Joglborg

&
DIESTER M. PAGHUBASAN
APRIL 2024
 ALGEBRA: THEORITICAL

:
REAL NUMBERS COMPLEX NUMBERS

R1: RATIONAL Z = X + Yi Rectagular form

A. INTEGERS Imaginary unit

AN
i. NEGATIVE Imaginary part
Ex. -1, -2, -3,… Real part

ii. NON-NEGATIVE i = i i = (1 ) 90(n)

• ZERO i = -1

S
• POSITIVE i = -i
— Natural/Counting numbers i4 = 1

BA
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Whole Number SIGNIFICANT FIRGURES
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1) 3.0800 5
2) 0.00418 3
B. DECIMAL
i. Terminating Decimals
3
2
= 1.5 ,
233
100
= 2.33 HU 3) 7.09 x 10-5
4) 91,600
5) 0.003005
6) 3.200 x 109
7) 250
3
3
4
4
2
PAG
8) 780,000,000 2
ii. Non-Terminating Repeating Decimals 9) 0.0101 3
10 10) 0.00800 3
= 3.3333
3 11) 2804 4

nth digit in non-terminating

repeating decimal
R

218107
123456

40357th of = 0.654321654321
333333 M
STE

R2: IRRATIONAL
i. Non-Terminating 40357 / 6 = decimal
3 , e, π “Minus 1 until to its WN” 40357th = 6
40356 / 6 = Whole number

40357 - 40356 = 1
DIE
GCF - GREATEST COMMON FACTOR FINDING ROOTS
-

LCM - LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE 2nd DEGREE EQUATION

—B ± B - 4AC
I

Ex. 15 = 5, 3 AxE + Bx + C = 0 x =
2A
17 = 7, 3
36 = 2 , 3
2

AN
I

DISCRIMINANT:
GCF = 3 B - 4AC = 0 Equal Real roots
&
,

LCM = (3 )(5)(7)(2 ) = 1260 B - 4AC > 0 Unequal Real roots

& I E
,

B - 4AC < 0 Complex roots

E
,

S
LOGARITHM SUM OF ROOTS PRODUCT OF ROOTS
B C

BA
S = - P =
log A A
log B = log
A

log AB = logA + logB

log B = logA - logB
A
3rd DEGREE EQUATION
log B A = X A = B
X

Ax + Bx + Cx + D = 0
y 3 E

log A = ln A
e

ln e = 1
e In A = A

1. log 3209.65 = 3.5065

HU SUM OF ROOTS
S = -
B
A

SUM OF PRODUCT
PRODUCT OF ROOTS
P = -
D
A
PAG
Mantissa (Decimal part) C
SOP =
Y

Y Characteristic (WN part) A

No. of positive roots:

2. log 0.007887 = -2.10309 If negative, plus a x - 2x - 3x + 4x - x - 1 = 0
5 4 3 &

+3
-

number greater
- -

0.8969 than 1 = 3 or 1 positive roots

R

Characteristic = -3 No. of negative roots:

Mantissa = 0.8969
x - 2x - 3x + 4x - x - 1 = 0
5 4 3 &
STE

+ x) -

2) -
X)" -

3) X)
-
3
+ 47 X)2 -
( x) -

1 =
0

3. log 132 = 2.1206 -

x5 -

2X" + 3X3 + 4X2 + x -

1 =
0
- -

colog = -2.1206
= 2 or 0 negative roots

DOMAIN AND RANGE REMAINDER THEOREM

DIE

f(x) = Ax + Bx 2 + Cx + D, divide by x-a

3

1. f(x) = x-4
R = f(a)
Domain: x-4 > 0 Range: f(4) = x-4
x > 4 f(x) > 0 x x - yz
= z +
y y
INEQUALITIES INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Inequality symbol: <, >, _ , _

1
1. Find f (x) of f(x) = x + 3
-
3

y = x + 3
3

Inequality notation Interval notation x = y3 + 3

y = 3 x-3

AN
f(x) = 3 x-3
X < 3 X = (-∞, 3)
X > -1
X < 2
-4 < X < 1
· X = (-1, ∞)
X = (- ∞, 2]
X = (-4, 1]

S
BA
1. |2x-7| > 5
(+) (-)
2x-7 > 5 2x-7 < -5
x > 6 x < 1

2. |x+4| < 3
X = {7, 8, 9, …}

HU
X = {0, -1, -2, -3, …}
PAG
(+) (-)
X < -1 X > -7

X = {-7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1}

-1 > X > -7

3. Nine minus five times a number x is no less than

39. Which of the following expressions represents
R

all the possible values of the number

9 -

5X239
STE

<
x G
-

x 1 6
,
-
DIE
BINOMIAL THEOREM FUNCTIONS
1. If f(x) = 10^x +1 then f(x+1)-f(x) is equal to
10x + 1
+1
Find the rth term of (x + y )
b
C M
10X 1 - -

=
10110") -

10
*

GM - (r 1) br 1

nC (x ) (y ) (104)
- -

n
=
9
,

AN
If “n” is negative: 2. If f(x - 1) = 1 + x^2, then what is f(x)
(-n)(-n-1)(-n-2)… (-n-r+2) 1 + x2
&
1 + (x 1)2
-nC =
= =

(r-1)!
r -

=
1 + X2 -
2x + 1 + 2x
-

x2

S
=
1 + -
2x + 1 +
2(X 1)
-

1. Find the tem containing x E z in the (x+y+z)

3 11 =
2 + X -

2x + 2x -
2 +
1
2

BA
=
X + 1
11 -
(r 1)
-
r -
1 2
↑ Cr- y (X + Y) (z) =
x2z3 ·
X + 2x + y =
f(x) ,

123(X + y)(z)3 =
x z3 Gamitin mo na lang choices :)
8 (r 1) V / =
z3
- - -

3
1Cy z 8 Cr-1 (Y) (X) =
X

38C2(Y)"(X)
=

1C3z x z3

HU
=

°
123 8C2 Y X z
=
467040x2z3
PAG
SUM OF EXPONENTS
a+b
SOE = [n (n+1) ]
D R
(x + y )
A

M
(x + y + z )
a I c

a+b+c n - even
R

SOE = [n (n+2) ] Y
2
a+b+c
SOE = [n (n+1)(n+2) ] n - odd
STE

Y
2

SUM OF COEFFICIENT

B C M
(Ax + By + Cz + k ) Sub 1 to all variable
A C
DIE

d M M
SOC = (A + B + C + D + k ) - k
RATIO AND PROPORTION
1. If x : y : z = 4 : -3 : 2 and 2x + 4y - 3z = 20,
find x, y, z.
* =
*
3 #=
x =
- yz =
-

AN
j3)
-

-Y) + 34 -
3) -
Ex =
20

Y= 6
, X = -
8 z =
-
4
,

S
BA
HU
R PAG
STE
DIE
 ALGEBRA: WORD PROBLEM
CONSECUTIVE INTEGERS DIGIT NUMBER
100h + 10t + u Orig
Consecutive integers: 100u + 10t + h Reverse
x, (x+1), (x+2),… h - hundreds

AN
t - tens
Odd or even consecutive integers: u - units
x, (x+2), (x+4),…
MIXTURE PROBLEM
Both odd and even cosecutive integers:

S
Even: 2x, (2x+2), (2x+4),… x(A%) + (y)(B%) = (x+y)(C%)
Odd: x, (x+2), (x+4),…

BA
1. A laboratory keeps two acid solutions on hand.
AGE One is 20% acid and the other is 35% acid.
Past Present Future How many liters of distilled water should be
Person 1 A-x A A+y added to a liter of 35% acid solution in order
Person 2
Equation:

COIN
B-x B
by condition
B+y

HU 55%
to dilute it to a 20% acid solution

4L
+
* =
X =
0 75L
PAG
.

1c - Penny
5c - Nickel 2. From a 2 liter vessel containing water, a certain
10c - Dimes
amount was drained and replaced with pure alcohol.
25c - quarts
Later from the mixture, the same amount was
1. Eve opens her coin purse and found dimes, drained and again replaced with pure alcohol. What
quarters and nickels with a total value of 1.90 amount was removed each time if the resulting
dollars. There are twice as many dimes as mixture has 36% alcohol?
R

there are quarters and half as many nickels as

quarters. How many quarters are there? - +
= ; 100X =
IP
STE

n + d + q =
1 . 9

0 057
.
+ 0 . 1d + 0 259
. =
1 .
9 E -

* +
, =
5361 i (2-X)P + 100X =
72

12 -x150x + 100X =
72

b =
29 - n =
2 X = 0 42
,.

q = 2n d =
g

q =
4
DIE

,
 NUMBER RELATION 5. On a trip, a man noticed that his car averaged
1. A group consists of n engineers and n nurses. 21 km per liter of gasoline except for the days he
If two of the engineers are replaced by two used the air conditioning and then it averaged only
other nurses, then 51% of the group members 17 km per liter. If he used 91 liters of gasoline to
will be nurses. Find the value of n drive 1, 751 km on how many of those kliometers

AN
let n-engineer n + n =
2n did he use the air conditioning?
n-nurse W/A2 WoA2 1751 km 9/L
I , ,

17 (X) + 21190 X)
-
=
1751

n E

3
X 5)
-
=

S
n + 2 0 51(2n)
.
=
n + 2 W/AC =
680km
,

n =
100
/

6. If a man was left with 10 hectares than 40% of

BA
2. Find two numbers whose sum is 4 and whose his land after selling 6 hectares more than 70% of
product is 8. his land, how many hectares of land did he initially
X, 4 -

X X(4 X) -
= & own?
X 21; 10 + X-6-0 7X 0 4X
2

HU
= = .
.

