SEMINAR

ON
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
RESOURCES

M.Sc Final
2025
Submitted by Submitted to
Pawan Saini Dr. Prerna Sharma
M.Sc Final HOD

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

ST. WILFRED’s COLLEGE
MANSAROVAR JAIPUR
Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy
Definition and Importance
Non-conventional energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are
continuously replenished by natural processes and are environmentally sustainable. Unlike
conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are finite and contribute to
environmental degradation, non-conventional energy sources offer a cleaner and more sustainable
alternative for meeting the world’s growing energy demands.
Renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and biomass energy. These sources are
derived from natural processes such as sunlight, wind movement, water flow, and biological
processes. The growing awareness about climate change, pollution, and the depletion of fossil fuels
has accelerated the global shift toward non-conventional energy.
Why Non-Conventional Energy Matters
1. Environmental Protection – Non-conventional energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions
and dependence on fossil fuels, which helps mitigate climate change and environmental
pollution.
2. Energy Security – Renewable energy reduces dependence on imported fuels, ensuring a
more stable and secure energy supply.
3. Economic Growth – Investment in renewable energy creates jobs, stimulates technological
advancements, and promotes sustainable economic development.
4. Technological Advancement – Non-conventional energy encourages innovation in energy
generation, storage, and distribution technologies.
5. Long-Term Sustainability – Unlike fossil fuels, renewable sources are naturally replenished,
ensuring a sustainable energy supply for future generations.
Global Adoption of Renewable Energy
Over the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of renewable energy
worldwide. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), renewable energy
accounted for nearly 30% of the global electricity supply in 2023. Countries like Germany, China, and
the United States have made significant investments in solar and wind energy, while developing
countries are increasingly turning to biomass and hydroelectric power to meet their growing energy
demands.
Challenges in Implementing Renewable Energy
Despite its benefits, the adoption of renewable energy faces several challenges:
 High Initial Costs – While the operational costs are low, the installation and infrastructure
costs for renewable energy projects can be high.
 Intermittency – Solar and wind energy depend on weather conditions, which can lead to
fluctuations in energy supply.
 Storage and Distribution – Efficient energy storage and distribution systems are required to
manage the intermittent nature of renewable sources.
 Land Use and Environmental Concerns – Large-scale renewable energy projects, such as
solar farms and wind turbines, require significant land and can impact local ecosystems.
Types of Renewable Energy
Overview
Renewable energy sources are derived from natural processes that are continuously replenished.
Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and environmentally damaging, renewable energy provides a
sustainable and eco-friendly solution to the world’s growing energy needs. The major types of
renewable energy include solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydro, and other emerging sources.
Each type has its own unique characteristics, technological requirements, and potential for growth.

1. Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most abundant and widely available renewable resource. It is generated by
capturing sunlight and converting it into electricity or heat using photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar
thermal collectors.
How it Works:
 Photovoltaic Cells (PV): PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity using
semiconductors (typically silicon). When sunlight hits the cell, it excites electrons, creating an
electric current.
 Solar Thermal: Solar collectors absorb sunlight to heat water or air, which can be used for
domestic, industrial, or power generation purposes.
Advantages:
✔️Clean and abundant energy source
✔️Low maintenance costs
✔️Suitable for remote and off-grid areas
Challenges:
❌ High initial installation cost
❌ Efficiency drops in cloudy weather and at night

2. Wind Energy
Wind energy is harnessed using wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity.
The wind turns the blades of a turbine, which drives a generator to produce electricity.
How it Works:
 Wind turbines have three main components: blades, a shaft, and a generator.
 When wind blows, it causes the blades to rotate, turning the shaft, which spins the generator
to produce electricity.
Advantages:
✔️High energy output in windy regions
✔️Small land footprint – turbines can be installed on farmland
✔️No emissions or fuel costs
Challenges:
❌ Noise and aesthetic concerns
❌ Wind strength varies, leading to inconsistent output

3. Biomass Energy
Biomass energy comes from organic materials such as wood, agricultural crops, animal waste, and
municipal waste. It can be burned directly for heat or converted into biofuels (ethanol, biodiesel) or
biogas through fermentation.
How it Works:
 Direct Combustion: Burning biomass to produce heat or electricity.
 Anaerobic Digestion: Organic material decomposes in the absence of oxygen, producing
biogas (methane).
 Biofuels: Plant-based oils and crops like sugarcane are processed into ethanol and biodiesel.
Advantages:
✔️Reduces waste and landfill use
✔️Provides a continuous source of energy
✔️Utilizes existing agricultural infrastructure
Challenges:
❌ Emissions from burning biomass can still cause pollution
❌ Large land and water use for growing biomass crops

4. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is derived from heat stored beneath the Earth's surface. It is used to generate
electricity and for direct heating applications.
How it Works:
 Wells are drilled into geothermal reservoirs to extract hot water or steam.
 The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity.
 Leftover water is pumped back into the ground to maintain pressure.
Advantages:
✔️Reliable and stable source of energy
✔️Low operating costs
✔️Small land footprint
Challenges:
❌ High initial drilling and exploration costs
❌ Limited to areas with geothermal activity

5. Hydropower
Hydropower harnesses the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity. It is one of the
oldest and most established forms of renewable energy.
How it Works:
 A dam is built to create a reservoir.
 Water released from the reservoir flows through turbines, spinning them to generate
electricity.
 Pumped storage facilities store excess energy by pumping water back into the reservoir.
Advantages:
✔️Consistent and controllable energy output
✔️No direct emissions
✔️Provides water storage and flood control
Challenges:
❌ High environmental impact on aquatic ecosystems
❌ High construction and maintenance costs

6. Other Emerging Renewable Sources

Other renewable energy sources are gaining traction due to technological advancements and growing
demand for sustainable energy.
Tidal and Wave Energy:
 Tidal and wave energy harness the movement of ocean currents and tides to generate
electricity using turbines.
 Best suited for coastal areas with strong tidal activity.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells:
 Hydrogen is produced by splitting water molecules using electrolysis.
 When combined with oxygen, it generates electricity with water as a byproduct.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC):
 OTEC uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water to
drive a turbine and generate electricity.
Advantages of Emerging Sources:
✔️Innovative and untapped potential
✔️Can supplement existing renewable sources
✔️High potential for coastal and island regions
Challenges:
❌ High costs due to immature technology
❌ Environmental concerns with marine ecosystems

Technological Advancements in Renewable Energy

Introduction
The rapid growth of renewable energy over the last two decades has been driven by continuous
technological advancements. Innovations in solar panels, wind turbines, battery storage, smart grids,
and bioenergy have significantly improved the efficiency, affordability, and scalability of renewable
energy. As global energy demand increases and the need for sustainability becomes more pressing,
technological innovation remains a critical factor in making renewable energy more competitive with
fossil fuels.

1. Solar Energy Technologies

Solar energy has seen remarkable progress in both photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal technologies,
making it more efficient and cost-effective.
a) Photovoltaic (PV) Cells:
 Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Panels: Modern solar panels are now more efficient,
with monocrystalline panels reaching efficiency rates of over 22%.
 Thin-Film Solar Panels: Flexible and lightweight, thin-film solar panels can be installed on
irregular surfaces, such as building walls and vehicle roofs.
 Perovskite Solar Cells: These cells are cheaper to produce and have the potential to achieve
higher efficiency than traditional silicon-based cells.
b) Solar Tracking Systems:
 Single-axis and dual-axis solar trackers follow the sun's movement, maximizing energy
capture by 20% to 40%.
c) Solar Thermal Technology:
 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver, which
generates heat and drives a turbine to produce electricity.

2. Wind Energy Technologies

Wind power technology has evolved rapidly, increasing the capacity and efficiency of wind turbines
while reducing costs.
a) Larger and More Efficient Turbines:
 Modern turbines can reach heights of over 150 meters, capturing more wind energy and
producing more electricity.
  Offshore wind turbines are now capable of generating over 14 MW per unit.
b) Floating Wind Farms:
 Floating platforms allow wind turbines to be installed in deep-sea areas where wind speeds
are higher and more consistent.
c) Smart Turbines:
 AI and machine learning are used to adjust the angle and rotation of turbine blades in real-
time to maximize output.
 Predictive maintenance technologies reduce downtime and maintenance costs.

3. Energy Storage Technologies

Energy storage is crucial for addressing the intermittent nature of solar and wind energy.
a) Lithium-Ion Batteries:
 Battery technology has improved significantly, with increased capacity, longer lifespan, and
faster charging rates.
 Tesla’s Powerwall and other home-based batteries allow for residential storage of solar
energy.
b) Flow Batteries:
 These batteries use liquid electrolytes, providing longer discharge times and a higher number
of charge cycles.
 Ideal for large-scale grid storage.
c) Solid-State Batteries:
 Solid-state batteries promise higher energy density, faster charging, and increased safety
compared to lithium-ion batteries.
d) Pumped Hydroelectric Storage:
 Excess energy is used to pump water uphill.
 When demand increases, water is released to generate electricity.

4. Bioenergy and Biomass Technologies

Technological advancements have improved the efficiency and environmental impact of biomass
energy.
a) Second-Generation Biofuels:
 Biofuels from non-food crops and agricultural waste reduce competition with food
production.
  Advanced processing techniques increase energy output and reduce emissions.
b) Anaerobic Digestion:
 Improved biogas production through better feedstock selection and process optimization.
 Enhanced gas purification technologies allow biogas to be used in natural gas grids.
c) Waste-to-Energy Technologies:
 Thermal and biological treatment processes convert municipal and industrial waste into
electricity and biofuels.
 Carbon capture technologies reduce emissions from waste incineration.

