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Brief Contents
Windows 10 Working with an Operating System 2

Office Office 2016 Common Features 64

Word Chapter 1 Introduction to Word 130

Chapter 2 Document Presentation 198
Chapter 3 Document Productivity 268
Chapter 4 Collaboration and Research 332

Excel Chapter 1 Introduction to Excel 402

Chapter 2 Formulas and Functions 486
Chapter 3 Charts 532
Chapter 4 Datasets and Tables 596

Access Chapter 1 Introduction to Access 662

Chapter 2 Tables and Queries in Relational Databases 732
Chapter 3 Using Queries to Make Decisions 810
Chapter 4 Creating and Using Professional Forms and Reports 862

PowerPoint Chapter 1 Introduction to PowerPoint 924

Chapter 2 Presentation Development 990
Chapter 3 Presentation Design 1042
Chapter 4 Enhancing with Multimedia 1116

Application Word Application Capstone Exercise 1185

Capstone Excel Application Capstone Exercise 1190
Exercises Access Application Capstone Exercise 1193
PowerPoint Application Capstone Exercise 1197

Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Word Core 1201

Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Word Expert 1205
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Excel Core 1209
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Excel Expert 1213
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Access 1217
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist PowerPoint 1223

Glossary 1229
Index 1241
Brief Contents vii
Contents
Windows 10
■ CHAPTER ONE 
Working with an Operating System: Getting Started
with Microsoft® Windows® 10 2
CASE STUDY CEDAR GROVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2 WINDOWS SYSTEM AND SECURITY FEATURES 40
WINDOWS 10 FUNDAMENTALS 4 Working with Security Settings and Software 40
Understanding the Windows 10 Interface 4 Working with Administrative Tools 44
Managing and Using the Desktop and Components 11 HANDS-ON EXERCISE 3
Using Windows 10 Search Features 15 Windows System and Security Features 48
HANDS-ON EXERCISE 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 51
Windows 10 Fundamentals 19 KEY TERMS MATCHING 53
FILE MANAGEMENT 28 MULTIPLE CHOICE 54
Using File Explorer 28 PRACTICE EXERCISES 55
Selecting, Copying, and Moving Multiple Files MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 59
and Folders 33 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 61
Compressing Files and Folders 34 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 62
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
File Management 36

Microsoft Office 2016

■ CHAPTER ONE Office 2016 Common Features: Taking the First Step 64
CASE STUDY SPOTTED BEGONIA ART GALLERY 64 MODIFY DOCUMENT LAYOUT AND PROPERTIES 104
GETTING STARTED WITH OFFICE APPLICATIONS 66 Using Backstage View 104
Starting an Office Application 66 Changing the Document View 106
Working with Files 67 Changing the Page Layout 107
Using Common Interface Components 70 Inserting a Header and Footer 110
Getting Help 77 Previewing and Printing a File 111
Installing Add-ins 79 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Modify Document Layout and Properties 113
Getting Started with Office Applications 81 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 118
FORMAT DOCUMENT CONTENT 86 KEY TERMS MATCHING 120
Using Templates and Applying Themes 86 MULTIPLE CHOICE 121
Modifying Text 88 PRACTICE EXERCISES 122
Relocating Text 92 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 126
Checking Spelling and Grammar 94 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 128
Working with Pictures and Graphics 96 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 129
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
Format Document Content 99

viii Contents
 Microsoft Office Word 2016
■ CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Word: Organizing a Document 130
CASE STUDY SWAN CREEK NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE 130 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING 132 Document Settings and Properties 180
Beginning and Editing a Document 133 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 185
Customizing Word 142 KEY TERMS MATCHING 186
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 187
Introduction to Word Processing 146 PRACTICE EXERCISES 188
DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION 153 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 192
Using Features That Improve Readability 153 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 195
Viewing a Document in Different Ways 159 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 196

HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
Document Organization 165
DOCUMENT SETTINGS AND PROPERTIES 172
Modifying Document Properties 172
Prepare a Document for Distribution 174

■ CHAPTER TWO Document Presentation: Editing and Formatting 198

CASE STUDY PHILLIPS STUDIO L PHOTOGRAPHY 198 OBJECTS 237
TEXT AND PARAGRAPH FORMATTING 200 Inserting and Formatting Objects 237
Applying Font Attributes 200 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Formatting a Paragraph 206 Objects 246
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 253
Text and Paragraph Formatting 216 KEY TERMS MATCHING 254
DOCUMENT APPEARANCE 222 MULTIPLE CHOICE 255
Formatting a Document 222 PRACTICE EXERCISES 256
Applying Styles 226 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 262
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 265
Document Appearance 231 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 266

■ CHAPTER THREE Document Productivity: Working with Tables

and Mail Merge 268
CASE STUDY TRAYLOR UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC MAIL MERGE 306
IMPACT STUDY 268 Creating a Mail Merge Document 306
TABLES 270 Completing a Mail Merge 310
Inserting a Table 270 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Formatting a Table 275 Mail Merge 313
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 317
Tables 279 KEY TERMS MATCHING 318
ADVANCED TABLE FEATURES 286 MULTIPLE CHOICE 319
Managing Table Data 286 PRACTICE EXERCISES 320
Enhancing Table Data 291 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 325
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 329
Advanced Table Features 298 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 330

Contents ix
■ CHAPTER FOUR Collaboration and Research: Communicating and
Producing Professional Papers 332
CASE STUDY LITERATURE ANALYSIS 332 ONLINE DOCUMENT COLLABORATION 364
RESEARCH PAPER BASICS 334 Using OneDrive and Word Online 364
Using a Writing Style and Acknowledging Sources 334 Sharing and Collaborating on Documents 370
Creating and Modifying Footnotes and Endnotes 340 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Exploring Special Features 343 Online Document Collaboration 382
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 388
Research Paper Basics 346 KEY TERMS MATCHING 389
DOCUMENT TRACKING 353 MULTIPLE CHOICE 390
Reviewing a Document 353 PRACTICE EXERCISES 391
Tracking Changes 357 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 395
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 398
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
CAPSTONE EXERCISE 399
Document Tracking 360

Microsoft Office Excel 2016

■ CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Excel: Creating and Formatting
a Worksheet 402
CASE STUDY OK OFFICE SYSTEMS 402 WORKSHEET FORMATTING 444
INTRODUCTION TO SPREADSHEETS 404 Applying Cell Styles, Alignment, and Font Options 444
Exploring the Excel Window 404 Applying Number Formats 447
Entering and Editing Cell Data 407 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Worksheet Formatting 450
Introduction to Spreadsheets 413 WORKSHEETS, PAGE SETUP, AND PRINTING 455
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS AND FORMULAS 417 Managing Worksheets 455
Creating Formulas 417 Selecting Page Setup Options 457
Displaying Cell Formulas 420 Previewing and Printing a Worksheet 463
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 5
Mathematical Operations and Formulas 422 Worksheets, Page Setup, and Printing 465
WORKSHEET STRUCTURE AND CLIPBOARD CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 469
TASKS 427 KEY TERMS MATCHING 471
Managing Columns and Rows 427 MULTIPLE CHOICE 472
Selecting, Moving, Copying, and Pasting Data 432 PRACTICE EXERCISES 473
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 479
Worksheet Structure and Clipboard Tasks 438 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 482
CAPSTONE EXERCISE 483

■ CHAPTER TWO Formulas and Functions: Performing Quantitative Analysis 486

CASE STUDY TOWNSEND MORTGAGE COMPANY 486 LOGICAL, LOOKUP, AND FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS 508
FORMULA BASICS 488 Determining Results with the IF Function 508
Using Relative, Absolute, and Mixed Cell Using Lookup Functions 511
References in Formulas 488 Calculating Payments with the PMT Function 514
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Formula Basics 492 Logical, Lookup, and Financial Functions 516
FUNCTION BASICS 495 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 521
Inserting a Function 495 KEY TERMS MATCHING 522
Inserting Basic Math and Statistics Functions 497 MULTIPLE CHOICE 523
Using Date Functions 501 PRACTICE EXERCISES 524
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 527
Function Basics 503 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 530
CAPSTONE EXERCISE 531

x Contents
■ CHAPTER THREE Charts: Depicting Data Visually 532
CASE STUDY COMPUTER JOB OUTLOOK 532 Modifying the Data Source 575
CHART BASICS 534 Creating and Customizing Sparklines 577
Selecting the Data Source 534 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Choosing a Chart Type 536 Chart Design and Sparklines 580
Moving, Sizing, and Printing a Chart 548
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 583
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 KEY TERMS MATCHING 585
Chart Basics 552 MULTIPLE CHOICE 586
CHART ELEMENTS 558 PRACTICE EXERCISES 587
Adding, Editing, and Formatting Chart Elements 559 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 591
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 594
Chart Elements 569 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 595

CHART DESIGN AND SPARKLINES 574

Applying a Chart Style and Colors 574

■ CHAPTER FOUR Datasets and Tables: Managing Large Volumes of Data 596

CASE STUDY REID FURNITURE STORE 596 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
LARGE DATASETS 598 Table Manipulation 629
Freezing Rows and Columns 599 TABLE AGGREGATION AND CONDITIONAL FORMATTING 636
Printing Large Datasets 600 Adding a Total Row 636
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Applying Conditional Formatting 638
Large Datasets 604 Creating a New Rule 643
EXCEL TABLES 609 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4
Understanding the Benefits of Data Tables 609 Table Aggregation and Conditional Formatting 646
Designing and Creating Tables 609 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 651
Applying a Table Style 614 KEY TERMS MATCHING 652
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE 653
Excel Tables 616 PRACTICE EXERCISES 654
TABLE MANIPULATION 621 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 658
Creating Structured References in Formulas 621 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 660
Sorting Data 622 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 661
Filtering Data 624

Microsoft Office Access 2016

■ CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Access: Finding Your Way Through
an Access Database 662
CASE STUDY MANAGING A BUSINESS IN THE GLOBAL HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
ECONOMY 662 Filters and Sorts 701
DATABASES ARE EVERYWHERE! 664 ACCESS DATABASE CREATION 707
Opening, Saving, and Enabling Content in a Database 665 Creating a Database 707
Recognizing Database Object Types 667
Modifying Data in Table Datasheet View 680 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Adding Records to a Table 680 Access Database Creation 714
Deleting Records from a Table 682 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 718
Using Database Utilities 683 KEY TERMS MATCHING 719
MULTIPLE CHOICE 720
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1
PRACTICE EXERCISES 721
Databases Are Everywhere! 687
MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 727
FILTERS AND SORTS 695 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 730
Working with Filters 695 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 731
Performing Sorts 699

Contents xi
■ CHAPTER TWO Tables and Queries in Relational Databases:
Designing Databases and Extracting Data 732
CASE STUDY BANK AUDIT 732 Understanding Query Sort Order 775
TABLE DESIGN, CREATION, AND MODIFICATION 734 Running, Copying, and Modifying a Query 776
Designing a Table 734 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Creating and Modifying Tables and Single-Table Queries 778
Working with Data 738
MULTITABLE QUERIES 782
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Creating a Multitable Query 782
Table Design, Creation, and Modification 744 Modifying a Multitable Query 784
MULTIPLE-TABLE DATABASES 749 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4
Sharing Data 749 Multitable Queries 788
Establishing Table Relationships 754
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 792
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 KEY TERMS MATCHING 794
Multiple-Table Databases 759 MULTIPLE CHOICE 795
SINGLE-TABLE QUERIES 767 PRACTICE EXERCISES 796
Creating a Single-Table Query 767 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 802
Using the Query Wizard 770 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 806
Specifying Query Criteria for Different Data Types 773 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 807