X =
40 hectares
,

3. A boy has money to buy 10 choco bars. If the

price increase by 50cents per bar, he can buy 8pcs 7. A car rental company offers two plans for
with P2 in excess of his money. How much money renting a car:
PAG
do the boy have originally Plan A : $30/day and $ 0.20/mile
M =
10 P Q Plan B : $55/day with free unlimited mileage
(P + 0 5)8
.
+ 2 =
m & For what range of miles will Plan B save a
P= 3 customer's money
m = 36 30 + 0 . 2x =
55

X =
125

4. A realtor bough a group of lots for $90, 000. He MORE THAN 125 miles ,
R

then sells them at a gain of $3, 750 per lot and

has a total profit equal to the amount he received 8. A number is divided into two parts such that
STE

for the last 4 lots sold. How many lots were when the greater part is divided by the smaller,
originally in the group? the quotient is 3 and the remainder is 5. Find
the smaller number if the sum of the two
HP =
90000
n
= F =
4(P + 3750) numbers is 37
n(P + 3750) =
90000 + 4/P + 3750) X ,
37 -
X
M X 5
I
90000 + =
90000 + 44 + 15000 3 + - X
DIE

37 -
X 37

P =
7500 X =
29

..
H =
12 , smaller =
8
,
9. A retailer bought a number of ballpens for P90
and sold all but 3 at a profit of P2 per ballpen.
With the total amount received she could buy 15
more ballpens than before. Find the cost per
ballpen 3
P
=

AN
nP =
90

(n 3)(P+ 3)
- =
P/n + 15)
5
(n 3))
-
+ 2) :
90 +

S
BA
HU
R PAG
STE
DIE
WORK CLOCK PROBLEM
1. It takes an apprentice twice as long as it takes
an experienced carpenter to do a certain piece MH = x x - minutes
x
of work. Working together they can do the HH = 5(h) + h - o’clock
12
work in 6 days. How long would it take for the

AN
apprentice to do it alone
A =
2C
1 1
A
t
C
=
#
+ #
C
=
#

S
C =
9 .. A =
18

2. John’s rate of doing work is three times as fast

BA
as Bill. On a given day John and Bill work
together for 4 hours then Bill was called away
and John finishes the rest of the job in 2 hours.
How long would it take Bill to do the complete job
alone

1 14
# =

+
3

+ (#)2 = 1
HU
PAG
1 B 44 + + (B)2 =
x

B =
23hr
,

3. Mon and Mila can restock an aisle at the

supermarket in 1 hour working together. Working
alone, Mon can restock an aisle in 1.5 hours and
Mila in 2 hours. If they work together in 2 hours,
R

and then work separately for another two hours

how many aisles will they have completed
STE

When together : X +Y
,
1 aisle =
1 hour

· Ihr =
2 aisle

separately : (5 +
E)2 =
a

a =
2 33..

: a = 4 33.

,
DIE
MOTION Circular track
D = r t C(ts + to) C(ts - to)
Vf = Vs =
2(to)(ts) 2(to)(ts)
1. A boy on his bicycle intends to arrive at a
certain time to a town that is 30 km away “X” behind

AN
from his home. After riding 10 km, he rested 2
C
2

for half an hour, and as a result he was C - Cx

Vf = Vs =
to(2C - x) to(2C - x)
obliged to ride the rest of the trip 2km/hr
faster. What was his original speed

S
0 5 hr
.

Involving the: Wind and stream

X
I
10 km 20km
② I y

BA
VI 2 + V

if not rest Ti Te rest

D r t
=
take a

* =
+ + 0 5 .
+ +2
d1 x±y t1
d3 x±y t3
# =
# +
0 5 .
+
20
2 +

↓ 8 kph x - speed of an object

HU
=

y - speed of river/wind
2. Two commuters leave the same city at the (+) - along
(-) - against
same time but travel in opposite directions. One
car is traveling at an average speed of 63 mph
PAG
and the other car is traveling at an average 1. Speed boat can travel 10 miles downstream in
speed of 59 mph. How many hours will it take the same amount of time as it goes 6 miles
before the cars are 610 miles apart? upstream. If the velocity of the river current
(
t >
- + =
ty is 3 mph, find the speed of the boat in still
3, + S3 =
St water
63+ + 597 =
610 D I
f t

+ =
5hrs 10 x +3 t
.,
R

6 X -

3 t

3. Two trains leave two different cities 1029 miles

STE

apart and head directly towards each other on 10 =

(x + 3)t

parallel tracks. If one train is traveling at 45 mph 6 =

(X 3)t
-

and the other 53 mph, how many hours will it : X =

12 mph ,

take before the trains pass?

X I 1024 -
X I

O O

ti ty
DIE

X 1029 X -

=
45 53

X =
472 5 .

: = 10 5 hr,
.

,
VENN DIAGRAM PERCENTAGE
1. A class of 40 students took examinations in 1. At a party there are 3 large pizzas. Each pizza
Algebra and Trigonometry. If 30 passed in has been cut into 9 equal pieces. Eight-ninths
Algebra, 36 passed in Trigonometry, and 2 of the first pizza have been eaten; 2/3 of the
failed in both subjects, how many students second pizza have been eaten; 7/9 of the third

AN
passed in both subjects? pizza have been eaten. What fraction of the 3
pizzas is left?
TOTAL
-
40 LEFT : P1 -
1 - z
P2 -
3 =
30 X x 36 X

S
- -

30 -
X + X + 36 -
X =
38 P3-2

X = 28

BA
A T

HU
PAG
MONEY RELATION
1. Jackie invested money in two different accounts,
one of which earned 12% interest per year and
another that earned 15% interest per year. The
amount invested at 15% was 100 more than
twice the amount at 12%. How much was
invested at 12% if the total annual interest
R

earned was $855?

r, =
12 % P2 =
100 + IP, 1
STE

V2 =
15 %

I + 12 =
855

0 12 P,
.
+ 0 15P2
.
=
855 I

P2 =
4100
P =
2000 ,
DIE
PROGRESSION SAMPLE PROBLEM OF PROGRESSION
A. ARITHMETIC PRORESSION 1. The ratio of three numbers is 2:5:7. If 7 is
subtracted from the second, the resulting
L = a + (n-1)d numbers form an arithmetic progression.
S
AM = Determine the smallest of the three numbers
n n
S = (L + a)

AN
2 2X ,
5X , 7X

n 2X 5X- 7 7X
S = [ 2a + (n-1)d ] , ,

2 7X -
15X 7)- = 5X 7 -IX
-

X =
14

B. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

S
smallest =
28,

n 1
L = a (r)
-

GM = a a a …a 2. In a certain A.P. the 1st, 4th and 8th terms

M

BA
123 R

a - rL are themselves in geometric progression. What is

S =
1-r the common ratio of the G.P.
a(r -1)
R

S =
r-1

B1. INFINITE PROGRESSION

S =
a
r-1
HU 3. What is the sum of a geometric progression if
there are 4 geometric means between 3 and 729
n =
G
PAG
5 3(30 -
4)
729 = 3 M S =
3 -
/

C. HARMONIC PROGRESSION r =
3 S =
1092
,
— Reciprocal of AP
4. There are a set of triplets. If there are 11
n generations, how many ancestors do they have if
HM =
a i + a + a +…+ a
↑ " ↑ ↑
- -
-

& 3 n
duplication is not allowed
3)3" -
1)
S =
3 -
1
R

&

(GM) = (AM)(HM) 5 365719

,
=
STE

5. In a pile of logs, each layer contains one more

log than the layer above and the top contains just
one log. if there are 105 logs in the pile, how
many layers are there?
s = E(2a + (n 1d) -

105 =
E(2(1) (n 1)(1) +
DIE

n
=
14 ,
 TRIGONOMETRY
Y ANGLES
Student All Acute angle
(sin) Right angle
-

X + X Obtuse angle

AN
Straight angle
Take Chemistry Reflex angle *
(tan) (cos) Pengon angle
-
Y

I. Follow the condition Terminal side

S
↑

II. Ireferred lahat sa +x axis ↑

θ +
Initial side
a
-
>

Vertex

BA
AMPLITUDE AND PERIOD • Complementary θ1 + θI = 90
• Supplementary θ12+ θ = 180

y
y
y
=
=
=
a sin(bx)
a cos(bx)
sec(bx)
Amplitude
a
a
—
—
HU Period
2 π /b
2 π /b
2 π /b
2π /b
• Explementary

sin(x) = cos(90-x)
sec(x) = csc(90-x)
θ12+ θ = 360
PAG
y = csc(bx) tan(x) = cot(90-x)
y = tan(bx) — π/b
y = cot(bx) — π/b
CONVERSION
360° = 1 rev
y = a sin(bx ± c) ± d = 2π rad
= 400 grad
= 400 gon
Max. Point = ± d + a
= 6400 mils
R

Min. Point = ± d - a
Phase shift = c/b > 0 shift to the right IDENTITIES
STE

Phase shift = c/b < 0 shift to the left • ( θ ) + cos ( θ ) = 1

sin 2E
Vertical Displacement = +d (upward) • sin(A+B) = sin(A)cos(B) + cos(A)sinB)
Vertical Displacement = -d (downward) • cos(A+B) = cos(A)cos(B) + sin(A)sin(B)
tanA + tanB
• tan(A+B) =
1 - tanA tanB

sin(2 θ ) = 2sin( θ )cos( θ )

DIE

cos(2 θ ) = cos E ( θ ) - sin ( θ )

&

1 + cos(2 θ )
cos ( θ ) =
&

2
1 - cos(2 θ )
sin 2 ( θ ) =
2
 SPECIAL IDENTITIES Elevation & Depression

versin = 1-cos( θ )
hoversin = " [ 1-cos( θ ) ] -
θe
coversin = 1 - sin( θ )
=

L θd
exsecant = sec( θ ) - 1

AN
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
- Right triangle only

S
c = a + b2
I 2

BA
E C -

hypotenous

θ
B

sin
SOH
θ =
OPP
HYD COS
CAH
θ =
adj
↓ YP

HU
tar
TOA

θ =
OPP
adj
PAG
SINE LAW

D
C
A

a C
R

sinA sinB sinC

= =
a b c
STE

COSINE LAW
-Any triangle

D
C 22
C = A + B - [ 2ABcos(c) ]
&
A
DIE

a
C

B
1. If sinA = 4/5 and sinB = 7/25, what is sin(A+B) 5. An observer 5m away from the base of a bldg
if A is in the 3rd quadrant and B is in the 2nd finds that the angle of elevation of the top of the
quadrant bldg is twice the angle of elevation of the top of
A =
53 13 A =
233 13
↑
the same bldg when he is 25m away from it. Find
B/-B
.
.
,

the height of the bldg

Alma
B =
16 26.
,
B =
163 74 .