5. Geothermal Energy Technologies

Innovations in geothermal energy extraction have increased the efficiency and reduced costs of
production.
a) Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS):
 Hydraulic fracturing techniques increase the permeability of underground rocks, improving
heat extraction.
 EGS expands geothermal energy potential to regions without natural geothermal reservoirs.
b) Binary Cycle Power Plants:
 Lower-temperature geothermal resources are now usable through binary cycle systems, which
use secondary working fluids with low boiling points.

6. Hydropower Technologies
Although hydropower is a mature technology, modern innovations have increased its flexibility and
environmental performance.
a) Small and Micro Hydropower:
 Small-scale hydropower plants (below 10 MW) can be installed in remote areas and small
rivers.
 Environmentally friendly designs minimize disruption to aquatic ecosystems.
b) Pumped Storage Hydropower:
 New pumped storage designs improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
 Closed-loop systems minimize water loss and ecosystem disruption.
c) Run-of-River Hydropower:
 Run-of-river systems generate electricity from natural river flow without building large dams,
reducing environmental impact.

7. Smart Grids and Energy Distribution

Smart grid technology enhances the efficiency and stability of renewable energy integration into the
power grid.
a) Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI):
 Real-time monitoring of electricity production and consumption.
 Enables dynamic pricing and demand-side management.
b) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:
 AI predicts energy demand and adjusts supply accordingly.
 Machine learning optimizes grid performance and prevents failures.
c) Grid-Scale Energy Storage:
 Large-scale battery systems and pumped storage solutions help balance supply and demand.
 Supercapacitors and flywheels provide rapid response to fluctuations.

8. Emerging and Future Technologies

Several cutting-edge technologies hold promise for transforming the renewable energy landscape.
a) Hydrogen Fuel Cells:
 Electrolysis technology is improving, making green hydrogen (produced using renewable
energy) more cost-effective.
 Hydrogen can be stored and transported, offering a solution to renewable energy storage
challenges.
b) Artificial Photosynthesis:
 Scientists are working on systems that mimic natural photosynthesis to generate fuels directly
from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
c) Space-Based Solar Power:
 Research is underway to place solar collectors in space to harness sunlight continuously and
beam the energy to Earth using microwaves or lasers.

9. Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite remarkable progress, renewable energy technologies face several challenges:
 High Initial Costs: Advanced technologies require significant capital investment.
 Intermittency: Storage and smart grid improvements are necessary to manage supply
fluctuations.
 Infrastructure Limitations: Expanding transmission infrastructure and upgrading aging
grids are necessary for greater renewable energy adoption.
Environmental Impacts of Renewable and Fossil Fuels
Introduction
Energy production and consumption have significant environmental consequences. While renewable
energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass are often considered environmentally
friendly, they are not entirely free from ecological impacts. On the other hand, fossil fuels such as
coal, oil, and natural gas are major contributors to air pollution, water pollution, and climate change.
Understanding the environmental footprint of different energy sources is essential for making
informed decisions about energy policy and infrastructure development.

1. Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels have been the dominant source of energy for over a century, but their extraction,
processing, and combustion have caused severe environmental damage.
a) Air Pollution
 Burning coal, oil, and gas releases harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur
dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter into the atmosphere.
 These pollutants contribute to acid rain, smog, and respiratory diseases such as asthma and
bronchitis.
b) Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change
 Fossil fuel combustion is the largest source of CO₂ emissions, contributing significantly to
global warming.
 Methane (CH₄), a byproduct of natural gas extraction, is a potent greenhouse gas with 25
times the global warming potential of CO₂.
 Increased global temperatures are causing rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and
habitat loss.
c) Water Pollution
 Oil spills from pipelines and tankers pollute oceans, rivers, and lakes, causing massive
damage to marine ecosystems.
 Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) contaminates groundwater with toxic chemicals and heavy
metals.

d) Land Degradation
 Coal mining and oil extraction disrupt ecosystems, destroy habitats, and cause soil erosion.
 Open-pit mining and drilling cause long-term damage to land and biodiversity.
e) Biodiversity Loss
 Habitat destruction due to mining, drilling, and pipeline construction threatens wildlife.
 Acid rain from sulfur dioxide emissions damages forests and aquatic ecosystems.
2. Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy
Although renewable energy sources are cleaner and more sustainable than fossil fuels, they also have
environmental trade-offs.
a) Solar Energy
 Land Use: Large solar farms require significant land, which can disrupt local ecosystems.
 Resource Use: Solar panel production involves mining for rare metals like cadmium and
tellurium, which can cause environmental degradation.
 Waste Disposal: Solar panels have a lifespan of 25–30 years. Improper disposal of
decommissioned panels can create hazardous waste.

