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3057_C000.fm Page i Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Digital
Integrated
Circuits
Design-for-Test Using
Simulink ® and Stateflow ®
3057_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM
3057_C000.fm Page iii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Digital
Integrated
Circuits
Design-for-Test Using
Simulink ® and Stateflow ®

Evgeni Perelroyzen

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
3057_C000.fm Page iv Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3057-2 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3057-5 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse-
quences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying,
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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Perelroyzen, Evgeni.
Digital integrated circuits : design-for-test using Simulink and Stateflow /
Evgeni Perelroyzen.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-3057-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-3057-2 (alk. paper)
1. Digital integrated circuits--Testing. 2. Digital integrated circuits--Design
and construction. 3. SIMULINK. 4. MATLAB. I. Title. II. Title: Design-for-test
using Simulink and Stateflow.

TK7874.P445 2007
621.3815--dc22 2006021811

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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3057_C000.fm Page v Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

To Natalija Silova
3057_C000.fm Page vi Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Thy glass will show thee how thy beauties wear,

Thy dial how thy precious minutes waste,
The vacant leaves thy mind’s imprint will bear,
And of this book this learning mayst thou taste.

William Shakespeare, LXXVII

3057_C000.fm Page vii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Contents

Chapter 1 Simulink ®: Dynamic System Simulation

for MATLAB ® ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Hierarchical Systems ........................................................................1
1.1.1.1 Blocks and Connections: Various Approaches ..............2
1.1.1.2 Oriented Blocks and Connections....................................2
1.1.1.3 Description of Hybrid Systems ........................................3
1.2 Creating a Model ...........................................................................................3
1.3 Running a Simulation .................................................................................10
1.4 Analyzing Simulation Results ...................................................................10
1.5 Subsystems: Using Masks to Customize Blocks .................................... 11
1.6 Reference Blocks ..........................................................................................12
1.6.1 Continuous Library.........................................................................12
1.6.1.1 Transport Delay Block......................................................12
1.6.1.2 Variable Transport Delay Block......................................12
1.6.2 Discrete Library ...............................................................................12
1.6.2.1 Discrete Filter Block .........................................................12
1.6.2.2 Discrete-Time Integrator Block .......................................14
1.6.2.3 Discrete State-Space Block...............................................14
1.6.2.4 Discrete Transfer Fcn Block.............................................14
1.6.2.5 Unit Delay Block ...............................................................14
1.6.3 Discontinuities Library...................................................................14
1.6.3.1 Hit Crossing Block............................................................15
1.6.4 Link for ModelSim Library ...........................................................15
1.6.4.1 The VHDL Cosimulation, VHDL Sink,
VHDL Source, and To VCD File Blocks........................15
1.6.5 Look-Up Tables................................................................................15
1.6.5.1 Direct Look-Up Table (n-D) Block .................................17
1.6.5.2 Look-Up Table (2-D) Block..............................................17
1.6.5.3 Look-Up Table (n-D) Block .............................................18
1.6.6 Math Operations Library ...............................................................18
1.6.6.1 Bitwise Logical Operator Block......................................20
1.6.6.2 Combinatorial Logic Block..............................................20
1.6.6.3 Gain Block ..........................................................................21
1.6.6.4 Logical Operator Block ....................................................21
1.6.6.5 Matrix Gain Block.............................................................22
1.6.6.6 MinMax Block ...................................................................22
1.6.6.7 Product Block ....................................................................23
1.6.6.8 Relational Operator Block ...............................................24
3057_C000.fm Page viii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

1.6.6.9 Sum Block ..........................................................................24

1.6.7 Ports&Subsystems Library ............................................................25
1.6.7.1 Atomic Subsystem Block ...............................................25
1.6.7.2 Enabled Subsystem Block..............................................25
1.6.7.3 Enabled and Triggered Subsystem Block ...................26
1.6.7.4 For Iterator Subsystem Block........................................26
1.6.7.5 Function-Call Generator Block .....................................27
1.6.7.6 Function-Call Subsystem Block ....................................27
1.6.7.7 If Action Subsystem Block ............................................27
1.6.7.8 Subsystem Block .............................................................27
1.6.7.9 Subsystem Examples Block ...........................................27
1.6.7.10 Triggered Subsystem Block ...........................................27
1.6.7.11 Switch Case Block...........................................................28
1.6.7.12 Switch Case Action Subsystem Block .........................28
1.6.7.13 While Iterator Subsystem Block ...................................29
1.6.8 Signal Attributes Library ...............................................................30
1.6.8.1 Data Type Conversion Block ..........................................30
1.6.8.2 IC Block ..............................................................................31
1.6.8.3 Probe Block ........................................................................31
1.6.8.4 Rate Transition Block .......................................................32
1.6.8.5 Signal Specification Block................................................33
1.6.8.6 Width Block .......................................................................33
1.6.9 Signal Routing Library ...................................................................33
1.6.9.1 Bus Creator Block .............................................................34
1.6.9.2 Bus Selector Block.............................................................34
1.6.9.3 Data Store Block................................................................34
1.6.9.4 Demux Block .....................................................................35
1.6.9.5 From Block .........................................................................35
1.6.9.6 Goto Block..........................................................................37
1.6.9.7 Manual Switch Block........................................................37
1.6.9.8 Multiport Switch Block ....................................................37
1.6.9.9 Mux Block ..........................................................................39
1.6.9.10 Selector Block.....................................................................39
1.6.9.11 Switch Block ......................................................................39
1.6.10 Simulink Extras Library .................................................................39
1.6.10.1 Clock Block ........................................................................39
1.6.10.2 DFF Block ...........................................................................40
1.6.10.3 D Latch Block ....................................................................40
1.6.10.4 JKFF Block..........................................................................42
1.6.10.5 SRFF Block .........................................................................42
1.6.11 Sinks Library ....................................................................................42
1.6.11.1 Display Block.....................................................................42
1.6.11.2 Floating Scope Block ........................................................42
1.6.11.3 Out1 Block..........................................................................43
1.6.11.4 Scope Block ........................................................................43
1.6.11.5 Stop Simulation Block......................................................43
3057_C000.fm Page ix Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

1.6.11.6 Terminator Block...............................................................44

1.6.11.7 To File Block ......................................................................46
1.6.11.8 To Workspace Block..........................................................46
1.6.12 Sources Library................................................................................46
1.6.12.1 Constant Block ..................................................................47
1.6.12.2 Digital Clock Block ...........................................................47
1.6.12.3 In1 Block.............................................................................47
1.6.12.4 From File Block .................................................................47
1.6.12.5 From Workspace Block ....................................................47
1.6.12.6 Pulse Generator Block......................................................48
1.6.12.7 Signal Builder Block .........................................................48
1.6.12.8 Signal Generator Block ....................................................48
1.6.12.9 Step Block...........................................................................50
1.6.13 Stateflow Library.............................................................................50
1.6.13.1 Chart Block ........................................................................50
1.6.14 User-Defined Functions Library ...................................................51
1.6.14.1 Fcn Block ............................................................................51
1.6.14.2 MATLAB Fcn Block..........................................................51
1.6.14.3 S-Function Block ...............................................................51
1.6.14.4 S-Function Builder Block .................................................51
1.6.15 Additional Libraries........................................................................54
1.7 Simulink Debugger .....................................................................................56
References...............................................................................................................64

Chapter 2 Stateflow ®: Creating Finite State Machine Models....... 65

2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................65
2.2 Creating Charts ............................................................................................67
2.3 Entering a Stateflow Diagram ...................................................................72
2.3.1 Internal States ..................................................................................72
2.3.2 Transitions ........................................................................................73
2.3.3 Connective Junctions ......................................................................74
2.3.4 Default Transitions..........................................................................74
2.3.5 History Junctions.............................................................................76
2.4 Defining Events and Data ..........................................................................77
2.5 Defining Stateflow Interfaces.....................................................................79
2.5.1 Inputs ................................................................................................79
2.5.2 Outputs .............................................................................................79
2.6 Exploring and Searching ............................................................................79
2.7 Debugging.....................................................................................................81
References...............................................................................................................91