■ CHAPTER THREE Using Queries to Make Decisions: Perform

Calculations and Summarize Data Using Queries 810
CASE STUDY REAL ESTATE INVESTORS 810 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS 837
CALCULATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS 812 Adding Aggregate Functions to Datasheets 837
Creating a Query with a Calculated Field 812 Creating Queries with Aggregate Functions 838
Formatting Calculated Results 816 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Recovering from Common Errors 817 Aggregate Functions 844
Verifying Calculated Results 819
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 848
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 KEY TERMS MATCHING 849
Calculations and Expressions 820 MULTIPLE CHOICE 850
THE EXPRESSION BUILDER AND FUNCTIONS 826 PRACTICE EXERCISES 851
Creating Expressions Using the Expression Builder 826 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 854
Using Built-In Functions 828 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 858
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 859
The Expression Builder and Functions 832

■ CHAPTER FOUR Creating and Using Professional Forms and Reports:

Moving Beyond Tables and Queries 862
CASE STUDY COFFEE SHOP STARTS NEW BUSINESS 862 Modifying a Report 898
FORM BASICS 864 Sorting Records in a Report 901
Creating Forms Using Form Tools 864 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2
Modifying Forms 873 Report Basics 903
Working with a Form Layout 877
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 909
Sorting Records in a Form 879
KEY TERMS MATCHING 911
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 912
Form Basics 880 PRACTICE EXERCISES 913
REPORT BASICS 889 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 917
Creating Reports Using Report Tools 889 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 920
Using Report Views 897 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 921

xii Contents
 Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2016
■ CHAPTER ONE Introduction to PowerPoint: Creating a
Basic Presentation 924
CASE STUDY BE A TRAINER 924 Applying Transitions and Animations 955
WORK WITH POWERPOINT 926 Inserting a Header or Footer 957
Opening and Viewing a PowerPoint Presentation 926 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Typing a Speaker Note 933 Presentation Enhancement 960
Saving as a PowerPoint Show 934
NAVIGATION AND PRINTING 965
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Navigating a Slide Show 965
Work with PowerPoint 936 Printing in PowerPoint 968
PRESENTATION CREATION 939 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4
Planning and Preparing a Presentation 939 Navigation and Printing 972
Adding Presentation Content 943
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 975
Reviewing the Presentation 946
KEY TERMS MATCHING 977
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE 978
Presentation Creation 948 PRACTICE EXERCISES 979
PRESENTATION ENHANCEMENT 953 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 984
Adding a Table 953 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 987
Inserting Media Objects 954 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 988

■ CHAPTER TWO Presentation Development: Planning and Preparing

a Presentation 990
CASE STUDY THE WELLNESS EDUCATION CENTER 990 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
TEMPLATES 992 Data Imports 1013
Creating a Presentation Using a Template 992 DESIGN 1016
Modifying a Presentation Based on a Template 995 Using Sections 1016
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 Examining Slide Show Design Principles 1017
Templates 997 Modifying a Theme 1020
OUTLINES 1002 Modifying the Slide Master 1022
Creating a Presentation in Outline View 1002 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 4
Modifying an Outline Structure 1004 Design 1024
Printing an Outline 1005 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 1028
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 KEY TERMS MATCHING 1029
Outlines 1007 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1030
DATA IMPORTS 1011 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1031
Importing an Outline 1011 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 1035
Reusing Slides from an Existing Presentation 1011 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 1038
CAPSTONE EXERCISE 1039

■ CHAPTER THREE Presentation Design: Illustrations and Infographics 1042

CASE STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS AND INFOGRAPHICS OBJECT MANIPULATION 1081
WORKSHOP 1042 Modifying Objects 1081
SHAPES 1044 Arranging Objects 1089
Creating Shapes 1044 HANDS-ON EXERCISES 3
Applying Quick Styles and Customizing Shapes 1050 Object Manipulation 1095
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 1 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES REVIEW 1102
Shapes 1061 KEY TERMS MATCHING 1103
SMARTART AND WORDART 1066 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1104
Creating SmartArt 1066 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1105
Modifying SmartArt 1070 MID-LEVEL EXERCISES 1109
Creating WordArt and Modifying WordArt 1073 BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 1112
HANDS-ON EXERCISES 2 CAPSTONE EXERCISE 1113
SmartArt and WordArt 1076

Contents xiii
■ chapter four Enhancing with Multimedia: PowerPoint Rich
Media Tools 1116
Case Study Engagement Album 1116 Photo Albums 1165
Pictures 1118 Creating a Photo Album 1165
Inserting a Picture 1118 Setting Photo Album Options 1166
Transforming a Picture 1121 Hands-On Exercises 4
Using the Internet as a Resource 1133 Photo Albums 1168
Hands-On Exercises 1 Chapter Objectives Review 1173
Pictures 1136 Key Terms Matching 1174
Video 1145 Multiple Choice 1175
Adding Video 1145 Practice Exercises 1176
Using Video Tools 1149 Mid-Level Exercises 1180
Hands-On Exercises 2 Beyond the Classroom 1182
Video 1155 Capstone Exercise 1183

Audio 1158
Adding Audio 1158
Changing Audio Settings 1160
Hands-On Exercises 3
Audio 1163

Application Capstone Exercises

Word Application Capstone Exercise 1185
Excel Application Capstone Exercise 1190
Access Application Capstone Exercise 1193
PowerPoint Application Capstone Exercise 1197

Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Word Core 1201

Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Word Expert 1205
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Excel Core 1209
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Excel Expert 1213
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist Access 1217
Microsoft Office 2016 Specialist PowerPoint 1223
Glossary 1229

Index 1241

xiv Contents
Acknowledgments
The Exploring team would like to acknowledge and thank all the reviewers who helped us throughout the years by providing us with their
invaluable comments, suggestions, and constructive criticism.

Adriana Lumpkin Brian Powell Dawn Medlin

Midland College West Virginia University Appalachian State University
Alan S. Abrahams Carol Buser Debby Keen
Virginia Tech Owens Community College University of Kentucky
Alexandre C. Probst Carol Roberts Debra Chapman
Colorado Christian University University of Maine University of South Alabama
Ali Berrached Carolyn Barren Debra Hoffman
University of Houston–Downtown Macomb Community College Southeast Missouri State
University
Allen Alexander Carolyn Borne
Delaware Technical & Community College Louisiana State University Derrick Huang
Florida Atlantic University
Andrea Marchese Cathy Poyner
Maritime College, State University of Truman State University Diana Baran
New York Henry Ford Community College
Charles Hodgson
Andrew Blitz Delgado Community College Diane Cassidy
Broward College; Edison State College The University of North Carolina at
Chen Zhang
Charlotte
Angel Norman Bryant University
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Diane L. Smith
Cheri Higgins
Henry Ford Community College
Angela Clark Illinois State University
University of South Alabama Dick Hewer
Cheryl Brown
Ferris State College
Ann Rovetto Delgado Community College
Horry-Georgetown Technical College Don Danner
Cheryl Hinds
San Francisco State University
Astrid Todd Norfolk State University
Guilford Technical Community College Don Hoggan
Cheryl Sypniewski
Solano College
Audrey Gillant Macomb Community College
Maritime College, State University of Don Riggs
Chris Robinson
New York SUNY Schenectady County Community
Northwest State Community College
College
Barbara Stover Cindy Herbert
Marion Technical College Doncho Petkov
Metropolitan Community College–Longview
Eastern Connecticut State University
Barbara Tollinger Craig J. Peterson
Sinclair Community College Donna Ehrhart
American InterContinental University
State University of New York at
Ben Brahim Taha Dana Hooper Brockport
Auburn University University of Alabama
Elaine Crable
Beverly Amer Dana Johnson Xavier University
Northern Arizona University North Dakota State University
Elizabeth Duett
Beverly Fite Daniela Marghitu Delgado Community College
Amarillo College Auburn University
Erhan Uskup
Biswadip Ghosh David Noel Houston Community College–Northwest
Metropolitan State University of Denver University of Central Oklahoma
Eric Martin
Bonita Volker David Pulis University of Tennessee
Tidewater Community College Maritime College, State University of
Erika Nadas
Bonnie Homan New York
Wilbur Wright College
San Francisco State University David Thornton
Floyd Winters
Brad West Jacksonville State University
Manatee Community College
Sinclair Community College

Acknowledgments xv
Frank Lucente Jill Young Linda Johnsonius
Westmoreland County Community College Southeast Missouri State University Murray State University
G. Jan Wilms Jim Chaffee Linda Lau
Union University The University of Iowa Tippie College of Longwood University
Business Linda Theus
Gail Cope
Sinclair Community College Joanne Lazirko Jackson State Community College
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Linda Williams
Gary DeLorenzo
California University of Pennsylvania Jodi Milliner Marion Technical College
Kansas State University Lisa Miller
Gary Garrison
Belmont University John Hollenbeck University of Central Oklahoma
Blue Ridge Community College Lister Horn
Gary McFall
Purdue University John Seydel Pensacola Junior College
Arkansas State University Lixin Tao
George Cassidy
Sussex County Community College Judith A. Scheeren Pace University
Westmoreland County Community College Loraine Miller
Gerald Braun
Xavier University Judith Brown Cayuga Community College
The University of Memphis Lori Kielty
Gerald Burgess
Western New Mexico University Juliana Cypert Central Florida Community College
Tarrant County College Lorna Wells
Gladys Swindler
Fort Hays State University Kamaljeet Sanghera Salt Lake Community College
George Mason University Lorraine Sauchin
Hector Frausto
California State University Karen Priestly Duquesne University
Los Angeles Northern Virginia Community College Lucy Parakhovnik
Heith Hennel Karen Ravan California State University, Northridge
Valencia Community College Spartanburg Community College Lynn Keane
Henry Rudzinski Karen Tracey University of South Carolina
Central Connecticut State University Central Connecticut State University Lynn Mancini
Irene Joos Kathleen Brenan Delaware Technical Community College
La Roche College Ashland University Mackinzee Escamilla
Iwona Rusin Ken Busbee South Plains College
Baker College; Davenport University Houston Community College Marcia Welch
J. Roberto Guzman Kent Foster Highline Community College
San Diego Mesa College Winthrop University Margaret McManus
Jacqueline D. Lawson Kevin Anderson Northwest Florida State College
Henry Ford Community College Solano Community College Margaret Warrick
Jakie Brown Jr. Kim Wright Allan Hancock College
Stevenson University The University of Alabama Marilyn Hibbert
James Brown Kristen Hockman Salt Lake Community College
Central Washington University University of Missouri–Columbia Mark Choman
James Powers Kristi Smith Luzerne County Community College
University of Southern Indiana Allegany College of Maryland Maryann Clark
Jane Stam Laura Marcoulides University of New Hampshire
Onondaga Community College Fullerton College Mary Beth Tarver
Janet Bringhurst Laura McManamon Northwestern State University
Utah State University University of Dayton Mary Duncan
Jean Welsh Laurence Boxer University of Missouri–St. Louis
Lansing Community College Niagara University Melissa Nemeth
Jeanette Dix Leanne Chun Indiana University-Purdue University
Ivy Tech Community College Leeward Community College Indianapolis
Jennifer Day Lee McClain Melody Alexander
Sinclair Community College Western Washington University Ball State University
Jill Canine Linda D. Collins Michael Douglas
Ivy Tech Community College Mesa Community College University of Arkansas at Little Rock

