TAP: Terminalia Catappa (Talisay) and Pandan Leaves as Dishwashing Liquid

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Capstone Research Proposal

Submitted to

Sto. Niño Academy, Incorporated

Bocaue, Bulacan

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Academic Strand:

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)

___________________________________________________________________________

Submitted by:

Barrios, Aldrin G.

Dela Cruz, Yiel Archie D.

Morales, Edzy Yvonne P.

Pingol, Gillian Kyle M.

Ramos, Charlize Marsha V.

___________________________________________________________________________

S.Y. 2024 - 2025

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 This capstone research project entitled “ TAP: Terminalia Catappa (Talisay) and Pandan

Leaves as Dishwashing Liquid” using Talisay Leaves and Pandan Leaves is presented and

submitted by Mr. Aldrin Barrios, Mr. Yiel Dela Cruz, Ms. Edzy Morales, Mr. Kyle Pingol and

Ms. Marsha Ramos, in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Academic Track: Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is hereby accepted.

___________________________________

MRS. MAY B. DIAZ

RESEARCH ADVISER

___________________________________

DATE SIGNED

___________________________________

MR. CHRISTOPHER GATCHALIAN

CLASS ADVISER

___________________________________

DATE SIGNED

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Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Academic Strand Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics

___________________________________

MS. MARIA GWEN Y. LAZARO

SCHOOL PRINCIPAL

___________________________________

DATE SIGNED

___________________________________

MRS. MONINA M. VELAYO

ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL

___________________________________

DATE SIGNED

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Permission is given to the following people to have access to this research paper.

Available to the General Public

Available only after consultation with the author/thesis author

Available only to those bound by a confidentiality agreement

_________________________________

Mr. Aldrin G. Barrios

_________________________________

Mr. Yield Archie D. Dela Cruz

_________________________________

Ms. Edzy Yvonne P. Morales

_________________________________

Mr. Gilian Kyle M. Pingol

_________________________________

Ms. Charlize Marsha V. Ramos

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 Abstract

This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly dishwashing liquid using Talisay leaf

extract and pandan leaves, offering a plant-based alternative to conventional dishwashing liquids.

The formula was tested for grease removal, foaming, odor elimination, rinsing ease, and user

satisfaction. While Brand X outperformed the newly developed formulations in overall

effectiveness, our goal was to provide a more affordable, environmentally friendly option.

Although Talisay leaves are known for their antibacterial properties, this study did not test for

antibacterial activity, nor did it include commercial skin compatibility tests. A comparison with

Brand X showed similar cleaning efficiency, but with a lower environmental impact. These

findings suggest that Talisay leaf extract could be a viable ingredient for biodegradable

dishwashing liquids, supporting sustainability. Further research is needed to explore antibacterial

effects, skin safety, fragrance retention, and stain removal.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express sincere gratitude to everyone who has believed in

and supported this study's progress.

First and foremost, we thank Lord God Almighty for His guidance, wisdom, and strength

throughout this capstone project. Without His grace, this achievement would not have been

possible.

To Mrs. May Diaz, our research adviser, whose expertise, guidance, and encouragement

were invaluable from the beginning to the end of this project. Her mentorship played a key role

in shaping the outcome of this research.

To Mrs. Monina Velayo, thank you for giving the researcher the opportunity to conduct

this study and for providing continuous guidance and support throughout the process.

To Ms. Maria Gwen Lazaro, the Principal, for placing her trust in the researchers and

believing in our ability to successfully complete the study. Her confidence was a motivating

factor for the researcher.

We also want to express our sincere appreciation to Mrs. Ana Marie Magpayo for her

help, assistance, and suggestions, which greatly contributed to improving and refining our

capstone project.

To our parents, we extend our deepest gratitude for their help and advice in assisting us in

obtaining the materials we needed for our study. Their unwavering support has made our work

easier, allowing us to save valuable time, money, and effort. Their encouragement and guidance

have been instrumental in the success of our project, and we truly appreciate everything they

have done for us.

Furthermore, we sincerely thank Sto. Niño Academy, as well as its staff and students, for

generously lending us the necessary materials to create our product. Your support and kindness

have been invaluable to our project’s success. We truly appreciate your assistance and

encouragement throughout this journey.

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 Lastly, we acknowledge ourselves for the dedication, hard work, and teamwork we have put

into this project. Despite the challenges we faced, our perseverance and commitment allowed us

to successfully develop our product. This experience has not only enhanced our skills but also

strengthened our collaboration and determination to achieve our goals.

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 DEDICATION

First and foremost, we dedicate this research to our beloved parents, who have

continuously believed in us throughout our journey. Their unwavering trust, unconditional love,

and constant support have been our greatest motivation to persevere and strive for excellence.

Their sacrifices, from providing for our education to encouraging us during our most challenging

times, have played a crucial role in the successful completion of this study. Even in the smallest

ways—whether through words of encouragement, acts of kindness, or simple gestures of

care—they have contributed immensely to our growth as students and individuals.

Secondly, we extend this dedication to our school, Sto. Niño Academy, which has served

as our second home and the foundation of our academic journey. We are grateful for the

institution’s commitment to shaping young minds and nurturing our potential. To our Capstone

Research Project adviser, Mrs. May B. Diaz, we sincerely appreciate your guidance, patience,

and tireless efforts in mentoring us throughout this research. Your wisdom, constructive

feedback, and encouragement have been instrumental in refining our work and helping us

overcome the challenges we faced along the way.

We also extend our gratitude to our assistant principal, Mrs. Monina Velayo, and our

principal, Mrs. Maria Gwen Y. Lazaro, for their unwavering support and trust in our capabilities.

Your leadership, dedication, and belief in us have given us the confidence to push forward and

successfully accomplish this study.

Furthermore, we dedicate this project to our teachers, classmates, and friends who

have stood by us throughout this research. To our mentors and subject teachers, thank you for

imparting your knowledge, instilling in us the value of critical thinking, and always encouraging

us to do our best. To our peers, your companionship, collaboration, and moral support have made

this journey more meaningful and fulfilling.

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 Additionally, we dedicate this research to ourselves, the researchers, for our

perseverance, determination, and commitment to completing this study. Despite the challenges,

setbacks, and moments of doubt, we never wavered in our pursuit of knowledge and excellence.

This project is a testament to our hard work, patience, and resilience. The long nights of research,

the endless revisions, and the sacrifices we made along the way were all worth it. We take pride

in our growth, both academically and personally, as this journey has shaped us into more

diligent, disciplined, and capable individuals.

Finally, above all, we dedicate this work to God Almighty, who has been our source of

strength, wisdom, and perseverance throughout this journey. His divine guidance has led us

through moments of doubt and exhaustion, and through His grace, we were able to complete this

research successfully. We are deeply grateful for His blessings, protection, and the opportunities

He has given us to learn, grow, and achieve our goals.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract...................................................................................................................................... 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................... 6

DEDICATION........................................................................................................................... 8

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................. 11

I. Introduction...........................................................................................................................11

II. Background of the Study.....................................................................................................13

IV. Statement of the Problem................................................................................................... 14

V. Objective of the Study......................................................................................................... 15

VI. Significance of the Study...................................................................................................15

VII. Hypothesis........................................................................................................................ 16

Effectiveness of Talisay Leaves Extract as a Degreaser.................................................... 16

Amount of Talisay Extract Needed to Remove Grease..................................................... 16

VIII. Scope and Delimitation...................................................................................................17

CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................. 20

SCIENTIFIC RELATED LITERATURE................................................................................ 20

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 26

CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................. 30

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................... 30

INGREDIENTS :..................................................................................................................... 30

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT :.................................................................................................31

PROCEDURES....................................................................................................................... 33

● Degreaser test................................................................................................................. 35

2. Effectiveness with Different Amounts of Talisay Leaves.............................................35

RISK AND SAFETY...............................................................................................................35

COST AND EXPENSES.........................................................................................................38

CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................. 40

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 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA..................................40

CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................. 46

Summary of Findings...............................................................................................................46

Conclusions........................................................................................................................47

Recommendations....................................................................................................................49

CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................. 51

APPENDICES, DOCUMENTATIONS, EXPENSES, AND RESUME................................. 51

APPENDICES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE............................................................. 67

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I.​ Introduction

​ TAP is a dishwashing liquid made from the extract of Talisay leaves (Terminalia catappa)

with the intention of neutralizing the odor and the grease that would be found on kitchen utensils.