Chapter 3 Fault Modeling and Simulation ...................................... 93

3.1 Fault Modeling.............................................................................................93
3.1.1 Fault Models for Combinational Circuits ...................................93
3.1.2 Fault Models for Sequential Circuits ...........................................94
3.2 Fault Simulation...........................................................................................98
3057_C000.fm Page x Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

3.2.1Fault Simulation for Combinational Circuits .............................98

3.2.1.1 Cone and Test Vector Generation.................................105
3.2.1.2 Partitioning Circuits into Cones and Subcones
Using Simulink................................................................109
3.2.2 Fault Simulation for Sequential Circuits ................................... 112
References.............................................................................................................142

Chapter 4 Testability Analysis Methods ........................................ 143

4.1 Combinational Controllability and Observability
Analysis Models.........................................................................................143
4.1.1 The AND Gate ...............................................................................144
4.1.2 The NAND Gate............................................................................145
4.1.3 The OR Gate...................................................................................148
4.1.4 The NOR Gate ...............................................................................150
4.1.5 The XOR Gate ................................................................................151
4.1.6 The NXOR Gate.............................................................................153
4.1.7 The NOT Gate................................................................................155
4.2 Sequential Controllability and Observability Analysis Models ........164
References.............................................................................................................172

Chapter 5 The Automatic Test Pattern Generation

(ATPG) Process ............................................................................ 173
5.1 ATPG Fundamentals .................................................................................173
5.2 Combinational Circuit ATPG (Current-Based ATPG Algorithms
for Combinational Circuits) .....................................................................183
5.2.1 The D-Algorithm Model ..............................................................183
5.2.2 The PODEM-Algorithm Model ..................................................190
References ............................................................................................. 193

Chapter 6 Timing Verification ......................................................... 195

6.1 Logical Determinant Theory....................................................................195
6.1.1 Infinite-Valued Logic ....................................................................195
6.1.2 The IVL Equations and Inequalities ..........................................197
6.1.3 Order Logic and Logical Determinants.....................................198
6.1.4 Exposure of Large LDs.................................................................204
6.1.5 Probabilistic Calculations in IVL ................................................204
6.2 Digital Circuit Dynamics..........................................................................204
6.2.1 Statistical and Dynamical Analysis of Combinational
Circuits ............................................................................................204
6.2.2 Switching Dynamic Processes in the System ...........................206
6.2.3 Dynamical Processes in Multi-Input Gates Following
Arbitrary Length Impacts ............................................................216
6.2.4 Logical Determinants and Sorting .............................................225
6.3 Model Building for Timing Verification.................................................240
6.3.1 Spectrum Analysis of a Switching Process ...............................240
3057_C000.fm Page xi Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

6.3.2 The Comparison Model for Two Switching Processes ...........255

References.............................................................................................................260

Chapter 7 System and Embedded Core Testing ............................ 261

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................261
7.2 Scan Path Architectures and Techniques ...............................................261
7.2.1 Models for BIST Architecture......................................................261
7.2.1.1 Signature Analysis ..........................................................262
7.2.1.2 LFSR Models....................................................................262
7.2.2 Scan Cell Operations ....................................................................275
7.2.2.1 Built-In Logic Block Observer (BILBO)
Register Model ................................................................280
7.3 System and Embedded Core Testing .....................................................282
7.3.1 Functional Testing .........................................................................282
7.3.2 Diagnostic Testing .........................................................................301
7.3.3 JTAG Interface Model...................................................................305
7.3.3.1 BSC Model .......................................................................307
7.3.3.2 BSC Chain Model ...........................................................309
7.3.3.3 TAP Controller Model.................................................... 311
References.............................................................................................................312
Index .....................................................................................................................313
3057_C000.fm Page xii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM
3057_C000.fm Page xiii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Preface

This book’s main objective is the construction of Simulink* models for digital
project test benches in the field of design-for-test. This book is a part of the
novel tendency (described in the Introduction) of integrating the MATLAB®
system (specifically its two components — Simulink and Stateflow®) into the
process of modern digital design. The first part of the book describes the
major tools used by the author for design-for-test: Simulink and Stateflow.
Chapter 1, which deals with Simulink, describes the process of Simulink
model building, as well as the main blocks of libraries in Simulink, which
the author uses for Simulink model building in the design-for-test field.
Chapter 2, Stateflow, describes the process of finite state machine model
building as Stateflow diagrams.
The second part of the book discusses the Simulink model building for
some of the latest design-for-test fields: fault modeling and simulation for
combinational circuits and sequential circuits (Chapter 3); Simulink model
building for combinational controllability and observability and sequential
controllability and observability computation (Chapter 4); the automatic test
pattern generation (ATPG) process and Simulink model building for the D-
algorithm and PODEM-algorithm (Chapter 5); logical determinant theory,
digital circuit dynamics, and model building for timing verification (Chapter 6);
and models for built-in self-test (BIST) architecture, scan cell operations,
functional testing, diagnostic testing, and JTAG interface models (Chapter 7).
The author wishes to express his deepest and sincere gratitude to Ms.
Koudloh Marina for her invaluable assistance in the book preparation.

* Simulink, Stateflow, and MATLAB are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. For product
information, please contact: The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA.
Tel: 508-647-7000. Fax: 508-647-7001. E-mail: [email protected]. Web: www.mathworks.com.
3057_C000.fm Page xiv Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM
3057_C000.fm Page xv Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Introduction

I.1 MATLAB Integration to Modern Digital Design Flow

At present, a novel trend in digital design is being developed: the integration
of the MATLAB® system. It is, first and foremost, associated with digital
signal processing.
On the intellectual properties (IP) side, the majority of design systems
start operating by using the MathWorks’ industry-leading products, Sim-
ulink and MATLAB. Simulink provides an environment for IP building-
blocks-based circuit engineering design as well as a project simulation
environment and “what-if” analysis. Field programmable gate array
(FPGA) vendors Xilinx, Altera, and Lattice and electronic design automa-
tion (EDA) vendor Synplicity, for instance, use Simulink to develop syn-
thesis tools and IP blocks for the implementation of IP-based design flow.
Thus, Synplicity’s digital signal processing (DSP) Synthesis Tool starts its
operation with model generation in the Simulink environment, using the
blocks of its pertinent Simulink library. Further on, to obtain the final
design results, the company’s own register transfer level (RTL) Synthesis
Technology is applied to the model [1]. We can cite a number of detailed
examples.

I.1.1 MATLAB and Simulink Accelerate Implementation

of DSP Designs on FPGAs: The result of collaboration
between The MathWorks and Xilinx
The MathWorks deals with accelerated engineering design, using the MATLAB
system and its Simulink and Stateflow® components, which are intended for the
development and analysis of algorithms and for the system-level design of DSP
applications. The MathWorks strategy for DSP applications is the following:

1. Acceleration of innovations in the communications and multimedia

market
2. Achievement of key positions in the development of DSP algorithms
3. Acquisition of system-level design solutions, using Simulink and
MATLAB
4. Support of integration between top-down design and project syn-
thesis (implementation) tools
3057_C000.fm Page xvi Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

The advantages of The MathWorks and Xilinx collaboration are a seamless

route from Simulink and MATLAB to highly efficient implementation tools of
Xilinx DSP applications and less time taken by FPGA design and verification.
The disadvantages of the existing design are:
1. The gap between system-level design (using MATLAB and C lan-
guage) and the implementation tools (EDA tools for the implemen-
tation of FPGA, DSP, and embedded software (SW) tool-based
devices tailored for the implementation of controlling software and
DSP applications)
2. Ambiguous specifications
3. Design problems that are revealed at advanced stages
4. High risk of design faults
The gap between system-level design and its implementation tools results in
a lack of integration in the design team: they break up into two independent
groups (supervisory logic group (DSP group) and analog and mixed signal
group, each having its own tools). This results in the impossibility of simulating
the interaction between the components devised and the impossibility of testing
the entire designed system and makes redesign an extremely high-cost task.
The Simulink application as a system-level design tool brings into exist-
ence a common tool for all design groups, enables the simulation of inter-
actions between the system’s designed components and the testing of the
entire designed system’s behavior, and eliminates the necessity of redesign.
The Simulink design environment provides top-down design, clear-cut spec-
ifications, design and test for the entire system, simulation of interactions
between the designed components, early detection of design faults, and
reduced time to market [2].