xvi Acknowledgments
Michael Dunklebarger Richard Cacace Sue A. McCrory
Alamance Community College Pensacola Junior College Missouri State University
Michael G. Skaff Richard Hewer Sumathy Chandrashekar
College of the Sequoias Ferris State University Salisbury University
Michele Budnovitch Richard Sellers Susan Fuschetto
Pennsylvania College of Technology Hill College Cerritos College
Mike Jochen Rob Murray Susan Medlin
East Stroudsburg University Ivy Tech Community College UNC Charlotte
Mike Michaelson Robert Banta Susan N. Dozier
Palomar College Macomb Community College Tidewater Community College
Mike Scroggins Robert Dus̆ek Suzan Spitzberg
Missouri State University Northern Virginia Community College Oakton Community College
Mimi Spain Robert G. Phipps Jr. Suzanne M. Jeska
Southern Maine Community College West Virginia University County College of Morris
Muhammed Badamas Robert Sindt Sven Aelterman
Morgan State University Johnson County Community College Troy University
NaLisa Brown Robert Warren Sy Hirsch
University of the Ozarks Delgado Community College Sacred Heart University
Nancy Grant Rocky Belcher Sylvia Brown
Community College of Allegheny County– Sinclair Community College Midland College
South Campus Roger Pick Tanya Patrick
Nanette Lareau University of Missouri at Kansas City Clackamas Community College
University of Arkansas Community Ronnie Creel Terri Holly
College–Morrilton Troy University Indian River State College
Nikia Robinson Rosalie Westerberg Terry Ray Rigsby
Indian River State University Clover Park Technical College Hill College
Pam Brune Ruth Neal Thomas Rienzo
Chattanooga State Community College Navarro College Western Michigan University
Pam Uhlenkamp Sandra Thomas Tina Johnson
Iowa Central Community College Troy University Midwestern State University
Patrick Smith Sheila Gionfriddo Tommy Lu
Marshall Community and Technical College Luzerne County Community College Delaware Technical Community College
Paul Addison Sherrie Geitgey Troy S. Cash
Ivy Tech Community College Northwest State Community College Northwest Arkansas Community College
Paula Ruby Sherry Lenhart Vicki Robertson
Arkansas State University Terra Community College Southwest Tennessee Community
Peggy Burrus Sophia Wilberscheid Vickie Pickett
Red Rocks Community College Indian River State College Midland College
Peter Ross Sophie Lee Weifeng Chen
SUNY Albany California State University, California University of Pennsylvania
Philip H. Nielson Long Beach Wes Anthony
Salt Lake Community College Stacy Johnson Houston Community College
Philip Valvalides Iowa Central Community College William Ayen
Guilford Technical Community College Stephanie Kramer University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
Ralph Hooper Northwest State Community College Wilma Andrews
University of Alabama Stephen Z. Jourdan Virginia Commonwealth University
Ranette Halverson Auburn University at Montgomery Yvonne Galusha
Midwestern State University Steven Schwarz University of Iowa
Richard Blamer Raritan Valley Community College
John Carroll University

Acknowledgments xvii
Special thanks to our content development and technical team:

Barbara Stover Patti Hammerle Linda Pogue

Julie Boyles Jean Insigna Steven Rubin
Lisa Bucki Elizabeth Lockley Mara Zebest
Lori Damanti Joyce Nielsen
Sallie Dodson Janet Pickard

xviii Acknowledgments
Preface
The Exploring Series and You
Exploring is Pearson’s Office Application series that requires students like you to think “beyond the point
and click.” In this edition, we have worked to restructure the Exploring experience around the way you,
today’s modern student, actually use your resources.
The goal of Exploring is, as it has always been, to go farther than teaching just the steps to accomplish
a task—the series provides the theoretical foundation for you to understand when and why to apply a
skill. As a result, you achieve a deeper understanding of each application and can apply this critical
thinking beyond Office and the classroom.

The How & Why of This Revision

Outcomes matter. Whether it’s getting a good grade in this course, learning how to use Excel so
students can be successful in other courses, or learning a specific skill that will make learners successful
in a future job, everyone has an outcome in mind. And outcomes matter. That is why we revised our
chapter opener to focus on the outcomes students will achieve by working through each Exploring
chapter. These are coupled with objectives and skills, providing a map students can follow to get
everything they need from each chapter.
Critical Thinking and Collaboration are essential 21st century skills. Students want and need
to be successful in their future careers—so we used motivating case studies to show relevance of these
skills to future careers and incorporated Soft Skills, Collaboration, and Analysis Cases with Critical
Thinking steps in this edition to set students up for success in the future.
Students today read, prepare, and study differently than students used to. Students use
textbooks like a tool—they want to easily identify what they need to know and learn it efficiently. We
have added key features such as Tasks Lists (in purple), Step Icons, Hands-On Exercise Videos, and
tracked everything via page numbers that allow efficient navigation, creating a map students can easily
follow.
Students are exposed to technology. The new edition of Exploring moves beyond the basics of the
software at a faster pace, without sacrificing coverage of the fundamental skills that students need to
know.
Students are diverse. Students can be any age, any gender, any race, with any level of ability or
learning style. With this in mind, we broadened our definition of “student resources” to include physical
Student Reference cards, Hands-On Exercise videos to provide a secondary lecture-like option of review;
and MyITLab, the most powerful and most ADA-compliant online homework and assessment tool
around with a direct 1:1 content match with the Exploring Series. Exploring will be accessible to all
students, regardless of learning style.

Providing You with a Map to Success to Move

Beyond the Point and Click
All of these changes and additions will provide students an easy and efficient path to follow to be
successful in this course, regardless of where they start at the beginning of this course. Our goal is to
keep students engaged in both the hands-on and conceptual sides, helping achieve a higher level of
understanding that will guarantee success in this course and in a future career.
In addition to the vision and experience of the series creator, Robert T. Grauer, we have assembled a
tremendously talented team of Office Applications authors who have devoted themselves to teaching
the ins and outs of Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint. Led in this edition by series editor
Mary Anne Poatsy, the whole team is dedicated to the Exploring mission of moving students beyond
the point and click.

Preface xix
Key Features
The How/Why Approach helps students move beyond the point and click to a true understanding of
how to apply Microsoft Office skills.

• White Pages/Yellow Pages clearly distinguish the theory (white pages) from the skills covered in
the Hands-On Exercises (yellow pages) so students always know what they are supposed to be doing
and why.

• Case Study presents a scenario for the chapter, creating a story that ties the Hands-On Exercises
together.

• Hands-On Exercise Videos are tied to each Hands-On Exercise and walk students through the
steps of the exercise while weaving in conceptual information related to the Case Study and the
objectives as a whole.

The Outcomes focus allows students and instructors to know the higher-level learning goals and how
those are achieved through discreet objectives and skills.
• Outcomes presented at the beginning of each chapter identify the learning goals for students and
instructors.

• Enhanced Objective Mapping enables students to follow a directed path through each chapter,
from the objectives list at the chapter opener through the exercises at the end of the chapter.
• Objectives List: This provides a simple list of key objectives covered in the chapter. This includes
page numbers so students can skip between objectives where they feel they need the most help.
• Step Icons: These icons appear in the white pages and reference the step numbers in the Hands-
On Exercises, providing a correlation between the two so students can easily find conceptual help
when they are working hands-on and need a refresher.
• Quick Concepts Check: A series of questions that appear briefly at the end of each white
page section. These questions cover the most essential concepts in the white pages required for
students to be successful in working the Hands-On Exercises. Page numbers are included for easy
reference to help students locate the answers.
• Chapter Objectives Review: Appears toward the end of the chapter and reviews all important
concepts throughout the chapter. Newly designed in an easy-to-read bulleted format.

• MOS Certification Guide for instructors and students to direct anyone interested in prepping for
Watch the Video the MOS exam to the specific locations to find all content required for the test.
for this Hands-
On Exercise!
End-of-Chapter Exercises offer instructors several options for assessment. Each chapter has
approximately 11–12 exercises ranging from multiple choice questions to open-ended projects.

• Multiple Choice, Key Terms Matching, Practice Exercises, Mid-Level Exercises, Beyond
ANALYSIS the Classroom Exercises, and Capstone Exercises appear at the end of all chapters.
CASE • Enhanced Mid-Level Exercises include a Creative Case (for PowerPoint and Word), which
allows students some flexibility and creativity, not being bound by a definitive solution, and an
CREATIVE Analysis Case (for Excel and Access), which requires students to interpret the data they are
CASE using to answer an analytic question, as well as Discover Steps, which encourage students to
use Help or to problem-solve to accomplish a task.

• Application Capstone exercises are included in the book to allow instructors to test students on
HOE1 Training Grader
the entire contents of a single application.

xx Key Features
Resources
Instructor Resources
The Instructor’s Resource Center, available at www.pearsonhighered.com, includes the
­following:
• Instructor Manual provides one-stop-shop for instructors, including an overview of all available
resources, teaching tips, as well as student data and solution files for every exercise.

• Solution Files with Scorecards assist with grading the Hands-On Exercises and end-of-chapter
exercises.

• Prepared Exams allow instructors to assess all skills covered in a chapter with a single project.

• Rubrics for Mid-Level Creative Cases and Beyond the Classroom Cases in Microsoft Word format
enable instructors to customize the assignments for their classes.

• PowerPoint Presentations with notes for each chapter are included for out-of-class study or
review.
• Multiple Choice, Key Term Matching, and Quick Concepts Check Answer Keys

• Test Bank provides objective-based questions for every chapter.

• Scripted Lectures offer an in-class lecture guide for instructors to mirror the Hands-On Exercises.

• Syllabus Templates
• Outcomes, Objectives, and Skills List
• Assignment Sheet
• File Guide

Student Resources
Student Data Files
Access your student data files needed to complete the exercises in this textbook at
www.pearsonhighered.com/exploring.

Available in MyITLab
• Hands-On Exercise Videos allow students to review and study the concepts taught in the Hands-
On Exercises.
• Audio PowerPoints provide a lecture review of the chapter content, and include narration.
• Multiple Choice quizzes enable you to test concepts you have learned by answering auto-graded
questions.
• Book-specific 1:1 Simulations allow students to practice in the simulated Microsoft Office 2016
environment using hi-fidelity, HTML5 simulations that directly match the content in the Hands-On
Exercises.
• eText available in some MyITLab courses and includes links to videos, student data files, and other
learning aids.
• Book-specific 1:1 Grader Projects allow students to complete end of chapter Capstone Exercises
live in Microsoft Office 2016 and receive immediate feedback on their performance through various
reports.

Resources xxi
This page intentionally left blank
 (ex•ploring)
S E RIE S

1. Investigating in a systematic way: examining. 2. Searching into

or ranging over for the purpose of discovery.

Microsoft
®

Office 2016 VOLUME 1

Windows 10
Working with an
Operating System
• You will manage the Windows 10 environment through the desktop and other
LEARNING components.
OUTCOMES:
• You will organize files and folders using Windows 10 features and tools.