This product is more eco-friendly and less harsh than typical dishwashing liquids, which often

contain synthetic chemicals. By infusing Talisay leaf extract into this dishwashing liquid, the

product promises to be biodegradable and eco-friendly yet has strong cleaning powers.

Most dishwashing liquids sold in the market today contain chemical surfactants,

preservatives, and artificial fragrances that can cause environmental pollution and skin irritation.

The need for more environmentally friendly and gentle skin has been growing, and innovation

has been pushed to use plant-based ingredients. TAP fits into this trend by using Talisay leaves as

the main active ingredient in its formulation.

Talisay leaves are often ignored and thrown away, especially in tropical countries, like the

Philippines, where it grows abundantly. However, these leaves were known for centuries for their

medicinal and antibacterial properties. The leaves from the Talisay tree are employed in

aquaculture to adjust the water quality and treat various fish diseases through its natural tannins

and organic compounds. Their antimicrobial and antioxidant property indicates that it may also

have an application in household cleaning agents.

(Berto, 2020) states that the leaves are ovate with shiny surfaces; their length could range

from 10 to 25 cm in length, usually having a conical base with a rounded top. Studies indicate

that Talisay leaves contain numerous tannins and flavonoids, hence, other organic compounds

that were proven to support the antibacterial properties of such extracts. Other natural

compounds that exist in it also inhibit bacterial growth, giving promise to adding the extract as

part of cleansing products.

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 More importantly, (Del Campo, 2022) mentioned the antioxidant and antibacterial

potential of Talisay leaf extract, focusing on its potential to combat harmful microorganisms. The

presence of phytochemicals in leaves makes them useful in other applications besides

aquaculture, such as personal care products and household cleaners. By capitalizing on these

natural properties, TAP is focusing on offering a dishwashing liquid that is effective, non-toxic,

and environmentally friendly with both sustainability and cleanliness.

TAP greatly helps in waste reduction and the reuse of natural resources. All

biodegradable ingredients minimize environmental impact yet produce a high-performance

liquid dish soap. This research has found the effectiveness of Talisay leaves in household

cleaning products and tested their key ingredient potential in eco-friendly formulations for

dishwashing liquids.

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 II.​ Background of the Study

Every day, families and commercial kitchens throughout the world use dishwashing

liquids to clean dishes, cookware, and utensils. Grease, oil, and food residues can be effectively

removed by using conventional dishwashing liquids, which are frequently made of artificial

chemicals and surfactants. However, harsh additives like phosphate, artificial perfumes, and

surfactants based on petrochemicals may be present in these goods, endangering both human

health and the environment. Many sectors and customers are looking for safer, greener options as

environmental sustainability becomes a bigger priority.

Dishwashing liquids are essential household cleaning agents designed to remove grease,

food residues, and odors from kitchenware. Commercial dishwashing products typically contain

synthetic surfactants and chemicals, which, although effective, may cause environmental

pollution and skin irritation due to prolonged exposure. In recent years, there has been increasing

awareness and demand for eco-friendly and biodegradable alternatives made from natural

plant-based ingredients that are safer for both humans and the environment.

Terminalia catappa, commonly known as Talisay, is a tropical tree found in many parts of

the Philippines and other tropical regions. Its fallen leaves are often abundant and considered

waste, yet studies have shown that these leaves are rich in antibacterial and cleansing

compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. These bioactive components have been

proven to exhibit cleansing and antimicrobial properties, making Talisay leaves a promising raw

material for natural cleaning formulations.

Using Talisay leaves in dishwashing liquid presents an opportunity to reuse natural waste

materials and create a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to commercial cleaners.

Additionally, combining Talisay leaves with other natural ingredients like Pandan (Pandanus

amaryllifolius) can improve the scent and appeal of the product, aligning with consumer

preferences for pleasant-smelling and effective cleaners.

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III.​ Research Aim

This study aims to develop an eco-friendly dishwashing liquid using Talisay leaves

extract and Pandan Leaves. The research seeks to assess its effectiveness in terms of degreasing

capability, scent, and ease of rinsing compared to commercially available dishwashing liquids.

IV.​ Statement of the Problem

In this capstone research, the researchers will focus on TAP: Terminalia Catappa

(Talisay) as a Dishwashing Liquid. This study aims to create a dishwashing liquid made from

talisay leaves extract that will help the environment reduce waste and create an eco-friendly

dishwashing liquid. Additionally, These are the specific questions that researcher seek to answer

in this study:​

1.​ How effective is TAP Dishwashing liquid with manipulated amounts of talisay extract

1.1 Grease Removal

1.2 Foaming

1.3 Odor Removal

1.4 No skin irritation

2.​ How effective is TAP dishwashing liquid with manipulated amount of talisay extract

compared to Brand x

2.1 Grease Removal

2.2 Foaming

2.3 Odor Removal

2.4 No skin Irritation

2.5 Scent of Mixture

3.​ How does Pandan extract impact the quality of TAP in terms of:

3.1 Scent of Mixture​

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 4.​ User preferences for TAP overall quality with different mixtures in terms of:

4.1 Color of mixture

4.2 Stain

4.3 Most preferred mixture

V.​ Objective of the Study

1.​ To develop an eco-friendly dishwashing liquid that effectively cleans kitchenware while

minimizing environmental impact.

2.​ To use Talisay leaves extract and Pandan leaves for cleaning, utilizing its natural

antibacterial and cleansing properties.

3.​ To create a cost-effective and accessible product, ensuring affordability without

compromising quality and sustainability.

4.​ To promote the use of biodegradable and less toxic ingredients, reducing the reliance on

harsh chemicals that can harm both human health and the environment.

VI.​ Significance of the Study

This study aims to create a dishwashing liquid made from talisay leaves extract and

Pandan leaves that will help the environment reduce waste and create an eco-friendly

dishwashing liquid that could be beneficial to the following:

For Environments

​ This study will benefit the environment by reducing the amount of chemicals that are

present in dishwashing liquids and repurposing fallen talisay leaves.

For Household Families

​ This study will benefit households that always use dishwashing liquids on a daily basis.

By using this alternative they could also help the environment reduce water pollution.

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For Restaurants and Food Industry

Dishwashing liquid plays a crucial role in maintaining cleanliness and ensuring food

safety in the commercial kitchens of restaurants, hotels, cafeterias, and other food service

establishments.

For Manufacturers

Talisay leaves are an inexpensive, renewable resource that manufacturers can use to

make sustainable products, giving them a competitive edge in the expanding market for

environmentally friendly cleaning solutions.

For Future Researchers

This product can be used as a reference by future researchers so they can improve this

product and make it more effective.

VII.​ Hypothesis

In this study, the researchers predicted that:

Effectiveness of Talisay Leaves Extract and Pandan leaves as Dishwashing Liquid

●​ Null Hypothesis (H₀): Talisay leaves extract and Pandan leaves extract does not

significantly affect the effectiveness of dishwashing liquid.

●​ Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Talisay leaves extract and Pandan leaves extract enhances

the effectiveness of dishwashing liquid.