DSP System simulation

MATLAB/Simulink
top-level
Hardware in-
HDL Xilinx System the-loop
Cosimulation Generator for DSP real-time
debug

Xilinx
ModelSim
ISE

HDL Modules simulation FPGA Implementation

FIGURE I.1
Xilinx System Generator for Simulink.
3057_C000.fm Page xvii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

Within the approach frame, Xilinx has developed the Xilinx System Gen-
erator for Simulink (Figure I.1). Before the Xilinx System Generator was
implemented, design using Simulink was characterized by discordance
between system architects (who create the block diagrams of Simulink mod-
els) and FPGA developers (who redesign the system architects’ models,
implementing the hardware description languages (HDLs: VHSIC HDL,
Verilog HDL). Following close interaction and numerous iterations, they
finally achieved concord, and only after that did FPGA developers synthe-
size the model and implement it physically.
With the advent of the Xilinx System Generator, system architects and
FGPA developers could collaborate in the Simulink environment, using two
major components as follows: the library of dedicated blocks, Xilinx Blockset,
for model building in the Simulink environment; and the HDL generator
that uses the Xilinx optimized IP algorithms and generates the synthesized
HDL code with consequent physical implementation of the project as FPGA,
using the Smart-IP tool [3, 4].
The work of Rabey and Chandrakasan [5] exemplifies computer imple-
mentation of the advanced base-band processor for a wireless modem based
on its high-level description in the Simulink environment. This high-level
description is converted into an engineering implementation in the “chip-
in-a-day”-type design environment. This tool controls synthesis from the
behavioral to the gate level. The project’s complete physical implementation
and verification takes about 24 hours. Such an approach is also efficient when
high-level signal-processing functions are realized at rapid-prototyping plat-
forms such as FPGAs. The Xilinx System Generator uses such models as
filters, modulators, and correlators (described in MathWorks Simulink envi-
ronment) directly in FPGA module.
By applying MATLAB and Simulink in combination with the Xilinx System
Generator for DSP applications, one can simulate and verify the DSP algo-
rithms at a certain platform (target hardware platform), without the necessity
of leaving the Simulink environment. In this process, the design flow consists
of the following stages (Figure I.2) [6]:

1. The DSP designer designs and verifies a hardware model, using the
industry-standard tools of The MathWorks together with the Xilinx
System Generator for DSP applications.
2. After the button with Xilinx System Generator icon is pressed, the
Xilinx System Generator generates the HDL circuit representation.
3. The process is synthesized, using the ISE design tools, and the gen-
erated bitstream is employed in FPGA programming. Thus, the DSP
designer can generate the FPGA bitstream directly in the Simulink–
Xilinx System Generator environment.

XtremeDSP Development Kit II, developed by Nallatech in collaboration

with Xilinx, is the platform to be used for the development of high-performance
3057_C000.fm Page xviii Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

MATLAB/Simulink
Function/system
modeling level
Xilinx blockset for
DSP

Auto HDL Xilinx System

generation level Generator for DSP

FPGA Xilinx ISE

implementation (synthesis, place and
level route, FPGA
bitstream generation)

FIGURE I.2
Design flow using Xilinx System Generator for Simulink.

signal processing systems [7]. The combination of XtremeDSP, Simulink, and

the Xilinx System Generator gives the FPGA and DSP engineers the chance
for fast and efficient hardware implementation of complete systems. Such
an approach reduces the time to market for products that can reconfigure
and modify the system without changing its hardware composition, as com-
pared to the conventional HDL-based design.
When using the Xilinx System Generator, the model is created as follows:
The Xilinx System Generator icon is activated in a Simulink environment at
the model upper level. Then the window that opened in the Xilinx System
Generator provides various options such as a FPGA type, housing type,
synthetic tool type, and a location for the generated VHDL code. All these
ensure prompt system design out of standard Xilinx System Generator
blocks. If a designer wants to use the VHDL code, he or she can place it into
the corresponding “black box” block.
Combinations of various Xilinx System Generator blocks and subsystems
allow hierarchical system design placement of such blocks in the Simulink
environment and support a bottom-up design approach, and as it progresses,
parts of the model are tested and verified using various Simulink blocks
such as Scope, Graph, Display, and so on. The MATLAB functions for pseudo
three-dimensional visualization, image plotting, and calculations can be used
for verification.
The software model is verified using the hardware Simulink cosimulation
library block, created by the Xilinx System Generator, that controls the design
flow. A compilation object is chosen in such a block for hardware cosimulation
and so that XtremeDSP is the hardware target environment. The hardware
Simulink cosimulation library block can be efficiently programmed by the
FPGA bitstream, using the Xilinx Synthesis Tool (XST). The block makes pos-
sible certain operations such as data transfer and clocking, device configuration,
3057_C000.fm Page xix Tuesday, October 3, 2006 12:15 PM

MATLAB/Simulink top-level

Graphical-based design Language-based design

flow flow

Xilinx System Generator for AccelChip system

DSP
-Fixed-point, system-level design -Vector/matrix operations
-Scalar processing -Floating to fixed point transformation
-Debugging, verification -Design space exploration
-HDL Generation -Use DSP IP cores
-HDL Cosimulation -HDL and text bench generation

Xilinx ISE: RTL Synthesis, simulation and implementation

System verification using hardware in-the-loop

FIGURE I.3
System Generator/Accel Chip Interface.

and so on. The simulation block library is created like any other Simulink
library. The simulation is conducted in Simulink environment, and its results
are transferred from the FPGA to XtremeDSP.
Two kinds of electronic designers are known: those who deal with lan-
guage forms and those who deal with block diagrams. The Xilinx System
Generator for DSP is a proficient tool for DSP project development by system
architects and hardware designers who use the visual design environment
(Simulink and Xilinx Block Set). The AccelChip Inc. system, called the Accel-
Chip DSP Synthesis Tool, has been specifically developed for algorithm
developers and DSP architects who prefer operating with language forms.
Having started from the implementation of MATLAB system M files to the
development of input stimuli and algorithm assessments, the project can
later be exported to the Xilinx System Generator (Figure I.3), and the project
optimization can be based on Xilinx FPGAs [8].