AN
sin(A + B) = E ,

2. Points A and B, 1000m apart are plotted on a

straight highway running east and west. From A, (20

S
&
20 5
the bearing of the tower C is 32° W of N and from
B, the bearing of C is 26° N of E. Approximate the

BA
shortest distance of the tower C to the highway

C
58
1000
=
Ts 596
a
n

HU a 852 719
=
.

: %
58
3
126 / O

B 1000 M A
& X & 1000 -
X 7

h =
a sin 26
PAG
n =
373 8876m,
.

3. Triangle ABC is a right triangle with right angle

at C. If BC = 4 and the altitude to the hypotenuse
is 1, find the area of the triangle ABC
A

= sin /
R

- =
14 480
<
.

X
/
X = (tanf)(4)
STE

E X =
1 033
.

B 4 C

A = 4(1 033) .
"2
A
=
3 066
,
.

4. Find the angle in mils subtended by a line 10

DIE

yards long at a distance of 5000 yards.

↑O
- =
0 . 11460

( - =
2 037 mils
.

,
5000
 PLANE GEOMETRY
TRIANGLE Circumcenter

1 r

A = A B sin(c)
<

C
D 2 -

A
P =A + B + C
1

AN
S = P/2
a C

HERON’S FORMULA
Length of bisecting the sides
A = s(s-A)(s-B)(s-C)
2a + 2b - c
& & I

S
x =
I
X

A
D
4
• Equilateral triangle
*

4/2
Kung alin yung binisect

BA
/ <

3 2
60°
A = x • TRIANGLE INSCRIBED IN A CIRCLE
X 4
• CIRCLE CIRCUMSCRIBING A TRIANGLE
- -

A
60° 60°

Angle Bisector
↑

INCENTER - Intersection of angle bisector HU 2

a

C
p D A

a
a
PAG
B

D 2
C
tA = BCS(S-A) abc a3
A
B+C A = A =
a tA
C/z
4r 4r
a = r 3
Ca
a b c
C

B = = = 2r
sinA sinB sinC

Median • CIRCLE INSCRIBED IN A TRIANGLE

CENTROID - Intersection of median • RIANGLE CICUMSCRIBING A CIRCLE
R

D
C
STE

a
A C
A b

a
r
I
C r
Ble
B
/
B12
, C A

3a
Altitude A = rS A = r
2
Orthocenter - Intersection of altitude a = 2 3 r
DIE

• TRIANGLE ESCRIBE A CIRCLE

Br 2 A*
~

C
h =
-
A

a KB " Y B
m
A = r (S-c)
BY A
C

- -

D
CIRCLE • TANGENT
PROPERTIES OF CIRCLE B

X Y
θ A

Chord A = πr I
I

P = C = πd

AN
Diameter C

AB = AC X - major arc
Radius 1 Y - minor arc
θ = (X-Y)
2

S
Tangent
Secant

• SECANT

BA
• SECTOR
1 &
Asec = r θ

:
2
p
C B A
θ
p

θ S S = rθ

• SEGMENT
p

A
r

Psec = 2r + S

HU
θ = Arc AB
E
X
Y
B

D
AB AC = AD AE

θ =
B =
&
↑
↑
(X-Y)
(X+Y)
PAG
&

Aseg = Asec - A • TANGENT SECANT

p

θ D
p
C

X Y

θ A

• CHORD
R

AB = AC AD
&
STE

AB = CD 1
θ = (X-Y)
D
B 2
E
C
A

• ANNULUS
• INSCRIBED AND CENTRAL ANGLE L

AA = A L - A
&
DIE

r
P
θ B = Rθ AA = π
θ B

A θ — Inscribed angle
θ θ B — Central angle r r A SHADED = A - 3A SECTOR

A,B,C - apex

·
= r& [ 3 - π
B p

A ]
M

SHADED
&
r p

-
QUADRILATERAL
• PARALLELOGRAM • CYCLIC

↑
B
A di da D
C
B
n dy
θ S

AN
E
A

D de
D

A = ab sinθ
d
A

A = bh
A = +2 d d sin B

S
A+C = B+D = 180
• RHOMBUS AC + BD = d↑ dI

BA
a -

θ
d · 'd A = a sin θ
A = bh
A = (S-a)(S-b)(S-c)(S-d)

A = +2 d d (ab+cd)(ad+bc)(ac+d)
A =

• TRAPEZOID

D
a

HU B
4r

D
PAG
↑
A = mh
C

a + b
M

m = A p
A = abcd
2 E
A = rS
St
A
D
D d

↑
a2 - bI
m H
A =
X 2 [cot θ + cot B ]
R

θ B
a + b&
R
St
X =
2
STE

• PARABOLIC SEGMENT

↑
D

B
C
2
C
de
n
A = bh
A
β 3
dy S
DIE

d
D D

A+C B+D
θ= = D
2 2 A A
A = π ab

A = (S-a)(S-b)(S-c)(S-d)- abcd cos θ P = π 2 [a + b ]

2 2 &

D
1
A = d d I sin β ↑

2
• POLYGON
b

CONVEX CONCAVE 180

θ =
Go n
1 180
A = nb cot
E

θ 4 n
↓

AN
θj

1 360
A = nr sin
E

SIDE POLYGON 2 n
90 p
10 DECAGON

S
11 UNDECAGON
12 DODECAGON

BA
15 PENTADECAGON
20 ICOSAGON
100 HECTOGON 180
A = nr tan
E
q0
1000 CHILIAGON
r =

n
10000 MYRIAGON

θe

θe
HU
θe - Exterior angle N-Pointed Star
PAG
θi θi - Interior angle

180 360
A = nr tan cos
E

n n
S = 180(n-4)
360
Fi

θe = S fi = 180(n-2)
n
n
180 (n-2) #D = (n-3)
θi = 2
n
R

1
STE

A = nba A - area
2
n - no. of sides
P = nb b - base
a - apothem
P - Perimeter
DIE
 SOLID GEOMETRY
NON-POINTED FIGURES TRUNCATED PRISM

V = Ab h
LA = Pb h
SA = LA + 2Ab

AN
1. Parallelpiped

↓ V = LWh

S
LA = 2(L+W)h
d (N
SA = LA + 2LW POINTED FIRGURES

BA
L
GIRTH = 2(L+h) V = 1/3 Ab h
LA = 1/2 Pb L X
Slant height
2. Cube SA = LA + Ab

· HU
V = S
3

I
LA = 4S
E

e
S SA = LA + 2S
- R

S L L
h
h
-
S
PAG
s

3. Cylinder
s - r

FRUSTUM
V = πr h
I

H
V = [ A↑ + A I + A A ]
rz

LA = πdh

I
h
↑ 2

3
R

SA = LA + 2π r R
n
L

- r LA = (P + P 2 )
↑

en
STE

re

4. Pentagonal Prism
PRISMATOIDAL RULE

↑
L
A = (A ↑ + 4Am + A ) &

6
V = "2 nbah
DIE

h LA = nbh L - is the distance between A ↑ & A 2

* a
SA = LA + 2 "e nba
rz

I
b
n
-rm

e
SPHERE POLYHEDRON
A. TETRAHEDRON
4 faces equilateral triangle
4
V = πr
3
=
as
A
3
3

=
SA = 4π r ↓
I 12

AN
R = · a

B. OCTAHEDRON
SPHERICAL ZONE 8 faces equilateral triangle
A = 23a
πh
E

V = [ 3R - h ) = & a3

S
↓
3
P = 8 a

BA
A = 2πRh

C. DODECAHEDRON
SPHERICAL CONE 12 faces equilateral pentagon
A = 20 65 92
2
.

πR h
&
V = = 6693
3

HU ↓

R =
7 .