b) Wind Energy
 Impact on Birds and Bats: Wind turbines can cause bird and bat mortality due to collisions
with spinning blades.
 Noise and Aesthetic Impact: Wind farms generate noise and may be considered visually
unappealing by local communities.
 Habitat Disruption: Offshore wind farms can alter marine ecosystems and fish populations.

c) Biomass Energy
 Air Pollution: Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the
atmosphere.
 Deforestation: Increased demand for biomass fuels can lead to deforestation, reducing carbon
sinks and increasing soil erosion.
 Water Use: Growing biomass crops requires large amounts of water and can contribute to
water scarcity.

d) Geothermal Energy
 Water Contamination: Geothermal plants may release harmful gases and minerals into
nearby water sources.
 Land Subsidence: Drilling for geothermal energy can cause ground instability and sinkholes.
 Heat Pollution: Excess heat released into the environment can disrupt local ecosystems.

e) Hydropower
 Disruption of River Ecosystems: Dams alter water flow, affecting fish migration and aquatic
biodiversity.
 Methane Emissions: Reservoirs behind dams often release methane due to decaying organic
matter.
  Community Displacement: Large-scale dam projects have displaced millions of people
worldwide.

f) Emerging Renewable Sources

 Tidal and Wave Energy:
o Installation of tidal and wave energy systems can disrupt marine ecosystems and alter
coastal erosion patterns.
 Hydrogen Fuel Cells:
o Hydrogen production using electrolysis is energy-intensive and can generate
emissions if powered by fossil fuels.
 Space-Based Solar Power:
o Potential risks include disruption to satellite communications and increased
atmospheric heating.

3. Comparison of Environmental Footprints

Factor Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy

Air Pollution High Low (except for biomass)

Greenhouse Gas Emissions High Low

Water Usage High Moderate to low

Land Degradation High Moderate

Biodiversity Impact High Moderate

Waste Generation High (toxic waste) Moderate (solar panels, wind turbines)

Noise and Aesthetics Low Moderate to high (wind turbines)

 Fossil fuels have a higher environmental footprint due to emissions, pollution, and ecosystem
destruction.
 Renewable energy has a lower environmental impact but is not entirely free from ecological
disruption.

4. Strategies to Minimize Environmental Impact

a) Transition to Clean Energy Mix:
 Combining solar, wind, geothermal, and hydro reduces dependency on any single energy
source.
 Developing hybrid systems ensures a more stable and reliable energy supply.
b) Technological Improvements:
 Advancements in solar panel recycling, wind turbine design, and geothermal drilling reduce
environmental damage.
 Smart grids and AI-based energy management systems optimize energy distribution and
reduce waste.

c) Policy and Regulation:

 Carbon pricing and emissions trading systems encourage industries to adopt cleaner
technologies.
 Government incentives for renewable energy infrastructure reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

d) Ecosystem Protection:
 Strategic placement of renewable energy facilities minimizes disruption to natural habitats.
 Wildlife-friendly wind turbine designs and migratory bird protection measures can reduce
biodiversity loss.

5. Future Outlook
 As technology improves and renewable energy becomes more efficient, the environmental
impact of energy production will continue to decline.
 Advances in battery storage, carbon capture, and smart grid technologies will allow for more
consistent and sustainable energy delivery.
 The shift to a low-carbon economy will reduce air and water pollution, slow climate change,
and protect biodiversity.

Economic and Social Benefits of Renewable Energy in

India
Introduction
India, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, faces a dual challenge of meeting rising
energy demands while reducing environmental impact. Renewable energy has emerged as a strategic
solution to address this challenge. The Government of India has set ambitious targets under the
National Solar Mission and the Renewable Energy Roadmap to increase the share of renewable
energy in the country's energy mix. India’s transition to renewable energy not only supports
environmental sustainability but also brings significant economic and social benefits, including job
creation, rural development, and improved energy security.

1. Economic Benefits
a) Job Creation
The renewable energy sector in India is a major source of employment, contributing to both direct and
indirect job creation.
 According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the renewable energy
sector in India employed over 863,000 people in 2022.
 Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy are the largest sources of employment.
 Government schemes like PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam
Utthan Mahabhiyan) have generated employment opportunities in rural areas by
encouraging the installation of solar panels on farmland.