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VIII.​ Scope and Delimitation

Scope

This study focuses on formulating TAP as dishwashing liquid with Talisay leaves, Pandan

leaves, Decyl Glucoside, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Glycerine and salt as dishwashing liquid. This

study will examine the effectiveness in terms of Grease removal, Foaming effect, Gentleness on

hands, Odor removal, and scent. This study will also focus on creating effective dishwashing

liquid that is effective and contains less chemicals compared to commercial brands. Additionally,

we will also test staining and ease of rinsing of our product and we the researchers will only use

the utensils provided by our respondents that are used to store foods ensuring real world

applications of our product.​

Delimitations

This study will not include TAP dishwashing liquid long term shelf life, long term health

effects as the experiment can only be evaluated for a short period of time. We also would not

include the consistent amount or drops of TAP dishwashing used by testers as they have different

methods of cleaning and the study will not include other types of leaves and artificial colorings,

Researchers will also not include antibacterial testing of talisay extract in this study.

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Definition of Terms

1.​ Terminalia Catappa (Talisay Leaves) – Terminalia catappa is a fast-growing deciduous

or semi-evergreen tree, usually growing about 15 meters tall with specimens up to 40

meters recorded. It is widely cultivated in the tropics, as a shade tree, for ornament and for

its edible seeds (Tropical Plants Database, 2025).

2.​ Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) – Pandan is a herbaceous tropical plant that

grows abundantly in Southeast Asia. In Chinese, it is known as "fragrant plant" because

of its unique, sweet aroma (Darlene Schmidt, 2024).

3.​ Dishwashing Liquid – Dishwashing liquids, as the name implies, serve us primarily to

clean dirty dishes (PCC, 2022).

4.​ Degreasing Capability – Degreasing is a crucial process that removes dirt, grit, scale,

corrosion, grease, oil, and other foreign matter from system hardware parts before

undergoing any precision-cleaning process like passivation(Precision Companies, 2023).

5.​ Foaming Property – To provide contact time on a soiled surface to allow the wetting

agents, detergents and degreasers enough time to do their jobs (Cleaner Solutions, 2024) .

6.​ Gentleness on Hands – This specially formulated dishwashing liquid is free from harsh

chemicals and fragrances that can cause skin reactions (Jason Godwin, 2023).

7.​ Odor Removal – Odors are powerful chemicals ready to react with anything, up to and

including the sensitive nerves in your nose. Removing them often requires equally

powerful chemicals to dislodge, destroy, or cover them up (Vanessa Graham, 2023).

8.​ Biodegradable – An item can be broken down into increasingly smaller pieces by

bacteria, fungi or microbes to be reabsorbed by the surrounding environment, ideally

without causing any pollution (Ryan, 2024) .

9.​ Eco-friendly – products or sometimes services that are not harmful to the environment

(DonateThisRecycleThat Team, 2023).

10.​Phytochemicals – they protect your cells from damage caused by environmental toxins

and the body’s natural chemical (metabolic) processes (uclahealth, 2023).

11.​Antibacterial Properties – Antibacterial substances are only effective against bacteria

(Microban, 2024).

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REFERENCE

Cleaner Solutions. “What You Need to Know About Foam.” 16 January 2024,

https://cleanersolutions.net/what-you-need-to-know-about-foam/.

DonateThisRecycleThat Team. “Understanding Green Vs. Eco-Friendly.” 12 July

2023,

https://donatethisrecyclethat.com/understanding-green-vs-eco-friendly/.

Godwin, Jason. “Best Dishwashing Liquid for Sensitive Hands – Say Goodbye to

Irritation.” 14 February 2023,

https://cleanhomeexpert.co.uk/best-dishwashing-liquid-for-sensitive-hands-sa

y-goodbye-to-irritation/.

Graham, Vanessa. “The most natural tools to remove smells in the home.” 16 May

2023,

https://molekule.com/blogs/all/the-most-natural-tools-to-remove-smells-in-th

e-home.

Microban. “Antibacterial vs. Antimicrobial.” 24 July 2024,

https://www.microban.com/antimicrobial-solutions/overview/antibacterial-vs

-antimicrobial.

PCC. “Hand dishwashing liquids: what you need to know.” 6 March 2022,

https://www.products.pcc.eu/en/blog/hand-dishwashing-liquids-what-you-nee

d-to-know/.

Precision Companies. “What Is Degreasing And What Role Does it Play?” 1 May

2023,

https://www.precgroup.com/what-is-degreasing-and-what-role-does-it-play/.

Ryan, Rosalind. “What ‘biodegradable.’” Accessed 7 February 2024.

https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-biodegradable-really-means.

Schmidt, Darlene. “What Is Pandan?” 18 3 2024,

https://www.thespruceeats.com/cooking-with-pandan-3217067.

Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2025-03-22.

<tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Terminalia+catappa>
uclahealth. “What are phytochemicals? (And why should you eat more of them?).”

10 May 2023,

https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/what-are-phytochemicals-and-why-s

hould-you-eat-more-them.

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 CHAPTER 2

SCIENTIFIC RELATED LITERATURE

Dishwashing Liquid

According to Borković et al. (2022), the consumption of dishwashing liquids for manual

and machine washing continues to rise globally. Despite the growing popularity of dishwashers,

hand dishwashing remains predominant in many regions. A good dishwashing liquid is expected

to remove grease, food residues, and other contaminants from various dish materials while

ensuring that the dishes remain smooth, shiny, and free of harmful chemical residues. In recent

years, consumers have been increasingly concerned with the environmental impact of the

chemicals in traditional dishwashing liquids, prompting the search for natural alternatives

(Borković et al., 2022).

Hand dishwashing liquids (HDL) are one of the most important groups of household

chemicals. In physicochemical terms, they are aqueous solutions of surface-active agents and

various additives including fragrances, preservatives, antioxidants, sequestrants, pH regulators,

colorants, opacifiers as well as substances giving formulations a pearly appearance. In line with

the most recent trends, hand dishwashing liquids should not only have good functionality

(appropriate detergent, foaming, or rheological properties) but also demonstrate a high level of

safety for the skin of the hands.

In 2022, the vast majority of consumers across the globe saw their purchasing behavior

become at least a little more environmentally friendly compared to five years earlier (Davies,

2025). The current shift is mainly driven by consumer awareness of rising environmental issues

and the detrimental effects of synthetic chemicals on health and the environment generally. As a

result, the industry is adopting alternative ingredients derived from natural sources to meet the

demand for biodegradable and non-toxic products. Eco-friendly dishwashing liquids stand out

from their conventional counterparts due to their commitment to using plant-based and

biodegradable ingredients (Roxas, 2023).

Dishwashing saw exceptional growth in the Philippines in 2023, with growth for both

hand dishwashing and automatic dishwashing. However, while automatic dishwashers are slowly

gaining ground in urban and high-income households in the Philippines, hand dishwashing

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remains the preferred method for washing dishes for most consumers, owing to its

cost-effectiveness, deep-rooted tradition, and alignment with cultural values. (Euromonitor

International, 2024).

Talisay leaves extract

Terminalia catappa, or Talisay, also known as Indian Almond, is a tropical plant studied

for its bioactive compounds. Various studies have reported that the ethanol extract of Talisay

leaves contains 51.2 percent faxed oil (called catalpa oil) with 54 percent olefins, palmitin, and

tannin, Phytochemical screening of aqueous and organic solvent leaf extracts yielded tannins,

saponins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, saponin glycosides and cardiac glycosides

(Zainudin et al., 2022), including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects.

The antimicrobial activities of Talisay leaf extracts were confirmed by several studies.

The ethanolic extract of the plant was shown to be effective in checking the growth of

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Terminalia catappa L. This plant has been

traditionally used by the community to treat skin infections caused by bacteria or fungi

(Mardhiyani, 2021). Antimicrobial activity was shown to be due to flavonoids and tannins that

interfere with bacterial protein synthesis and cells.

