List of medical terms related to the external parts of the human body along with their definitions:

Head & Face

1. Cranium – The skull, especially the part enclosing the brain.

2. Forehead (Frons) – The part of the face above the eyebrows.

3. Temple – The flat region on the side of the head behind the eyes.

4. Orbital Region – The area around the eye socket.

5. Nasal Region – The area of the nose, including the nasal bridge and nostrils.

6. Buccal Region – The cheek area.

7. Auricle (Pinna) – The external part of the ear.

8. Lips (Labia Oris) – The fleshy structures surrounding the mouth.

9. Mandible – The lower jawbone.

10. Maxilla – The upper jawbone.

Neck

11. Cervical Region – The neck area, containing the cervical vertebrae.

12. Laryngeal Prominence (Adam’s Apple) – The protrusion in the throat formed by the thyroid
cartilage.

13. Sternocleidomastoid – A prominent muscle on each side of the neck responsible for head
movement.

Upper Limb

14. Shoulder (Deltoid Region) – The area where the arm connects to the torso, covered by the
deltoid muscle.

15. Axilla (Armpit) – The space under the shoulder joint.

16. Brachium – The upper arm between the shoulder and elbow.

17. Cubital Region (Elbow) – The joint between the upper and lower arm.

18. Antebrachium – The forearm, between the elbow and wrist.

19. Carpus (Wrist) – The joint connecting the forearm to the hand.

20. Palmar Region – The palm of the hand.

21. Digital Region (Fingers) – The fingers of the hand.

Torso

22. Thoracic Region (Chest) – The upper part of the torso housing the heart and lungs.

23. Mammary Region – The area of the breasts.

24. Abdomen – The region between the chest and pelvis.

25. Umbilicus (Navel) – The belly button, a remnant of the umbilical cord.

26. Lumbar Region (Lower Back) – The lower back area between the ribs and pelvis.

Lower Limb

27. Inguinal Region (Groin) – The area where the thigh meets the torso.

28. Gluteal Region (Buttocks) – The posterior region composed of the gluteal muscles.

29. Femoral Region (Thigh) – The upper leg between the hip and knee.

30. Patellar Region (Kneecap) – The front part of the knee.

31. Popliteal Region – The back of the knee.

32. Crural Region (Leg) – The lower leg, from the knee to the ankle.

33. Tarsus (Ankle) – The joint between the leg and foot.

34. Plantar Region – The sole of the foot.

35. Dorsum of Foot – The top part of the foot.

36. Digits (Toes) – The five toes of the foot.

List of the internal parts of the human body along with their definitions:

Head & Brain

1. Cerebrum – The largest part of the brain, responsible for thought, memory, and voluntary
movements.

2. Cerebellum – A part of the brain that coordinates balance and muscle movements.

3. Brainstem – Connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions like breathing and
heart rate.

4. Meninges – The protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

5. Pituitary Gland – A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that regulates hormones.

6. Hypothalamus – A region of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and hormone
release.

Neck & Thorax (Chest)

7. Trachea (Windpipe) – The tube that carries air from the throat to the lungs.

8. Esophagus – The tube that transports food from the throat to the stomach.

9. Thyroid Gland – A gland in the neck that regulates metabolism.

10. Lungs – Organs responsible for gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).

11. Bronchi – The two main air passages branching from the trachea into each lung.

12. Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

13. Heart – The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

14. Aorta – The largest artery, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.

15. Vena Cava – The large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

16. Diaphragm – A dome-shaped muscle that aids in breathing by contracting and relaxing.

Abdomen & Digestive System

17. Liver – The organ that detoxifies blood, produces bile, and stores nutrients.

18. Gallbladder – A small organ that stores bile for fat digestion.

19. Stomach – The organ that breaks down food using acid and enzymes.

20. Pancreas – An organ that produces digestive enzymes and insulin.

 21. Small Intestine – The organ responsible for nutrient absorption.

22. Duodenum – The first section of the small intestine, where digestion begins.

23. Jejunum – The middle section of the small intestine.

24. Ileum – The last section of the small intestine before the large intestine.

25. Large Intestine (Colon) – Absorbs water and forms stool.

26. Rectum – The final part of the digestive system, leading to the anus.

27. Appendix – A small, vestigial organ attached to the large intestine.

Urinary & Reproductive Systems

28. Kidneys – Filter blood to remove waste and produce urine.

29. Ureters – Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

30. Urinary Bladder – Stores urine before excretion.

31. Urethra – The tube through which urine exits the body.

32. Ovaries – Female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones.

33. Uterus (Womb) – The organ where fetal development occurs.

34. Fallopian Tubes – The tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

35. Testes – Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

36. Prostate Gland – A gland in males that produces fluid for semen.

Circulatory System

37. Arteries – Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

38. Veins – Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

39. Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels that allow exchange of nutrients and gases.

40. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) – Carry oxygen to tissues.

41. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) – Defend against infections.

42. Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Help blood clot.

Endocrine System

43. Adrenal Glands – Glands on top of the kidneys that produce stress hormones like adrenaline.

44. Pituitary Gland – The "master gland" that controls hormone release from other glands.

45. Parathyroid Glands – Regulate calcium levels in the body.

Nervous System & Spinal Cord

46. Spinal Cord – A nerve bundle that transmits signals between the brain and body.

47. Peripheral Nerves – Nerves that carry signals to and from the rest of the body.

48. Synapse – The junction between nerve cells for communication.

49. Neurons – Cells that transmit electrical signals in the body.

This list covers all 206 bones in the adult human body along with their definitions and locations:

Skull (Cranium & Facial Bones)

1. Frontal Bone – The bone forming the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets.

2. Parietal Bones (2) – Two bones on the top and sides of the skull.

3. Temporal Bones (2) – Bones on the sides of the skull, near the ears.

4. Occipital Bone – The bone at the back and base of the skull.

5. Sphenoid Bone – A butterfly-shaped bone in the middle of the skull, behind the eyes.

6. Ethmoid Bone – A small bone forming part of the nasal cavity and eye sockets.

7. Nasal Bones (2) – The small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

8. Lacrimal Bones (2) – Small bones in the inner corner of the eye sockets that contain the tear
ducts.

9. Zygomatic Bones (2) – Also known as the cheekbones.

10. Maxilla (2) – The upper jawbones that also form part of the nose and eye sockets.

11. Mandible – The lower jawbone, the only movable bone in the skull.

12. Palatine Bones (2) – Bones that form the back part of the roof of the mouth.

13. Vomer – A single bone forming part of the nasal septum.

Vertebral Column (Spine)

14. Cervical Vertebrae (7) – The bones of the neck (C1-C7), including the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
that allow head movement.

15. Thoracic Vertebrae (12) – The bones in the upper and mid-back (T1-T12), each attached to a rib.

16. Lumbar Vertebrae (5) – The bones in the lower back (L1-L5), providing support and flexibility.

17. Sacrum – A triangular bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, connecting the spine
to the pelvis.

18. Coccyx (Tailbone) – The small, fused bone at the base of the spine.
Thoracic Cage (Ribcage)

19. Sternum (Breastbone) – The flat bone in the center of the chest.

20. True Ribs (1-7 pairs) – Ribs directly attached to the sternum.

21. False Ribs (8-10 pairs) – Ribs indirectly attached to the sternum.

22. Floating Ribs (11-12 pairs) – Ribs not attached to the sternum.

Upper Limb Bones

23. Clavicle (Collarbone) – The bone connecting the sternum to the shoulder.

24. Scapula (Shoulder Blade) – A flat bone that connects the arm to the body.

25. Humerus – The upper arm bone, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.

26. Radius – The forearm bone on the thumb side.

27. Ulna – The forearm bone on the pinky side.

28. Carpal Bones (8) – The wrist bones:

 Scaphoid

 Lunate

 Triquetrum

 Pisiform

 Trapezium

 Trapezoid

 Capitate

 Hamate

29. Metacarpal Bones (5) – The bones of the palm.

30. Phalanges (14 per hand) – The finger bones (proximal, middle, and distal for each finger except
the thumb, which has two).

Pelvis (Hip Bones)

31. Ilium – The large, upper part of the hip bone.

32. Ischium – The lower, back part of the hip bone (what you sit on).

33. Pubis – The front part of the hip bone.

Lower Limb Bones

34. Femur (Thigh Bone) – The longest and strongest bone in the body.

35. Patella (Kneecap) – A small, triangular bone protecting the knee joint.

36. Tibia (Shin Bone) – The larger and stronger lower leg bone.

37. Fibula – The thinner lower leg bone, located next to the tibia.

38. Tarsal Bones (7) – The ankle bones:

 Talus

 Calcaneus (Heel Bone)

 Navicular

 Cuboid

 Medial Cuneiform

 Intermediate Cuneiform

 Lateral Cuneiform

39. Metatarsal Bones (5) – The bones of the foot.

40. Phalanges (14 per foot) – The toe bones, similar to the fingers.
Blood: Components, Functions, and Types

Blood is a vital connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products
throughout the body. It also plays a crucial role in immune defense, temperature regulation, and
maintaining pH balance.

1. Components of Blood

Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements (cells and cell fragments).

