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Beta and Gamma Functions Overview

The document discusses the Beta and Gamma functions, including their definitions and properties, as well as techniques for integrating powers of sine and cosine functions. It provides specific integration problems and rules for handling even and odd powers. The use of Beta and Gamma functions is highlighted as a helpful tool in integral calculus applications.

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sharmeenlincoln2022
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77 views4 pages

Beta and Gamma Functions Overview

The document discusses the Beta and Gamma functions, including their definitions and properties, as well as techniques for integrating powers of sine and cosine functions. It provides specific integration problems and rules for handling even and odd powers. The use of Beta and Gamma functions is highlighted as a helpful tool in integral calculus applications.

Uploaded by

sharmeenlincoln2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Beta and Gamma function

1. Advanced calculus, Murray R Spiegel: Chapter 15, page 389

2. Real Analysis, Golden series, N P Bali, Chapter 12, Page 738 (CP-372)

3. Integral calculus, M L Khanna, Chapter-2, Page -64

Problem: Integrate  cos 4 x dx

2 2
1  1  3 1 1
cos x dx   (2 cos 2 x)    (1  cos 2 x)    cos 2 x  cos 4 x
4

2  2  8 2 8

3 1 1  3 1 1
 cos x dx    8  2 cos 2 x  8 cos 4 x  dx  8 x  4 sin 2 x  32 sin 4 x
4

Rule: even positive power of sine and cosine, express it in terms multiple angles and then
integrate.

When the index is large, it would be more convenient to express the powers of sine or cosine
of angles in terms of multiple angles by the use of De Moiver’s theorerm.

When the index is a large odd positive integer, then do the same process.

Products of positive integral powers of sine and cosine:

Problem: Integrate  sin 2 x cos5 x dx

In many problems in the applications of integral calculus, the use of the Beta and Gamma
functions often facilitates calculations.
1
(i) Beta function or first Eulerian integral: B(m, n)   x m1 (1  x) n 1 dx ; m  0, n  0
0


(ii) Gamma function or second Eulerian integral: n   e x x n 1 dx ; n  0
0

Properties:

(i) B(m, n)  B(n, m)


(ii) 1   e x dx  1
0

(iii) n  1  n n
(iv) n  1  n! when n is a positiveinteger, n  0

m n
(v) B(m, n) 
mn


(vi) m 1  m  (0  m  1)
sin m

1
(vii)  
2

 x m 1 dx  x
n 1
dx
(viii) B(m, n)   mn
 
0 (1  x) 0 (1  x) m  n

p 1 q 1
 /2 2 2
(ix)  0
sin p  cos q  d 
pq2
; p  1, q  1
2
2

p 1
 /2  /2 2 
(x) 
0
sin p  d  
0
cos q  d 
p2 2
2

 
 e  x dx 
2
(xi)
0 2

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