I.1.2 Altera DSP Builder: The Result of Collaboration

of The MathWorks and Altera
DSP system design in an Altera programmable logic device (PLD) environ-
ment demands certain design tools for the implementation of high-level
algorithms and project descriptions using HDLs. Altera DSP Builder is
precisely the development tool for DSP applications, and it connects the
Simulink (the development facility for system-level DSP applications) to
Altera’s Quartus system.
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could be done by the men in full gallop, as the country was so boggy
the tracks were plainly visible. The police tracked the foot-prints of
the outlaws' horses to a well-known sympathizer's house, where it
was afterwards ascertained the outlaws had breakfasted. Then the
tracks were followed up still further into the Warby Ranges, and the
police found Kennedy's horse, which the outlaws had abandoned.
The animal was knocked up and its feet were bleeding from
travelling over stones without shoes.
This I consider the best opportunity thrown away of capturing the
offenders throughout the whole of the search. But unfortunately
there was an officer at that time stationed at Wangaratta who was
from physical and other disqualifications quite unfit to be sent on
duty of this kind. Instead of following up the tracks when he found
the lame and bleeding horse with signs of having recently been
ridden, he threw up the search and made all his men return back to
Wangaratta to show he had found the horse. It was afterwards
discovered that the outlaws at this time were completely done up;
their horses had been some days without feed, and they themselves
were wet and tired out. There would have been no difficulty in
capturing them. Unfortunately the inspecting superintendent was
engaged in some other part of the district, and so also was the
officer in charge of the district. The outlaws had got back to near
where their relations lived. They had the Kellys' house on one side of
them, and the Harts' on the other, and they could go to their own
blood relations for any food and help they required.
Search parties were kept up all over the district, men sleeping out,
or I should say staying out without fire or shelter; badly-fed horses
knocked up, reports coming in from every direction hundreds of
miles off, that the Kellys had been seen here, there, and
everywhere. Many of these reports were circulated for the purpose
of deceiving the police. The inspecting superintendent had had a
great deal of experience in the detective force, and was able to
obtain information from persons that no one else would think of
getting it from. He set to work to endeavour to organize men of this
class and get information as to the whereabouts of the outlaws, but
there was the greatest difficulty in doing this. The murders
committed by the outlaws had created such a scare in the district,
that any person who did know anything of their movements was
afraid to say anything about it; besides which, they had such a
crowd of relations in the district, that it was impossible to find a
person who was not in some way or other interested or connected
with the gang. No one but the police themselves knew the hardships
they went through all that winter whilst searching for the outlaws.
They did it most cheerfully, one and all. Their whole aim and object
was to fall in with the Kellys. The officers had a most trying time.
They had to decide between false and deceiving reports, and those
that were true. They were constantly on the move themselves,
meeting persons in the bush quite alone, and obtaining information
concerning the outlaws, some purposely misleading with a view of
favouring the outlaws and getting payment for their services.

CHAPTER VI.
Euroa Bank Robbery—Euroa—"Sticking up" Mr. Younghusband's
Station—Mr. Macauley "bailed up"—The Hawker Gloster—
Cheap Outfits—The Raid on the Bank—The Manager and
Family made Prisoners—The Return to Mr. Younghusband's
—The Retreat of the Gang and Liberation of the Prisoners—
Explanatory Statement of the Author.