1 11 A .
PAG
SPHERICAL SEGMENT

V = π h [3a E + 3b E + h E ] V =
2 3
r tanθ
6 3
θ

SPHERICAL LUNE
R

A = πr
E θ
90
STE

SPHERICAL WEDGE

θ
V = πr
3

270
DIE
ELLIPSOID / SPHEROID

AN
4 4
V = πa b V = π ab
& &

S
3 3

OBLATE - Elipse is revolved at its minor axis

BA
PROLATE - Elipse is revolved at its major axis

Note:
The largest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in
the ellipsoid have dimension of

L = 2x
W= 2y
H = 2z
X

Z
=
=
=
A

3
D
3
C
3
V = LWH = HU 8abc
3 3
PAG
PARABOLOID

r
1
V = πr h
2

2
u
R
STE
DIE
 PLANE ANALYTIC
DISTANCE FORMULA D. Shortest distance
(x,y) The shortest distance from the point (5, 10) to
Ordinate the curve x = 12y is:
&

Abscisa X2
Y = 12

AN
& 2

A. Distance between 2-points de = X2 -X , + Y2 -

Y,
2 x2 2

de = X2 -

5 +
12
-

10
x
P2X2 , Yz Eddd = E/X -

5 +
(
E 12
-

10 = O
·
3

5X
X
d =

S
-

-
x +
5 72

X = 9 3096.

, 9 30962
I
Xi , Ye
d = 52 +
.

BA
9 3096 10
-
-
.
I

d = . 127
5

D= DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

" 2
x2- X , +
Y2 -
Y,

B. Distance between point and a line

HU ·
~
p,
ri

X1 , Y
⑳

PX , Y
·
PaXzit
PAG
L Ax + By + C = O
d

&

Pi Xi , Ye
X X,
= = Y2 Y,
-
X2 -
X/ Y -
Y, -

r n + r2 ri ri + re

= AX + By ± C X = X, + K X2 -
X,
d PIP
= =
+ ri
T A + B2 K P, P2 n + r2
R

Sign : opposite sa C
if C=0, same sa B AREA OF POLYGON
STE

(X2 , Y2)

(X +, Y1) (4, 3) or 4, 3i
(X3 ,/3)

C. Distance between 2 parallel line (X5, Y5)

(X4 , Y4)
-

Ax ± By ± C = O
DIE

X X2 x3 X4 X5 Xn Xx
=
↑ ...

A E
Y Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 ... Yn Y
+ + t

=
AX ± BY ± C2 O

C = Cl-Cy
A + B2
SLOPE (m) STRAIGHT LINES
General solution
·
PI Ax + By + C = 0

O Angle of inclination
A. Slope intercept form

AN
P,
·

m = tano y = mx + b
Yz Y AY
= =
-

M Xz-X , DX

= ! = Y
I

B. Intercept form
(0,b)
m
③

S
Angle between two-lines * +
y = 4

(a,0)

BA
⑳

=
B G -

Oz C. Point-slope form
B

tan =
m -
Me
1 + M , M2

OI Ol y - y = m (x - x )
↑ ↑

Angle bisector

: A2X + B2Y
HU + 22 =
0
D. Two point form

Y -
Y, =
Y2
X2
-

-
Y,
XI X -

X,
PAG
of
-
Parallel line ||
de T L :
A/ X + BIY + C1 =
0 Mi = M2
·
-
d
⑳

Perpendicular lines
1
MI = -

Ma

di =
de

AIX BiY Ci
= A2X ByY Cy
+ + + +
R

A, + B,
2
A2 + Ba 1. Find the slope and intercepts of the line
2x-3y-12=0
STE

Point and origin: Same side (-) 3Y = 2x -

12 2X -

3Y -
12 =O
Opp side (+) y= m = 33 let x =O let Y = O

Y = -

4 X = 6
DIE
 CONICS CIRCLE
General Equation: General Equation:
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
& & 2 2

Standard Equation:

AN
Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
& 2 2 2
(x-h) + (y-k) = r
&

Angle of Axis Rotation: ·

C (h,k)

S
B
tan 2θ =
A-C
RADICAL AXIS

BA
Line between 2 circles

Note:
±A = ±C Circle e = 0
A or C = 0
± A ≠ C, ± A = C
± A ≠ ± C, ± A = ± C

e - essentricity
Parabola
Hyperbola
Elipse
HU e
e
e
=
<
>
1
1
1 Just simply SUBTRACT the 2 equation of circles
PAG
Tangential distance

DISCRIMINANT O ·

C(n k) Shortest distance Po(Xo, Yo)

,

Farthest distance

Circle e = 0,
Parbola e = 1, B - 4AC = 0 TANGENTIAL DISTANCE

Elipse e < 1, B - 4AC < 0

Hyperbola e > 1, B - 4AC > 0 d = Xo
2
+ Yo + DXo + EYO + F
R

SHORTEST DISTANCE
STE

d = (Xo -
h) + (Yo -
K)" -

FARTHEST DISTANCE

d = (Xo - h) (Yo K)" +

DIE

+ -

Orthogonal Circles
↑ I

2 2
C :
X + y + DIX + El Y + Fi =
0
2
Ca : X + y + D2X + E2Y + Fa =
0

DiDz + EiEz = 2(F + F2)

26. Find the radius of the circle 2x E + 2y 2 – 3x +
4y – 1 = 0
CONVENTIONAL :

x
2
-
32 x + y + 24 =
1

(X -
3/)2 + (y + 1)2 =
1+ (3/4)2 + 12

AN
.. p2 =
1 + 9/16 + 4

Tes
p
=
/4 ,

SHORT CUT :

2X2 -
3X =
0 3y2 + 4y =
0

S
4x =
3 4y = -

n = x =
3/4 Y = -

/ =
K

(3/4)2
*
r2

BA
=
1 + +
1 1)

r = 54

33. Find the area of the circle whose center is at

(2, -5) and tangent to the line 4x + 3y – 8 = 0

④
If a line tangent to circle or parabola, the
slope of line and conics are same
4X + 34 =
8 ,
m = Y =
-
/3 HU
PAG
(X -
2) + (y + 5)2 = p2
2(X -
2) + 2(y + 5)Y = 0
2
x -
2 -
4/3y -
% =
0 x = 245
x -
4/3y =
2 +
2
% y = -

1/5
: (X -
2) + (y + 5)2 = p2

r =
3

A =
qπ
R
STE
DIE
 PARABOLA Find Focus, Vertex, LR of the y - 4x + 4y + 8 = 0
I

General Equation:
x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 &
Conventional:
y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 1
1. Arrange X, Y and CONSTANT
2. Complete the square

AN
Standard Equation: + -
3. Form to standard equation
(x-h) = ± 4a(y-k)
2
y + 4Y =
4X -

8
(y-h) = ± 4a(x-k)
2
(y + 2) =
4X -

8 + 22 49 =
4

(Y + 2) =
4(X -
1) a =
1

S
LR V(1 , -
2)

(
-

BA
·
F(2 , -

2)
2a
LR

④ ·
LR+ (2 , 0)
F
a
V

en
a F Axis of parabola · LR LR2)2 , -
4)

Y V(h,k) 2a

Axis of symmetry or
directrix

V(h,k) - Vertex
F - Focus
L

LR

HU Shortcut:
y I - 4x + 4y + 8 = 0
y

2y
2
+

+
4y

4
=

=
0

0
( -
2) -
4x

X =
+

1
4) 2)
-
+ 8 =
0
PAG
LR - Latus Rectum Y = -

E :
V(1 , -
2)

Squared Property

G y
h 2
A = bh
3
n H
H b

B
D'B
R

H = 2
B = ↓
STE
DIE
 ELIPSE Conventional:
General Equation: Find Vertex, Focus, Center of 16x + 25y + 32x
I 2

Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
22
- 100y - 284 = 0
A > C 1. Arrange X, Y and CONSTANT
A < C 2. Complete the square
3. Form to standard equation

AN
Standard Equation:
E 2 16(X2 + 2x) 25(y2 4Y)
(x-h) (y-k)
+ -
=
284

t = /
1)2 2)2
aE b2 16(x 25(y 284 16(12 25(2)2
+ = +
+ -
+

1)2 2)

S
E 2 16(x 25(y
(x-h) (y-k)
+ =
+ -

400

t = ↑ 1)2 2)
b& a& (x +
(y -

a =
5b = 4C = 3
t = 1
25 ↑6

BA
LR k
- - 2) 1 , 2)-

a
·
V · · y

b V , (4 , 2) F1(2 2)
I I I l ,

V↑ c a V
I V2) 6 . 2) F2) 4 , 2)

HU
- -

F1
E

C(h,k) FE
( z L

LR
I /

Directrix Shortcut:
PAG
Find Vertex, Focus, Center of 16x + 25y + 32x
2 R

Area = π ab - 100y - 284 = 0

a = c + b
E 3 &

aI + b 2 16X2 + 32x = 0 25 y2 1004 0

Perimeter = 2π
-
=

2 32X + 32 =
0 50y -
100 =
0

X / Y =
2
=
-

Apogee = a+c 2) 1 , 2)
-

— V↑ to F & , From vertex to farthest focus

R

Perigee = a-c
STE

— V↑ to F ↑ , From vertex to nearest focus

d = a/e - Distance of Directrix from the center

LR = 2b /a
2
- Length of Latus Rectum a - Semi-major
e = c/a - Essentricity b - Semi-minor
e = c/b - Second eccentricity 2a - major transverse
DIE

α = sin (c/a) - Angular eccentricity 2b - minor transverse

- 1

a b
= Flatness
-

a b = 2” flatness
Focal Radius
f = a ± ex + max
— min
 HYPERBOLA
1. Find the Vertex, Center, Focus of 5x - 4y -
& &

Conjugate axis 20x -24y -36 = 0

LR 5) X 4X) 4142 + 64) =
36

...
-
-

2) 3)2 5(2)2 4/3)2

y
5(X - -

4(y + =
36 + -

AN
/ <
5(x -
2) -

4(y + 3) =
20

C(h,k)
X
V · VE FI
FY
(x -
2)2 -

(y + 3)2 = 1
a= 2 b =
52 = 3
/
C I 4 5
<
*

LR

Transverse axis LR

&
/
0,8
Asymptote
.