Renewable Energy Sector Estimated Jobs Created in India (2022)

Solar Photovoltaics (PV) 420,000

Wind Energy 250,000

Bioenergy 110,000

Hydropower 80,000

b) Economic Growth and Investment

 India attracted over $15 billion in renewable energy investments in 2022, ranking among the
top five countries for renewable energy funding.
 The Indian government has targeted an installed capacity of 500 GW from non-fossil fuel
sources by 2030 under the Paris Agreement.
 Foreign direct investment (FDI) in renewable energy has increased due to policy incentives
like tax holidays and accelerated depreciation for renewable energy infrastructure.
c) Lower Energy Costs
 The cost of solar power in India has dropped by over 80% since 2010, making it one of the
cheapest sources of electricity in the country.
 The average tariff for solar energy in India is around ₹2.5 per unit (kWh), lower than coal-
based power.
 Renewable energy reduces dependency on imported coal and oil, lowering the overall energy
bill.

d) Energy Independence and Security

 India's heavy reliance on imported oil and gas has made its energy sector vulnerable to price
fluctuations.
 By increasing renewable energy production, India reduces its dependency on imports and
enhances national energy security.
 India's renewable capacity allows for greater energy independence and stability, even during
geopolitical crises.
e) Innovation and Technology Development
 India is emerging as a global leader in solar technology and battery storage.
 The International Solar Alliance (ISA), co-founded by India, promotes solar energy
adoption across 121 countries.
 India’s focus on green hydrogen technology through the National Hydrogen Mission aims to
position the country as a major producer and exporter of clean hydrogen.

2. Social Benefits
a) Improved Energy Access
Renewable energy projects have expanded electricity access in rural and remote areas of India.
 Over 18,000 villages have been electrified through solar and micro-hydro projects under the
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY).
 Solar mini-grids provide consistent power to off-grid villages in states like Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, and Bihar.
 Rooftop solar panel installations have reduced dependency on diesel generators in rural areas.

b) Health Benefits
Renewable energy reduces health risks associated with air pollution from coal and diesel plants.
 India has some of the highest levels of air pollution globally, contributing to over 2 million
premature deaths annually.
 Transitioning to renewable energy reduces exposure to pollutants such as PM2.5, NOₓ, and
SO₂.
 Clean energy adoption improves indoor air quality in rural areas by reducing reliance on
firewood and kerosene for cooking.

c) Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

Renewable energy has created opportunities for women and marginalized communities in India.
 The Women in Renewable Energy (WiRE) initiative trains women in solar panel
installation and maintenance.
 Over 25% of the workforce in India’s solar sector are women, higher than the global average.
 Government programs encourage women-led self-help groups (SHGs) to operate and manage
solar grids in rural areas.

d) Rural Development
Renewable energy projects have driven economic and social development in India's rural areas.
  Farmers in Maharashtra and Gujarat lease their land for solar farms, generating additional
income.
 Bioenergy projects using agricultural waste provide a sustainable source of income for rural
communities.
 The PM-KUSUM scheme has installed over 100,000 solar pumps in rural areas, reducing
dependency on expensive diesel pumps.

e) Disaster Resilience and Emergency Response

Renewable energy systems have improved the resilience of Indian communities to natural disasters.
 After the 2019 Odisha cyclone, solar-powered microgrids restored power to remote areas
within days.
 Solar streetlights and mobile charging stations supported relief efforts during floods in Assam
and Kerala.
 Rooftop solar panels with battery storage have reduced power outages during monsoons and
storms.

3. Case Studies of Economic and Social Success in India

a) Rewa Solar Park (Madhya Pradesh)
 The Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Park is one of the largest solar parks in the world with a
capacity of 750 MW.
 The project supplies clean energy to the Delhi Metro and local industries at a competitive rate
of ₹2.97 per unit.
 It has created over 1,500 direct jobs and improved the local economy.

b) Gujarat Wind Power Projects

 Gujarat is a leader in wind energy with an installed capacity of over 9,000 MW.
 The state’s wind farms supply clean electricity to over 2 million households.
 Local communities benefit from job creation and land leasing income.

c) Agri-Solar in Maharashtra
 Farmers in Maharashtra have installed solar panels on their farms to generate electricity for
irrigation.
 Excess power is sold back to the grid, providing additional income.
 Over 25,000 farmers have benefited from the PM-KUSUM scheme.
d) Biomass Power in Punjab
 Punjab has installed over 150 MW of biomass power plants using agricultural waste such as
rice husks and sugarcane residue.
 This initiative has reduced stubble burning, improving air quality in North India.
 Farmers earn additional income by supplying biomass to power plants.

4. Challenges and Limitations

a) High Initial Costs
 The upfront cost of installing solar and wind infrastructure remains high despite government
incentives.
 Access to low-cost financing remains a challenge for small businesses and rural households.

b) Grid Infrastructure Limitations

 India’s transmission infrastructure is underdeveloped in some rural areas.
 Expanding grid connectivity and improving energy storage capacity are necessary for large-
scale renewable integration.

c) Market Barriers
 Fossil fuel subsidies make renewable energy less competitive.
 Policy instability and delays in regulatory approvals slow down project development.