OBJECTIVES & SKILLS: After you read this chapter, you will be able to:

Windows 10 Fundamentals OBJECTIVE 5: SELECT, COPY, AND MOVE MULTIPLE

FILES AND FOLDERS 33
OBJECTIVE 1: UNDERSTAND THE WINDOWS 10 INTERFACE 4 Copy a File, Move a Folder
Pin an App to Start Menu, Create Start Menu Group, OBJECTIVE 6: COMPRESS FILES AND FOLDERS 34
Rename Start Menu Group, Move Tile, Resize Tile, Compress a Folder, Extract Files from
Pin an App to the Taskbar a Compressed Folder
OBJECTIVE 2: MANAGE AND USE THE DESKTOP AND
COMPONENTS 11 HANDS-ON EXERCISE 2:
File Management 36
Create Virtual Desktop; Minimize, Close,
Restore Down, Maximize; Snap Windows
OBJECTIVE 3: USE WINDOWS 10 SEARCH FEATURES 15 Windows System and Security Features
Search Using Cortana, Manage Cortana Settings,
OBJECTIVE 7: WORK WITH SECURITY SETTINGS AND
Get Help
SOFTWARE 40
HANDS-ON EXERCISE 1: Use the Action Center, Modify Windows Defender
Windows 10 Fundamentals 19 Settings, Review File History Settings, Modify Windows
Update Settings, Modify Firewall Settings
File Management OBJECTIVE 8: WORK WITH ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS 44
Use Systems Monitor, Use Disk Cleanup
OBJECTIVE 4: USE FILE EXPLORER 28
Create Folders, Pin a Folder to Quick Access, Work with HANDS-ON EXERCISE 3:
Files and Folders, Rename a Folder, Delete a Folder Windows System and Security Features 48

