INDEX
Topic PAGE NO.
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1.About Cement road… … …
2.Material…… … … … … … .
3.Design of concrete mix used..
4.Tests…… … … … ..
5.Cement road construction… …
●Preparation of subgrade… .. …
●Preparation of base……… …
●Form work… … … … .
●Watering of base… …
●Joints … … ….
●Reinforcement… …
●Material mix & placing… ..
●Compaction… …… … .
●Finishing of surface…..
●Cursing… … … … ..
●Filling of joint… … ..
●Edging… … … … …
6.Open to traffic… … … ..
7.Reference… … … … ..
●ABOUT CEMENT ROAD:-
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land
between two places, which has been paved or
otherwise improved to allow travel by some
conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor
vehicle, roads consist of one, or sometimes two,
roadwaya(carriagewaya) echa with one or more
lanes and also any associated sidewalks (British
English;pavement) and road verges. Roads that are
available for use by the public may be referred to as
public roads or highways.
●MATERIAL:-
Concrete is widely used in domestic, commercial,
recreational, rural and educational construction.
Communities around the world rely on concrete as a
safe, strong and simple building material. It is used
in all types of construction; from domestic work to
multi-storey office blocks and shopping complexes.
Despite the common usage of concrete, few people
are aware of the considerations involved in
designing strong, durable, high quality concrete.
There are mainly three types.
1.Cement
2.Sant
3.Aggregate.
●Cement :-
A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens independently, and can bind other materials
together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans,
who used the term caementiciumto describe
masonry resembling modern concrete that was
made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that
were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic
binder were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cement, and cement.
Cements used in construction can be characterized
as being either hydraulic or nonhydraulic. Hydraulic
cements (e.g., Portland cement) harden because of
hydration, a chemical reaction between the
anhydrous cement powder and water. Thus, they
can harden underwater or when constantly exposed
to wet weather. The chemical reaction results in
hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are
quite durable in water. Non-hydraulic cements do not
harden underwater; for example, slaked limes
harden by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The most important uses of cement are as an
ingredient in the production of mortar in masonry,
and of concrete, a combination of cement and an
aggregate to form a strong building material.
Portland silica fume cement
Portland pozzolana cement
Portland fly ash cement
●SAND:-
NJSand is a naturally occurring granular
material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. The composition of sand is highly variable,
depending on the local rock sources and conditions,
but the most common constituent of sand in inland
continental settings and nontropical coastal settings
is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form
of quartz.
The second most common type of sand is
calcium carbonate, for example aragonite, which has
mostly been created, over the past half billion years,
by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. It is,
for example, the primary form of sand apparent in
areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem
for millions of years like the Caribbean.
●AGGREGATE:-
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as
sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water
and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in
concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need
to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed
chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine
materials that could cause the deterioration of
concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75
percent of the total volume of concrete, are divided
into two distinct
categories-fine and coarse. Fine aggregates
generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone
with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch
(9.5-mm) sieve. Coarse aggregates are any particles
greater than 0.19 inch (4.75 mm), but generally
range between 3/8 and 1.5 inchs(9.5 mm to 37.5
mm) in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of
coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed
stone making up most of the remainder.
Natural gravel and sand are usually dug or dredged
from a pit, river, lake, or seabed. Crushed aggregate
is produced by crushing quarry rock, boulders,
cobbles, or large-size
gravel. Recycled concrete is a viable source of
aggregate and has been satisfactorily used in
granular subbases, soilcement, and in new concrete.
Aggregate processing consists of crushing,
screening, and washing the aggregate to obtain
proper cleanliness and gradation. If necessary, a
benefaction process such as jigging or heavy media
separation can be used to upgrade the quality. Once
processed, the aggregates are handled and stored
in a way that minimizes segregation and degradation
and prevents contamination.
Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly
mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions,
and economy. Consequently, selection of
aggregates is an important process. Although some
variation in aggregate properties is expected,
characteristics that are considered when selecting
aggregate include:
●grading
●durability
● particle shape and surface texture
●abrasion and skid resistance
● unit weights and voids
●absorption and surface moisture
Grading refers to the determination of the
particle-size distribution for aggregate. Grading limits
and maximum aggregate size are specified because
grading and size affect the amount of aggregate
used as well as cement and water requirements,
workability.
●Shape and size :-
Particle shape and surface texture influence the
properties of freshly mixed concrete more than the
properties of hardened concrete. Rough-textured,
angular, and elongated particles require more water
to produce workable concrete than smooth, rounded
compact aggregate. Consequently, the cement
content must also be increased to maintain the
water-cement ratio. Generally, flat and elongated
particles are avoided or are limited
to about 15 percent by weight of the total
aggregate. Unit-weight measures the volume that
graded aggregate and the voids between them will
occupy in concrete. The void content between
particles affects the amount of cement paste
required for the mix. Angular aggregate increase the
void content. Larger sizes of well-graded aggregate
and improved grading decrease the void content.
Absorption and surface moisture of aggregate are
measured when selecting aggregate because the
internal structure of aggregate is made up of solid
material and voids that may or may not contain
water. The amount of water in the concrete mixture
must be adjusted to include the moisture conditions
of the aggregate. Abrasion and skid resistance
of an aggregate are essential when the aggregate is
to be used in concrete constantly subject to abrasion
as in heavyduty floors or pavements. Different
minerals in the aggregate wear and polish at
different rates. Harder aggregate can be selected in
highly abrasive conditions to minimize wear.
●DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX USED :-
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete
mixes into a number of grades as Mio, M15, M20,
M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the
letter M refers to the mix and the number to the
specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The
mixes of grades Mio, M15, M20 and M25 correspond
approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4),
(1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively. The design of
concrete mix used in this project has been approved
by the a well known institute H.B.T.1. Kanpur . In this
project we have used the M20 concrete.
●Test :-
There are four main tests to be done on
concrete:
1. The Slump Test.
2.Compression Test
3.Impact Test
4.Cube Test
●THE SLUMP TEST :-
The slump test is done to make sure a concrete
mix is workable. Workability measures how easy the
concrete is to place, handle and compact