5. Future Outlook
 India’s renewable energy capacity is expected to reach 450 GW by 2030.
 Offshore wind and green hydrogen are projected to become key contributors to India’s energy
mix.
 India’s leadership in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) will expand solar adoption in
developing countries.

Case Studies of Renewable Energy Projects in India

Introduction
India has emerged as a global leader in renewable energy, with significant investments and
successful large-scale projects in solar, wind, biomass, and hydro energy. The Indian
government’s ambitious target of achieving 500 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 has driven
the development of innovative and sustainable energy projects across the country. This section
highlights some of the most successful and impactful renewable energy projects in India,
demonstrating their economic, environmental, and social benefits.

1. Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Park (Madhya Pradesh)

Overview
 Location: Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh
 Capacity: 750 MW
 Commissioned: 2017
 Developer: Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited (RUMSL)
Project Details
 The Rewa Solar Park covers 1,590 hectares and is one of the largest single-site solar power
plants in the world.
 The project was built in partnership between the Government of Madhya Pradesh and the
Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI).
 The solar park supplies 24% of its output to the Delhi Metro and the remaining power to the
state’s distribution companies (DISCOMs).
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Provided over 1,500 direct jobs during the construction phase.
✔️Reduced the cost of solar power to ₹2.97 per kWh, one of the lowest tariffs in India.
✔️Prevents 1.5 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions annually.
✔️Boosted local economic activity by increasing infrastructure and creating secondary jobs.

2. Kamuthi Solar Power Plant (Tamil Nadu)

Overview
 Location: Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu
 Capacity: 648 MW
 Commissioned: 2016
 Developer: Adani Green Energy
Project Details
 The Kamuthi Solar Plant covers an area of 2,500 acres and houses 2.5 million solar panels.
 It was built in a record time of 8 months with an investment of approximately ₹4,550 crore.
 The plant is connected to the Tamil Nadu transmission grid, supplying power to the state’s
urban and rural areas.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Provided direct employment to over 3,000 workers during construction.
✔️Supplies power to over 750,000 households.
✔️Reduces CO₂ emissions by 645,000 tonnes annually.
✔️Improved local infrastructure, including roads and water access.

3. Bhuj Wind Farm (Gujarat)

Overview
 Location: Bhuj, Gujarat
 Capacity: 300 MW
 Commissioned: 2018
 Developer: Suzlon Energy
Project Details
 The Bhuj Wind Farm consists of over 150 wind turbines installed across open plains.
 The turbines are capable of producing electricity even at low wind speeds.
 The project is part of Gujarat’s initiative to increase wind energy capacity to 10 GW by 2025.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Created over 1,200 direct and indirect jobs in turbine manufacturing and installation.
✔️Supplies power to over 400,000 households annually.
✔️Generates an estimated annual income of ₹500 crore through power sales.
✔️Farmers lease land for turbine installation, earning an average of ₹50,000 per year in rental
income.

4. Sardar Sarovar Hydropower Plant (Gujarat)

Overview
 Location: Narmada River, Gujarat
 Capacity: 1,450 MW
 Commissioned: 2006
 Developer: Government of Gujarat
Project Details
 The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest hydropower projects in India.
 It supplies electricity to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
 The dam also provides irrigation to over 18,000 square kilometers of farmland.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Provides reliable electricity to over 2 million households.
✔️Supports agriculture through irrigation, increasing crop yields by 30% in the region.
✔️Generates approximately ₹1,000 crore in annual revenue from power sales.
✔️Improved flood control and water storage capacity in Gujarat.

5. Pavagada Solar Park (Karnataka)

Overview
 Location: Pavagada, Karnataka
 Capacity: 2,050 MW
 Commissioned: 2019
 Developer: Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation
Project Details
 Pavagada Solar Park is the largest solar park in India and the second largest in the world.
 Built on land leased from local farmers under a long-term agreement.
 Power is supplied to Karnataka and neighboring states under a power purchase agreement
(PPA).
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Created over 4,000 jobs during construction and 500 permanent jobs for local residents.
✔️Farmers receive an annual lease payment of ₹21,000 per acre.
✔️Provides clean electricity to over 700,000 households.
✔️Reduces 3.8 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions annually.