A. Plasma (55% of Blood Volume)

Plasma is the liquid portion of blood, made up of:

 Water (90-92%) – Acts as a solvent and helps regulate body temperature.

 Proteins (7%) – Includes:

o Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure.

o Globulins – Includes antibodies for immune defense.

o Fibrinogen – Helps in blood clotting.

 Electrolytes – Sodium (Na⁺), Potassium (K⁺), Calcium (Ca²⁺), etc.

 Nutrients – Glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins.

 Hormones – Insulin, adrenaline, etc.

 Waste Products – Urea, carbon dioxide (CO₂), etc.

B. Formed Elements (45% of Blood Volume)

1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) / Erythrocytes

o Function: Carry oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).

o Contains Hemoglobin – A protein that binds to oxygen.

o Lifespan: ~120 days.

o Produced in: Bone marrow.

2. White Blood Cells (WBCs) / Leukocytes

o Function: Defend against infections and foreign invaders.

o Types of WBCs:

 Neutrophils – First responders to infections.

 Lymphocytes – Includes B-cells (antibody production) and T-cells (kill infected

cells).
  Monocytes – Become macrophages, engulf pathogens.

 Eosinophils – Fight parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

 Basophils – Release histamine in allergic responses.

3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

o Function: Help in blood clotting (coagulation).

o Lifespan: 7-10 days.

o Derived from: Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

2. Functions of Blood

1. Transport: Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste.

2. Regulation: Maintains body temperature, pH, and fluid balance.

3. Protection:

o Immune defense (WBCs, antibodies).

o Blood clotting (platelets, fibrinogen).

3. Blood Types & Compatibility

Blood type is determined by antigens on RBCs and the presence of antibodies in plasma.

Blood Type Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in Plasma Can Receive Can Donate To
From

A A Anti-B A, O A, AB

B B Anti-A B, O B, AB

AB A&B None A, B, AB, O AB

O None Anti-A & Anti-B O A, B, AB, O

 Universal Donor: Type O-

 Universal Recipient: Type AB+

 Rh Factor: Determines positive (+) or negative (-) blood type. Rh+ can receive Rh- blood, but Rh-
cannot receive Rh+.
4. Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

When a blood vessel is injured:

1. Platelets stick to the injury site.

2. Clotting factors (like fibrinogen) form a fibrin mesh.

3. Blood clots prevent excessive bleeding.

List of medical terms related to blood along with their definitions:

General Blood Terminology

1. Hematology – The study of blood and blood-related diseases.

2. Hemoglobin (Hb/Hgb) – The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

3. Hematopoiesis – The process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow.

4. Erythropoiesis – The production of red blood cells.

5. Leukopoiesis – The production of white blood cells.

6. Thrombopoiesis – The production of platelets.

7. Plasma – The liquid portion of blood, containing proteins, nutrients, and waste.

8. Serum – Plasma without clotting factors.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

9. Erythrocyte – Another term for a red blood cell.

10. Hematocrit (Hct) – The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.

11. Anemia – A condition where the blood has a low red blood cell count or hemoglobin level.

12. Polycythemia – An excessive number of red blood cells.

13. Hypoxia – A deficiency of oxygen in the blood.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

14. Leukocyte – Another term for a white blood cell.

15. Neutrophil – A type of WBC that fights bacterial infections.

16. Lymphocyte – A type of WBC involved in immune response (T-cells and B-cells).

17. Monocyte – A type of WBC that becomes a macrophage and engulfs pathogens.

18. Eosinophil – A type of WBC involved in allergic reactions and parasite defense.

19. Basophil – A type of WBC that releases histamine during allergic reactions.

20. Leukocytosis – An increased white blood cell count, often due to infection.

21. Leukopenia – A low white blood cell count.

Platelets & Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

22. Thrombocyte – Another term for a platelet.

23. Hemostasis – The process of stopping bleeding.

24. Thrombosis – The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.

25. Embolism – A clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream.

26. Fibrin – A protein that forms a blood clot.

27. Coagulation – The process of blood clot formation.

28. Hemophilia – A genetic disorder where blood does not clot properly.

29. Thrombocytopenia – A low platelet count.

30. Thrombocytosis – A high platelet count.

Blood Circulation & Blood Vessels

31. Artery – A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

32. Vein – A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

33. Capillary – The smallest blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occur.

34. Vasodilation – Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

35. Vasoconstriction – Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Blood Disorders & Conditions

36. Sepsis – A life-threatening blood infection.

37. Leukemia – A type of cancer affecting white blood cells.

38. Sickle Cell Anemia – A genetic disorder where red blood cells are abnormally shaped.

39. Hemolysis – The destruction of red blood cells.

40. Hypercoagulability – A condition where blood clots more easily than normal.