S
b
y-k = ± (x-h)
/

m = b/a ; Horizontal / <

a FY V
C(h,k) VE FI

BA
a
y-k = ± (x-h) m = a/b ; Vertical /
C I

b <

Angle between asymptotes C(2 , -

3) 1 (0 , -
3) F1) 1 , - -

3)

θ = 2 tan (b/a)
1
V2(4 3) F2(5 , 3)
-

HU
- -

,
,

Slope of asymptotes c = a + b
& 2 &
2. Find the vertices and eccentricity of the
m = ± b/a equilateral hyperbola xy = 4
PAG
equaliteral
d = a/e - Distance of Directrix from the center xy =
2 a2 i x =
Y =
2 hyperbola
-
LR = 2b /a
2
- Length of Latus Rectum i a =
4 c =
q+ d
I
1
a =
B

e = c/a - Essentricity a =
13 c
=
4

: = 2
,
V(2 , 2) ,

Equilateral Hyperbola
R
STE

xy = - "a xy = 2a
DIE

y = -x y = x

Angle of rotation to eliminate the product XY term

B
tan 2 θ =
A-C
POLAR COORDINATES SPECIAL POLAR CURVES

②
CIRCLE
r = ± a cosθ π I
r A = a
4
Y

(O
I
r = ± a sinθ

AN
X

LIMACON
r = a ± bcosθ π
A = (2a + b )
& 2

r = a ± bsinθ 2

x = r cos θ r2 = x + y

S
2 2

y = r sin θ CARDIOD : Same in LIMACON, a=b

r = a(1 ± cosθ) 3π I

BA
A = a P = 8a
SLOPE IN POLAR r = a(1 ± sinθ) 2

dy d(rsin θ)
m = =
dx d(rcos θ ) CYCLOID
x = a (1-cos θ ) A = 3π a
&

m =
r’sin θ + rcos θ
r’cos θ - rsin θ

ANGLE BETWEEN RADIUS OF

HU y = a (1-sin θ )

LEMNISCATE
r = a cosθ
E 2
P = 8a

Y
A = 2a
2
PAG
CURVATURE AND TANGENT LINE r 32
= a cos2θ A = a
3
E
,

r = a sin2θ
32

r
tan(ø) = ROSE/ROSETTE
r’
n - even n - odd
r = a cos(nθ)
π I π I
r = a sin(nθ) A = a A = a
2 4

Folium of Descartes SPIRAL

R

x + y = 3axy A = a 3/2 r = aθ
I E I
STE

STROPHOID
r = a(secθ - tanθ)
HYPOCYCLOID
TRISECTRIX
2/3 2/3 2/3
a = x + y A = 3/8 π a r = a(4cosθ - secθ)
I

x = a cos θ P = 6a
3
DIE

y = a sin θ 3
 SOLID ANALYTIC
POINTS iv. Distance point to a plane
DISTANCE FORMULA
Ax + By + Cz + D
d =
O O O

A. DISTANCE BETWEN 2-POINTS

A + B + C
E E E

AN
d = (x+
- x ) + (y2
- y2
)2
+ (z - z2
) v. Distance bet. two parallel planes
2
2

D - D
d =
2/

PLANE A + B + C
E E E

General Form

S
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi. Volume of Polyhedron bounded by the Plane
and 3-Coordinate planes

BA
Intercept form D
3

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 V =
x y z 6ABC
+ + = 1
a b c
x y z abc
+ + = 1 V =
3-point Form

x - x
x - x
2
↑

↑
y - y
y - y
21 2
1

z - z
HU
Use for intersection of 3
planes
z - z 1

1
= 0
a

LINE
b c 6
PAG
x/
- x3
3 y - y 13 z - z General Form
L1: A x + B y + C z + D = 0
1 1 ↑

Expand at row1 by Minor-Cofactor method L2: A x + B y + C z + D = 0

2

to obtain the General Form

2-Point Form
PROPERTIES x - x ↑ y - y z - z ↑

= =
↑

P1: A x + B y + C z + D = 0
I
x - x y - y z - z
R

2 ↑ 2 2 ↑
↑

P2: A x + B y + C z + D = 0
2 2

Symmetric Form
STE

i. PARALLEL • Point and direction no. form

A B+ C 1 x - x y - y
↑ z - z ↑

= =
1
= =
↑

A 22
BL C a b c

ii. PERPENDICULAR • Direction vector

DV = [ a b c ]
DIE

A12/2
A + B B + C12
C = 0
Parametric Form
iii. ACUTE ANGLE BET. P1 & P2 x - x ↑ y - y# z - z x = at + x ↑

= = = t
a b c y = bt + y 1

A↑ A 2/21
+ B B + C CL z = ct + z
θ = cos
-
1 Y

(A + B i + C i ) (A ?
+ B +,
C )
3

↑ E
Division of line segment SPHERE
Pa X2 , /2 22)
·
,

x + y + z + Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
I I I

, we I I I I

·
(x-h) + (y-k) + (z-l) = r

AN
p, X, y,

x = x + k Δx
1
P1 P
ELLIPSOID
y = y + k Δy k =
P1 P I
↑

x y z
I I I

z = z + k Δz

S
1
+ + = 1
a b c
I I I

BA
V = π abc
PROPERTIES 3

Largest rectangular parallelipiped inscribed

x - x ↑ y - y z - z ↑

L1: = =
↑

8abc
a ↑ b ↑ c↑ V = LWH =
3 3
L2:

i. PARALLEL
x - x
a 2
↑

=
y - y
b &
↑
=
z - z
c

HU
&
↑

HYPERBOLOID
x
I
y
I
z
I
PAG
a↑ b↑ c↑ + - = 1
= = A. a
I
b c
:
I

aL bL cL
x y z
B. - - = 1
a b c
I I I

ii. PERPENDICULAR

a12
a + b12
b + c12
c = 0 CONE
Elliptic cone - axis on the z-axis
R

iii. ACUTE ANGLE BET. L1 & L2

x y z
a
:
+
b
=
c
a↑ a 2/2/2
+ b b + c c
STE

θ = cos
-
1

(a + b + c ) (a s + b :
+ c )
22 E

↑ ↑ ↑

PARABOLOID
Ellipticparaboloid - axis on the z-axis

x y z
a
:
+
b
=
c
DIE
CYLINDER TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES
SYSTEM
x y
I I

A. ± = 1 axis on the z-axis

a22
b A. RECTANGULAR TO CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
SYSTEM

AN
+ elliptic cylinder
– hyperbolic cylinder (x,y,z) ———Y (r, θ ,z)
a=b , circular cylinder
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ

S
x y
I

B. = axis on the z-axis z = z

a b
I

BA
parabolic cylinder r 222
= x + y
tan θ = (y/x)

SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

1. Curve revolved about the x-axis

y or z = yE + z
HU&
B. RECTANGULAR TO SPHERICAL COORDINATES
SYSTEM
PAG
2. Curve revolved about the y-axis

x or z = x2+2
z

1. Curve revolved about the z-axis

R

x or y = xE + y (x,y,z) ———Y (r, θ ,ø)

&
STE

x = rsinø cos θ tan θ = (y/x)

y = rsinø sin θ cosø = (z/r)
z = rcosø

r = x + y + z
2222
DIE
 DIFFERENTAL CALCULUS
LIMITS OF FUNCTION
d
= • INDETERMINATE
~

dX C O
d
= , % 8 00 1 ,
n 1
x
-

dX nX 8181 , 8
, ,
d
dX ax = A

e
= udy + vdu

AN
• UNDEFINED
w =
vdu-udV
VI d
=
X
"
dX dX In a
inu
a

it
du
= A. FACTORING
d
= du x2 -
4
=
(X 2)(X + 2)
-

S
dX logaU limx >
-
2 X -
2 X-2

= X+2
d
dX sin(x) = cos(x) dx =

BA
4
d
cos(x) = -sin(x) dx

e tan(x) = sec (x) dx B. L’HOSPITALS RULE

I
Take derivative
x2 4 2X
csc(x) = -csc(x)cot(x) dx =
-

limx >
-
2 X -
2 1

sec(x) = sec(x)tan(x) dx = 4
d
dX

d
dX
d
dX
cot(x) = -csc (x) dx

sin

COS
-

-
1

"X
X =
=
2

-
1

1
1

-
42

42
du

du
HU C. SUBSTITUTION
limx >
-
2
x2
X
-

-
4
2 =
=
1 .

1 9999
.

. 9999
3
99992 -

=
4
I

4
PAG
d
=
1
dX tan- X 1 + 42 du
d 1

dX cot- X = -

1 + 42 du Evaluate the limit of the absolute value of (n^2

d 1

dX sec"X = U U2 -1 du + 3i) (n – 1) / in^3 – 3n + 4 – i as n

d 1

dX CSC"X = -

U U2 -1 du approaches infinity
use calcU .

