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An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
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Session: JAN-APR 2024
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Q1. There is a biased coin with probability of heads
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as θ. Let the prior on this probability be given by
An Introduction to Programming Through C++
the PDF P(θ) = 6θ (1- θ). The coin is flipped 5
 7
times, and it lands up on heads each time. The MAP
 Artificial Intelligence Search Methods For 2 estimate of θ is (return answer rounded upto 3
Problem Solving decimal places, eg, if the answer is 0.3456, return
0.346)
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Answer: 0.625
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Q2. How many of the following statements are CORRECT
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a. Rejection sampling (before rejection step) samples from
 Computer Graphics 7 the posterior distribution of the Bayes Net given the
evidence variables
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b. In the limit of infinite sampling, rejection sampling will
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return consistent posterior estimates

c. In the limit of infinite sampling, likelihood weighting will
 Data Science for Engineers 11 return consistent posterior estimates
d. Exact Inference in Bayesian networks can be done in
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Polynomial time in the worst case.
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e. MCMC with Gibbs Sampling is guaranteed to converge to
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the same distribution irrespective of the initial state for all

kinds of Bayes Networks
 Developing Soft Skills and Personality 9 f. Performance of Likelihood weighting degrades in practice
when there are many evidence variables that are lower in
 Digital Circuits 8
the Bayes Net
 Discrete Mathematics 14 g. Late occurring evidence variables can help guide sample

× generation in likelihood weighting
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Answer: 2
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 Introduction To Programming In C 9 Q3. What is the P(?1 = 1) + P(?5 = 2), where “?i” indicates “?”
in the ith row, after the 1st E-step. (round up to 2 decimal
 Leadership and Team Effectiveness 12 places)
 Machine Learning and Deep Learning - 4 Answer: 0.33
Fundamentals and Applications

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Q4. What is P(X = 1 | B = 1) – P(B = 0 | A = 1) after the 1st M-
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step? (round up to 3 decimal places)
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Answer: 0.654
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Q5. Consider the bayes-net
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We wish to calculate P(c | ¬w, r). Select the correct
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When using rejection sampling, we will accept the sample (
 Soft Skills 9 ¬c, s, ¬w, r).
When using likelihood weighting, every sample will be
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weighted 0.5
 Software Engineering 7 When using MCMC with Gibbs sampling, we vary
assignments to C and S.
 Software Testing 13 S is conditionally independent of all other variables, given
its parent C.
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Answer: a), d)
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Q6. Which of the following is/are INCORRECT?

ML (Maximum Likelihood) works better than MAP when the
Popular
data is sparse.
Time Management and ways of Thinking In the limit of infinite data, MAP reduces to MLE.
Time Management Fundamentals Final Exam MAP estimation needs a prior distribution on the parameter
values
MLE assumes a beta distribution prior on the parameter
values
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Learning Week 12

Academic Paper Writing and IPR, Design Thinking and Creativity for Innovation, Answer: c), d)
Team Skills
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Team Skills
Effective Listening
Q7. How many of the following statements are CORRECT
Design Thinking and Creativity for Innovation ?
Design Thinking Data Intelligence a. The 15-Puzzle has a single agent setup
b. The game of poker has a partially observable
environment
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c. The game of poker is deterministic
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d. The environment of an autonomous driving car is fully
observable
Design Thinking and Creativity for Innovation e. Playing the game of chess under time constraints is
Agile Foundations semi-dynamic
f. The outcomes of the decisions taken by an autonomous
driving agent are stochastic in nature
Academic Paper Writing and IPR
Business Writing Principles g. The game of poker has a discrete environment
h. Interactive Medical Diagnosis chatbots do episodic
decision making
Time Management and ways of Thinking
Time Management Fundamentals Answer: 3

Q8. Consider the following scenario, where we have a

bag of candies. There are only two types of candies: red
(R) and green (G) in the bag. We want to estimate the % of
candies of each type in the bag. We perform Bayesian
learning where the hypothesis space is given by H = {h1,
h2, h3, h4, h5}. We have the following 5 hypotheses and
their initial probabilities (prior).
What is the probability of picking a green candy as
predicted by our initial estimates:

Answer: 0.175

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Q9. Consider the same table as question 8, we now pick a

random candy from the bag and it turns out to be green.
We then recompute the probabilities of our hypothesis
using Bayesian learning (posterior):
(values in the table percentages)
What is the value of 5a + 4b + 3c + 2d + e