The next exploit of the gang was the Euroa Bank robbery, on the
11th Dec. 1878. Euroa is situated on the main railway line between
Melbourne and Sydney, about one hundred miles from the former.
The town at that time had about three hundred inhabitants; there
was a police station, where one mounted man was stationed, and it
had two hotels and some substantially built buildings in it. A court
was held there once a month, and the town was built close by the
railway line. The bank that was stuck up was within fifty or sixty
yards of the railway station, and trains are constantly passing
throughout the day; the nearest townships on each side of Euroa are
Lowground on the Melbourne side, about nine miles distant, and
Violet Town on the north side, about eleven miles. A considerable
amount of business is, however, done in this place. It is the outlet
for a large agricultural district, reaching down the valley of the
Goulbourne river; at the back of it, and but a short distance away,
are the Strathbogie ranges, which are covered with thick scrub, and
heavily timbered for thirty or forty miles, reaching to near Mansfield,
giving excellent cover for any persons trying to escape justice.
About noon on Monday, the 18th of December 1878, an employé
named Fitzgerald, on Mr. Younghusband's station, was sitting in the
hut eating his dinner, when a man who looked like an ordinary
bushman quietly sauntered up to the door, and taking his pipe out of
his mouth inquired if the manager, Mr. Macauley, was about.
Fitzgerald replied, "No, but he will be back towards evening. Is it
anything in particular? Perhaps I will do as well." The bushman said,
"No, never mind; it is of no consequence," and then walked away
from the hut. Fitzgerald continued eating his dinner without taking
any further notice of the man; but he happened to look up, and saw
the bushman beckoning to some person in the distance. About five
minutes afterwards, two more rough-looking characters joined the
bushman; they were leading four very fine horses, in splendid
condition, they were three bays and a gray. The three men went to
the homestead, which was close to the hut, and walked in. They met
Mrs. Fitzgerald, the wife of the employé already mentioned, who was
engaged in some household duties.
The old dame was considerably surprised at the strangers walking in
without an invitation, and asked them who they were, and what they
wanted. One replied, "I am Ned Kelly, but you have nothing to fear
from us, we shall do you no harm; but you will have to give us some
refreshment, and also food for our horses. That is all we want." The
old lady was naturally very much surprised, and called out to her
husband to come to her. Fitzgerald left his dinner at the hut, and
walked over to the house, when his wife introduced him to the
strangers, saying, "There is Mr. Kelly, he wants some refreshments,
and food for his horses." By this time Kelly had drawn his revolver,
evidently to show them there was no joking on his part; and
Fitzgerald, no doubt thinking discretion the better part of valour,
accepted the inevitable, and resignedly said, "Well, if the gentlemen
want any refreshment, they must have it."
Shortly after this conversation had taken place, the station hands
began to drop in for their dinner. Joe Byrne took up his position
outside, keeping watch over the place, and Dan Kelly found the
horse-feed, and was attending to the horses. Ned Kelly and Hart, as
the men approached the homestead, made prisoners of all of them;
Ned took possession of a detached building, which had been used as
a store-room, into which he put Fitzgerald, and each man that came
up to the station was served in the same manner, and the door
locked. The women on the station were in no way interfered with,
and they were all assured that no harm was intended to anybody; as
each man walked up for his dinner, they were very quietly ordered to
"bail up," and were unresistingly marched into the storehouse, no
violence being used towards any of them, as they went quietly. Ned
Kelly put several questions to each of the workmen, making inquiries
about every one on the station, so as to test the credibility of each
of them; their answers appeared to satisfy him, he was very quiet in
his manner, and kept telling the men they had nothing to fear,
provided they did not interfere with him or his companions.
About five o'clock in the afternoon Mr. Macauley, the manager of the
station, rode up to the homestead (he had been to one of the out-
stations), and when crossing the creek which led up to the station
he noticed, with some surprise, the quietness which reigned about
the place, and the absence of the station hands about the huts.
However, he did not give it a second thought, and proceeded on his
way, until nearing the storehouse, when he suddenly reined up. This
was in consequence of Fitzgerald calling out to him from the
building, "The Kellys are here, you will have to bail up." He could not
believe this at first, but almost at that instant Ned Kelly came out of
the house, and covering him with his revolvers, ordered him to "bail
up." Macauley without dismounting said, "What is the good of your
sticking up the station? We have got no better horses than those you
have." Ned Kelly replied, "We are not going to take anything, we
only want some food, and rest for our horses, and sleep for
ourselves."
Macauley, seeing it was no use offering any resistance, at once
dismounted, and surrendered. They did not treat him as they did the
others, but allowed him to remain at liberty for some time, but
always keeping a watchful eye upon him. Even then Macauley did
not believe they were the Kelly gang, but when Dan Kelly came out
of the house, he recognized, as he said, "his ugly face" from the
photos he had seen of him. Macauley said, "Well, as we are to
remain here, we may as well make ourselves as comfortable as
possible, and have our tea." The outlaws however were too
cautious, and only two of them sat down together, whilst the others
kept a look-out, and then they relieved each other. They also took
great care that some of their prisoners should taste the food first,
being apparently afraid of poison being put in.
About this time a hawker named Gloster, who had a shop at
Seymour, but was in the habit of travelling about the country with a
general assortment of clothing and fancy goods, drove his waggon
up to the entrance of the station, and according to his usual custom
unharnessed his horses, and made preparations for camping out for
the night; and having made all in readiness, he walked up to the
station to get some water to make his tea with. When he reached
the hut, he was told "the Kellys" were there, and that he would have
to "bail up." Macauley, knowing Gloster to be a plucky fellow, was
afraid that he might draw his revolver and there would be blood
shed; however, Gloster got his water from the kitchen, and was
going back to his cart, when Ned Kelly called out to him to stop.
Gloster turned round and looked at him, but thinking it was all a
lark, went on his way towards his cart. Dan Kelly immediately raised
his gun, and was about to fire, when Ned Kelly ordered him not to
do so. Macauley called out to him to "bail up," in order to prevent
bloodshed. Gloster, who appeared a very obstinate fellow, took no
notice of the threats of the Kellys, or the entreaties of Macauley, but
steadily continued on his way and got up into his cart. Ned Kelly
appeared to be losing his temper, and went down to the cart
followed by his brother Dan. Ned then put his revolver to Gloster's
cheek, and ordered him to come out of his cart, or he would blow
his brains out. Many angry words passed between them, and it was
only by the endeavours of Macauley that Ned Kelly was prevented
shooting Gloster.
Kelly then said he would let him off this time, at the same time
praising his own leniency, by saying not one man in a hundred would
have dealt so leniently with him, after the manner in which he had
behaved. Dan Kelly was evidently eager for blood, as he expressed a
strong wish to put a bullet through "the wretch." Gloster was then
marched up to the store-room, and locked up with the other
prisoners. The four ruffians then proceeded to ransack the hawker's
cart, and provide themselves with a new fit out; they made regular
bush-dandies of themselves, and helped themselves pretty freely to
the contents of the scent-bottles which they found amongst the
stock. They also took what fire-arms he had. Before going to bed for
the night, the Kellys opened the door of the store-room, and let the
prisoners out for a little while to get some fresh air, but at the same
time holding their revolvers in their hands and keeping a sharp look-
out after them all. The Kellys had frequent conversations with their
prisoners in a most friendly manner, and conversed freely on any
subject. All night long two of the outlaws kept guard, whilst the
others slept. Tuesday morning they were up early; they appeared to
keep a good watch on the approaches to the homestead, so that no
information would reach Euroa that would interfere with the
successful carrying out of their plans of robbing the National Bank.
About two o'clock on Tuesday afternoon a party of four men, named
Mr. McDougal, Mr. Dudley, Mr. Casement, and Mr. Jennant, who were
returning from the Strathbogie ranges, were "bailed up," and made
prisoners. Mr. McDougal's account of what took place is as follows:
—"We had just reached the railway gates where there is a crossing
to Mr. Younghusband's station, three of us driving in a spring-cart,
and Mr. Jennant on horse-back. The gates were closed, and nothing
was farther from our thoughts than the idea of the Kelly gang being
close to us; we were laughingly speculating with each other on the
chances of the gates, which are on private property, leading into the
run, being locked. Mr. Jennant got down from his horse, and finding
them unlocked, was opening them, when two men suddenly made
their appearance, one coming from behind us on horse-back, and
the other advancing on foot in front. Both presented revolvers, and
called on us to 'bail up.'
"The one on horse-back, who, I afterwards learned, was Ned Kelly,
cried out, 'Surrender, or you will be shot.' As both men looked like
mounted policemen in plain clothes, and held up handcuffs and
accused us of stealing the trap we were driving, we at first thought
they were troopers, and Mr. Dudley called out, 'What right have you