(n2 + 3i)(n 1) -

lim
EXPLICIT n+00
inn -

37 + 4-i
R

y = f(x)
y = 1 + 2x
STE

IMPLICIT
xy + x y = xy
32

DERIVATIVES
X -

24 + =
X30
DIE

Ex X -

24 + =
X30
↑
-

2Y' + 3X2 = O

DIFFERENTIAL
X -

24 + =
X30
dx -

2dy + 3X2dx = O

↑
-

24 + =
3X2O
CURVATURE (K) CRITICAL POINTS
Take first derivative, then equate to 0
Tangent line

X 6 X Max. Point (concave downward)

. Y)
P(X o
Curvature

AN
L

⑳
Normal line
2(n k),
0 x
Min. Point (concave upwward)

In Rectangular Center
232
POINT OF INFLECTION
I
y12 Take the second derivative, then equate to 0

S
,
1 y
=
+
= Y 1 +
Pl 4 x -

y
"
y

K = ↑ 2

BA
,
P
= 1 y
+
KY +
,
y

·
Point of inflection
In polar In Parametric
32
(r + r’)
2
[x’ + y’ ]
I 23/

R = R =
r 2 + 2r’ - rr”

r = f(θ)
2

HU
x’y” - y’x”
R PAG
STE
DIE
APPLICATION OF
DIFFRENTIAL CACLCULUS
R
θ
1. MAXIMA & MINIMA O A = "4 IP2 tan 2

— Draw the figure if neccessary p = 4P

— Formulate an equation to be max/min

AN
P pa = 16 A
— Reduce it to single variable
— Take the derivative with respect to the variable

A
— Equate to zero P
— Solve for the variable
R sin( θ/2)

S
O r =
Rectangular with square base; Closed top 1 + sin( θ /2)

BA
=
I
SA 4xY + 2X

↓ = X Y

Y -

To be maximize: = St n =
4
P
X

Rectangular with square base; Open top

X

HU -
P

r
n

-
r =
I
3

3
a
R
PAG
SA = 4xy + x2
↓ = X Y -

Y n =4 R

&
To be maximize: X
= SA h p = R R
X

Cylinder; Closed top

M SA = 2πrh + 2πr2
a re -
R

V = Tren -

H
STE

To be maximized: r H H = 3n

-
-

- SA
p2 = G π p3Y
= π H P = 3
ar

h = 2r -

& R -

Cylinder; Open top -

SA = 2πrh πr2
DIE

M +

V = Tren H H = 34

-n
'l 1 =
H
3
P ar
To be maximized:
-
p2 =
SA
3 π r= π
V
-

&
r = h
Rectangle/Square inscibed in a Triangle
-

A A P
X X
n
Y Y

AN
B b r

x = b/2 a - altitude
y = a/2 b - base maximum Lateral Area maximum Volume
h = 2 R 2 2
r = R/ 2 h = R r = R

S
3 3

maximum Area

BA
n H h = 1.1056 R
X Y
d

hd Hd
x = y =

↑
D
h+H

↑ y = 4x
h+H

HU Hallway

i
!
PAG
Y Y
z - a i H
y = D
A
2 --- a -- -
·
---
a ---
b
-x

X X z = 3x
2/3 2/3 2/3
Gor (60 z = 3b/2 L = a + b
X

z - width of metal
R

Rectangle Inscribed in a semi circle 2

Ex
L = aC
STE

⑦B
a
A
·

①
L
A = R
&

P = 3 2 R
X L -

2X X

X X

⑰
A = R
&
DIE

L- 2x

V = L -

2x x To be maximized:

12X2 -

4) + W)X + (LW) = &

LARGEST AREA OF RECTANGLE INSIDE No. of equal parts can be cut so that the product
TWO PARABOLA of its parts is maximum
Y =
X + 2 x = L/e -

Y =
26 -
x2 eulers no
.

AN
x2 Most economical proportion of the can
2
>
-

y Y-
= + 2 -

26 + X ④ SUBTRACT TO REDUCE

0 = 2X2 -
24 INTO SINGLE VARIABLE V = 3r
4
A
>
-
2x -

24X =
0 =
2 ② MULTIPLY BY SAME h = V 3

π
VARIABLE )E
6X2 Minimum amount Energy while running agaisnt a

S
>
- -

24 =
0 ③ TAKE DERIVATIVE

X =
2 current “y”
E 2(2) x = 1.5y

BA
>
- = -

24(2) ④ SUBSTITUTE TO AREA

A =
64

The largest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in

the ellipsoid have dimension of
LARGEST AREA OF RECTANGLE INSIDE
IN ELIPSE

b
X X
-

Y
HU L = 2x
W= 2y
H = 2z
X

Z
=
=
=
A

3
D
3
C
3
V = LWH =
8abc
3 3
PAG
A a

Rectangle inscribed in a Rectangle

A = 2ab x = a/ 2
y = b/ 2 N A = 2( + W(2
L
LARGEST PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE X

INSIDE IN ELIPSE
R

2a
E

L =
a& + b &
STE

2b
E

W =
a& + b & L b = 3 R
SHORTEST TANGENT LINE TO THE ELIPSE THAT h = 3/4 L
MEETING THE COORDINATE AXES n

L = a+b A P = 2/3 bh
D R
DIE
2. TIME RATES SPHERE: Volume, Surface area

— Draw the figure if neccessary

dS 2 dV
X

— Formulate an equation based on the relationship 1 =

formed dt r dt
-

— Identified which is constant and variable

— Solve what is asking

AN
Chord in Sphere
40. There is a constant inflow of a liquid into a C
c dc/dt
conical vessel 15 feet deep and 7.5 feet in O dS =
r sin θ
r p

diameter at the top. Water is rising at the rate of

S
2 feet per minute when the water is 4 feet
deep.What is the rate if inflow in cu. ft. per

BA
Mi
minute?
tas 2 dh
dS =
=
dh
1 + (h/r)
&

2 ftmin
3 75
=
r = .

d) t & 4 4 ft
n

n 15
=

↑
V = πr2K

15

n
. 75
3

r
r =
4

37 en
3

HU Clock

...
I
I

-
-
dθ /dt = 11π /360
PAG
π
75343
3
= Use cosine law for dS
.
I

V 345
π 3 752
= 342dh
.

d 3 45

= . 752
I 3
d 3 1534 2e Trapezoidal trough
DI = 6 28.
~B

π
=
3
25 3
V 3 ;
d) T 3 752
2x3
.

4
dt 3 15 + x =
0
e
R

d = 6 28.

"
STE

L
dV/dt = [ Hb + (B-b)h ] dh/dt
H

Triangular trough
·
B
n
DIE

-
~

L
dV/dt = [ Bh ] dh/dt
H
Rope and pully

dy/c
H dX
- - - 0 0 0 0- >
dt
X
h
- , - llsis//////

AN
x dx/dt
dY =
x + (H-h)
2 Z

S
Row and walk

BA
X

-
...
⑳

.
I-
Lamp, man walking with shadow
a =
. (d) V
VB - V
&
I
BOAT

&
WALK

HU &
PAG
=mi

pole

man

dwallc,how
dS L dw/dt
= ;Shadow is moving
dt L-m
R

dS m dw/dt
= ;Shadow is lengthening
dt L-m
STE
DIE
3. DIFFERENTIAL
— change, increase, decrease
dA dX
, ,
dX dY,

4. RELATIVE ERROR

AN
dA ,
&V ,
Q

5. PERCENTAGE ERROR

S
RE x 100 %

BA
HU
R PAG
STE
DIE
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
S du = H
+1
t C DOUBLE INTEGRAL
un
Su"du = n+1
t C
4. Evaluate the integral of 1/(x-y) dxdy with inner
So = In U + C bounds of 2y to 3y and outer bounds of 0 to 2.
Sa"du = ane + C

Sof S

AN
y dxdy =
dx
1 34
S sinc du = du COSU + C
=
(n(X -
Y)(zy
1
Scosudu = du Sinu + C
=
In 2x -

In Y

Stann du = Insecu du + c
=
InE
Scotudu = So In

S
2
=

In sinu du + 2

Sescu du = Inescu-coth du + C
=
1 3863
.

Ssecudu =

BA
In secu+tanu du +
2

18. Evaluate the line integral from (0,0) to (1, 1) of

sq.rt of y dx + (x - y) dy.
1 8
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
-

m =
Fo
=
1

y -

0 =
1(X 0)

HU
-

Suby = un-Svdu Y =
X
: SS Ydx + X -
Ydy
=
S xdx + Y -
Y
-
CLy

A. AVERAGE VALUE PRINCIPLE

I
St X dx
PAG
=
2/3

& f(x) dx Area under the curve

Yave = = 1. MASS OF LAMINA
b-a base

m = sS p dA
42. If the average value of the function f(x) =
2x^2 on the interval (0,c) is 6, then c = dA = dydx or dxdy
use choices pabalik any solution Ans
. 3 Kung alin ang may limits na
R

constant sya ang huling integration

382 x =
G
STE

22. Find the mass of lamina in the given region

with density function: D[(x, y)], 0 < or equal x < or
equal π/2, 0 < or equal y < or equal cos x and ρ =
7x.
02XITY 0 : Y [COSX O =
FX
DIE

m
=
)) P dydx
=
SY2 (20SX FX dydx
π/2
=
So 7XCOSX dx
4
,
=
m
PLANE AREA OF INTEGRATION
dx
· ·

X2 Ye
,
X2 Ye
,

*
Y
dy

AN
· O

X1 ,
Y XI ,
Y

S
= Si X& ax
A = j =
↑
I Y dx
X2

A = Sx Yo-Yu dx

BA
.

1. Determine the area encloed by the curve x2 = 4. Find the area enclosd by the loop of y^2 = 4x^2
9y and y2 = 9x (1-x).
=
/ = 9Y
2
L y 9X y + 2xXX 2x/FX 2xXFX

HU
= = -

4
Y
IXFFX 4 XXX
=

81 9Y -
=
0

.. Y = 9 16 X (1 X) 0
= - =

X =
,1
0

A = J * -Tay dy :
A = 50 Yu -

Y
PAG
A =
27
,
=
So 2x/FX -
12X/F
x)
A =
1 067
.

2. By integration solve the area bounded by the

parabola x2 = 3y - 3 and x2 = y
= 3X
X 3
-

=
x = 3/2
S
3
* + 3 2
A =
3
-

X dx
R

A =
1 63
.

