PAPER - VI (Science)

Space Technology

JPSC Science & Tech. 01 C

ñ Space technology encompasses the science, rocket engines, to propel payloads into orbit or on
engineering, and applications related to the exploration interplanetary trajectories.
and utilization of outer space. It involves a wide range 3. Spacecraft :
of disciplines and technologies aimed at studying Spacecraft are vehicles designed to travel in outer
celestial objects, understanding the universe, and space, conduct missions, and explore celestial bodies.
utilizing space for various purposes. Here are some key They can be unmanned or manned and are equipped
aspects of space technology: with propulsion systems, navigation systems,
1. Satellites : communication systems, scientific instruments, and life
Satellites are artificial objects placed in orbit around support systems as needed for their specific missions.
the Earth or other celestial bodies for communication, 4. Space Exploration :
navigation, Earth observation, scientific research, Space exploration involves the study and investigation
and other purposes. They are equipped with various of celestial objects, such as planets, moons, asteroids,
instruments, sensors, and communication systems to comets, and stars, through robotic spacecraft, telescopes,
collect data, transmit signals, and perform specific and other instruments. Missions to explore space aim
functions. to increase our understanding of the universe, search
2. Launch Vehicles : for signs of life, and identify resources for potential
Launch vehicles, also known as rockets, are vehicles utilization.
designed to transport payloads, including satellites, 5. Space Science :
spacecraft, and scientific instruments, into space. Space science encompasses disciplines such as
They use propulsion systems, such as liquid or solid astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, and

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 cosmology, focusing on the study of celestial objects, for space exploration, satellite development, and space
phenomena, and the universe as a whole. Space research in India. Here are some key aspects of space
telescopes, observatories, and planetary probes provide technology in India:
valuable data and observations for advancing our 1. Satellite Launch Capability :
knowledge of space. ISRO has developed indigenous launch vehicles such
6. Satellite Applications : as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the
Satellites have numerous applications in Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV),
telecommunications, broadcasting, weather forecasting, which are used to deploy satellites into various orbits.
environmental monitoring, disaster management, These launch vehicles have demonstrated reliability
navigation (GPS), remote sensing, agriculture, and cost-effectiveness, making India a preferred choice
urban planning, and defense. They play a critical for satellite launches among international customers.
role in modern society and contribute to economic 2. Remote Sensing Satellites :
development, scientific research, and national security. India operates a constellation of remote sensing
7. International Collaboration : satellites for applications such as agriculture, forestry,
Space exploration and technology development often water resources management, urban planning, disaster
involve international collaboration and cooperation management, and environmental monitoring. The
among space agencies, governments, research Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series of satellites
institutions, and private companies. Collaborative provide high-resolution imagery and data for a wide
efforts enable the sharing of resources, expertise, and range of civilian and strategic purposes.
data, leading to more ambitious missions and scientific 3. Communication Satellites :
discoveries. ISRO has developed and launched communication
8. Commercial Space Industry : satellites to support telecommunication, broadcasting,
The commercial space industry has grown significantly Internet connectivity, and other communication
in recent years, with private companies entering services across India and neighboring regions. The
the space sector to provide launch services, satellite GSAT series of communication satellites provide
deployment, space tourism, asteroid mining, and other a robust infrastructure for telecommunication and
space-related activities. Commercialization has led broadcasting services.
to innovation, cost reduction, and increased access to 4. Navigation System :
space. India has developed its own regional satellite navigation
9. Space Policy and Governance : system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
Space activities are governed by national space System (IRNSS), also known as NavIC (Navigation
policies, international treaties, agreements, and with Indian Constellation). NavIC provides accurate
regulatory frameworks established by spacefaring positioning and timing information to users in India
nations and international organizations. These policies and the surrounding region, contributing to navigation,
address issues such as space exploration, space debris transportation, and disaster management applications.
mitigation, space traffic management, and the peaceful 5. Interplanetary Missions :
use of outer space. India has achieved significant milestones in
ñ Space technology continues to advance rapidly, with interplanetary exploration with missions such as the
ongoing developments in areas such as reusable launch Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), which made India
vehicles, satellite miniaturization, interplanetary the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit. Mangalyaan
exploration, space tourism, and the search for continues to study the Martian atmosphere, surface,
extraterrestrial life. These advancements hold promise and mineralogy, providing valuable scientific data.
for expanding our understanding of the cosmos and 6. Human Spaceflight Program :
unlocking new opportunities for exploration, discovery, India is developing its human spaceflight program,
and innovation. known as Gaganyaan, with the aim of sending Indian
astronauts, or "Gagannauts," into space. The program
SPACE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
aims to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities,
ñ India has made significant strides in space technology
conduct scientific experiments, and inspire future
over the years, establishing itself as a major player in
generations of space explorers.
the global space arena. The Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) is the primary agency responsible