to arrest us?' and appeared as if he was not going to take any notice
of their summons. Ned Kelly then rode close up to him, shouted in a
violent manner, at the same time presenting a revolver at his head,
and said, 'I'll shoot you dead on the spot if you give me any cheek.'
Fearing Kelly was going to carry out his threat, I interposed and
asked Dudley to surrender quietly, as it was no use resisting, and
said to Kelly, 'You would not shoot an old man!' Kelly replied, 'I won't
harm the old man if he surrenders quietly.' A tall young man (Byrne)
told us to drive up to the homestead. As we approached the gate
leading to the station, one of the station hands opened it, and said
in a laughing manner, pointing to Ned Kelly and addressing us,
'Gentlemen, allow me to introduce you to Mr. Edward Kelly.' This was
the first intimation who our captors were, and the information was
by no means a pleasant one, and did not tend to re-assure us; in
fact we were all greatly frightened, and for myself I may say my
heart was in my mouth. When we got to the store-room we found
Dan Kelly and Hart there guarding the place, in which the manager
Mr. Macauley and about twenty others had been imprisoned for
twenty-six hours.
"The store-room was a wooden building about twenty yards away
from the house; it only had one door and window, near each other,
and was easily guarded. Our party of four were put into the room
with the others, and, there being no ventilation, we soon found the
atmosphere very hot and close. In the meantime the gang had
thrown everything out of our cart, they took possession of a rifle and
double-barrelled gun, eighty bullets, and some powder and caps.
"Our imprisonment lasted eight hours, during which time, however,
several of us were permitted to go out occasionally to get some
fresh air, but we were never allowed out of sight. Only the men were
put in confinement, the women being allowed to walk about, and
they were in no way molested, but from some remark I heard
dropped by Dan Kelly (who appeared the greatest ruffian of the lot
and a thorough type of a larrakin), he did not desire to leave them
alone; he said something about having a lark with the women, but
was apparently restrained by his brother. During the time we were in
the store-room four trains passed, two each way, and when any of
these were heard approaching, we were kept close and told not to
make any noise."
This statement of Mr. McDougal, almost verbatim as related, was
given by him to the reporter of the Melbourne Argus on the evening
of the day after the occurrence.
The next step taken by the gang, after capturing these men, and
openly stating their intention of robbing the bank at Euroa, was,
about half-past two o'clock, to destroy the telegraph line, leaving
their prisoners guarded by Joe Byrne. They got tomahawks, and cut
down one of the telegraph posts, tearing away all the wire for a
considerable length, so that it could not be repaired by the usual
quantity of wire carried by a line repairer; they cut down the posts
on both sides of the line, and scattered the wire in every direction.
Whilst doing this, a further capture of four men who were working
on the line as gangers, and who saw them cutting down the wires,
was made. These men walked towards the bushrangers to ask them
what they meant by cutting down the wires, when Ned Kelly called
on them to "bail up." They did so, when told who their captors were,
without making any resistance, and were at once marched up to the
store-room, into which they were put with the rest of the prisoners.
At half-past three o'clock Ned and Dan Kelly, with Steve Hart, started
for Euroa, all dressed in new clothes stolen from Gloster the
hawker's cart. They plainly stated they were going to rob the
National Bank, but before leaving they got a cheque on this bank
signed by the manager Mr. Macauley for a small amount, about three
pounds. Ned Kelly drove Gloster's cart, with a hood over it. Dan Kelly
took McDougal's, and Hart rode one of the horses. They turned their
own horses into the paddock before leaving. Joe Byrne, left in
charge of the prisoners, was heavily armed, having two revolvers in
his belt, a double-barrelled gun in his hand, and two rifles placed
within easy reach. He marched round the building whilst all the
prisoners were locked in, and was evidently most watchful.
Whilst the three were away from the station a train stopped in front
of the door; a man, who proved to be a line repairer, named Watts,
jumped down from the train, coming from the north; he had been
sent to repair the line, and he evidently saw that it had not been
injured by accident. He walked towards the station for assistance,
and to ascertain who had caused the break in the line, when he was
suddenly pulled up by Byrne and ordered to approach him, and he
also was put into the store-room, having been first searched for fire-
arms. Byrne asked him several questions as to the movements of the
police and their numbers at the adjoining townships. Nothing else of
note transpired during the absence of Ned and his companions from
the station.
The proceedings of the three outlaws after leaving the station were
as follows. It will be remembered the bank was three miles from
Younghusband's station, and they left it at half-past three o'clock.
These banks as a rule close about this hour, and when the outlaws
reached the township the bank door was closed. It was then five
minutes to four as Ned Kelly drew up the hawker's cart in front of
the bank, sending his brother and Steve Hart to the back of the
premises. Ned then knocked at the front-door; one of the clerks
asked who was there. Kelly replied, "I have a cheque of Mr.
Macauley's to change; will you please cash it?" The clerk answered,
"It is after hours; and we cannot open the door now;" but Kelly
begged so hard, saying it would be a great inconvenience not to get
the cash that night, that the clerk opened the door and admitted
him. Ned closed the door after him, and at once presented a
revolver at his head, and ordered him to "bail up." At the same time
Steve Hart, with a revolver in each hand, entered the back-door, and
they took possession of the fire-arms that were in the bank.
Ned Kelly went in search of Mr. Scott the manager, and found him in
an office adjoining the bank. He stood at the end of the table, at the
same time covering Scott with a revolver, and said, "I am Ned Kelly;
bail up." Mr. Scott's revolver was lying at the other end of the table,
and had he picked it up, he would have been shot dead on the spot.
Scott did not at first throw up his arms, but they pretty soon made
him do so. Ned Kelly then went back to the bank, and left Hart in
charge of Scott, and ransacked the place, and took possession of all
the cash that had been in use during the day, which amounted to
between £300 and £400 in notes, gold, and silver.
Kelly next went over the private apartments where Mr. Scott's family
and servants were, and Scott cautioned him concerning his
behaviour towards them, thereupon Hart at once pointed his
revolver at his head, and told him to be careful how he addressed
Kelly. Mrs. Scott was not the least alarmed when she found out who
her visitors were, and began chaffing Kelly, and telling him he was a
much better-looking man than she fancied he would be; but he was
most polite towards her, and told her he wanted her with all the
family to get ready to take a drive to Mr. Younghusband's station,
three miles off. Mrs. Scott at once obeyed his commands, and told
all the children and servants to put on their hats, as they were all
obliged to go for a drive. Kelly went back into the bank, and told
Scott he knew there was more money in the bank, and he insisted
upon having it. The accountant opened the safe, and Kelly took
£1500 in notes, 300 sovereigns, £90 in silver, and thirty ounces of
gold-dust. He then went into the strong-room, but left the bills and
securities undisturbed. Kelly often said whilst in the bank, that it was
no use resisting them, as he had eight armed men outside the bank,
and he could call them to his assistance; but this was only "blow."
Mrs. Scott afterwards told me that when Kelly spoke to her, she
could hardly believe he could be the person he represented himself
to be; he was a tall, handsome man, well dressed (with the hawker's
clothes on), and spoke so kindly to her. She once or twice said, "Oh,
nonsense, you are not that blood-thirsty villain you have been
represented to be." I might here state, that after the murders at the
Wombat, the description of the outlaws was circulated all over the
colony, and special measures were taken to protect the banks, and
all kinds of weapons were supplied to their officers. It was feared
that they would stick up one of these institutions, and Euroa was
one of the most likely to be attacked; and yet the ease with which
the whole affair was conducted appears to an outsider almost
ridiculous.
The gang, having secured all the cash and arms in the bank,
commenced to make preparations for their departure, and return to
Mr. Younghusband's station. Provision had to be made for the carting
away of the whole household, which consisted of Mr. and Mrs. Scott,
two bank clerks, Mrs. Scott's mother, and seven children and two
servants. Kelly went to Scott, and said, "You have such a large
household, I must have your buggy; go and put your horse in it."
Scott refused to do this, saying his groom was out, and told Kelly he
had better do it himself. Kelly replied, "Well, I will do it myself." He
accordingly harnessed the horse, and put Mrs. Scott and family into
the buggy, she driving it; and before starting away Ned Kelly, seeing
that Mrs. Scott was so little scared at their presence, said to her,
"Now, none of your larks."
He then told Mr. Scott he would have to go with him in the hawker's
waggon; but before leaving the bank, Mr. Scott invited the
bushrangers to have a drink of whisky with him, which they
accepted, making Mr. Scott drink first, for fear of the liquor being
drugged. They all drank each other's health. The remainder of the
party were divided, and put equally in the three conveyances. The
hawker's waggon came first, with Dan Kelly driving, next came Mrs.
Scott with her own buggy, and Ned Kelly drove the other cart, with
Steve Hart bringing up the rear on horse-back. When driving along,
Mr. Scott and Ned Kelly had a long conversation, and he told the
bank manager all about the shooting the police at the Wombat, and