6. Agri-Solar Projects (Maharashtra)

Overview
 Location: Multiple districts in Maharashtra
 Capacity: 500 MW (cumulative)
 Commissioned: 2020–2023
 Developer: State Government and Private Investors
Project Details
 Farmers have installed solar panels on their agricultural land.
 Excess energy is sold to the grid under the PM-KUSUM Scheme.
 Dual-use systems allow farmers to grow crops under solar panels.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Additional income of ₹30,000–₹50,000 per acre for farmers.
✔️Reduced dependency on diesel pumps for irrigation.
✔️Supplies power to rural areas and supports state grid stability.
✔️Encouraged rural entrepreneurship and increased income levels.
7. Punjab Biomass Power Plants
Overview
 Location: Multiple districts in Punjab
 Capacity: 150 MW (cumulative)
 Commissioned: 2018–2022
 Developer: Punjab State Power Corporation
Project Details
 Biomass plants use agricultural waste like rice husks and wheat stubble as fuel.
 Farmers sell biomass to power plants, reducing stubble burning.
 Advanced gasification technology improves efficiency and reduces emissions.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Farmers earn approximately ₹2,000–₹3,000 per ton of biomass.
✔️Reduced stubble burning improved air quality in Delhi NCR.
✔️Provided over 800 direct and indirect jobs.
✔️Clean power supplies over 200,000 households.

8. Floating Solar Project (Kerala)

Overview
 Location: Banasura Sagar Reservoir, Kerala
 Capacity: 500 kW
 Commissioned: 2017
 Developer: Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB)
Project Details
 Solar panels installed on floating platforms in the reservoir.
 The system reduces water evaporation and improves panel cooling.
 Power is supplied to the state grid.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Efficient use of water bodies for energy production.
✔️Supplies clean power to over 5,000 households.
✔️Reduced land use for solar installation.
✔️Inspired similar floating solar projects across India.

9. National Green Hydrogen Mission

Overview
 Launched: 2023
 Goal: To produce 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030.
 Investment: Over ₹20,000 crore.
Project Details
 Green hydrogen produced using renewable energy and water electrolysis.
 Aims to reduce dependence on imported natural gas and coal.
 Encourages development of hydrogen-powered transport and industries.
Economic and Social Impact
✔️Expected to create over 100,000 jobs.
✔️Reduces CO₂ emissions by 40 million tonnes annually.
✔️Positions India as a leader in hydrogen technology export.

10. Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan)

Overview
 Location: Bhadla, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan
 Capacity: 2,245 MW (World's largest solar park)
 Commissioned: 2017 (Phase-wise completion)
 Developer: Multiple developers including Adani Renewable Energy and SoftBank Energy

Project Details
 The Bhadla Solar Park covers an area of 5,700 hectares in the arid Thar Desert.
 Rajasthan receives some of the highest solar irradiance levels in the world, making it an ideal
location for solar energy production.
 The park was developed under the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) with an
investment of over ₹10,000 crore.
 The park is divided into four phases, with contributions from multiple developers under a
competitive bidding process.

Economic and Social Impact

✔️Created over 5,000 direct and indirect jobs during construction and operation.
✔️Supplies electricity to over 4.5 lakh households across Rajasthan and neighboring states.
✔️Reduced the cost of solar power to ₹2.44 per unit – one of the lowest tariffs in the world.
✔️Generates approximately 3.8 million units of electricity per day, saving over 4 million tonnes
of CO₂ emissions annually.
✔️Improved infrastructure and employment opportunities in the remote desert region of
Rajasthan.
✔️The Rajasthan government earns annual lease revenue from the solar park land, benefiting the
local economy.

Policy and Regulations for Renewable Energy in India

Introduction
India has established itself as a global leader in renewable energy through progressive policies
and robust regulatory frameworks. The Government of India (GoI) has introduced several
national and state-level policies to promote renewable energy development, enhance energy
security, and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Key government initiatives such as the National
Solar Mission, National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, and the Green Energy Corridor have
played a pivotal role in driving renewable energy growth. Financial incentives, tax benefits, and
foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations have also contributed to making India one of the most
attractive destinations for renewable energy investment.

1. National Renewable Energy Targets

a) Paris Agreement Commitments
 India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016 and committed to:
o Generating 50% of its total electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.

o Reducing the emission intensity of its GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.

o Installing 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

b) Renewable Energy Targets Under COP26 (2021)

At the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, India announced
the "Panchamrit" (five commitments):
1. Achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based capacity by 2030.
2. Meet 50% of the country's energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.
3. Reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.
4. Reduce the carbon intensity of the economy by 45% by 2030.
5. Achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.

2. Major Government Policies and Initiatives

a) National Solar Mission (2010)
 Launched under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM).
 Target: 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022 (achieved 65 GW by 2022).
 Provided incentives for large-scale solar parks, rooftop solar installations, and off-grid solar
applications.
 Introduced reverse bidding auctions to lower solar tariffs (₹2.36 per unit in 2020).

b) National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018)

 Objective: Optimize land use and grid infrastructure by combining solar and wind power
generation.
 Encourages private sector participation through financial incentives and viability gap funding
(VGF).
 Over 4 GW of hybrid projects have been commissioned under this policy.

c) PM-KUSUM Scheme (2019)

 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM):
o Component A: Setting up of 10,000 MW of decentralized solar plants on farmers'
land.
o Component B: Installation of 2 million standalone solar pumps.

o Component C: Solarization of existing grid-connected pumps.