CASE STUDY | Cedar Grove Elementary School

Your good friend recently graduated with a degree in elementary educa-
tion and now is excited to begin her first job as a fifth-grade teacher at Cedar
Grove Elementary School. The school has a computer lab for all students as well
as a computer system in each classroom. The school acquired the computers
through a state technology grant so they are new models running Windows 10.
Your friend’s lesson plans must include a unit on operating system basics and an
introduction to application software. Because you have a degree in computer
information systems, she has called on you for assistance with the lesson plans.
You cannot assume that all students are exposed to computers at home,
especially to those configured with Windows 10. Your material will need to
include very basic instruction on Windows 10, along with a general overview
of file management. Your friend must complete her lesson plans right away,
so you are on a short timeline but are excited about helping students learn!
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
the society men I have before explained are regulated, or rather
fixed by custom)—were twenty years ago 400 per cent better in
some cases, and in others no less than 900 per cent higher than
they are at present, and this while the number of workmen has
decreased as much as one-third relatively to the rest of the
population. How, then, is this extraordinary diminution in the price of
labour to be accounted for? Certainly not on the natural assumption
that the quantity of work has declined in a still greater proportion
than the number of hands to do it, for it has also been proved that
the number of new houses built annually in the metropolis, and
therefore the quantity of new furniture required, has of late years
increased very considerably.
In the cabinet trade, then, we find a collection of circumstances at
variance with that law of supply and demand by which many
suppose that the rate of wages is invariably determined. Wages, it is
said, depend upon the demand and supply of labour; and it is
commonly assumed that they cannot be affected by anything else.
That they are, however, subject to other influences, the history of
the cabinet trade for the last twenty years is a most convincing
proof, for there we find, that while the quantity of work, or in other
words, the demand for labour, has increased, and the supply
decreased, wages, instead of rising, have suffered a heavy decline.
By what means, then, is this reduction in the price of labour to be
explained? What other circumstance is there affecting the
remuneration for work, of which economists have usually omitted to
take cognizance? The answer is, that wages depend as much on the
distribution of labour as on the demand and supply of it. Assuming a
certain quantity of work to be done, the amount of remuneration
coming to each of the workmen engaged must, of course, be
regulated, not only by the number of hands, but by the proportion of
labour done by them respectively; that is to say, if there be work
enough to employ the whole of the operatives for sixty hours a-
week, and if two-thirds of the hands are supplied with sufficient to
occupy them ninety hours in the same space of time, then one-third
of the trade must be thrown fully out of employment: thus proving
that there may be surplus labour without any increase of the
population. It may, therefore, be safely asserted, that any system of
labour which tends to make the members of a craft produce a
greater quantity of work than usual, tends at the same time to over-
populate the trade as certainly as an increase of workmen. This law
may be summed up briefly in the expression that over-work makes
under-pay.
Hence the next point in the inquiry is as to the means by which the
productiveness of operatives is capable of being extended. There are
many modes of effecting this. Some of these have been long known
to students of political economy, while others have been made public
for the first time in these letters. Under the former class are included
the division and co-operation of labour, as well as the “large system
of production;” and to the latter belongs “the strapping system,” by
which men are made to get through four times as much work as
usual, and which I have before described. But the most effectual
means of increasing the productiveness of labourers is found to
consist, not in any system of supervision, however cogent, nor in
any limitation of the operations performed by the work-people to the
smallest possible number, nor in the apportionment of the different
parts of the work to the different capabilities of the operatives, but
in connecting the workman’s interest directly with his labour; that is
to say, by making the amount of his earnings depend upon the
quantity of work done by him. This is ordinarily effected in
manufacture by means of what is called piece-work. Almost all who
work by the day, or for a fixed salary—that is to say, those who
labour for the gain of others, not for their own—have, it has been
well remarked, “no interest in doing more than the smallest quantity
of work that will pass as a fulfilment of the mere terms of their
engagement.” Owing to the insufficient interest which day-labourers
have in the result of their labour, there is a natural tendency in such
labour to be extremely inefficient—a tendency only to be overcome
by vigilant superintendance (such as is carried on under the
strapping system among the joiners) on the part of the persons who
are interested in the result. The master’s eye is notoriously the only
security to be relied on. But superintend them as you will, day
labourers are so much inferior to those who work by the piece, that,
as we before said, the latter system is practised in all industrial
occupations where the work admits of being put out in definite
portions, without involving the necessity of too troublesome a
surveillance to guard against inferiority (or scamping) in the
execution. But if the labourer at piece-work is made to produce a
greater quantity than at day-work, and this solely by connecting his
own interest with that of his employer, how much more largely must
the productiveness of workmen be increased when labouring wholly
on their own account! Accordingly, it has been invariably found, that
whenever the operative unites in himself the double function of
capitalist and labourer, making up his own materials or working on
his own property, his productiveness single-handed is considerably
greater than can be attained under the large system of production,
where all the arts and appliances of which extensive capital can avail
itself are brought into operation.
Of the industry of working masters or trading operatives in
manufactures there are as yet no authentic accounts. We have,
however, ample records concerning the indefatigability of their
agricultural counterparts—the peasant-proprietors of Tuscany,
Switzerland, Germany, and other countries where the labourers are
the owners of the soil they cultivate. “In walking anywhere in the
neighbourhood of Zürich,” says Inglis, in his work on Switzerland,
the South of France, and the Pyrenees, “one is struck with the
extraordinary industry of the inhabitants. When I used to open my
casement, between four and five o’clock in the morning, to look out
upon the lake and the distant Alps, I saw the labourer in the fields;
and when I returned from an evening walk, long after sunset, as late
perhaps as half-past eight, there was the labourer mowing his grass
or tying up his vines.” The same state of thing exists among the
French peasantry under the same circumstances. “The industry of
the small proprietor,” says Arthur Young, in his “Travels in France,”
“were so conspicuous and so meritorious, that no commendation
would be too great for it. It was sufficient to prove that property in
land is, of all others, the most active instigator to severe and
incessant labour.” If, then, this principle of working for one’s self has
been found to increase the industry, and consequently the
productiveness of labourers, to such an extent in agriculture, it is but
natural that it should be attended with the same results in
manufactures, and that we should find the small masters and the
peasant-proprietors toiling longer and working quicker than
labourers serving others rather than themselves. But there is an
important distinction to be drawn between the produce of the
peasant-proprietor and that of the small master. Toil as diligently as
the little farmer may, since he cultivates the soil not for profit, but as
a means of subsistence, and his produce contributes directly to his
support, it follows that his comforts must be increased by his extra-
production; or, in other words, that the more he labours, the more
food he obtains. The small master, however, producing what he
cannot eat, must carry his goods to market and exchange them for
articles of consumption. Hence, by over-toil he lowers the market
against himself; that is to say, the more he labours the less food he
ultimately obtains.
But not only is it true that over-work makes under-pay, but the
converse of the proposition is equally true, that under-pay makes
over-work; that is to say, it is true of those trades where the system
of piece-work or small mastership admits of the operative doing the
utmost amount of work that he is able to accomplish, for the
workman in such cases seldom or never thinks of reducing his
expenditure to his income, but rather of increasing his labour, so as
still to bring his income, by extra production, up to his expenditure.
This brings us to another important distinction which it is necessary
to make between the peasant-proprietor and the small master. The
little farmer cannot increase his produce by devoting a less amount
of labour to each of the articles; that is to say, he cannot scamp his
work without diminishing his future stock. A given quantity of labour
must be used to obtain a given amount of produce. None of the
details can be omitted without a diminution of the result: scamp the
ploughing and there will be a smaller crop. In manufactures,
however, the result is very different. There one of the principal
means of increasing the productions of a particular trade, and of the
cabinet trade especially, is by decreasing the amount of work in each
article. Hence, in such cases, all kinds of schemes and impositions
are resorted to to make the unskilled labour equal to the skilled, and
thus the market is glutted with slop productions till the honourable
part of the trade, both workmen and employers, are ultimately
obliged to resort to the same tricks as the rest.
There were, about twenty years ago, a numerous body of
tradesmen, who were employers, though not workmen to the
general public, known as “trade-working masters.” These men, of
whom there are still a few, confined their business solely to
supplying the trade. They supplied the greater establishments where
there were showrooms with a cheaper article than the proprietors of
those greater establishments might be able to have had
manufactured on their own premises. They worked not on
speculation, but to order, and were themselves employers. Some
employed, at a busy time, from twenty to forty hands, all working on
their premises, which were merely adapted for making, and not for
selling or showing furniture. There are still such trade-working
masters, the extent of their business not being a quarter what it
was; neither do they now generally adhere to the practice of having
men to work on their premises, but they give out the material, which
their journeymen make up at their own abodes.
“About twenty years ago,” said an experienced man to me, “I dare
say the small masters formed about a quarter of the trade. The
slacker trade becomes, the more the small masters increase; that’s
because they can’t get other work to do; and so, rather than starve,
they begin to get a little stuff of their own, and make up things for
themselves, and sell them as best they can. The great increase of
the small masters was when trade became so dead. When was it
that we used to have to go about so with our things? About five
years since, wasn’t it?” said he, appealing to one of his sons, who
was at work in the same room with him. “Yes, father,” replied the
lad, “just after the railway bubble; nobody wanted anything at all
then.” The old man continued to say,—“The greater part of the men
that couldn’t get employed at the regular shops then turned to
making up things on their account; and now, I should say, there’s at
least one half working for themselves. About twelve years ago
masters wanted to cut the men down, and many of the hands,
rather than put up with it, took to making up for themselves.
Whenever there’s a decrease of wages there’s always an increase of
small masters; for it’s not until men can’t live comfortably by their
labour that they take to making things on their own account.”
I now come to the amount of capital required for an operative
cabinet-maker to begin business on his own account.
To show the readiness with which any youth out of his time, as it is
called, can start in trade as a garret cabinet master, I have learned
the following particulars:—This lad, when not living with his friends,
usually occupies a garret, and in this he constructs a rude bench out
of old materials, which may cost him 2s. If he be penniless when he
ceases to be an apprentice, and can get no work as a journeyman,
which is nearly always the case, for reasons I have before stated, he
assists another garret-master to make a bedstead, perhaps; and the
established garret-master carries two bedsteads instead of one to
the slaughter-house. The lad’s share of the proceeds may be about
5s.; and out of that, if his needs will permit him, he buys the article,
and so proceeds by degrees. Many men, to start themselves, as it is
called, have endured, I am informed, something like starvation most
patiently. The tools are generally collected by degrees, and often in
the last year of apprenticeship, out of the boy’s earnings. They are
seldom bought first-hand, but at the marine-store shops, or at the
second-hand furniture brokers’ in the New Cut. The purchaser grinds
and sharpens them up at any friendly workman’s where he can meet
with the loan of a grindstone, and puts new handles to them himself
out of pieces of waste wood. 10s. or even 5s. thus invested has
started a man with tools, while 20s. has accomplished it in what
might be considered good style. In some cases the friends of the
boy, if they are not poverty-stricken, advance him from 40s. to 50s.
to begin with, and he must then shift for himself.
When a bench and tools have been obtained, the young master buys
such material as his means afford, and sets himself to work. If he