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7. International Collaboration : 3. Communication Satellite Program :
ISRO collaborates with space agencies and ISRO develops and launches communication satellites
organizations worldwide on various space missions, to support telecommunication, broadcasting, Internet
satellite projects, and scientific research initiatives. connectivity, and other communication services across
India has partnerships with countries such as the United India and neighboring regions. The GSAT series of
States, Russia, France, Japan, and European Space communication satellites provide a robust infrastructure
Agency (ESA) member states, facilitating technology for telecommunication and broadcasting services.
exchange, joint missions, and collaborative research 4. Navigation Satellite System :
efforts. India has developed its own regional satellite navigation
8. Space Technology Applications : system called the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite
Space technology applications have diverse societal System (IRNSS), also known as NavIC (Navigation
and economic impacts in India, including agriculture, with Indian Constellation). NavIC provides accurate
water resource management, disaster management, positioning and timing information to users in India
urban planning, healthcare, education, and defense. and the surrounding region, contributing to navigation,
Satellite-based services and data contribute to transportation, and disaster management applications.
informed decision-making, resource optimization, and 5. Interplanetary Missions :
sustainable development across sectors. India has conducted several successful interplanetary
ñ India's achievements in space technology reflect missions to explore other celestial bodies. The Mars
its commitment to harnessing space for national Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) made India the first
development, scientific exploration, and global Asian country to reach Mars orbit and continues to
cooperation. With ongoing advancements in study the Martian atmosphere, surface, and mineralogy.
launch capabilities, satellite technology, and space ISRO has also planned future missions to explore
exploration, India continues to expand its capabilities Venus, the Moon, and other celestial bodies.
and play a significant role in shaping the future of space 6. Human Spaceflight Program :
exploration and applications. India is developing its human spaceflight program,
known as Gaganyaan, with the aim of sending Indian
INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMMES
astronauts, or "Gagannauts," into space. The program
ñ The Indian space program, spearheaded by the Indian
aims to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities,
Space Research Organisation (ISRO), encompasses a
conduct scientific experiments, and inspire future
wide range of space exploration, satellite development,
generations of space explorers.
and space research initiatives aimed at advancing
7. Space Science and Exploration :
scientific knowledge, fostering socio-economic
ISRO conducts space science research and exploration
development, and enhancing national security. Here are
missions to study celestial objects, phenomena, and
some key Indian space programs:
the universe as a whole. These missions include
1. Satellite Launch Program :
astronomical observatories, planetary probes, lunar
ISRO operates a robust satellite launch program,
missions, and scientific experiments conducted in
with a family of indigenous launch vehicles capable
collaboration with international partners.
of deploying satellites into various orbits. The
8. International Collaboration :
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the
ISRO collaborates with space agencies and
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
organizations worldwide on various space missions,
are the workhorse launch vehicles used for launching
satellite projects, and scientific research initiatives.
satellites for communication, remote sensing,
India has partnerships with countries such as the United
navigation, and scientific purposes.
States, Russia, France, Japan, and European Space
2. Remote Sensing Program :
Agency (ESA) member states, facilitating technology
India operates an extensive remote sensing program
exchange, joint missions, and collaborative research
focused on Earth observation and environmental
efforts.
monitoring. The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite
ñ These Indian space programs demonstrate India's
series provides high-resolution imagery and data
commitment to harnessing space technology for
for applications such as agriculture, forestry, water
national development, scientific exploration, and
resources management, urban planning, disaster
global cooperation. With ongoing advancements in
management, and environmental monitoring.