 Over 100,000 solar pumps have been installed under the scheme.

d) National Hydrogen Mission (2021)

 Aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
 Target: 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen production by 2030.
 Government provides incentives for electrolyzer manufacturing and infrastructure
development.

e) Green Energy Corridor Project

 Objective: Establish a dedicated transmission network for renewable energy.
 Phase I completed in 2020 with over 3,200 km of transmission lines.
 Phase II (ongoing) aims to connect 20 GW of renewable capacity to the grid.

f) Renewable Energy Export Policy

 India is positioning itself as a renewable energy exporter to neighboring countries (e.g.,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka).
 Power trading agreements and cross-border transmission networks have been established.
 India exports over 2 GW of electricity to neighboring countries.

3. Financial Incentives and Support

a) Tax Benefits
 Accelerated depreciation of 40% for renewable energy assets.
 10-year income tax holiday for renewable energy projects.
 Reduction in customs duties for solar panels and wind turbine components.

b) Viability Gap Funding (VGF)

 Financial support for capital-intensive renewable energy projects (e.g., offshore wind).
 Covers up to 30% of project costs for strategic renewable energy projects.

c) Renewable Energy Certificates (REC)

 Introduced to promote renewable energy trading in the Indian energy market.
 Generators receive RECs for each unit of renewable electricity produced.
 RECs can be traded on the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX).

d) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

 100% FDI allowed in renewable energy projects under the automatic route.
 Over $50 billion in FDI received in renewable energy between 2015 and 2023.
 Major investors include SoftBank, ReNew Power, and Adani Green Energy.

4. State-Level Renewable Energy Policies

a) Gujarat
 Gujarat Hybrid Renewable Energy Policy allows developers to combine wind and solar
projects.
 Over 12 GW of renewable energy capacity installed in the state.

b) Rajasthan
 Largest installed solar capacity in India (~17 GW).
 Offers land at subsidized rates for solar parks.
 Provides 70% reimbursement on state GST for renewable projects.

c) Tamil Nadu
 Leader in wind energy with over 9 GW of installed capacity.
 Offers incentives for offshore wind projects along the Tamil Nadu coast.
 Net metering policy allows rooftop solar producers to feed excess power to the grid.

d) Maharashtra
 Promotes agri-solar under PM-KUSUM and state solar schemes.
 Offers a 30% capital subsidy for solar irrigation pumps.
 Introduced a policy for urban solar rooftop installations with simplified approvals.

5. Regulatory Framework
a) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
 Sets tariffs for inter-state renewable energy transmission.
 Regulates power purchase agreements (PPAs).
 Facilitates grid integration of renewable energy.

b) State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC)

 Set tariffs for intra-state renewable energy projects.
 Implement net metering and open access regulations for solar and wind power.

c) Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs)

 Mandates that power distribution companies (DISCOMs) purchase a minimum percentage of
their electricity from renewable sources.
 Current RPO target: 21% of total electricity consumption by 2025.
 Penalties for non-compliance with RPO targets.

6. Challenges in Policy and Regulation

a) Policy Inconsistency
 Delays in auction processes and land acquisition.
 Frequent changes in tariffs and subsidy structures create uncertainty for investors.
 b) Grid Infrastructure Limitations
 Insufficient transmission capacity to handle large-scale renewable power.
 High transmission losses in rural and remote areas.

c) Financial Health of DISCOMs

 State-owned DISCOMs face financial losses due to unpaid subsidies and high distribution
costs.
 Poor financial health of DISCOMs affects power purchase agreements and renewable energy
payments.

7. Future Policy Directions

✅ Increase RPO targets to 30% by 2030.
✅ Expansion of offshore wind projects along the Indian coastline.
✅ Development of hydrogen storage and transportation infrastructure.
✅ Introduction of carbon trading and green bonds for renewable energy financing.
✅ Strengthening of the Green Energy Corridor to integrate more renewable power into the grid.

Conclusion
Renewable energy has emerged as a cornerstone of India’s strategy to achieve sustainable
development and energy security. Through progressive policies, financial incentives, and
technological advancements, India has positioned itself as a global leader in solar, wind, and
bioenergy. The transition to renewable energy has not only reduced dependence on fossil fuels but
also created jobs, improved rural electrification, and enhanced energy access. While challenges such
as grid infrastructure, policy consistency, and financial health of DISCOMs remain, India's
commitment to achieving 500 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 reflects a strong and clear vision
for a low-carbon future. By continuing to invest in innovation and infrastructure, India is well on its
way to becoming a clean energy powerhouse, contributing to both national prosperity and global
climate goals.