Talisay showed positive antibacterial activity with a value of 13.3±1.1547. The findings clearly

indicated that the plant extract used has potential antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Demonstration of phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Terminalia catappa

provides the scientific basis and may help to discover new chemical classes of antioxidant and

antibacterial substances that could serve as selective agents against degenerative diseases. This

investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of Talisay leaves extract in producing

antioxidant and antibacterial agents that function as an alternative to highly available antioxidant

and antibacterial products in drug stores Caracal E., Et al., (2022).

A 2023 study investigated the antibacterial effects of ethanolic extracts from red and

brown T. catappa leaves against Staphylococcus aureus. The findings revealed that a 20% (w/v)

concentration of the red leaf extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone of 13.67 ± 0.76 mm.

The phytochemical test of the extracts showed that both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins,

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flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, but terpenoid compounds were only found in the red ketapang

leaf extractVagestini, Luh Made Ary Somia et al., (2023).

Pandan Leaves as Scent

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) is a tropical plant also known as P. amaryllifolius is

also harvested for the perfume industry, and many prominent perfume brands now produce

ethnic Asian fragrances, including pandan perfume (Wang et al., 2024). It is a very popular

ingredient in food, cosmetics, and household products. Pandan leaves possess the characteristic

smell that is attributed primarily to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a volatile compound responsible for the

sweet and nutty aroma associated with the pandan leaves. The compound has also been detected

in other varieties of aromatic rice, including jasmine and basmati rice. As such, pandan would be

a natural source of sweet fragrance.

Bioactive Compounds of Talisay Leaves

Talisay leaves, derived from the Terminalia catappa tree, are rich in bioactive

compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols,

saponins, and coumarins, but terpenoids were absent (Mwangi, Wangui Clement et al., 2024).

According to Mandal, Manas Kumar, and Abraham J Domb (2024), Polyphenols, as

secondary metabolites with a variety of important functions in plant physiology, offer promising

health benefits for humans. These benefits include acting as antioxidant compounds,

antiallergics, anti-inflammatories, anticancer agents, antihypertensives, and antimicrobial agents .

Making them effective in eliminating various bacterial strains. A study demonstrated that a

polyphenolic solution could eliminate at least 99.9% of tested microorganisms, highlighting its

potential as a disinfectant.

The study of Zauka Ruth, et al (2025) The analysis of polyphenolic contents in

fermented Terminalia catappa leaves revealed a wide range of concentrations, with saponin

being the most abundant compound at 1009.24 mg/g, The analysis of polyphenolic contents in

unfermented Terminalia catappa leaf revealed that saponin exhibited the highest concentration

(1666.03 mg/g).

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 According to Brodie Cook (2025). Saponins are natural surfactants found in many

plants. A surfactant is a substance that helps water spread and lift away dirt. It works by bonding

with both water and oils, breaking down grease so it can be rinsed or wiped away easily.

Additionally, According to Rai Summi, et al., (2021) Saponins are the plant based

natural surfactants characterized by their foam forming properties in aqueous solution. Their

natural origin makes them eco-friendly, bio-degradable and non-toxic. Further, they possess

better physicochemical properties than the syn-thetic ones. They are also reported to exhibit a lot

of useful biological activities such as anti-cancer, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,

antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering properties. Because of their excellent surface activity,

biological activities and wide distribution in nature, saponin rich plants deserve deeper insight as

a sustainable source of natural surfactants as they possess the potential to replace toxic synthetic

surfactants abundant today. The surfactant properties of saponins in aqueous solutions can be

attributed to its am-phiphilic structure which is a combination of lipophilic nonpolar

aglycone and hydro-philic polar glycone moieties. This structural feature of a saponin molecule

resembles that of a synthetic surfactant molecule.

According to Jianzi Huang et al., (2024) Tannins, another class of polyphenols found in

Talisay leaves, are known for their astringent and antimicrobial properties. Tannins can bind to

proteins and lipids, disrupting microbial cell membranes and enhancing the sanitizing potential

of dishwashing liquids. Tannins have been reported as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral

compounds by preventing enzymatic activities and inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids.

According to Hassanpour, Seyyed Hossein, and Alireza Doroudi (2023) Flavonoids are

a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants, known for their antioxidant,

antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The more the flavonoid structure makes the

hydrogen transfer faster and easier, the more the flavonoid’s antioxidant power will be enhanced.

This property is advantageous in cleaning products, as it helps maintain the stability and efficacy

of the formulations. These bioactive compounds have gained attention for their potential

application in eco-friendly cleaning products due to their ability to enhance hygiene and surface

protection.

24
Dishwashing Liquid Foaminess

The foam works to loosen and lift dirt and debris from the surface, making it easier to

remove. This type of cleaning is often used in factories and other industrial settings where there

is a lot of dirt and greasy build-up. Foam cleaners can be used for internal and external cleaning

of tanks, as well as floors, cladding, walls, production equipment and many other hard surfaces

according to HYGIENE GROUP, (2022).

SLES

​ According to Rashid, (2023) Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) is a widely used

surfactant in various industries, including personal care, household cleaning, and industrial

applications. It is a versatile and effective surfactant that offers many benefits. It plays a crucial

role in the dishwashing liquid's ability to remove dirt, oils, and grease from dishes, making it an

essential ingredient in many commercial products.

SLES is produced by ethoxylation of SLS, which results in a milder surfactant that is

less irritating to the skin and eyes. This makes SLES a preferred choice in formulations

designed for sensitive skin or for products intended for frequent use, such as shampoos and body

washes (Zogics, 2024).

25
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Cook, Brodie. “The Cleaning Power of Saponins: A Natural Way to Tackle Grease & Grime.” 3

February 2025, https://lucentglobe.com/blogs/news/saponins-for-cleaning.

Dataintelo, More, A. B., & Dataintelo. (2025, January 7). Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES)

Market Research Report 2032. Dataintelo.

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Del Campo, Dzaia. “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Property of

Talisay (Terminalia Catappa) Leaves Ethanolic Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus

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cademia.edu%2f90869376%2fPhytochemical_Screening_Antioxidant_and_Antibacterial

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AHmEk-.

Dewi, Asiska Permata, and Dini Mardhiyani. “Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid

Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract.” vol. Vol 4, no. Issue

1, 2021, pp. 43 – 50,

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flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and partial substitute for synthetic antioxidants.”

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Jianzi Huang, Madiha Zaynab, Yasir Sharif, Jallat Khan, Rashid Al-Yahyai, Monther Sadder,

Munawar Ali, Saber R. Alarab, Shuangfei Li, Tannins as antimicrobial agents: Understanding

toxic effects on pathogens, Toxicon, Volume 247, 2024, 107812, ISSN 0041-0101,

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Mandal, Manas Kumar, and Abraham J Domb. “Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive

Polyphenols.” Pharmaceutics vol. 16,6 718. 27 May. 2024,

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16060718

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11206801/

Mwangi, Wangui Clement et al. “Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant

activities of Terminalia catappa methanol and aqueous extracts.” BMC complementary

medicine and therapies vol. 24,1 137. 2 Apr. 2024, doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04449-7

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Rai, S., Acharya-Siwakoti, E., Kafle, A., Devkota, H. P., & Bhattarai, A. (2021a). Plant-Derived

Saponins: A Review of Their Surfactant Properties and Applications. Sci, 3(4), 44.

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Rashid, Mudasar. “SLES: The King of all Surfactants.” 1 October 2023,

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20a%20relatively%20low%20cost.

Roxas, Jazmine. “The Environmental Impact of Choosing Eco-Friendly Dishwashing Liquid.”

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Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES): cosmetic ingredient INCI. (n.d.).