has a few shillings to spare he makes himself a sort of bedstead,
and buys a rug or a sheet and a little bedding. If he has not the
means to do so he sleeps on shavings stuffed into an old sack. In
some few cases he hires a bench alongside some other garret-
master, but the arrangement of two or three men occupying one
room for their labour is more frequent when the garrets where the
men sleep are required for their wives’ labour in any distinct
business, or when the articles the men make are too cumbrous, like
wardrobes, to be carried easily down the narrow stairs.
A timber merchant, part of whose business consists in selling
material to little masters, gave me two instances, within his own
knowledge, of journeymen beginning to manufacture on their own
account.
A fancy cabinet-maker had 3s. 6d. at his command. With this he
purchased material for a desk as follows:—
3 ft. of solid ⅝ mahogany 1s. 0d.
2 ft. of solid ⅜ cedar for bottom, &c. 0 6
Mahogany top 0 3
Bead cedar for interior 0 6
Lining 0 4
Lock and key (no ward to lock) 0 2
Hinges 0 1
Glue and springs 0 1½
2 11½
The making of the desk occupied four hours, as he bestowed extra
pains upon it, and he sold it to a slaughterer for 3s. 6d. He then
broke his fast on bread and water, bought material for a second desk
and went to work again, and so he proceeds now; toiling and half-
starving, and struggling to get 20s. a-head of the world to buy more
wood at one time, and not pause so often in his work. “Perhaps,”
said my informant, “he’ll marry, as most of the small masters do,
some foolish servant-of-all-work, who has saved 3l. or 4l., and that
will be his capital.”
Another general cabinet-maker commenced business on 30s., a part
of which he expended in the material for a 4-foot chest of drawers.
3 ft. 6 inches of cedar for ends 4s. 0d.
Sets of mahogany veneers for three big and two little
2 4
drawers
Drawer sweep (deal to veneer the front upon) 2 6
Veneer for top 1 3
Extras (any cheap wood) for inside of drawers, partitioning,
5 0
&c.
5 locks 1 8
8 knobs, 1s., glue, sprigs, &c. 1 4
Set of four turned feet, beech-stained 1 6
19 7
For the article when completed he received 25s., toiling at it for 27
or 28 hours. The tradesman from whom I derived this information,
and who was familiar with every branch of the trade, calculated that
three-fifths of the working cabinet-makers of London make for the
warehouses—in other words, that there are 3000 small masters in
the trade. The most moderate computation was that the number so
employed exceed one half of the entire body of the 5000
metropolitan journeymen.
The next point in this inquiry is concerning the industry and
productiveness of this class of workmen. Of over-work, as regards
excessive labour, and of over-production from scamped
workmanship, I heard the following accounts which different
operatives, both in the fancy and general cabinet trade concurred in
giving, while some represented the labour as of longer duration by
at least an hour, and some by two hours a day, than I have stated.
The labour of the men who depend entirely on the slaughter-houses
for the purchase of their articles, with all the disadvantages that I
described in a former letter, is usually seven days a week the year
through. That is seven days—for Sunday-work is all but universal—
each of 13 hours, or 91 hours in all, while the established hours of
labour in the honourable trade are six days of the week, each of 10
hours, or 60 hours in all. Thus 50 per cent is added to the extent of
the production of low-priced cabinet work merely from over-hours,
but in some cases I heard of 15 hours for seven days in the week, or
105 hours in all. The exceptions to this continuous toil are from one
to three hours once or twice in the week, when the workman is
engaged in purchasing his material of a timber merchant, who sells
it in small quantities, and from six to eight hours when he is
employed in conveying his goods to a warehouse, or from
warehouse to warehouse for sale. Concerning the hours of labour I
had the following minute particulars from a garret-master who was a
chairmaker.
“I work from 6 every morning to 9 at night—some work till 10—I
breakfast at 8, which stops me for 10 minutes. I can breakfast in
less time, but it’s a rest; my dinner takes me say 20 minutes at the
outside, and my tea 8 minutes. All the rest of the time I’m slaving at
my bench. How many minutes’ rest is that, sir? 38. Well, say three-
quarters of an hour, and that allows a few sucks at a pipe when I
rest; but I can smoke and work too. I have only one room to work
and eat in, or I should lose more time. Altogether I labour 14¼
hours every day, and I must work on Sundays at least 40 Sundays in
the year. One may as well work as sit fretting. But on Sundays I only
work till it’s dusk, or till five or six in summer. When it’s dusk I take a
walk; I’m not well-dressed enough for a Sunday walk when its light,
and I can’t wear my apron very well on that day to hide patches. But
there’s eight hours that I reckon I take up every week in dancing
about to the slaughterers’. I’m satisfied that I work very nearly 100
hours a-week the year through, deducting the time taken up by the
slaughterers and buying stuff—say eight hours a-week, it gives more
than 90 hours a-week for my work, and there’s hundreds labour as
hard as I do just for a crust.”
This excessive toil, however, is but one element of over-production.
Scamping adds at least 200 per cent to the productions of the
cabinet-maker’s trade. I have ascertained several cases of this over-
work from scamping, and adduce two. A very quick hand, a little
master, working as he called it “at a slaughtering pace” for a
warehouse, made 60 plain writing desks in a week of 90 hours,
whilst a first-rate workman, also a quick hand, made 18 in a week of
70 hours. The scamping hand said he must work at the rate he did
to make 14s. a-week from a slaughter-house, and so used to such
style of work had he become, that though a few years back he did
west-end work in the best style, he could not now make 18 desks in
a week, if compelled to finish them in the style of excellence
displayed in the work of the journeyman employed for the
honourable trade. Perhaps, he added, he couldn’t make them in that
style at all. The frequent use of rosewood veneers in the fancy
cabinet, and their occasional use in the general cabinet trade, gives,
I was told, great facilities for scamping. If, in his haste, the scamping
hand injure the veneer, or if it has been originally faulty, he takes a
mixture of gum shellac and “colour,” (colour being a composition of
Venetian red and lamp black) which he has already by him, rubs it
over the damaged part, smooths it with a slightly heated iron, and
so blends it with the colour of the rosewood that the warehouseman
does not detect the flaw. Indeed, I was told that very few
warehousemen are judges of the furniture they bought, and they
only require it to look well enough for sale to the public, who know
even less than themselves. In the general cabinet trade I found the
same ratio of scamping, compared with the products of skilled
labour in the honourable trade. A good workman made a 4-foot
mahogany chest of drawers in five days, working the regular hours,
and receiving at piece-work price 35s. A scamping hand made five of
the same size in a week, and had time to carry them for sale to the
warehouses, wait for their purchase or refusal, and buy material. But
for the necessity of doing this the scamping hand could have made
seven in the 91 hours of his week, of course in a very inferior
manner. They would hold together for a time, I was assured, and
that was all; but the slaughterers cared only to have them viewy and
cheap. These two cases exceed the average, and I have cited them
to show what can be done under the scamping system.
I now come to show how this scamp work is executed, that is to say,
by what helps or assistants when such are employed. As in all trades
where lowness of wages is the rule, the apprentice system prevails
among the cheap cabinet-workers. It prevails, however, among the
garret-masters, by very many of them having one, two, three, or
four apprentices, and so the number of boys thus employed through
the whole trade is considerable. This refers principally to the general
cabinet trade. In the fancy trade the number is greater, as the boys’
labour is more readily available, but in this trade the greatest
number of apprentices is employed by such warehousemen as are
manufacturers, as some at the east end are—or rather by the men
that they constantly keep at work. Of these men one has now 8, and
another 14 boys in his service, some apprenticed, some merely
engaged and discharged at pleasure. A sharp boy, thus apprenticed,
in six or eight months becomes handy, but four out of five of the
workmen thus brought up can do nothing well but their own
particular branch, and that only well as far as celerity in production
is considered.
I have before alluded to the utter destitution of the cheap workers
belonging to the cabinet trade, and I now subjoin the statement of a
man whom I found last winter in the Asylum for the Houseless Poor.
“I have been out of work a twelvemonth, as near as I can reckon.
When I was in work I was sometimes at piece-work and sometimes
at day-work. When I first joined the trade (I never served my time,
my brother learnt me) there was plenty of work to do. For this last
twelvemonth I have not been able to get anything to do, not at my
own trade. I have made up one dozen of mahogany chairs on my
own account. The wood and labour of them cost me 1l. 5s., I had to
pay for a man to do the carving and sweeping of them, and I had to
give 1l. for the wood. I could get it much cheaper now, but then I
didn’t know anything about the old broken ship-wood that is now
used for furniture. The chairs I made I had to sell at a sacrifice. I
was a week making them, and got only 2l. for the dozen when they
were done. By right I should have had at least 50s. for them, and
that would have left 25s. for my week’s work, but as it was I had
only 15s. clear money, and I have worked at them much harder than
is usual in the trade. There are two large houses in London that are
making large fortunes in this manner. About a fortnight after I found
out that I couldn’t possibly get a living at this work, and as I didn’t
feel inclined to make the fortunes of the large houses by starving
myself, I gave up working at chair-making on my own account. I
then made a few clothes-horses. I kept at that for about six months.
I hawked them in the streets, but I was half-starved by it. Some
days I sold them, and some I was without taking a penny. I never in
one day got rid of more than half-a-dozen, and they brought 3s., out
of which there was the wood and the other materials to pay for, and
they would be 1s. 6d. at least. If I could get rid of two or three in a
day I thought I did pretty well, and my profit on these was about
9d., not more. At last I became so reduced by the work that I was
not able to buy any more wood, and the week after that I was
forced to quit my lodging. I owed three weeks’ rent, at 1s. 6d. a
week, and was turned out in consequence. I had no things for them
to seize, they had all gone long before. Then I was thrown upon the
streets. I had no friends (my brothers are both out of the country)
and no home. I was sleeping about anywhere I could. I used to go
and sit at the coffee-houses where I knew my mates were in the
habit of going, and they would give me a bit of something to eat,
and make a collection to pay for a bed for me. At last this even
began to fail me, my mates could do no more for me. Then I applied
to some of the unions, but they refused to admit me into the casual
ward on account of my not being a traveller. I was a whole week
walking in the streets without ever lying to rest. I used to go to
Billingsgate to get a nap for a few minutes, and then I used to have
a doze now and then on a door-step and under the railway arches.
At this time I had scarcely any food at all, not even bread. At last I
was fairly worn out, and being in the neighbourhood, I applied at St.
Luke’s, and told them I was starving. They said they could do
nothing for me, and advised me to apply at the Houseless Poor
Asylum. I did so, and was admitted directly. I have been four nights
in the Asylum already, and I don’t know what I shall do when I
leave. My tools are all gone; they are sold, and I have no money to
buy new ones. There are hundreds in the trade like me, walking
about the streets with nothing to do and no place to put their heads
in.”
I shall now conclude with the following statement as to the effects
produced by the slop cabinet business upon the honourable part of
the trade. I derived my information from Mr. ——, one of the
principal masters at the west-end, and who has the highest
character for consideration for his men. “Since the establishment of
slaughter houses, and aptly indeed,” said my informant, “from my
knowledge of their effects upon the workmen, have they been
named—the demand for articles of the best cabinet-work, in the
manufacture of which the costliest woods and the most skilled
labour London can supply are required, has diminished upwards of
25 per cent. The demand, moreover, continues still to diminish
gradually. The result is obvious. Only three men are now employed
in this trade in lieu of four as formerly, and the men displaced may
swell the lists of the underpaid, and even of the slop-workers. The
expense incurred by some of the leading masters in the honourable
trade is considerable, and for objects the designs of which inferior
masters pirate from us. The designs for new styles of furniture add
from 5 to 10 per cent to the cost of the most elaborate articles that
we manufacture. The first time any of these novel designs comes to
the hammer by the sale of a gentleman’s effects they are certain of
piracy, and so the pattern descends to the slaughter-houses. These
great houses are frequently offered prices, and by very wealthy
persons, that are an insult to a tradesman wishing to pay a fair price
to his workmen. For instance, for an 8-foot mahogany bookcase,
after a new design, and made to the very best style of art, the
material being the choicest, and everything about in admirable
keeping, the price is 50 guineas. ‘O dear!’ some rich customer will
say, ‘50 guineas! I’ll give you 20, or, indeed, I’ll give you 25.’” (I
afterwards heard from a journeyman that this would be the cost of
the labour alone.) The gentleman I saw spoke highly of the
intelligence and good conduct of the men employed, only society
men being at work on his premises. He feared that the slop-trade, if
not checked, would more and more swamp the honourable trade.