,
STE

3. Find the area bounded by y = x^3, the x-axis

and the lines x = -2 and x = 1.

*
DIE

A =
A, + Az A =
S=2 x
S2 x
=

.
+ Sx A =
4 25.

A =
4 25 .
CENTROIDS OF PLANE AREA
dX
XR + Xc
Xc' =

I
X
Xc' = X
Y dy
Yu + Yu
Yc' =

2 Yc' =
Y

AN
Ax = S xc da 2 X 7 ,

AY = SYc dA

S
1. How far from the x-axis is the centroid of the
area bounded by the curve x2 = 36y, the x-axis

BA
and the line x = 12

X2 I
A =
S 36 dx
are

A ↑G

A +

Y
=

= 1 3
.
% Y 3 )3%)
,
dx

HU
PAG
52. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of
the area bounded by the curve x^2 = -(y - 4), the
x axis and the y axis on the first quadrant.
=
X = 4 -

X =
0
:
X =
0, 2 =
dx - have

Y =
0

A = 304 x2 -
R

"%
A =
/3
STE

Ax = / X (4 -

x2) AT =
*
(0(4 x2)) -

A T =
A= / Y =
8/5
: 2(3/ ,%/5)
DIE
VOLUME OF SOLID BY INTEGRATION CENTROIDS OF A VOLUME
& &
dX
V X = S Xc dV
· C

X2 , Ya X 2 , Ya

Xc =
X
⑳
Y DY E
·
V Y = S Yc dV
XR -
XL
Xc =
I

AN
· · 35. Find the centroid of the solid formed by
Xi , Y Xi , Y
revolving about x = 2 bounded by y = x^3, x = 2
and y = 0.
dX · E
X2 , Ya * 2 ,
Y y = 0, 8 ave

S
·
Y DY ·

Y =
Y
Yu + YL
2π(8(3y 2)) 2) dy

BA
V
-

Yc = = -

· 2 ·

Xi , Y XI , Y
#π
& & V =

V = 3π S Xc dA VY =
2T 68(3y 2)(2 -
-

2)(Y)dY
W = 2π f Yc dA #+ y =
y
,

Volume of Solid generated by;

Circle, Parabola, Elipse HU ..
Y =

C(2
10/7
,
"
+

/7)
PAG
V = 2π r A r - distance from centroid to
revolving axis
R
STE
DIE
ARC LENGTH 20. Find the length of the arc described by the
parabola x^2 = 4y from x = -2 to x =2.

dx
I
X2
S = Sx 1 + dy #=
, dy
is = f=
-
1 + (t)2

AN
s =
4 59
dy
I .

S = Se 1 +
dx
dx

41. Find the length of arc of r = 2/(1+cos theta)

from theta = 0 to theta = π/2.
dx
&
dy
E
ty

=
S = S + dt

S
t dt dt
osO G

= "
r'2 do

BA
.. S +
dr
E

S =
8 r +
&

dθ
dθ s = So (coso)" + (so2)
2 29
=
s .

SURFACE AREA OF REVOLUTION

S = 2π

S = 2π
&
&
X ds

Y ds
HU
About y-axis

About x-axis
PAG
ds - kung ano ginamit mo sa ARC LENGTH
Limits a&b - kung ano ginamit mo sa ARC LENGTH

Semi-Circle
S = 2π r s
R

Y
Arc lenght (s) = r θrad
r = 2r/π Y
Semi-circle only
STE

Sector
S = 2π r s Arc lenght (s) = r θrad
T

r = (2r/θ ) sin( θ /2) Y Semi-circle only

DIE
MOMENT OF INERTIA RADIUS OF GYRATION
IX
I = 9 r e dA R =
r - distance from A
x

referrence axis
I = x
9 r e dV

AN
• must be parallel to
the axis WRT

14. Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded

S
by the curve y^2 = 4x and the line x = 1 WRT the
x axis

BA
Y = =2 y

Iv = S=3 y 2 * -

1) dy

Iv 2 133

HU
=
.

34. Determine the moment of inertia enclosed by

the curve x^2 + y^2 = 36 with respect to the line
y = 8.
PAG
=8
dy

2
/
I + y2 =
36 X =
=36 y2 -

y =
IG
R

= 560(8
j -

y)2 (36 42 -
-
36 -
4 e
STE
DIE
AREA IN POLAR FORM
1
A =
2 ·e r dθ
2

5. Find the area bounded by r = 2 / ( 1 + cos θ)

AN
and cos θ = 0
⑦ =
cos" O
O =
90

...
O = = 4/2

S
A =
",
2) 1 1 + cos012 de
8/3

BA
A =

HU
R PAG
STE
DIE
FORCE IN A PLANE WORK DONE lama e

F = w SURFACE h A w - weight density W = π w& h x dy

2
O

F = w SURFACE h x dy
1. A right circular tank of depth 12ft and radius
1. A rectangle 10 feet wide and 8feet deep 4ft is half full of oil weighing 60 lb/ft3. Find

AN
with the upper edge lying in the surface the work done in pumping the oil to a height
of 6ft above the tank
5
0, 8
se·
e ,
-
-

n
.. N =
8 -

Y O 5 =
18 -

Y
O -

x2dy

S
Y

l
A =
x dy A =
·

0 ,0

A =
5 dy A =
4 dy

E = 31 oEd

BA
, 15) dy

F =
19968 Ib
/

W =
TW J." (18 Y) (42)
-

dy
2. Find the force on one side of a plane parabolic
segement of base 8ft and altitude 4ft when
the segment is vertically submerged in water
with its base horizontal, and the base and
vertex are respectively 4ft and 8ft under the
HU & = 86400

HOOKE’S LAW
π ft .
ID
PAG
surface F = k & x dx
-

= -

4 X 44Y n =
8 -
Y

4 4 4 =
49(4)
80

&
·

,
4 4, 4

4a =
4

4 2
..
X =
4Y

2/
·

0 ,0 x =
R

F = 2 wS0(8 Y)(2(x) dy -
STE

F =
7454 . 72 Ib
/

3. An equilateral triangle of sides 4feet with

one edge lying in the surface

253 &
DIE

0
, 2 , 253
· ·

h &
Y =
r
253
Y
I

Y
x = y/
A =
x dy
0, 0

i =
253 -
Y A =
3 Y dy

=*

F =
I w 125 -

Y) (Y 3) dy

F =
499 216 .

,
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
– AN QUATION WHICH INVOLVES DERIVATIVES
2 . DY
4
= O

ORDER - The highest derivatives appear in the m

+
= O

equation m = 0 0 0 0
. . .

AN
= Caxe" C3X2 e C4X eo
OX "

Y Cie + + +

DEGREE - The degree of the highest order Y = C + C2X C3X2 [4X + +

derivatives

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT = xEyX

x
x'y =
-

S
.
3 1 + CX C
x y 1
— Take the derivative the same as the number of xy =
-

+ 2xY X

arbitrary constant to be eliminated 2x2y =

BA
x y +
x y -
1

X y +
x y + 1 = O
3X
= De
-

Ex
. Y +
Cae

— take the 2nd derivative 4

. X = Asin wt + O
— use elimination method to be solve dX
=
Ans
. Y"
D
m
2
+

+
Y'

D-6 Y

m
-

-
GY

G
=

=
=
O

0
O

HU
YEULER'S NOTATION

"AUXILLARY EQUATION
dex
d
dt

=
=
ACOS
-

-
Asin
xW2
wt

wt
+

+
o

o
W

w
PAG
FINDING THE GENERAL SOLUTION
Case 1. REAL ROOTS
m + m
-

G = G

m = -

3,2
3X E
=
-

Y Cie +
Cal
R

Case 2. DOUBLE ROOTS

M = 2 2 ,
STE

Y = C, e + Cexe

Case 3. COMPLEX CONJUGATE ROOTS

m = a ± jd

=
aX
Y C CicoSbX + Casinbx
DIE

Examples:

↑ 13 8 y -

= O

m 3-G = O

M = 3 ,
-

1 ± j3
>
=
2x
-

Y 2, 8 + C C2COS 3X + C3sin 3X
1. Determine the differential equation of the
family of lines passing through (h,k).
m =
dYdx
Y Y - =
m(X Xi) -

Y K - =
bY/dx(X -

h)

AN
(Y K)dX
- -

(X- h)dy =
0

2. If dy = x^2 dx; what is the equation of y in

terms of x if the curve passes through (1, 1)?
Sdy 2

S
=
x dx

Y =
"3 X + C 34 -
X3 -

2 =
0
,

3(1) (1)

BA
= + 2

c =
2

30. Solve the DE dy = xdx if the curve passes

through (1,0).