showed him the gold presentation watch he had taken from
Sergeant Kennedy's body, and said, "It was I who shot Constable
Lonergan." Scott asked Kelly what Hart would have done to him
when he threatened to strike him in the bank; his reply was, "He
would have shot you dead on the spot." Whilst travelling along to
the station, and when about a quarter of a mile from Euroa, they
had to pass the cemetery; they observed a large party of people
returning from a funeral, and these people were walking towards the
cavalcade.
Ned Kelly took his revolvers from his belt and looked at Mrs. Scott,
with a peculiar expression on his face, as much as to say, the first
person who gives the alarm will be the first to die. The return
funeral party passed them without taking the least notice of them,
and so they continued their journey. Mr. Scott asked Kelly which road
he intended taking. Kelly replied, "Oh, the country belongs to us, we
can go any road we like." Scott asked Kelly to drive, as he knew the
road, but he refused this request. The road was very bad, and the
cart going up a steep bank upset. Scott ran to the horse's head, and
Kelly lifted out one of the servants; they got the cart up and made a
fresh start. The money stolen from the bank was lying in the cart
which Kelly drove. On arriving at the station, all the males were put
in the store-room, and the females and children were allowed to go
into the house.
It was then half-past five o'clock. The gang began to make
preparations for starting off, when a train was seen approaching
from Euroa. It pulled up opposite the station, with the intention of
picking up the line repairer Watts, who had been left at this spot an
hour or so before. Ned Kelly called out, "Here comes a special train
with bobbies, but we are ready for them, we don't care how many
there are, we can fight them." The train after waiting a short time
moved on; the driver, not seeing Watts anywhere, started for
Benalla.
During the absence of the gang at Euroa Mr. McDougal suggested to
some of the prisoners to make an effort to escape, as there were
fifteen or sixteen axes hanging up in the store; "and," he added, "if
each of us takes one, and commences chopping our way out, we
can easily manage it." But the whole party declined to assist in their
escape, for, said they, "some of us must be shot in the attempt."
Besides, it was generally urged that they had nothing to gain by the
attempt which would compensate for the great risk, and they were
pretty sure to be released when the bushrangers returned from
Euroa. Tea was got ready for the women and children, and Mrs.
Scott appeared almost to enjoy the situation in which she found
herself. The Kellys had their tea also, and then, much to the relief of
those in confinement, they saw evident signs of the gang departing.
The money taken from the bank was distributed amongst the gang;
so also the arms taken from the prisoners and bank officials. Ned
Kelly came to the store-room, and announced that they were about
leaving, and warned his prisoners they were not to stir for three
hours (it was then about half-past eight); he said, "If one of you
leaves this spot within three hours I will shoot that man dead. You
cannot any of you escape me in this country, I can track you
anywhere, and I can assure you I will keep my word." He then called
upon Mr. Macauley to come to the front, and he said to him, "I will
hold you responsible for the escape of any of these prisoners until
the period I have named has expired. Mind! if you let one of them
go, I will meet you some time or other, and then you may consider
yourself a dead man!" Before leaving, Ned Kelly came to the door of
the store-room, and asked Mr. McDougal for his watch. He handed it
to him and told him it was a keepsake from his dead mother. Kelly
apparently whispered and said, "No, I will never take that from you,"
and returned it to him, taking, instead, a watch from Mr. Macauley;
and Byrne took Mr. Scott's watch from him.
The outlaws then mounted their horses, which were all splendid
animals; it was then half-past eight o'clock and quite dark. Hart and
Dan Kelly began to ride about, and show off on their horses, and
brag about what they were going to do when they met the police. It
was noticed by some of the prisoners that, when the gang returned
from Euroa with their prisoners, before they came to the house,
signals passed between them and Byrne, who was on guard; this
was evidently pre-arranged, so as to denote all was well. After the
gang left, they rode off in the direction of the Strathbogie ranges,
and nothing more was seen of them. The prisoners then began to
discuss what had best be done; some were for starting off at once,
others thought they would only be risking their lives, and it was
feared the outlaws might have left one of their party to watch; so
the majority decided it was safer to wait until the three hours were
up.
The station hands during their confinement took the matter very
easily; they were well fed, and passed away the time chiefly in
playing cards, knowing nothing serious was likely to happen to them.
Most of them looked upon the affair as a capital joke, which had cost
them nothing but their confinement. At half-past ten o'clock they all
agreed it was time to get out, which they had no difficulty in doing.
Mr. and Mrs. Scott and party returned at once to Euroa, which they
reached at midnight; the rest of the people stopped at the station
that night, except Mr. Casement and McDougal, who went to the
house of the former, who lived not far from Euroa.
It was noticed by all the prisoners, that during their imprisonment,
although they were domineering in giving their orders, no attempt at
violence or roughness was used towards any of them. Ned Kelly was
the most communicative of the gang, and conversed freely with
many of the prisoners during the day, asking questions as to the
movements of the police, and talking of the kick-up which they had
caused in the force. When Mr. Scott got back to Euroa at midnight,
the bank was just in the same state as when he had left it—the
doors all locked, and the inhabitants of the township perfectly
unconscious of what had happened in the midst of them during the
afternoon. Some of my readers in England may possibly not be able
to grasp the matter in its true light. A few remarks in explanation of
the doings of the outlaws may therefore not be out of place.
It was evident the gang knew perfectly well the ways and doings of
the bank, the hour of closing, and who the occupants were. They
wanted a base of operations, where they could confine any one who
happened to see them, so that no information might be given
concerning them. They selected Younghusband's station, which from
its position was well adapted for their purpose. They wanted food for
their horses, and rest for themselves, as they would probably have
to ride day and night before they reached their mountain retreat.
They knew the police would endeavour to follow their tracks, and
they had to keep on the alert. But every pass and track in the
mountains was known, and every hiding-place familiar to the gang.
After an exploit of this kind they seldom rode together. Each man
took his own line to the first of several appointed meeting-places. If
something occurred to prevent any one of them from putting in an
appearance there, they made for the second, and so on until they
met. When robbing the bank, they fixed on a time when they knew
it would be closed, and they could remain inside without raising any
suspicion. Fortune favoured them in a marvellous manner. The
hawker, coming to Younghusband's, gave them an opportunity of
dressing themselves so respectably, that no one meeting them
would take them to be bushrangers; the carts also were of great use
to them, and they could scarcely have carried out their plans without
them. No doubt all the prisoners who were put into the store-room
will be looked upon as cowards, but it should be remembered that it
was a well-known fact that, after the Wombat murders, the gang
were only too anxious to shed blood, especially Dan Kelly, who was
the most blood-thirsty of the lot, and on the least provocation would
have done so, his brother frequently having to restrain him from
shooting any one he met in the bush.
The prisoners were all taken by surprise. Although they may have
had fire-arms near them, the moment they attempted to touch them
they would have been shot dead on the spot. Besides, in the store-
room the gang had several of their sympathizers who were put
amongst the prisoners, so that they could give intelligence by signs
to the outlaws, should a rush have been contemplated; the
sympathizers were not known to the others in confinement. People
in the bush, or on stations, seldom or never carry fire-arms; they
have no money about them to lose, and know the bushrangers will
not harm them. They do not suspect every one they meet to be a
bushranger, especially fine, good-looking, and well-dressed men, as
Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne were. There is no doubt the gang had great
luck all that day. Their plans were well laid, and carried out
splendidly. They never molested the working men or farmers, and in
that way gained great sympathy amongst all classes of people, and
information concerning the outlaws was withheld from the police. I
have often spoken to respectable farmers, and pointed out to them
that it was their duty to assist the police, and their reply was, "I
want to stand aloof from everything connected with the Kellys; if
they hear the police have been to my place, my stacks will be burnt
down, my fences broken, and probably all my cattle and horses will
be stolen." The only policeman in Euroa on the day of the robbery
was absent from his station on some other duty, but had he been in
barracks, he would probably not have heard of the matter until
twelve o'clock at night. At daylight the police attempted to pick up
the tracks of the outlaws. There were foot-prints of horses leading in
every direction. The sympathizers who had been in confinement up
to eleven o'clock that night, had mounted their horses, and kept
riding round the station in every direction, together with the scouts
who had been watching all day, one starting off in one direction and
another in an opposite one, under the pretence of looking for the
tracks of the offenders, whereas it was for the sole purpose of
baffling the trackers when daylight came.