The Doll’s-Eye Maker.

A curious part of the street toy business is the sale of dolls, and
especially that odd branch of it, doll’s-eye making. There are only
two persons following this business in London, and by the most
intelligent of these I was furnished with the following curious
information:—
“I make all kinds of eyes,” the eye-manufacturer said, “both dolls’
and human eyes; birds’ eyes are mostly manufactured in
Birmingham, and as you say, sir, bulls’ eyes at the confectioner’s. Of
dolls’ eyes there are two sorts, the common and the natural, as we
call it. The common are simply small hollow glass spheres, made of
white enamel, and coloured either black or blue, for only two colours
of these are made. The bettermost dolls’ eyes, or the natural ones,
are made in a superior manner, but after a similar fashion to the
commoner sort. The price of the common black and blue dolls’ eyes
is five shillings for twelve dozen pair. We make very few of the
bettermost kind, or natural eyes for dolls, for the price of those is
about fourpence a pair, but they are only for the very best dolls.
Average it throughout the year, a journeyman doll’s-eye maker earns
about thirty shillings a-week. The common dolls’ eyes were twelve
shillings the twelve dozen pairs twenty-five years ago, but now they
are only five shillings. The decrease of the price is owing to
competition, for though there are only two of us in the trade in
London, still the other party is always pushing his eyes and
underselling our’n. Immediately the demand ceases at all, he goes
round the trade with his eyes in a box, and offers them at a lower
figure than in the regular season, and so the prices have been falling
every year. There is a brisk and a slack season in our business, as
well as in most others. After the Christmas holidays up to March we
have generally little to do, but from that time eyes begin to look up a
bit, and the business remains pretty good till the end of October.
Where we make one pair of eyes for home consumption, we make
ten for exportation; a great many eyes go abroad. Yes, I suppose we
should be soon over-populated with dolls if a great number of them
were not to emigrate every year. The annual increase of dolls goes
on at an alarming rate. As you say, sir, the yearly rate of mortality
must be very high, to be sure, but still it’s nothing to the rate at
which they are brought into the world. They can’t make wax dolls in
America, sir, so we ship off a great many there. The reason why they
can’t produce dolls in America is owing to the climate. The wax
won’t set in very hot weather, and it cracks in extreme cold. I knew
a party who went out to the United States to start as doll-maker. He
took several gross of my eyes with him, but he couldn’t succeed.
The eyes that we make for Spanish America are all black. A blue-
eyed doll wouldn’t sell at all there. Here, however, nothing but blue
eyes goes down; that’s because it’s the colour of the Queen’s eyes,
and she sets the fashion in our eyes as in other things. We make the
same kind of eyes for the gutta-percha dolls as for the wax. It is
true, the gutta-percha complexion isn’t particularly clear;
nevertheless, the eyes I make for the washable faces are all of the
natural tint, and if the gutta-percha dolls look rather bilious, why I
ain’t a going to make my eyes look bilious to match.
“I also make human eyes. These are two cases; in the one I have
black and hazel, and in the other blue and grey.” [Here the man took
the lids off a couple of boxes, about as big as binnacles, that stood
on the table: they each contained 190 different eyes, and so like
nature, that the effect produced upon a person unaccustomed to the
sight was most peculiar, and far from pleasant. The whole of the 380
optics all seemed to be staring directly at the spectator, and
occasioned a feeling somewhat similar to the bewilderment one
experiences on suddenly becoming an object of general notice; as if
the eyes, indeed, of a whole lecture-room were crammed into a few
square inches, and all turned full upon you. The eyes of the whole
world, as we say, literally appeared to be fixed upon one, and it was
almost impossible at first to look at them without instinctively
averting the head. The hundred eyes of Argus were positively
insignificant in comparison to the 380 belonging to the human eye-
maker.] “Here you see are the ladies’ eyes,” he continued, taking one
from the blue-eye tray. “You see there’s more sparkle and brilliance
about them than the gentlemen’s. Here’s two different ladies’ eyes;
they belong to fine-looking young women, both of them. When a
lady or gentleman comes to us for an eye, we are obliged to have a
sitting just like a portrait-painter. We take no sketch, but study the
tints of the perfect eye. There are a number of eyes come over from
France, but these are generally what we call misfits; they are sold
cheap, and seldom match the other eye. Again, from not fitting tight
over the ball like those that are made expressly for the person, they
seldom move ‘consentaneously,’ as it is termed, with the natural eye,
and have therefore a very unpleasant and fixed stare, worse almost
than the defective eye itself. Now, the eyes we make move so freely,
and have such a natural appearance, that I can assure you a
gentleman who had one of his from me passed nine doctors without
the deception being detected.
“There is a lady customer of mine who has been married three years
to her husband, and I believe he doesn’t know that she has a false
eye to this day.
“The generality of persons whom we serve take out their eyes when
they go to bed, and sleep with them either under their pillow, or else
in a tumbler of water on the toilet-table at their side. Most married
ladies, however, never take their eyes out at all.
“Some people wear out a false eye in half the time of others. This
doesn’t arise from the greater use of them, or rolling them about,
but from the increased secretion of the tears, which act on the false
eye like acid on metal, and so corrodes and roughens the surface.
This roughness produces inflammation, and then a new eye
becomes necessary. The Scotch lose a great many eyes, why I
cannot say; and the men in this country lose more eyes, nearly two
to one. We generally make only one eye, but I did once make two
false eyes for a widow lady. She lost one first, and we repaired the
loss so well, that on her losing the other eye she got us to make her
a second.
“False eyes are a great charity to servants. If they lose an eye no
one will engage them. In Paris there is a charitable institution for the
supply of false eyes to the poor; and I really think, if there was a
similar establishment in this country for furnishing artificial eyes to
those whose bread depends on their looks, like servants, it would do
a great deal of good. We always supplies eyes to such people at
half-price. My usual price is 2l. 2s. for one of my best eyes. That eye
is a couple of guineas, and as fine an eye as you would wish to see
in any young woman’s head.
“I suppose we make from 300 to 400 false eyes every year. The
great art in making a false eye is in polishing the edges quite
smooth. Of dolls’ eyes we make about 6000 dozen pairs of the
common ones every year. I take it that there are near upon 24,000
dozen, or more than a quarter of a million, pairs of all sorts of dolls’
eyes made annually in London.”
 THE COAL-HEAVERS.
The transition from the artisan to the labourer is curious in many
respects. In passing from the skilled operative of the west-end to the
unskilled workman of the eastern quarter of London, the moral and
intellectual change is so great, that it seems as if we were in a new
land, and among another race. The artisans are almost to a man
red-hot politicians. They are sufficiently educated and thoughtful to
have a sense of their importance in the State. It is true they may
entertain exaggerated notions of their natural rank and position in
the social scale, but at least they have read, and reflected, and
argued upon the subject, and their opinions are entitled to
consideration. The political character and sentiments of the working
classes appear to me to be a distinctive feature of the age, and they
are a necessary consequence of the dawning intelligence of the
mass. As their minds expand, they are naturally led to take a more
enlarged view of their calling, and to contemplate their labours in
relation to the whole framework of society. They begin to view their
class, not as a mere isolated body of workmen, but as an integral
portion of the nation, contributing their quota to the general welfare.
If property has its duties as well as its rights; labour, on the other
hand, they say, has its rights as well as its duties. The artisans of
London seem to be generally well-informed upon these subjects.
That they express their opinions violently, and often savagely, it is
my duty to acknowledge; but that they are the unenlightened and
unthinking body of people that they are generally considered by
those who never go among them, and who see them only as “the
dangerous classes,” it is my duty also to deny. So far as my
experience has gone, I am bound to confess, that I have found the
skilled labourers of the metropolis the very reverse, both morally and
intellectually, of what the popular prejudice imagines them.
The unskilled labourers are a different class of people. As yet they
are as unpolitical as footmen, and instead of entertaining violent
democratic opinions, they appear to have no political opinions
whatever; or, if they do possess any, they rather lead towards the
maintenance of “things as they are,” than towards the ascendancy of
the working people. I have lately been investigating the state of the
coalwhippers, and these reflections are forced upon me by the
marked difference in the character and sentiments of these people
from those of the operative tailors. Among the latter class there
appeared to be a general bias towards the six points of the Charter;
but the former were extremely proud of their having turned out to a
man on the 10th of April, 1848, and become special constables for
the maintenance of law and order on the day of the great Chartist
demonstration. As to which of these classes are the better members
of the state, it is not for me to offer an opinion; I merely assert a
social fact. The artisans of the metropolis are intelligent, and
dissatisfied with their political position: the labourers of London
appear to be the reverse; and in passing from one class to the other,
the change is so curious and striking, that the phenomenon deserves
at least to be recorded in this place.
The labourers, in point of numbers, rank second on the occupation-
list of the metropolis. The domestic servants, as a body of people,
have the first numerical position, being as many 168,000, while the
labourers are less than one-third that number, or 50,000 strong.
They, however, are nearly twice as many as the boot and
shoemakers, who stand next upon the list, and muster 28,000
individuals among them; and they are more than twice as many as
the tailors and breeches-makers, who are fourth in regard to their
number, and count 23,500 persons. After these come the milliners
and dressmakers, who are 20,000 in number.
According to the Criminal Returns of the metropolis (for a copy of
which I am indebted to the courtesy of a gentleman who expresses
himself most anxious to do all in his power to aid the inquiry), the
labourers occupy a most unenviable pre-eminence in police history.
One in every twenty-eight labourers, according to these returns, has
a predisposition for simple larceny: the average for the whole
population of London is one in every 266 individuals; so that the
labourers may be said to be more than nine times as dishonest as
the generality of people resident in the metropolis. In drunkenness
they occupy the same prominent position. One in every twenty-two
individuals of the labouring class was charged with being intoxicated
in the year 1848; whereas the average number of drunkards in the
whole population of London is one in every 113 individuals. Nor are
they less pugnaciously inclined; one in every twenty-six having been
charged with a common assault, of a more or less aggravated form.
The labourers of London are, therefore, nine times as dishonest, five
times as drunken, and nine times as savage as the rest of the
community. Of the state of their education as a body of people I
have no similar means of judging at present; nor am I in a position
to test their improvidence or their poverty in the same conclusive
manner. Taking, however, the Government returns of the number of
labourers located in the different unions throughout the country at
the time of taking the last census, I find that one in every 140 of the
class were paupers; while the average for all England and Wales was
one in every 159 persons: so that, while the Government returns
show the labourers generally to be extraordinarily dishonest,
drunken, and pugnacious, their vices cannot be ascribed to the
poverty of their calling; for, compared with other occupations, their
avocation appears to produce fewer paupers than the generality of
employments.
Of the moral and prudential qualities of the coalwhippers and
coalporters, as a special portion of the labouring population, the
crude, undigested, and essentially unscientific character of all the
Government returns will not allow me to judge. Even the Census
affords us little or no opportunity of estimating the numbers of the
class. The only information to be obtained from that document—
whose insufficiency is a national disgrace to us, for there the trading
and working classes are all jumbled together in the most perplexing
confusion, and the occupations classified in a manner that would
shame the merest tyro in logic—is the following:—
Of coal and colliery agents and factors there are in London 16
Ditto dealers and merchants 1541
Ditto labourers, heavers, and porters 1700
Ditto meters 136
Total in the coal trade in London 3393
Deduct from this the number of merchants from the London
565
Post Office Directory
Hence the coal labourers in the metropolis amount to 2828
But this is far from being an accurate result. There are at present in
London upwards of 1900 (say 2000) registered coalwhippers, and as
many more coalbackers or porters. These altogether would give as
many as 4000 coal-labourers. Besides, there are 150 meters; so
that, altogether, it may be safely said that the number engaged in
the whipping and porterage of coals in London is 4000 and odd.
The following statistics, carefully collected from official returns, will
furnish our readers with some idea of the amazing increase in the
importation of coal:—
“About 300 years ago (say about 1550) one or two ships were
sufficient for the demand and supply of London. In 1615, about 200
were equal to its demand; in 1705, about 600 ships were engaged in
the London coal-trade; in 1805, 4856 cargoes, containing about
1,350,000 tons; in 1820, 5884 cargoes, containing 1,692,992 tons;
in 1830, 7108 cargoes, containing 2,079,275 tons; in 1840, 9132
cargoes, containing 2,566,899 tons; in 1845, 2695 ships were
employed in carrying 11,987 cargoes, containing 3,403,320 tons;
and during the year 1848, 2717 ships, making 12,267 voyages, and
containing 3,418,340 tons. The increase in the importation from the
year 1838 to 1848, when the respective importations were
2,518,085 tons and 3,418,340 tons, is upwards of 90 per cent. Now,
by taking 2700 vessels as the actual number now employed, and by
calculating such vessels to average 300 tons burden per ship, and
giving to a vessel of that size a crew of eight men, it will appear that
at the present time 21,600 seamen are employed in the carrying
department of the London coal-trade.”
Before visiting the district of Wapping, where the greater part of the
coal labour is carried on, I applied to the Clerk and Registrar of the
Coal Exchange for the statistics connected with the body of which he
is an officer. Such statistics—as to the extent of their great traffic,
the weekly returns of sales, in short, the ramifications of an inquiry
embracing maritime, mercantile, mining, and labouring interests, are
surely the weekly routine of the business of the Registrar’s office. I
was promised a series of returns by the gentleman in question, but I
did not receive and could not obtain them. Another officer, the
Secretary of the Meters’ Office, when applied to, with the sanction of
his co-officer, the Clerk and Registrar, required a written application
which should be attended to! I do not allude to these gentlemen
with the slightest inclination unduly to censure them. The truth is,
with questions affecting labour and the poor they have little
sympathy. The labourer, in their eyes, is but a machine; so many
labourers are as so many horse-power. To deny, or withhold, or
delay information required for the purposes of the present inquiry is,
however, unavailing. The matter I have given in fulness and in
precision, without any aid from the gentlemen referred to shows that
it was more through courtesy than through necessity that I applied
to them in the first instance.
Finding my time, therefore, only wasted in dancing attendance upon
city coal officials, I made the best of my way down to the
Coalwhippers’ Office, to glean my information among the men
themselves. The following is the result of my inquiries:—
The coal-vessels are principally moored in that part of the river
called the Pool.
The Pool, rightly so called, extends from Ratcliffe-cross, near the
Regent’s-canal, to Execution-dock, and is about a mile long, but the
jurisdiction of the Coal Commissioners reaches from the Arsenal at
Woolwich to London-bridge. The Pool is divided into the Upper and
Lower Pool; it is more commonly called the North and South side,
because the colliers are arranged on the Ratcliffe and Shadwell side,
in the Lower Pool, and on the Redriff and Rotherhithe side, in the
Upper. The Lower Pool consists of seven tiers, which generally
contain each from fourteen to twenty ships; these are moored stern
to stern, and lie from seven to ten abreast. The Upper Pool contains
about ten tiers. The four tiers at Mill-hole are equally large with the
tiers of the Lower Pool. Those of Church-hole, which are three in
number, are somewhat smaller; and those of the fast tiers, which are
also three in number, are single, and not double tiers like the rest.
The fleet often consists of from 200 to 300 ships. In the winter it is
the largest, many of the colliers in the summer season going foreign
voyages. An easterly wind prevents the vessels making their way to
London; and, if continuing for any length of time, will throw the
whole of the coalwhippers out of work. In the winter, the
coalwhipper is occupied about five days out of eight, and about
three days out of eight in the summer; so that, taking it all the year
round, he is only about half of his time employed. As soon as a
collier arrives at Gravesend, the captain sends the ship’s papers up
to the factor at the Coal Exchange, informing him of the quality and
quantity of coal in the ship. The captain then falls into some tier
near Gravesend, and remains there until he is ordered nearer
London by the harbour-master. When the coal is sold and the ship
supplied with the coal-meter, the captain receives orders from the
harbour-master to come up into the Pool, and take his berth in a
particular tier. The captain, when he has moored his ship into the
Pool as directed, applies at the Coalwhippers’ Office, and “the gang”
next in rotation is sent to him.
There are upwards of 200 gangs of coalwhippers. The class,
supernumeraries included, numbers about 2000 individuals. The
number of meters is 150; the consequence is, that more than one-
fourth of the gangs are unprovided with meters to work with them.
Hence there are upwards of fifty gangs (of nine men each) of
coalwhippers, or altogether 450 men more than there is any real
occasion for. The consequence is, that each coalwhipper is
necessarily thrown out of employ one-quarter of his time by the
excess of hands. The cause of this extra number of hands being kept
on the books is, that when there is a glut of vessels in the river, the
coal-merchants may not be delayed in having their cargoes delivered
from want of whippers. When such a glut occurs, the merchant has
it in his power to employ a private meter; so that the 450 to 500
men are kept on the year through, merely to meet the particular
exigency, and to promote the merchant’s convenience. Did any good
arise from this system to the public, the evil might be overlooked;
but since, owing to the combination of the coalfactors, no more
coals can come into the market than are sufficient to meet the
demand without lowering the price, it is clear that the extra 450 or
500 men are kept on and allowed to deprive their fellow-labourers of
one-quarter of their regular work as whippers, without any
advantage to the public.
The coalwhippers, previous to the passing of the Act of Parliament in