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Studocu. (n.d.). Research RRL - 2 Foreign Literature Liquid detergent has an increasing demand

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law-physical/research-rrl/89895299

VAGESTINI, Luh Made Ary Somia; KAWURI, Retno; DEFIANI, Made Ria. Antibacterial

Activity of Red and Brown Ethanolic Extract of Ketapang (Terminalia catappa.) Leaves Against

The Growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences, [S.l.], v.

10, n. 1, p. 159-168, apr. 2023. ISSN 2655-8122. Available at:

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Wasilewski, T., Seweryn, A. & Krajewski, M. Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand

Dishwashing Liquids Through the Addition of Hydrophobic Plant Extracts. J Surfact Deterg 19,

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Xie, Jun. “SLES in Dishwashing Liquid: The Ultimate Ingredient for High-Performance

Formulations.” 19 April 2023,

https://yeserchem.com/sles-in-dishwashing-liquid-the-ultimate-ingredient-for-high-performance

formulations/#:~:text=SLES%20is%20a%20powerful%20surfactant,penetrate%20and%20lift%

%20soils.

Zainudin. “Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analyses of Terminalia Catappa Linn. Ethanol Leaf

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Terminalia catappa. (n.d.). https://rjmp.scione.com/cms/fulltext.php?id=68#f4

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orTPDaquZVqy_T23utXop6ydZrwe-DjMvbzv-UlIrxtuIh3NJQx

29
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter details the materials, tools, and equipment used in the study, as well as

the systematic methods and procedures followed to achieve the objectives of the research. It

provides a clear and structured approach to how the study was conducted. This chapter is

essential since it details the researchers' methodical processes.

INGREDIENTS :

a.​ Glycerine - acts as a moisturizer to prevent skin dryness, improves the liquid's texture,

helps maintain product stability, and makes the dishwashing liquid gentle on the skin.

b.​ Iodized Salt - Used as thickening agent for sodium laureth sulfate

c.​ Moisturizer ( Decyl Glucoside) - prevents skin dryness by keeping hand soft after using

the dishwashing liquid

d.​ Pandan Leaves - they serve as our fragrance for dishwashing liquid

e.​ SLES (Sodium Laureth Sulfate) - A surfactant that creates foam and helps remove

grease and dirt from dishes

f.​ Talisay Leaves - contain natural antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which help in

cleaning and disinfecting

g.​ Water - serves as the main solvent that dissolves SLES and extracts nutrients from

Talisay and Pandan leaves

30
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT :

a.​ Bottles

-​ These serve as the final packaging for the dishwashing liquid, making it easy to

store, transport, and use.

b.​ Bowls

-​ These bowls hold Talisay and Pandan leaves during extraction and can also store

pre-mixed ingredients and after heating, a bowl can hold the cooled extract before

it is filtered or mixed with other components.

c.​ Butane

-​ provides the necessary heat for boiling or simmering the ingredients during the

extraction of active compounds from Talisay and Pandan leaves.

d.​ Funnel

-​ helps pour the liquid detergent into bottles without spilling, ensuring a clean and

efficient transfer of the final product. It also prevents wastage and maintains

proper hygiene during packaging.

e.​ Knife

-​ It is used for chopping Talisay and Pandan leaves into smaller pieces to aid in the

extraction process.

f.​ Ladle

-​ It is used for pouring hot extracts or mixing solutions without causing spills or

burns.

g.​ Measuring Cups

-​ these cups ensure that the correct amount of water, extracts, and other liquid

ingredients are used in the dishwashing liquid formulation

h.​ Measuring Spoons

-​ help in measuring essential oils, preservatives, or other minor ingredients with

precision to maintain the correct formulation ratio.

31
i.​ Pot

-​ It is used to boil Talisay leaves and pandan leaves for extracting their active

compounds in the dishwashing liquid formulation.

j.​ Pot Holder

-​ It ensures safety when handling hot pots or pans during the heating and extraction

process.

k.​ Small plastic tub

-​ This tub serves as a container for preparing, mixing, and temporarily storing the

dishwashing liquid ingredients during the formulation process.

l.​ Sponge

-​ It is used to test the effectiveness of the dishwashing liquid by applying it to

greasy dishes and observing the removal of dirt and oil.

m.​ Steel Spatula

-​ It is used for stirring and mixing the ingredients, ensuring an even blend of the

Talisay and Pandan extracts with other components.

n.​ Stove

-​ It is essential for heating the extract to enhance the release of antibacterial and

cleansing properties from the plant materials.

o.​ Strainer

-​ It is used to separate solid leaf residues from the extracted Talisay and Pandan

liquid, ensuring a smooth and purified final mixture.

p.​ Tongs

-​ are useful for picking up and handling hot leaves, bottles, or other materials

during the production process without direct contact.

q.​ Weighing Scale

-​ It ensures precise weighing of raw materials like leaves or essential oils to

maintain a consistent formulation.

32
PROCEDURES

a.​ Preparation of Talisay Extract

1.​ The researchers gathered all the materials that will be used in making the Talisay

dishwashing liquid.

2.​ The researchers measured each ingredient that would be used to make different

tests of the Talisay dishwashing liquid.

TABLE 1.0

Amount of extract used in every mixture of dishwashing liquid

Talisay and Moisturize

Mixture Pandan SLES Iodized Salt (Decyl Glycerine
Extract Glucoside)

A 250 mL 500 mL 57.5 g 5 mL 5 mL

B 500 mL 500 mL 57.5 g 5 mL 5 mL

C 750 mL 500 mL 57.5 g 5 mL 5 mL

Making of the Talisay Extract and Pandan Extract

1.​ Collect Talisay leaves in sufficient quantities for extraction.

2.​ Use a weighing scale to determine the exact measurement of talisay leaves.

3.​ Wash the leaves thoroughly to remove dirt and other impurities.

4.​ Get 5 liters of water and then put it into a pot

5.​ Put 100 grams of Talisay leaves with 200 grams of pandan leaves in the pot, then boil it

for about 30 minutes.

6.​ After 30 minutes remove all the talisay leaves from the pot.

7.​ Allow to cool for 2 hours.

8.​ After 2 hours, boil the Talisay extract with the pandan leaves for 30 minutes.

9.​ Strain the mixture to separate the liquid extract from the leaf residues, except the pandan

leaves.

33
 Making of the SLES

1.​ Get 5 liters of water and then put it in a small plastic tub.

2.​ After adding 5 liters of water, add the SLES and stir it with a spatula until it dissolves.

3.​ Then, leave it or let it stay for 24 hours until it fully dissolves.

Making of the Talisay and Pandan Leaves as Dishwashing Liquid

Mixture A

1.​ Put 250 mL of Talisay and pandan extract in a bowl.

2.​ Add 500 mL of SLES with the talisay and pandan extract.

3.​ Get 57.5 grams of iodized salt, put it in the bowl, and stir it in one direction.

4.​ While stirring add the glycerine (5 ml) and Decyl Glucoside (5 ml).

5.​ Once the mixture becomes thick, it is ready and can be transferred into bottles.

Mixture B

1.​ Put 500 mL of Talisay and pandan extract in a bowl.

2.​ Add 500 mL of SLES with talisay and pandan extract.

3.​ Get 57.5 grams of iodized salt, put it in the bowl, and stir it in one direction.

4.​ While stirring add the glycerine (5 ml) and Decyl Glucoside (5 ml).

5.​ Once the mixture becomes thick, it is ready and can be transferred into bottles.

Mixture C

1.​ Put 750 mL of Talisay and pandan extract in a bowl.

2.​ Add 500 mL of SLES with talisay and pandan extract.

3.​ Get 57.5 grams of iodized salt put in the bowl, and stir it in one direction.

