ° bjfurcation along the symmetry plane toward the inside of the bifurcation type flow). bifurcation is quite Airflow during the expiratory phase through the different from inspiratory flow. Now, two streams from the daughter tubes merge so that just upstream of each flow divider velocity profiles in the bifurcation plane have indentations around the centers. Four symmetric secondary vortices are generated in the parent tube as shown in the second Graph. Secondary flows play an important role for particle transport and deposition in bifurcating airways during both inhalation and exhalation phases, but especially during expiration (see Zhang et al., 2002; Zhang & “Kiginstreuer, 2002). scanned with Camscanner