Programming Basics
Q: How do computers solve problems?
A: By performing billions of operations per second.
Q: What do programming languages allow us to do?
A: Communicate with the computer.
Q: What is logic flow?
A: The order in which steps are fulfilled, typically sequential (synchronous) or independent
(asynchronous).
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Basics
Q: What does object-oriented programming do?
A: Makes the real world understandable for computers by using classes and objects.
Q: Why are classes useful?
A: They act as blueprints, letting us reuse descriptions without repeating details.
Q: What is a class?
A: A blueprint for creating objects, containing attributes (variables) and methods (functions).
Q: What are the three types of class attributes?
A:
1. Local: Available only within the class.
2. Class-specific: Used without creating an object.
3. Instance-specific: Requires creating an object for access.
Q: What is an object?
A: An instance of a specific class defined by its attributes and methods.
Principles of OOP
Q: What is encapsulation?
A: Keeping an object’s state private, accessible only via public methods, so other classes
can’t directly change its state.
Q: What is abstraction?
A: Reducing complexity by hiding internal implementation details and showing only the
essential functionalities.
Q: What is inheritance?
A: A child class derives from a parent class, reusing its methods and fields while adding its
own unique elements.
Q: What is polymorphism?
A: The ability to use a class like its parent, while each child class keeps its own unique
implementation of methods.
Q: How does encapsulation differ from abstraction?
A:
● Encapsulation: Solves problems at the implementation level by hiding details.
● Abstraction: Solves problems at the design level by simplifying what is shown
externally.
Data Storage
Q: What is a variable?
A: A named storage for data that can be retrieved later.
Q: What are primitive data types?
A:
1. Boolean: True/False or 0/1
2. String: A series of alphanumeric characters (in quotes).
3. Number: Positive/negative values, including decimals.
4. Null: Represents nothingness.
Q: What is an array?
A: A container for storing multiple data items in fixed, zero-indexed buckets.
States, Logical Operators, and Conditions
Q: What is a state in programming?
A: A condition (e.g., true/false, null, undefined) that helps the computer make decisions.
Q: What are the common logical operators?
A:
1. NOT (!): Flips a statement's truth value.
2. AND (&&): True only if all connected conditions are true.
3. OR (||): True if at least one connected condition is true.
Q: What are statements and expressions?
A:
● Statements: Entire lines of code combining expressions.
● Expressions: Elements in a statement that evaluate to a value.
Q: What are the conditions?
A: True/false evaluations used to make decisions, often paired with comparison operators
like >=, <=, ==, or ===.
Loops
Q: What is a while loop?
A: Runs until a condition is met (undefined iterations, end state known).
Q: What is a for loop?
A: Runs for a specific number of iterations (exact count known).
Q: What is an infinite loop?
A: A loop that never stops, potentially causing crashes.
Functions
Q: What is a function?
A: A named series of instructions focused on a specific task, reusable and callable by
name.
Q: What are the 4 steps to designing a function?
A:
1. Define the goal.
2. Define the end result.
3. Define the required input.
4. Implement the logic.
Q: What are parameters and return values?
A:
● Parameters: Values passed into a function.
● Return values: Results output by a function.
Common Programming Mistakes
Q: What are common programming errors?
A:
1. Syntax errors: Missing ; or unmatched brackets.
2. Logical errors: Incorrect logic, such as infinite loops.
3. Scope errors: Misunderstanding global vs. local variables.
Debugging
Q: How can you debug your code?
A:
1. Use console.log to log information in JavaScript.
2. Set breakpoints to pause code execution and inspect variables.