1843, were employed and paid by the publicans in the
neighbourhood of the river, from Tower-hill to Limehouse. Under this
system, none but the most dissolute and intemperate obtained
employment; in fact, the more intemperate they were the more
readily they found work. The publicans were the relatives of the
northern shipowners; they mostly had come to London penniless,
and being placed in a tavern by their relatives, soon became
shipowners themselves. There were at that time seventy taverns on
the north side of the Thames, below bridge, employing
coalwhippers, and all of the landlords making fortunes out of the
earnings of the people. When a ship came to be “made up,” that is,
for the hands to be hired, the men assembled round the bar in
crowds and began calling for drink, and out-bidding each other in
the extent of their orders, so as to induce the landlord to give them
employment. If one called for beer, the next would be sure to give
an order for rum; for he who spent most at the public-house had the
greatest chance of employment. After being “taken on,” their first
care was to put up a score at the public-house, so as to please their
employer, the publican. In the morning before going to their work,
they would invariably call at the house for a quartern of gin or rum;
and they were obliged to take off with them to the ship “a bottle,”
holding nine pots of beer, and that of the worst description, for it
was the invariable practice among the publicans to supply the
coalwhippers with the very worst articles at the highest prices. When
the men returned from their work they went back to the public-
house, and there remained drinking the greater part of the night. He
must have been a very steady man indeed, I am told, who could
manage to return home sober to his wife and family. The
consequence of this was, the men used to pass their days, and chief
part of their nights, drinking in the public-house; and I am credibly
informed that frequently, on the publican settling with them after
leaving the ship, instead of having anything to receive they were
brought in several shillings in debt; this remained as a score for the
next ship: in fact, it was only those who were in debt to the publican
who were sure of employment on the next occasion. One publican
had as many as fifteen ships; another had even more; and there was
scarcely one of them without his two or three colliers. The children
of the coalwhippers were almost reared in the tap-room, and a
person who has had great experience in the trade, tells me he knew
as many as 500 youths who were transported, and as many more
who met with an untimely death. At one house there were forty
young robust men employed, about seventeen years ago, and of
these there are only two living at present. My informant tells me that
he has frequently seen as many as 100 men at one time fighting
pell-mell at King James’s-stairs, and the publican standing by to see
fair play. The average money spent in drink by each man was about
12s. to each ship. There were about 10,000 ships entered the Pool
each year, and nine men were required to clear each ship. This made
the annual expenditure of the coalwhippers in drink, 54,000l., or 27l.
a-year per man. This is considered an extremely low average. The
wives and families of the men at this time were in the greatest
destitution, the daughters invariably became prostitutes, and the
mothers ultimately went to swell the number of paupers at the
union. This state of things continued till 1843, when, by the efforts
of three of the coalwhippers, the Legislature was induced to pass an
Act forbidding the system, and appointing Commissioners for the
registration and regulation of coalwhippers in the port of London,
and so establishing an office where the men were in future
employed and paid. Under this Act, every man then following the
calling of a coalwhipper was to be registered. For this registration
4d. was to be paid; and every man desirous of entering upon the
same business had to pay the same sum, and to have his name
registered. The employment is open to any labouring man; but every
new hand, after registering himself, must work for twenty-one days
on half-pay before he is considered to be “broken in,” and entitled to
take rank and receive pay as a regular coalwhipper.
All the coalwhippers are arranged in gangs of eight whippers, with a
basket-man or foreman. These gangs are numbered from 1 up to
218, which is the highest number at the present time. The basket-
men, or foremen, enter their names in a rotation-book kept in the
office, and as their names stand in that book so do they take their
turn to clear the ship that is offered. On a ship being offered, a
printed form of application, kept in the office, is filled up by the
captain, in which he states the number of tons, the price, and time
in which she is to be delivered. If the gang whose turn of work it is
refuse the ship at the price offered, then it is offered to all the
gangs, and if accepted by any other gang, the next in rotation may
claim it as their right, before all others. In connexion with the office
there is a long hall, extending from the street to the water-side,
where the men wait to take their turn. There is also a room called
the basket-men’s room, where the foremen of the gang remain in
attendance. There is likewise a floating pier called a dépôt, which is
used as a receptacle for the tackle with which the colliers are
unloaded. This floating pier is fitted up with seats, where the men
wait in the summer. The usual price at present for delivering the
colliers is 8d. per ton; but in case of a less price being offered, and
the gangs all refusing it, then the captain is at liberty to employ any
hands he pleases. According to the Act, however, the owner or
purchaser of the coals is at liberty to employ his own servants,
provided they have been in his service fourteen clear days previous,
and so have become what the Act terms bonâ fide servants. This is
very often taken advantage of, for the purpose of obtaining
labourers at a less price. One lighterman, who is employed by the
gas companies to “lighter” their coals to their various destinations,
makes a practice of employing parties whom he calls the bonâ fide
servants of the gas companies, to deliver the coals at a penny per
ton less than the regular price. Besides this, he takes one man’s pay
to himself, and so stops one-tenth of the whole proceeds, thereby
realizing, as he boasts, the sum of 300l. per annum. Added to this, a
relative of his keeps a beer-shop, where the “bonâ fide servants”
spend the chief part of their earnings, thereby bringing back the old
system, which was the cause of so much misery and destitution to
the work-people.
According to the custom of the trade, the rate at which a ship is to
be delivered is forty-nine tons per day, and if the ship cannot be
delivered at that rate, owing to the merchant failing to send craft to
receive the coals, then the coalwhippers are entitled to receive pay
at the rate of forty-nine tons per day, for each day they are kept in
the ship over and above the time allowed by the custom of the trade
for the delivery of the coals. The merchants, however, if they should
have failed to send craft, and so keep the men idle on the first days
of the contract, can, by the by-laws of the Commissioners, compel
the coalwhippers to deliver the ship at the rate of ninety-eight tons
per day: the merchants surely should be made to pay for the loss of
time to the men at the same rate. The wrong done by this practice is
rendered more apparent by the conduct of the merchants during the
brisk and slack periods. When there is a slack, the merchants are all
anxious to get their vessels delivered as fast as they can, because
coals are wanting, and are consequently at a high price; then the
men are taxed beyond their power, and are frequently made to
deliver 150 to 200 tons per day, or to do four days’ work in one. On
the contrary, when there is a glut of ships, and the merchants are
not particularly anxious about the delivery of the coals, the men are
left to idle away their time upon the decks for the first two or three
days of the contract, and then forced to the same extra exertion for
the last two or three days, in order to make up for the lost time of
the merchant, and so save him from being put to extra expense by
his own neglect. The cause of the injustice of these by-laws may be
fairly traced to the fact of there being several coal-merchants among
the Commissioners, who are entrusted with the formation of bye-
laws and regulations of the trade. The coalfactors are generally ship-
owners, and occasionally pit-owners; and when a glut of ships come
in they combine together to keep up the prices, especially in the
winter time, for they keep back the cargoes, and only offer such a
number of ships as will not influence the market. Since the passing
of the Act, establishing the Coalwhippers’ Office, and thus taking the
employment and pay of the men out of the hands of the publicans,
so visible has been the improvement in the whole character of the
labourers, that they have raised themselves in the respect of all who
know them.
Within the last few years they have established a Benefit Society,
and they expended in the year 1847, according to the last account,
646l. odd, in the relief of the sick and the burial of the dead. They
have also established a superannuation fund, out of which they allow
5s. per week to each member who is incapacitated from old age or
accident. They are, at the present time, paying such pensions to
twenty members. At the time of the celebrated Chartist
demonstration, on the 10th of April, the coalwhippers were, I
believe, the first class of persons who spontaneously offered their
services as special constables.
Further than this they have established a school, with
accommodation for six hundred scholars, out of their small earnings.
On one occasion as much as 80l. was collected among the men for
the erection of this institution.
The men are liable to many accidents; some fall off the plank into
the hold of the vessel, and are killed; others are injured by large
lumps of coal falling on them; and, indeed, so frequent are these
disasters, that the Commissioners have directed that the indivisible
fraction which remains, after dividing the earnings of the men into
nine equal parts, should be applied to the relief of the injured; and
although the fund raised by these insignificant means amounts in
the course of the year to 30l. or 40l., the whole is absorbed by the
calamities.
Furnished with this information as to the general character and
regulations of the calling, I then proceeded to visit one of the
vessels in the river, so that I might see the nature of the labour
performed. No one on board the vessel (the ——, of Newcastle) was
previously aware of my visit or its object. I need not describe the
vessel, as my business is with the London labourers in the coal
trade. It is necessary, however, in order to show the nature of the
labour of coal-whipping, that I should state that the average depth
of coal in the hold of a collier, from ceiling to combing, is sixteen
feet, while there is an additional seven feet to be reckoned for the
basketman’s “boom,” which makes the height that the coals have to
be raised by the whippers from twenty-three to thirty feet. The
complement of a gang of coalwhippers is about nine. In the hold are
four men, who relieve each other in filling a basket—only one basket
being in use with coal. The labour of these four men is arduous: so
exhausting is it in hot weather that their usual attire is found to be
cumbrous, and they have often to work merely in their trousers or
drawers. As fast as these four men in the hold fill the basket, which
holds 1¼ cwt., four whippers draw it up. This is effected in a
peculiar and, to a person unused to the contemplation of the
process, really an impressive manner. The four whippers stand on
the deck, at the foot of what is called “a way.” This way resembles a
short rude ladder: it is formed of four broken oars lashed
lengthways, from four to five feet in height (giving a step from oar
to oar of more than a foot), while the upright spars to which they
are attached are called “a derrick.” At the top of this “derrick” is a
“gin,” which is a revolving wheel, to which the ropes holding the
basket, “filled” and “whipped,” are attached. The process is thus one
of manual labour with mechanical aid. The basket having been filled
in the hold, the whippers correctly guessing the time for the filling—
for they never look down into the hold—skip up the “way,” holding
the ropes attached to the basket and the gin, and pulling the ropes
at two skips, simultaneously, as they ascend. They thus hoist the
loaded basket some height out of the hold, and, when hoisted so far,
jump down, keeping exact time in their jump, from the topmost
beam of the way on to the deck, so giving the momentum of their
bodily weight to the motion communicated to the basket. While the
basket is influenced by this motion and momentum, the basketman,
who is stationed on a plank flung across the hold, seizes the basket,
runs on with it (the gin revolving) to “the boom,” and shoots the
contents into the weighing-machine. The boom is formed of two
upright poles, with a cross-pole attached by way of step, on to which
the basket-man vaults, and rapidly reversing the basket, empties it.
This process is very quickly effected, for if the basket-man did not
avail himself of the swing of the basket, the feat would be almost
beyond a man’s strength, or, at least, he would soon be exhausted
by it.
The machine is a large coal-scuttle or wooden box, attached to a
scale connected with 2½ cwt. When the weight is raised by two
deposits in the machine, which hangs over the side of the ship, it
discharges it, by pulling a rope connected with it down a sliding
wooden plane into the barge below. The machine holds 2½ cwt.,
and so the meter registers the weight of coal unladen. This process
is not only remarkable for its celerity but for another characteristic.
Sailors, when they have to “pull away” together, generally time their
pulling to some rude chant; their “Yo, heave, yo,” is thought not only
to regulate but to mitigate the weight of their labour. The
coalwhippers do their work in perfect silence: they do it indeed like
work, and hard work, too. The basket-man and the meter are
equally silent, so that nothing is heard but the friction of the ropes,
the discharge of the coal from the basket into the machine, and from
the machine into the barge. The usual amount of work done by the
whippers in a day (but not as an average, one day with another) is
to unload, or whip, ninety-eight tons! To whip one ton, sixteen
basketfuls are required; so that to whip a single ton these men jump
up and down 144 feet: for a day’s work of ninety-eight tons, they
jump up and down 13,088 feet, more in some instances; for in the
largest ship the way has five steps, and ten men are employed. The
coalwhippers, therefore, raise 1¼ cwt. very nearly four miles high,
or twice as high as a balloon ordinarily mounts in the air: and, in
addition to this, the coalwhippers themselves ascend very nearly 1½
mile perpendicularly in the course of the day. On some days they
whip upwards of 150 tons—200 have been whipped, when double
this labour must be gone through. The ninety-eight tons take about
seven hours. The basket-man’s work is the most critical, and
accidents, from his falling into the hold, are not very unfrequent.
The complement of men for the unlading of a vessel is, as I have
said, nine: four in the hold, four whippers, and the basket-man—the
meter forms a tenth, but he acts independently of the others. They
seldom work by candlelight, and, whenever possible, avoid working
in very bad weather; but the merchant, as I have shown, has great
power in regulating their labour for his own convenience. The
following statement was given to me by a coalwhipper on board this
vessel:—
“We should like better wages, but then we have enemies. Now
suppose you, sir, are a coal-merchant, and this gentleman here
freights a ship of the captain—you understand me? The man who
freights the ships that way is paid, by the captain, ninepence a-ton,
for a gang of nine men, such as you’ve seen—nine coalwhippers—
but these nine men, you understand me, are paid by the merchant
(or buyer) only eightpence a ton; so that by every ton he clears a
penny, without any labour or trouble whatsomever. I and my fellows
is dissatisfied, but can’t help ourselves. This merchant, too, you
understand me, finds there’s rather an opening in the Act of
Parliament about whippers. By employing a man as his servant on
his premises for fourteen days, he’s entitled to work as a
coalwhipper. We call such made whipper ‘boneyfides.’ There’s lots of
them, and plenty more would be made if we was to turn rusty. I’ve
heard, you understand me, of driving a coach through an Act of
Parliament, but here they drive a whole fleet through it.”
The coal whippers all present the same aspect—they are all black. In
summer, when the men strip more to their work, perspiration causes
the coal-dust to adhere to the skin, and blackness is more than ever
the rule. All about the ship partakes of the grimness of the prevailing
hue. The sails are black; the gilding on the figure-head of the vessel
becomes blackened, and the very visitor feels his complexion soon
grow sable. The dress of the whippers is of every description; some
have fustian jackets, some have sailors’ jackets, some loose great
coats, some Guernsey frocks. Many of them work in strong shirts,
which once were white with a blue stripe: loose cotton neckerchiefs
are generally worn by the whippers. All have black hair and black
whiskers—no matter what the original hue; to the more stubbly
beards and moustachios the coal-dust adheres freely between the
bristles, and may even be seen, now and then, to glitter in the light
amidst the hair. The barber, one of these men told me, charged
nothing extra for shaving him, although the coal-dust must be a
formidable thing to the best-tempered razor. In approaching a coal-
ship in the river, the side has to be gained over barges lying
alongside—the coal crackling under the visitor’s feet. He must cross
them to reach a ladder of very primitive construction, up which the
deck is to be reached. It is a jest among the Yorkshire seamen that
every thing is black in a collier, especially the soup. When the men
are at work in whipping or filling, the only spot of white discernible
on their hands is a portion of the nails.
There are no specific hours for the payment of these men: they are
entitled to their money as soon as their work is reported to be
completed. Nothing can be better than the way in which the
whippers are now paid. The basket-man enters the office of the pay-
clerk of the coal commission at one door, and hands over an
adjoining counter an amount of money he has received from the
captain. The pay-clerk ascertains that the amount is correct. He then
divides the sum into nine portions, and, touching a spring to open a
door, he cries out for “Gang such a number.” The nine men, who,
with many others, are in attendance in rooms provided for them
adjacent to the pay-office, appear immediately, and are paid off. I
was present when nine whippers were paid for the discharge of
363½ tons. The following was the work done and the remuneration
received:—
Day. Tons.
Dec.14th 1st 35
„ 15th 2nd 56
Sunday intervenes.
„ 17th 3rd 84
„ 18th 4th 98
„ 19th 5th 90½
363½
These 363½ tons, at 8d. per ton, realized to each man, for five days’
work, 1l. 6s. 4¼d.; 10s. of which had been paid to each as
subsistence money during the progress of the work. In addition to
the work so paid to each, there was deducted a farthing in every
shilling as office fees, to defray the expenses of the office. From this
farthing reduction, moreover, the basket-man is paid 1½d. in the
pound, as commission for bringing the money from the captain. Out
of the sum to be divided on the occasion I specify there was an
indivisible fraction of 1¼d. This, as it cannot be shared among nine
men, goes to what is called “The Fraction Fund,” which is established
for the relief of persons suffering from accidents on board coal-ships.
These indivisible fractions realize between 30l. and 40l. yearly.
Connected with the calling of the whippers I may mention the
existence of the Purlmen. These are men who carry kegs of malt
liquor in boats, and retail it afloat, having a license from the
Waterman’s Company to do so. In each boat is a small iron grating,
containing a fire, so that any customer can have the chill off, should
he require that luxury. The purlman rings a bell to announce his visit
to the men on board. There are several purlmen, who keep rowing
all day about the coal fleet; they are not allowed to sell spirits. In a
fog the glaring of the fire in the purlmen’s boats, discernible on the
river, has a curious effect, nothing but the fire being visible.