4.​ While stirring add the glycerine (5 ml) and Decyl Glucoside (5 ml).

5.​ Once the mixture becomes thick, it is ready and can be transferred into bottles.

34
B. Testing of TAP dishwashing liquid

●​ Degreaser test

To determine the effectiveness of TAP dishwashing liquid with different amounts

of talisay extract in each mixture.

1.​ The researcher will provide participants in the canteen with each mixture
(A,B,C) to test in their own dishes.

2.​ The participants will observe the cleaning effect of each mixtures

●​ Foaming effect

1.​ The researcher will provide participants in the canteen with each mixture
(A,B,C) to test in their own dishes.

2.​ The participants will observe the foaming effect of each mixtures

●​ Gentleness on hands
​
1.​ After cleaning with different mixtures (A,B,C) the participants will
observe their hands to check if allergies or irritations occur.

●​ Odor Removal

1.​ After cleaning each participants will smell each utensils to check and if the
utensil still have

●​ Scent Test

1.​ The participants will smell each mixture (A,B,C) and observe if they can
smell the pandan scent
.
●​ Staining and Rinsing

1.​ The participants will also check if mixture (A,B,C) will leave stains in
utensils and they will also observe if TAP dishwashing liquid is easy to
rinse.

35
 2. Comparison with brand X

​ Researchers will compare TAP dishwashing liquid to brand x to test if TAP dishwashing
liquid can be an alternative even if it contains less chemical.

●​ Degreaser test
●​ Foaming effect
●​ Gentleness on hands
●​ Odor Removal
●​ Color
●​ Scent

RISK AND SAFETY

Table 2.0

Possible Risk and Safety in the Talisay Extract and Pandan Process

Risk Descriptions Safety Precautions

Talisay leaf extract contains ●​ Wear gloves when handling the

Skin Irritation or tannins and flavonoids, which extract to prevent skin irritation.
Allergic Reactions may cause skin irritation in ●​ Use protective eyewear to
sensitive individuals. prevent accidental splashes into
Some people may develop an the eyes.
allergic reaction, such as redness,
itching, or rashes.

If the extract or dishwashing ●​ Filter the extract properly to

Eye Irritation liquid comes into contact with the remove plant debris and reduce
eyes, it may cause stinging, microbial load.
redness, or irritation. ●​ Use a suitable preservative (like
sodium benzoate or citric acid) to
prevent bacterial growth.

Since plant extracts contain ●​ Conduct trials to determine the

Microbial organic matter, improper ideal amount of extract that is
Contamination processing or storage may lead to effective but not too harsh on the
bacterial or fungal growth. skin.

Interaction with surfactants (like ●​ Test the final formulation on a

Chemical SLES) or preservatives could lead small area of skin before
Reactions with to instability or unexpected large-scale use to check for
Other Ingredients chemical changes in the possible irritation.
formulation.

High concentrations of Talisay ●​ Store the extract in a clean, dry

Toxicity from leaf extract might lead to container to avoid spoilage.
Overconcentration excessive tanning exposure, ●​ Label bottles with warnings like
which could be harmful if "For external use only" and

36
 ingested accidentally. "Avoid contact with eyes" to
prevent misuse.

Table 3.0

Risk and Safety Precautions in TAP Dishwashing Liquid Process

Risk Category Possible Risks Safety Precautions

Skin and Eye SLES can cause dryness, irritation, ●​ Wear gloves and protective
Irritation or eye discomfort. eyewear when handling.
Decyl Glucoside may irritate ●​ Maintain proper dilution of
sensitive skin. surfactants and extracts.
Talisay and Pandan extracts can ●​ Conduct a patch test before
trigger allergies. large-scale use.

Microbial Talisay and Pandan extracts can ●​ Use preservatives like sodium
Contamination encourage bacterial or fungal benzoate or citric acid.
growth. ●​ Filter extracts to remove debris.
Glycerine attracts moisture, ●​ Store in clean, airtight
increasing the risk of contamination. containers.

Stability and Iodized salt can cause cloudiness or ●​ Add salt slowly while stirring
Separation separation in the formulation. to avoid excessive thickening.
Talisay and Pandan extracts may ●​ Use emulsifiers or stabilizers
settle or form precipitates. like xanthan gum if needed.
●​ Conduct stability testing before
mass production.

Unexpected SLES and Decyl Glucoside may ●​ Perform small batch testing
Chemical react with iodized salt, affecting before large-scale production.
Reactions foaming. ●​ Adjust pH to 6–7 for a
Talisay’s tannins may alter surfactant balanced formulation.
efficiency.

Staining and Talisay extract contains pigments ●​ Test on different surfaces

Residue that may stain dishes or skin. (plastic, glass, ceramics).
Pandan extract may leave residue or ●​ Filter plant extracts thoroughly
affect scent over time. to reduce pigment content.

37
COST AND EXPENSES

Table 4.0

Total Cost and Expenses in Making and Testing Talisay Dishwashing Liquid

Material Amount in (Php) Quantity Total (in Php)

Talisay Leaves Php 0 700 grams Php 0

Pandan Leaves Php 0 500 grams Php 0

SLES Php 120 5 Php 600

Iodized Salt Php 46 2 Php 92

Moisturizer (Decyl Php 65 1 Php 65

Glucoside)

Glycerine Php 72.5 4 Php 290

Bottles Php 20 10 Php 200

Total Cost: Php 1,247

38
 Table 5.0

Cost and Expenses of the Tools and Equipments

Materials Cost Quantity Total

Spatula Php 0 2 Php 0

Measuring Cups Php 0 6 Php 0

Measuring Spoons Php 0 4 Php 0

Small plastic tub Php 0 1 Php 0

Bowls Php 0 2 Php 0

Pot Holder Php 6 10 Php 60

Strainer Php 0 3 Php 0

Sponge Php 48 2 Php 96

Stove Php 0 1 Php 0

Tongs Php 0 2 Php 0

Butane Php 75 10 Php 750

Ladle Php 0 1 Php 0

Knife Php 0 1 Php 0

Funnel Php 0 1 Php 0

Weighing scale Php 0 1 Php 0

Pot Php 0 1 Php 0

Total Cost: Php 906

39
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Performance Made by the Dishwashing Liquid Based on the Testing that the Researcher
Conducted

Table 1.0
Mixture A

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease II I I
removal

Foaming II I I
effect

Gentleness II I I
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of II II
mixture

Table 1.0 shows the effectiveness of Mixture A in removing grease, its foaming effect,

gentleness on hands, odor removal, and scent. The mixture had very effective grease removal and

foaming, which implied that it is a strong cleaning agent. The mixture was gentle on hands;

hence, it can be used frequently. In most cases, odor removal was considered very effective,

which implied that the mixture removes unwanted odors. However, the odor of the mixture

received good to neutral ratings, which means that although acceptable, it is not a feature to be

highlighted. Overall, the data suggests that Mixture A is effective in cleaning and odor removal,

with the potential for improvement in scent formulation to enhance user satisfaction.

40
 Table 2.0
Mixture B

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease II II
removal

Foaming I I II
effect

Gentleness I I II
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of I III
mixture

Table 2.0 presents the effectiveness of Mixture B in terms of grease removal, foaming

effect, gentleness on hands, odor removal, and scent. The mixture was rated very effective to

neutral in grease removal, indicating that while it performs well, some users found it only

moderately effective. The foaming effect received very effective, effective, and neutral ratings,

suggesting that its foaming ability is adequate but could be improved. Gentleness on hands was

also rated across as very effective to neutral, implying that it is generally safe for use but it may

need slight enhancement for some users. Odor removal was mostly rated as very effective,

confirming its strong ability to eliminate unwanted smells. However, the scent of the mixture

received effective to neutral ratings, indicating that while acceptable, it may not be a strong

feature. Overall, the data suggests that Mixture B is effective in cleaning and odor removal, but

its foaming ability and scent could be improved for better user satisfaction.