Answer: 16

Q10. Which of the following is/are CORRECT?

a)To learn the structure of Bayes net, we can perform a

local search over the space of network structures.
b) If the structure of Bayes net is known and we are trying
to estimate the parameters of the network from data which
has some missing values, we can use an EM algorithm to
estimate both the missing values and the parameters.

c) Given a training dataset, a fully connected Bayes Net is

always guaranteed to fit the dataset the best
d) While learning the Bayes net structure given data, If we
use a scoring function which is a linear combination of a
term which is inversely proportional to model complexity
and a term which is proportional to how well the Bayes net
fits the data, then the model with the highest score might
not be the fully connected Bayes net

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Week 7

Answer: c), d)

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Answers Week 9

Q11. Consider the following Bayesian Network.

We are given the following samples.
What is the estimated value of P(C=1|B=0) if we use Add-
One smoothing? Round off your answer to 2 decimal
points. (e.g., if your answer is 0.14159… then write 0.14)

Answer: 0.65

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Q1. Consider the following Bayesian network with

binary variables.

Calculate the probability P(a | d, e) using rejection

sampling, given the following samples. Return the
answer as a decimal rounded to 2 decimal points (for
example, if it is 0.333, return 0.33).

Answer: 0.75

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Q2. Which of the following statements are true?

a. Rejection sampling samples from the prior distribution
b. Rejection sampling samples from the posterior
distribution
c. Likelihood sampling samples from the prior distribution
d. Likelihood sampling samples from the posterior
distribution

Answer: a. Rejection sampling samples from the prior

distribution

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Q3. Which of the following properties are valid for the

environment of the Turing Test?
a. Fully observable
b. Multi-Agent
c. Dynamic
d. Stochastic

Answer: b, c, d

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Q4. Consider the following Bayesian Network. Suppose

you are doing likelihood weighting to determine P(s|
¬w,c).

What is the weight of the sample (c, s,r, ¬w)?

Return the answer as a decimal rounded to 3 decimal
points (for example, if it is 0.1234, return 0.123).

Answer: 0.005

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Answers Week 9

Q5. Suppose we use MCMC with Gibbs sampling to

determine P(s|w) in the above problem. Which of the
following are correct statements in this case?
a. We might need to calculate P(w|¬s,c,r) during the
sampling process.
b. The relative frequency of reaching the states with S
assigned true after sufficiently many steps will provide an
estimate of P(s|w)
c. We can get a reliable estimate of probability by using the
first few samples only.
d. Sampling using MCMC is asymptotically equivalent to
sampling from the prior probability distribution.

Answer: b. The relative frequency of reaching the states

with S assigned true after sufficiently many steps will
provide an estimate of P(s|w)

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 Week 5

Q6. Consider the following Bayesian Network. What is the

Markov Blanket of C? Return the answer as a
lexicographically sorted string (for example, if the
blanket consists of the nodes A, D and C return ACD)

Answer: ABDEFG

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Answers Week 9

Q7. Which of the following provides a plausible way to

learn the structure of Bayesian networks from data?
a. Bayesian learning
b. Local search in the space of possible structures
c. MAP
d. MLE

Answer: b. Local search in the space of possible

structures

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Q8. Consider the following Bayesian Network, where

each variable is binary.
We have the following training examples for the above
Bayesian net where two examples contain unobserved
values (denoted by ?). All of the parameters of the
Bayesian network are set at 0.5 initially, except for P(b)
and P(c|¬a,¬b), which are initialised to 0.8. What is the
value of P(c|a,b) after simulating the second M step of the
simple (hard) EM algorithm? If the answer is the fraction
m/n where m and n have no common factors, return m+n.
(eg. 3 if the answer is 2/4)

Answer: 2

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Q9. Ram is given a possibly biased coin and he is

supposed to estimate the probability of it turning heads.
Ram tosses the coin 5 times and gets head 3 times.
Suppose that Ram uses maximizing likelihood as
the learning algorithm for this task. What, according to
him, is the probability of getting heads for the coin?
Give the answer rounded off to 1 decimal place

Answer: 0.6

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Answers Week 9

Q10. Suppose that Ram has a prior that the probability of

the coin turning head is one of 0.4 (case 1), 0.5 (case 2),
0.6 (case 3) with probability 1/3 each. Ram tosses the
coin once and gets head. What is the posterior
probability of case 1 given this observation?
Give the answer rounded off to 2 decimal places.

Answer: 0.27

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