CHAPTER VII.
 The Police at Euroa—Aaron Sherritt—Jerilderie—Capture of the
Police Station and Constables—Amateur Policemen—The
Royal Hotel stuck up—Raid on the Bank of New South
Wales—£2000 taken—Kelly's Autobiography—His Account of
the Fitzpatrick Affair—Departure of the Gang—Return to
their Haunts.

Very shortly before the Euroa Bank robbery, news came to hand that
the outlaws were about to make an attempt to leave Victoria, and
cross the Murray into New South Wales. The description of the place
of crossing and other details were given in such a circumstantial
manner, that it convinced both the inspecting superintendent and
the officer in charge of the district that the Kellys were to cross the
Murray on the night of the 9th December 1878. The inspecting
superintendent went to Albury, and he had hardly arrived there
when he received a telegram, stating that the bank at Euroa had
been stuck up by the outlaws. He immediately took a special train to
Euroa. Before the arrival of the inspecting superintendent a party of
police were on the ground, and were waiting for daylight in order to
find which direction the outlaws had taken. The police had some
black trackers with them, but these were of little use, being Victorian
blacks, whose sense of sight and sagacity had been destroyed by
drink. All day long search was made, but no trace of the outlaws
could be obtained. The police were sent in every direction, trying to
find out some tidings of the outlaws, but without effect. Some of the
men were so knocked up from want of sleep, and the heat, that it
was thought many of them would have to go into hospital. The
inspecting superintendent was also exhausted with the hardships he
had gone through, and was suffering from bad eyes to such an
extent, that Captain Standish had to relieve him.
The day after the Bank robbery took place Captain Standish started
for Euroa. When he got there he found the inspecting
superintendent so ill that he telegraphed for me to come up and
take his place, ordering me to report myself at Euroa that evening. I
did so. On my arrival I heard the statements concerning the robbery,
and endeavoured to obtain all the information about the outlaws I
could possibly gather. The whole community were perfectly scared at
what had taken place, and rumours were coming in from all quarters
concerning persons being seen answering the descriptions of the
outlaws.
When the bushrangers appeared at Euroa they were riding three bay
horses and one grey. Every report that came to hand had to be
inquired into and reported on, otherwise complaints were made that
the police took no notice of information furnished to them. The most
absurd statements were made, too ridiculous to be noticed. For
instance, a squatter sent in word to Benalla that the Kelly gang were
shooting parrots near his garden. The messenger who conveyed the
information was told to go and inform the police as fast as his horse
could carry him. The officer in charge of the district sent the
messenger back, and told him to tell his master that he must be
mad to send in such an absurd message. The officer sent a
constable to inquire who the people were that were shooting birds,
and found them to be a survey party. The squatter was under the
impression that no inquiries were made concerning his report, and
afterwards wished to bring a charge against the officer for not
capturing the Kellys when he had sent word to him where they were
to be found, and to this day he believes that if steps had been taken
on that occasion the outlaws would then have been arrested.
On another occasion a message was wired one Sunday morning to
Melbourne to the late Chief Justice, that the gang had been in Mrs.
Rowe's garden cutting cabbages, near Euroa, and similar reports
were daily being made, all of which had to be inquired into. At the
same time information would be sent in that the Kellys were to be
found at the head of some of the rivers, in a country quite
unoccupied, and that they were living on wild cattle, away from all
their friends, some 150 miles from Benalla. From time to time
reliable information was obtained that they were seen in different
parts, and the spies and agents employed were hearing of them.
 Aaron Sherritt.
The first active step I took, after I had been round the district and
had obtained all the information I could, was to go to Beechworth to
meet a well-known friend and bush telegraph of the gang, named
Aaron Sherritt. He was a splendid man, tall, strong, hardy, but a
most outrageous scoundrel. It was well known that he and Joe
Byrne and Ned Kelly had been connected with each other in no end
of horse-stealing cases, and that after the murders he had
befriended the gang before they went to the Murray, as before
stated. He had supplied them with food, and guarded them against
surprise. I had never seen Sherritt until that evening, and somehow
or other I made a most wonderful impression upon him. I had some
drink with him, and saw that my influence over him was very great.
After being in his company a couple of hours, and undertaking to
give him the £4000 reward that had been offered for the
apprehension of the outlaws, I got him to promise he would show
me where they were to be found. He told me Joe Byrne and Dan
Kelly had called at his house two days before, and wanted him to
accompany them to New South Wales, where they intended to rob
another bank; but he was not certain which place it would be, he
thought they were going to Goulburn, at least they told him so. He
said he declined going with them, and they pressed him very hard,
but he refused; they told him they wanted him to do the scouting for
them. We doubted the truth of this statement, but at once made
inquiries, and found that Joe Byrne and Dan Kelly had been seen by
others going in the direction of the Murray a couple of days before,
and they had called for supplies at a shanty where Byrne was well
known. This information was furnished to the police on the New
South Wales side of the Murray, and they were told that Goulburn
was the probable place they would make for, as the Kellys had a
number of relations there. About a week after this, news was
telegraphed that the outlaws had stuck up the township of Jerilderie,
and robbed the bank, on the 11th February 1879.
Jerilderie is a town about sixty miles from the Murray river on the
New South Wales side of the border. It had a population at that time
of about 300 inhabitants; there were three or four hotels, one bank,
a police station with two mounted constables named Devine and
Richards, and a telegraph station. The police station is situated some
little distance outside the township.
About midnight on Saturday the 9th of February, Ned Kelly, Joe
Byrne, Steve Hart, and Dan Kelly surrounded the police station,
which was all in darkness, the constables having retired to their
beds, when they were awoke by some one calling out—"Constable
Devine, there is a drunken man at Davidson's hotel in the township
who has committed a murder. Get up at once all of you." Constable
Richards, who was up first, came outside, followed immediately
afterwards by Devine, both being undressed and unarmed. Ned Kelly
began to tell these men there was a great row in the township, and
after conversing with them for some time, to make sure there were
no other constables inside, he suddenly presented two revolvers at
Devine's head, Joe Byrne doing the same to Constable Richards. The
outlaws immediately procured the keys of the lock-up, took the two
policemen and lodged them in their own watch-house, and locked
the door. Having secured the constables, they attended to their
horses, which had been left outside the station; they put them in the
police stables, fed them well, and left them secure for the night.
Whilst this was going on Ned Kelly went into the police station,
secured all the arms belonging to the police, made the constable's
wife and family go into one room, and placed Steve Hart as sentry
over them, telling them if they gave the slightest alarm, that the two
constables who were in the lock-up would be the first persons to be
shot, and they themselves would also suffer the same death. The
outlaws then made themselves as comfortable as they could, leaving
one of their number on sentry until daylight on Sunday morning.
During all that day Mrs. Devine was allowed to go about the station
as usual, so as not to raise any suspicion that anything unusual was
going on. Ned Kelly ascertained from her, that it was her custom to
clean out the church and prepare the place for service, and Joe
Byrne was sent to this place of worship with Mrs. Devine, whilst she
carried out her usual duties there. This took about half an hour, and
they both returned to the station. No one called at the station during
the day; had they done so, they would have been pounced upon and
secured in the lock-up so as to prevent an alarm being given. The
people attended service as usual, but no one came near the station.
Dan Kelly and Steve Hart had dressed themselves up in the police
uniform, and walked about the station in a most conspicuous
manner, and without attracting any attention. In the afternoon Joe
Byrne dressed himself in police uniform, and with Steve Hart also in
that dress, took Constable Richards out of the lock-up to accompany
them round the town, in order that they might be made aware of
the positions of hotels, bank, &c. They ordered the constable, in
case any one came up and spoke to him, to introduce them as new
constables about to be stationed there. Their walk lasted about an
hour, and they again returned to the police barracks. Nothing of any
note took place during the evening and Sunday night. Monday
morning Joe Byrne, in uniform, took two of their horses to be shod
by the police farrier in the township; he waited until they were shod,
and then took them back to the police station.
About eleven o'clock, after locking up the policeman's wife and
children with Constable Devine, they took out Constable Richards.
Ned Kelly and Dan Kelly dressed in uniform, and walked to the
township, followed by Hart and Byrne on horse-back. They first went
to the Royal Hotel, owned by a Mr. Cox, when Constable Richards
introduced Ned Kelly to Mr. Cox as Ned Kelly, who told the landlord
he wanted to secure some rooms in the hotel, and that he also
intended robbing the bank, but he did not want to injure any one.
Ned Kelly placed the other three in certain positions, and gave each
of them their instructions. Hart was placed inside the large dining-
room, which was used as a room of detention, and every person
who came near the hotel throughout the day was placed in this
room, and all prisoners captured were taken over and kept in safety
in this apartment. Byrne went to the back part of the establishment
and collected all the servants, and made prisoners of them.
After this was done, they devoted their attentions to the Bank of
New South Wales, in which there were three officers—Mr. Jarleton,
manager, Mr. Living, accountant, and Mr. Mackin, sub-accountant. Mr.
Living was the only one in the bank. He heard some footsteps
approaching from the back-yard, and turned round thinking it was
Mr. Jarleton, when he saw a man close to him. He immediately
asked this man, who had already levelled his revolver at him, who
he was. His reply was "the Kelly gang," and he at once called on him
to "bail up." This man afterwards turned out to be Joe Byrne. Byrne
then ordered him to deliver up what fire-arms he had. Mackin, who
was standing outside the bank in the street, hearing voices, went
inside, and Byrne immediately ordered him to jump over the counter,
at the same time pointing two revolvers at him; this order he obeyed
at once. Byrne then told the two bank officials they must accompany
him to Cox's hotel, remarking at the same time they had all the
police stuck up. The three then went to the hotel, where they met
Ned Kelly, who asked for Mr. Jarleton, and was told he was in his
dressing-room. Ned Kelly and Byrne went back to the bank, but
could not find him. Ned Kelly returned to Cox's and brought back Mr.
Living, telling him he had better find him. Living found him in his
bath, and said, "Mr. Jarleton, we are stuck up, the Kellys are here,
and the police are also stuck up." Byrne then brought over Dan Kelly,
and left him in the bath-room in charge of the manager. Ned then
took charge of Living, led him into the bank, and asked him what
money they had in their keeping. Living replied, "There is between
six and seven hundred pounds." Kelly replied, "You must have at
least £10,000 here." Living then handed him the teller's cash,
amounting to £691.
At this time a Mr. Elliot, the local school-master, entered the bank,
quite unconscious of what was going on within, when Ned Kelly
covered him with two revolvers and ordered him to get over the
counter. Mr. Elliot replied he was unable to get over, but Kelly pretty
soon made him do so. Kelly then tried to put the money into a bag,
but it not being large enough to hold it, he got a bag of his own at
the hotel and put the money in that. Kelly asked Living if they had
any more money, and was told they had not. Kelly then went to the
safe and asked what was in it, and Living said nothing of any value.
Kelly insisted upon it being opened, and Living gave him one of the
keys. Byrne wished to smash the safe, but Ned Kelly brought in the
manager, who had been taken over to the hotel, and compelled him
to give up the second key. The safe was then opened, when the sum
of £1450 was taken out and placed in the bag.
Kelly then took down a large tin box from the shelf; he was told it
was full of documents which were of no use. He replied, "Then I will
burn them;" but Mr. Jarleton begged of him not to do so. Kelly took
out one bundle of papers and put them in his pocket. He then told
Mr. Jarleton he intended burning all the books in the office; however,
he left the documents in the tin box, saying, "I will return directly
and examine them all." They all then went to the hotel. Dan Kelly
was in the bar, and Ned took him and another of the party to the
back of the premises, made a fire, and burned four of the bank-
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