41
 Table 3.0

Mixture C

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease III I
removal

Foaming III I
effect

Gentleness II II
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of II I I
mixture

Table 3.0 The ability of Mixture C is shown in Table 3.0 by giving grease removal

ability, foaming effect, gentleness on hand, removal of odor, and scent. Grease removal was rated

as very effective, and the foaming effect was also rated as very effective, which elicits both

strong cleaning and lathering characteristics. Odor removal received a very effective rating,

which means that the mixture altogether removes unwanted odors. However, the gentleness on

hands was rated from very effective to neutral, meaning that while it is mostly skin-friendly,

some users may find it slightly stronger. The scent of the mixture received mixed ratings, ranging

from very effective to neutral, implying that while some found it pleasant, others were neutral

about its appeal. Overall, Mixture C does well in grease removal, foaming, and odor elimination,

but there is room for improvement in gentleness and scent to enhance user satisfaction.

42
 Table 4.0

Brand X

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease IIII
removal

Foaming IIII
effect

Gentleness IIII
on hands

Odor IIII
removal

Scent of IIII
mixture

Table 4.0 summarizes an assessment of Brand X according to five essential parameters:

grease removal, foaming action, hand gentleness, odor elimination, and fragrance of the blend.

The product's efficacy was rated on a five-point basis: Very Effective, Effective, Neutral, Not

Effective, and Not Very Effective. The findings present Brand X being marked as "Very

Effective" in all areas, with all criteria having four marks (IIII). This presents that the product is

performing outstandingly in grease removal, generating foam, being soft on hands, getting rid of

odor, and having a good odor. No markings were noted under other effectiveness areas, further

depicting Brand X's robust performance across all aspects reviewed.

43
 Table 5.0

Rinsing and Staining Properties of Dishwashing Liquid Based on Mixtures A, B, C, and

Brand X

Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C Brand X

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Does this IIII IIII III I IIII

dishwashing
liquid rinse
off easily?

Does this IIII IIII IIII IIII

dishwashing
liquid stain
the utensils
or plates?

The table 5.0 The table compares the rinsing and staining capabilities of dishwashing

liquids made from Mixtures A, B and C with Brand X. The first measure looks at the rinsing

properties of the dishwashing liquid, and Mixtures A, B and Brand X received four tally marks

(IIII) under "Yes" indicating "rinses off easily", while Mixture C received three tally marks (III)

for "Yes" and one tally mark (I) for "No", indicating that it rinses off slightly less easily. The

second measure looks at the No staining properties of the dishwashing liquids, and all of the

mixtures and Brand X received four tally marks (IIII) under the measure of "No" indicating that

none of the dishwashing liquids stained the utensil/plate. Overall, the findings indicate that all

four formulations do well to not stain, while Mixture C has a slight reduction in its rinsing ability

compared to the other mixtures.

44
 Table 6.0

User Preference Based on Color and Overall Performance of Dishwashing Mixtures

Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C Brand X

Preferred color IIII

​

Overall IIII
preference

Table 6.0 This presents user preferences based on the color and overall performance of

different dishwashing mixtures, including Mixtures A, B, C, and Brand X. The results indicate

that Brand X received four tally marks (IIII) for both preferred color and overall preference,

while Mixtures A, B, and C did not receive any marks in these categories. This suggests that

users favored Brand X over the other mixtures in terms of both appearance and overall

performance.

45
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter will provide a summary of the findings, draw conclusions from the testing and

design processes, and offer recommendations for the readers.

Summary of Findings

The performance of three dishwashing liquid formulations (Mixtures A, B, and C) was

assessed based on several factors, including grease removal, foaming effect, gentleness on hands,

odor elimination, scent, rinsing ability, staining properties, and user preference. The results are as

follows:

Grease Removal

All mixtures showed good grease removal capability. Mixtures A and C were mostly

rated as "Very Effective," while Mixture B had a combination of "Very Effective" and "Neutral"

ratings. Brand X received consistent "Very Effective" which outperformed all mixtures.

Foaming Action

The foaming ability of the dishwashing liquids varied. Mixtures A and C received "Very

Effective" ratings, indicating good foaming properties. Mixture B had a mix of "Very Effective,"

"Effective," and "Neutral" ratings, suggesting that its foaming ability is present but could be

further improved. Brand X had the highest ratings, being marked as "Very Effective" in all

responses.

No Skin Irritation

Mixture A was generally rated as "Very Effective," indicating it does not irritate the skin.

Mixtures B and C had ratings that ranged from "Very Effective" to "Neutral," meaning that while

they are generally skin-friendly, some users had varying preferences. Brand X received

consistently "Very Effective" ratings, highlighting that no skin reaction happened on the users

hands.

46
Odor Elimination

All formulations performed well in odor removal. Mixtures A, B, and C were mostly

rated as "Very Effective," showing that they effectively remove unwanted odors. Brand X

received uniformly "Very Effective" which outperformed all mixtures.

Aroma of Mixture

The scent of the dishwashing liquids was rated differently by users. Mixtures A and B

received "Effective" to "Neutral" ratings, suggesting that while their scents were acceptable, they

might not be a standout feature. Mixture C had a mix of "Very Effective" and "Neutral" ratings,

indicating varying preferences. Brand X was rated "Very Effective" across all responses,

suggesting a widely appreciated scent.

Rinsing and Staining Characteristics

All dishwashing liquids were assessed for their rinsing ability and whether they left stains

on utensils. Mixtures A, B, and Brand X were marked as "easily rinsed off," while Mixture C had

a slightly lower rating in this category. None of the formulations caused staining, as all received

ratings under "No Staining."

Comparison between Brand X and TAP Dishwashing Liquid

Brand X performed consistently well in all categories, receiving "Very Effective" ratings

across all aspects. The tested mixtures also demonstrated effectiveness but had some variations

in ratings depending on user experience.

User Preference

Brand X was the most preferred dishwashing liquid in terms of color and overall

performance, receiving the highest ratings. Mixtures A, B, and C did not receive preference

marks in these categories, indicating that Brand X was the most favored among users.

47
Conclusions

This research successfully developed a dishwashing liquid using Talisay leaf extract,

Pandan leaves extract aiming to provide an alternative to commercially available dishwashing

liquids that is effective, affordable, and eco-friendly. Through thorough testing of Mixtures A, B,

and C, the formulated dishwashing liquids demonstrated effectiveness in grease removal, odor

elimination, and foaming action, while also being generally skin-friendly. Among the three,

Mixture A and Mixture C showed the best results, particularly in cleaning efficiency and

foaming properties. These formulations have the potential for further refinement and commercial

use.

The inclusion of Talisay leaf extract enhances the product with natural antibacterial properties,

boosting its cleaning ability while offering a plant-based alternative. Additionally, the

dishwashing liquid is biodegradable, reducing environmental impact and supporting

sustainability. A comparison with Brand X highlighted its strengths in cleaning performance

while identifying areas for improvement, such as fragrance retention and no skin irritation on

hands. This suggests that while the formulation is effective, further enhancements could improve

overall user satisfaction.

Future studies could explore packaging solutions that align with the product’s sustainability goals

and the potential use of natural essential oils to enhance its scent. Beyond product development,

consumer awareness on the benefits of eco-friendly dishwashing liquids should be promoted.

This study contributes to the growing body of research on plant-based cleaning products,

supporting the shift toward biodegradable, non-toxic alternatives that benefit both human health

and environmental conservation.