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 launch capabilities, satellite technology, and space 7. Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator
exploration, India continues to expand its capabilities (RLV-TD) :
and play a significant role in shaping the future of space RLV-TD is a technology demonstration project
exploration and applications. aimed at developing a reusable launch vehicle to
ñ India has undertaken numerous space projects aimed reduce the cost of access to space.
at advancing scientific knowledge, supporting national 8. Astrosat :
development, and enhancing global cooperation in space Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength
exploration. Here are some notable Indian space projects: space observatory launched in 2015. It observes
1. Chandrayaan Missions : celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and
Chandrayaan-1: India's first lunar exploration cosmic phenomena across different wavelengths
mission launched in 2008. It discovered water of light.
molecules on the Moon's surface and provided 9. South Asian Satellite (GSAT-9) :
valuable data on lunar geology. GSAT-9, also known as the South Asian Satellite,
Chandrayaan-2: Launched in 2019, was launched in 2017 to provide communication
Chandrayaan-2 aimed to explore the Moon's south and broadcasting services to South Asian countries.
pole region. While the lander lost communication 10. Aditya-L1 Mission :
during the descent, the orbiter continues to study The Aditya-L1 mission, scheduled for launch in
the Moon from orbit. the near future, aims to study the Sun's corona and
2. Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) : gather insights into solar phenomena and their
Mangalyaan, launched in 2013, made India the impact on space weather.
first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the ñ These projects represent India's diverse capabilities in
fourth space agency globally to do so. It continues space exploration, satellite technology, and scientific
to study the Martian atmosphere, surface, and research. They underscore India's commitment to
mineralogy. leveraging space technology for socio-economic
3. Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Program : development, scientific discovery, and international
Gaganyaan aims to send Indian astronauts, collaboration.
or "Gagannauts," into space aboard an Indian APPLICATION OF SATELLITE
spacecraft. The program is expected to ñ Satellites have diverse applications across various
demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities, sectors, ranging from communication and navigation
conduct scientific experiments, and inspire future to Earth observation, scientific research, and national
generations. security. Here are some key applications of satellites:
4. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System 1. Communication :
(IRNSS) : Satellites serve as vital communication infrastructure,
Also known as NavIC (Navigation with Indian facilitating global telecommunications, broadcasting,
Constellation), IRNSS is India's regional satellite Internet connectivity, and data transmission.
navigation system designed to provide accurate Communication satellites relay signals between ground
positioning and timing information to users in stations, enabling voice, video, and data communication
India and the surrounding region. over long distances, including remote and inaccessible
5. GSAT Communication Satellites : areas.
The GSAT series of communication 2. Navigation :
satellites provide a robust infrastructure for Satellite navigation systems such as GPS (Global
telecommunication, broadcasting, Internet Positioning System), GLONASS (Global Navigation
connectivity, and other communication services Satellite System), Galileo, and NavIC provide accurate
across India and neighboring regions. positioning, navigation, and timing information to users
6. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites : worldwide. These systems support various applications,
The IRS series of remote sensing satellites including transportation, aviation, maritime navigation,
support Earth observation and environmental surveying, mapping, and location-based services.
monitoring for applications such as agriculture, 3. Earth Observation :
forestry, water resources management, disaster Satellites equipped with remote sensing instruments
management, and urban planning. capture imagery and data of the Earth's surface,

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 atmosphere, oceans, and environment. Earth locating and rescuing individuals in distress, such
observation satellites monitor weather patterns, climate as mariners, aviators, and outdoor enthusiasts, by
change, natural disasters, land use, agriculture, forestry, detecting distress signals and relaying information to
water resources, urban development, and environmental rescue authorities.
phenomena, supporting decision-making in areas such ñ These applications demonstrate the versatility and
as disaster management, resource management, and importance of satellites in addressing global challenges,
environmental monitoring. enhancing connectivity, promoting sustainable
4. Scientific Research : development, and improving the quality of life for
Satellites play a crucial role in scientific research and people worldwide.
exploration of space, providing data and observations
INDIAN SATELLITES
for astronomy, astrophysics, planetary science, and
ñ India has launched a diverse range of satellites for various
cosmology. Space telescopes and observatories observe
purposes, including communication, navigation, Earth
celestial objects, galaxies, stars, and cosmic phenomena
observation, scientific research, and national security.
across different wavelengths of light, advancing our
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is
understanding of the universe and its origins.
responsible for designing, developing, and launching
5. Weather Forecasting :
these satellites. Here are some notable Indian satellites:
Weather satellites monitor atmospheric conditions,
1. INSAT Series :
cloud patterns, temperature, humidity, and other
The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
meteorological parameters to provide accurate weather
series consists of geostationary satellites
forecasts and warnings. Meteorological satellites
primarily used for communication, broadcasting,
track storms, hurricanes, cyclones, and other extreme
weather forecasting, and disaster management.
weather events, supporting disaster preparedness, early
INSAT satellites provide services such as
warning systems, and climate monitoring.
telecommunication, television broadcasting,
6. Defense and National Security :
meteorology, search and rescue, and satellite-
Satellites play a crucial role in defense and national
based internet connectivity.
security by providing reconnaissance, surveillance,
2. GSAT Series :
intelligence gathering, and situational awareness
The GSAT (Geosynchronous Satellite) series
capabilities. Military satellites support communication,
includes communication satellites designed to
navigation, reconnaissance, and monitoring of strategic
augment and replace the INSAT series. GSAT
assets, borders, and potential threats, enhancing
satellites support telecommunication, broadcasting,
military operations and security.
Internet connectivity, and other communication
7. Telemedicine and Remote Sensing :
services across India and neighboring regions.
Satellites enable telemedicine and remote sensing
3. IRS Series :
applications by facilitating telecommunication links
The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series
between healthcare providers and patients in remote or
comprises Earth observation satellites equipped
underserved areas. Remote sensing satellites support
with remote sensing instruments for monitoring
medical diagnosis, epidemiological studies, and public
environmental, agricultural, forestry, water
health monitoring by collecting and transmitting
resources, urban planning, disaster management,
health-related data and imagery.
and other applications. IRS satellites provide
8. Agriculture and Resource Management :
high-resolution imagery and data for civilian and
Satellites monitor agricultural activities, crop
strategic purposes.
health, soil moisture, vegetation cover, and land use
4. Cartosat Series :
patterns, providing valuable information for precision
The Cartosat series of satellites are dedicated to
agriculture, crop management, yield optimization, and
cartography and mapping applications. They
natural resource conservation. Satellite-based data
provide high-resolution optical imagery for land
supports agricultural planning, irrigation management,
use planning, urban development, infrastructure
crop insurance, and food security initiatives.
mapping, resource management, and defense
9. Search and Rescue :
applications.
Search and rescue satellites equipped with distress
5. RISAT Series :
beacons and emergency response systems assist in
The Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) series