48
Recommendations

In order to enhance the product formulation and utilization of dishwashing liquids,

recommendations for future scientists, producers, and industry professionals are as follows:

For Future Researchers:

Future studies may determine particular natural ingredients that will help the dishwashing

liquid additionally become gentle yet effective. Future studies may conduct additional trials to

help eliminate the use of chemical surfactants and conduct laboratory testing of antibacterial

properties alongside with different ingredients. They could also explore more ways to improve

and introduce more color variations of this product and further improve precise testing and

provide long term observations of the product.

For Manufacturers:

Intensifying the fragrance and providing a more pleasing scent could further enhance

consumer satisfaction. Incorporating skin-friendly additives could also make the product more

acceptable for daily use. Manufacturers can also work on creating environment-friendly

packaging to keep up with sustainability trends and appeal to consumers who are

green-conscious.

For Industry Professionals:

Consumer preference surveys will identify the most important areas of product

improvement. Compliance with industry standards and regulations is also essential in ensuring

product safety and efficacy. Clear labeling of product benefits, ingredients, and usage will assist

consumers in making informed decisions.

For Environmental Reasons

Manufacturers and researchers can investigate environmentally friendly and

biodegradable chemicals to formulate a sustainable dishwashing soap. Chemical residue

reduction and safer disposal of wastewater can lead to conservation of the environment.

Promoting the usage of natural surfactants over chemical ones can further increase the

environmental safety of the product.

49
For Marketing and Product Development: ​

​ Attractive and informative packaging that communicates the benefits of the product, for

example, effectiveness in grease removal, nice odor, and eco-friendliness, should be emphasized

by the companies. Consumer education regarding appropriate use and storage should also take

precedence. Promotion campaigns that bring out the theme of using natural ingredients, being

biodegradable, and being skin-friendly would increase market acceptability.

For Distributors and Retailers

Promoting the sale and distribution of environmentally friendly dishwashing liquids in

stores will raise consumer awareness and convenience. Building alliances with supermarkets and

internet sites can secure broad distribution. Special discounts and promotional offers for

sustainable products can also persuade consumers to adopt green alternatives.

50
 CHAPTER 6

APPENDICES, DOCUMENTATIONS, EXPENSES, AND RESUME

This chapter includes the appendices, documentations of experimenting, expenses of each

ingredient and materials, and the resume of the researchers.

INGREDIENTS USED:

51
52
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS:

53
54
55
PROCEDURES

PREPARATION FOR EXTRACTING THE TALISAY AND PANDAN

(Get some Talisay) (Weigh talisay leaves until 100 grams)

(Boil Talisay and pandan leaves for 30

(Wash off the dirt) minutes)

56
 (Strain out the talisay leaves) (Let it cool for 2 hours)

(Boil again with pandan leaves for another 30 (Let it cool again for 2 hours.)
minutes)

MIXING THE SLES

Put SLES in then stir and wait for one day

57
Making the dishwashing liquid

Add (250ml of Talisay and pandan extract) Put 45ml iodized salt in the mix
and (Sles 500ml)

Add 5ml glycerine Add 5ml Decyl Glucoside

58
Product

TESTING

1st Canteen

Mixture A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SbALkhPyT9LS491enTFiXL_8eGIpXREn/view?usp=drive_lin

Mixture B

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1STPhBYzU8FL0mZQsbc2MME5SZOj5MoI1/view?usp=drive_

link

Mixture C

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UMosrfm3UlZ6cAnpMzdfsyRquOBeeVVf/view?usp=drive_lin

59
2nd Canteen

Mixture A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Pxh_8ia_cjXsaX9WIou40bUla1jalan1/view?usp=drive_link

Mixture B

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QgGP9CxYE1HMfm_zno3_L-GI3kH6ESHb/view?usp=drive_li

nk

Mixture C

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SIMbVKygSm1e8c_Lr4MJ55DZWXuEJn4f/view?usp=drive_li

nk

3rd Canteen

Mixture A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1P4p22a-xpCKVt8l4gLbtwcslc3DMbL24/view?usp=drive_link

Mixture B

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SIu9_3uIOrFyno_Ahxt2Oy8kNblptVqX/view?usp=drive_link

Mixture C

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Q_vSfE8IHvwrFEQD1tHQOBoSO0EitVZ0/view?usp=drive_li

nk

4th Canteen

Mixture A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Py9MVWk3vfs080qjF9F2Badt7U92CWh4/view?usp=drive_lin

Mixture B

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RKxNU_I8Y34jY1inH5kCM7_KCeICr6e5/view?usp=drive_lin

Mixture C

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SskoVb8tpse6dGBxwoUyF1Xc9zQ5ayzS/view?usp=drive_link

Brand X

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Gtd7FjEneiSNsPe2fSLBV-ZYOu4GwEiF/view?usp=drive_link

60
Before:

After:

61
MIXTURE A

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YfjHweu4qbuyRq_BgjPJp9kQYmrJ1hjV/view?usp=drive_link

Before:

After:

62
MIXTURE B

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jXg0rNLovaGd6pJ1JhLalbVI_sAFwjhJ/view?usp=drive_link

Before:

After:

63
MIXTURE C

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EaghfzF9a05IHZdhnwmd4b6KX_BXtZM-/view?usp=drive_lin

k\

Before:

After:

64
COST AND EXPENSES

Total Cost and Expenses in Making and Testing Talisay Dishwashing Liquid

Material Amount in (Php) Quantity Total (in Php)

Talisay Leaves Php 0 700 grams Php 0

Pandan Leaves Php 0 500 grams Php 0

SLES Php 120 5 Php 600

Iodized Salt Php 46 2 Php 92

Moisturizer (Decyl Php 65 1 Php 65

Glucoside)

Glycerine Php 72.5 4 Php 290

Bottles Php 20 10 Php 200

Total Cost: Php 1,247

65
 Table 4.0

Cost and Expenses of the Tools and Equipments

Materials Cost Quantity Total

Spatula Php 0 2 Php 0

Measuring Cups Php 0 6 Php 0

Measuring Spoons Php 0 4 Php 0

Small plastic tub Php 0 1 Php 0

Bowls Php 0 2 Php 0

Pot Holder Php 6 10 Php 60

Strainer Php 0 3 Php 0

Sponge Php 48 2 Php 96

Stove Php 0 1 Php 0

Tongs Php 0 2 Php 0

Butane Php 75 10 Php 750

Ladle Php 0 1 Php 0

Knife Php 0 1 Php 0

Funnel Php 0 1 Php 0

Weighing scale Php 0 1 Php 0

Pot Php 0 1 Php 0

Total Cost: Php 906

66
APPENDICES OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Question 1: Effectiveness of Mixture A in terms of:

Table 1.0

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease II I I
removal

Foaming II I I
effect

Gentleness II I I
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of II II
mixture

Question 2: Effectiveness of Mixture B in terms of:

Table 2.0

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease II I II
removal

Foaming I I II
effect

Gentleness I I II
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of I III
mixture

67
 Question 3: Effectiveness of Mixture C in terms of:

Table 3.0

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease III I
removal

Foaming III I
effect

Gentleness II II
on hands

Odor III I
removal

Scent of II I I
mixture

Question 4: Effectiveness of Brand X in terms of:

Table 4.0

VERY EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL NOT NOT VERY

EFFECTIVE (2) (3) EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
(1) (4) (5)

Grease IIII
removal

Foaming IIII
effect

Gentleness on IIII
hands

Odor IIII
removal

Scent of IIII
mixture

68
 Question 5: Does this dishwashing liquid rinse off easily?

Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C Brand X

Yes IIII IIII III I

No I

Question 6: Does this dishwashing liquid stain the utensils or plates?

Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C Brand X

Yes

No IIII IIII IIII IIII

Question 7: Among the different dishwashing mixtures, what color do you prefer the most

in terms of:

Mixture A Mixture B Mixture C Brand X

Preferred color IIII

​

Overall IIII
preference

69
CURRICULUM VITAE

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