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 features synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites Prithvi missile have different ranges and payloads.
capable of all-weather, day-and-night imaging. Agni Missile Series : The Agni series comprises
RISAT satellites support applications such as intermediate to intercontinental range ballistic missiles
agriculture monitoring, forestry mapping, soil designed for strategic deterrence. Agni missiles are
moisture estimation, disaster management, and capable of delivering conventional or nuclear warheads
surveillance. to targets within and beyond India's borders.
6. NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) : Shaurya Missile : Shaurya is a hypersonic surface-to-
NavIC is India's regional satellite navigation surface ballistic missile designed for quick reaction and
system comprising a constellation of satellites precision strike capabilities. It is capable of carrying
providing accurate positioning, navigation, and conventional or nuclear payloads.
timing services over India and the surrounding Sagarika (K-15) and K-4 Submarine-Launched
region. NavIC supports applications such as Ballistic Missiles : Developed for deployment on
transportation, maritime navigation, disaster India's nuclear-powered submarines, these missiles
management, and surveying. provide the country with a sea-based nuclear deterrent
7. Astrosat : capability.
Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength 2. Cruise Missiles :
space observatory launched in 2015. It observes Nirbhay Cruise Missile : Nirbhay is a subsonic cruise
celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and cosmic missile capable of delivering conventional or nuclear
phenomena across different wavelengths of light, warheads to targets at medium to long ranges. It is
contributing to astronomy and astrophysics designed for precision strike missions against enemy
research. targets on land or at sea.
8. Chandrayaan Missions : BrahMos Missile : Developed jointly with Russia,
India's Chandrayaan missions include Chandrayaan-1, BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile known for its
launched in 2008, and Chandrayaan-2, launched speed, precision, and versatility. It can be launched from
in 2019. These lunar exploration missions aimed land, sea, or air platforms and is capable of engaging a
to study the Moon's surface, mineralogy, and wide range of targets.
atmosphere, providing valuable scientific data. 3. Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs) :
9. Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) : Nag Missile : Nag is a third-generation fire-and-forget
Mangalyaan, launched in 2013, made India the anti-tank guided missile designed to destroy enemy
first Asian country to reach Mars orbit. It continues armored vehicles. It features top-attack and fire-
to study the Martian atmosphere, surface, and and-forget capabilities for enhanced lethality against
mineralogy, contributing to planetary science armored threats.
research. 4. Air Defense Missiles :
ñ These Indian satellites demonstrate the country's Akash Missile System : Akash is a medium-range
capabilities in space technology and its commitment surface-to-air missile system designed to intercept
to leveraging space assets for national development, and destroy aerial threats such as enemy aircraft,
scientific research, and global cooperation. helicopters, drones, and cruise missiles. It provides
air defense coverage to critical assets and military
INDIAN MISSILE PROGRAMS
installations.
ñ India has developed a range of missile programs to
5. Anti-Ship Missiles :
strengthen its national defense capabilities, deter
BrahMos Missile : In addition to its land-attack
potential adversaries, and ensure strategic stability in
capability, BrahMos can be launched from naval
the region. The country's missile programs are overseen
vessels to engage enemy ships and naval targets with
by organizations such as the Defence Research and
precision and high lethality.
Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian
ñ India's missile programs continue to evolve with
Armed Forces. Here are some key Indian missile
ongoing research, development, and testing to enhance
programs:
capabilities, reliability, and operational readiness. These
1. Ballistic Missiles :
missile systems play a critical role in India's national
Prithvi Missile Series : Developed by DRDO, the
security strategy and defense posture, contributing to
Prithvi series includes short-range ballistic missiles
deterrence, defense preparedness, and sovereignty.
designed for tactical battlefield use. Variants of the

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