& (1 0)
,
dy

*
=

-
xdX

2y
xY
/

2
+C

=
0
HU
R PAG
STE
DIE
NON–HOMOGENOUS D.E. Case 2: Exponential
aX

F(D) y = Q(x) Yc - Ycomplimentary Q X = 2

Y = Yc + Yp =
ax
Yp - Yparticular Let YP Al

* *
= = Die
2x
F(D) Yc = 0 1
. D -

3D +
2 Y C Yo +
Cae

AN
F(D) Yp = Q(x)
Let Yp = Ae2x
Case 1: Q(x) = Algebraic DYp = 3Ae2x
Qx = x DYYp = 4Ae2X
YP = AX + By " cy"2 +...
"

S
Let + + D

DYp-3DYp + 3Yp = 32x

* *
D Y= 6X Yo = Die +
Cae 4AeX-GAe**
**
= ex

BA
1 .
-

3D + 3 +
2Ae

· = pax
YP = AX + BX + C

=
* *
= = Die
2x
DYP 2AX + B .
2 D2 -

3D + 2 4e Yo +
Cae
DYYP = EA

BYYP-3 DYp
2A
F DYp = Q

GAx -
+

3B
EYP
X

+ 2AX"
= 6x2
+ 2Bx + 22
HU
= 6X
BYP
Yp

D'yp = 4A-2x
= Ae-2x
= -2Ae-2X
PAG
2AX2 + -

6A + 2BX +
2A -

3B + 2) = 6X
*
DYp-3DYP + 3YP = 4.2x
2AX2 = 6X2 -

GA + 2B =O 2A - 3B + 2C = O 42-2 + 62
*
+ IAe
**
= 49-2x
A = 3 B = 9 I
= A = B
YP = " e- 2x ,

.. Yp = 3x2 +
9X + 2
Y X = Y + YP Shortcut Method in Yp
Y Xcie
= + Ce + 3x + 9X + 2 Yp D2 -

3D + 2 = 42
-
2x
F(D) = F(a)
R

- 2x
GENERAL SOLUTION 4e
Yp =
Shortcut Method in Yp D -

3D + 2
STE

F(D) Yp = Qx 49
-
2x

Yp =
YP = F "D xm -
22 -

3 -

2 + 2

Yp = Go + A, D + AzD" +... AnD" xU Yp"-2x

= /

Yp = Da- D + 2
Ex
+D 4p
DIE

D 3D
24
+
-

32D + "2D3
32D -
Y2D2
32D -
94D2 + 34D3
-
4D2 -
34D3

Yp = & +
D
+
& D2 6X2
Pag may “D”
Yp = 3X + & DX* + Y'D' x2 iderivative mo lang
+

Yp = 3X2 + 9x + 2
,
Case 3: Trigonometric Case 4: Q(x) is in Yc
F D = Q X QX = sinax
= = 22x = Cie +
*

j1ST D= -
q QX CosaX .
1
B2-3D + 3 Y Ye Cze

2nd D = I X

LET YP = Axe + Be
*

AN
Shortcut Method in Yp DYP = A3xe* + He + Bet
1
. D2 3D 3 Y = 4sin2X
-
+
Y= Cie* +
Eze, DYYp = 4XA2 + ZAe* +
**
ZAe +
*
Be
45in2X
Yi =
4 3D + 3
DYy = g2x
- -

3Dy + 2y
= 4 sin IX 3D + 2
-

Yp
DIY =

S
**
4Ae Be
-

-
3D-2 -
3D + E 4XA2 + +
-

12D sin2X + 8 SinIX

= = 6XAPX
-

** *
Yi 9D2 -
4 3 DY +
3A2 +
3 Be
-12Dsin2X
= =
-

sinax t
EXA **
+ *

BA
YP 24 +
-
40 2 Be

Yp = %0 asinzx
-

- sinzx
..
Al = ex
Yp %o = 21092X
-

5 sinax A = /

Yp3s
= cos2X
-

5 Sinax YP = X ex
, 1

2 . D2

D2
-

-
3D

3D
+

+
2 Y

2 Y
= COS26X

= +
cos12X HU
PAG
↑
D2 -

3D + 2 Y = 2
1
Yp = D2 -
3D + 2 2 F(D) = F(0)

Yp = "

1
D2 -

3D + 2 Y = 2 COS12X

COS12X
YP =
D2 -
3D + 22
R

= COS12X ·
284-6D
-
284 -

6D 284 -
GD
STE

= GDC0312X 28420312X
-
+

36D2 -

80656

= GD COS 12 X 28420512X
-

+
85840 85840
-
-

=
9 Th
-
sin(2X -
COS12X
10730 21460
,
DIE
EULER - CAUCHY EQUATION

General form: x y” + axy’ + by = 0

&

Auxillary form: m + (a-1)m + b = 0

2

AN
Case 1: Real roots
M1 ,
M2

YC = De' + C2fiz

S
Case 2: Double real roots
= =

BA
Mi M2 m

Yc = C +
Calnx XM

Case 3: Complex conjugate roots

m = A ± Di

YC = X
a
C , Inx cosa +

HU
Calux sina
R PAG
STE
DIE
SEPARATION OF VARIABLE INTEGRATING FACTOR
Y' = xy3 M (x,y) dx + N (x,y) dy = 0
d = xy2
&Y z = X dx 54 G = f(x) I.F. = e
f f(x)dx

= XI N (x,y)
i E
+ C

AN
Yx2 = C
gl &N
2 +
-

f f(y)dy
= f(y) I.F. = e
M (x,y)
EXACT EQUATION
M (x,y) dx + N (x,y) dy = 0 • Kung alin ang factorable sa M(x,y) or N(x,y), yun
ang denominator

S
• Multiply the I.F. to the equation, the equation will
4 = GA : EE
be exact

BA
• Then solve as same as the solution in exact
– Let y=0 in dx equation
– Integrate the rest
X + y2 +
1dx + X2-IXY dY = O

342 dy = O
y2dx IXY
5 = gl =
6x + +

HU 2Y 2X 24
-
-

34 = 2Y G = 24
54 G = f(x) I.F. = e
3)
2
-

N (x,y) =
-

(nx
Y2 dx IXYdY 34 dy =
-3 =
6xdX + + O
-
PAG
3x2 + xy2 -

=
y3C 24 -

3x 2Y+
= f(x)
= ka
XX -

2Y)

2x 24
= f(x)
-
-

XX -

2Y)

& = f(x)

*2 x + y2 +
1dx + X2- 2xYdY = O Yz
R

dx + * dx +
*2x +
dy
-

* dy = O

X
-

1 +
y
-

* = C
y =
STE

x2 -

1 +
xy
-

XC
DIE
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BERNOULLIS EQUATION
dy
+ y P(x) = y Q(x)
n

dy f P(x)dx
dx
+ y P(x) = Q(x) I.F. = e
dx dx
+ x P(y) = x Q(y)
n

dy

AN
THEN, (Y)(I.F.) = f Q(x)

dx
e = y
-

xy3g
- 2x

f P(y)dy
+ x P(y) = Q(y) I.F. = e Y + Y ( / = y3 -
x-2x
dy
-

I
Y ( Y =
-
3
-
-
2x
y + y Xe

S
- -

=
3
THEN, (X)(I.F.) = f Q(y)
-

U y

3c
du
=
-

zy

BA
↓x
Y + 1dx + 4X Y dY
-
= O
y -2 =
2x
3
- -

3y + 2 X e

$X *** =
-

+ ·
du
=
-
2x

dx
+ u(2) 2xe
4 dy
Sy
eco
=
e
+ 1
=
qx xy Y = 1 F &
E
X Y+ 1 =
"Sy
= Y
U
+

y+1
4

dy =
+

HU
y+
1 F

y3dy
.

.
.

.
= Y +1
4

ue

y
-
-x

2g2x = X2 + C
=

ex = x y + y2
S3x2-3X 22x
=
PAG
du = dy x = y +14

ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY

i Sy
*
=
*
X Y+ 1 y+1 +1 Pdy
dy dx
-

*
=
*
20 Y +5 + C – Replaced by
X Y+ 1 Y+ dx dy
-

20X- 54 +
y + =
1Cy + 1)
- *

<2
= 4
y= =

2x3
-

20X- 44 + 1 C Y + 1
dy
2Y = 3X
& -
R

3y3 = X

3Xdx = 3 Y dY
x = 3, y2
STE

- + C

3X2 zy2 =+
f
DIE
APPILICATION OF DE
1. POPULATION GROWTH AND DECAY 4. THE LOGISTIC EQUATION

dP
d ∝ P & + =O = P (a-bP)
dt
S &P = Skdt Po = Ce
InP =

AN
P = Pol
kt
kt + C

P =
kt
e
·

e 5. ORIFICE WITH VARIABLE

P = Ce
kt

Time need to change the depth from Yo to Y

S
2. NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING AND HEATING 2 ALS Yo - Y
t =
C Ao 2g

BA
dET-Ts
∝
T = Ts + To-Ts e
kt
Time to empty the hemispherical tank through
orifice at the bottom
5/2
T - Temperature at any time(t) 14 π r
t =
Ts - Air temp., Surrounding temp.
t - time

HU 15 C Ao 2g

Time to empty the spherical tank through orifice at

the bottom
PAG
3. BRINE SOLUTION 16 2 π r 5/2
t =
Rin 15 C Ao 2g
Cin
V

Vo
Qo

-
Rout
i
R

Cout

V = rt
STE

V = Vo + Vin - Vout
V = Vo + Rin(t) - Rout(t)
V = Vo + (Rin - Rout) (t)
dQ
= (Rin) (Cin) - (Rout) (Cout)
dt
Q Q
=
DIE

Cout =
V Vo + (Rin - Rout)(t)
SAMPLE PROBLEM OF APPLICATION
1. A certain radioactive material is know to decay
at a rate proportional to the amount present. If
initially 500 mg of the material is present and
after 3 years 20 % of the original mass has
decayed, determine the amount present after 200

AN
weeks?
( 0744)(3 83)
P= PoeFt P = 500
-
0 .
.

0 8= 2 =
k(3)
. P375 8952 .

S
K -

0 0744
.

2. A bacteria is known to grow at a rate

BA
proportional to the amount present. After 1 hour,
1000 bacteria are observed and after 4 hours, it
was 3000. Find the original number of bacteria in
the culture.

3000

k
= 1000
= 0 3662
.
e
k(3)

3. A woman places Php 3000.00 for her child upon

1000

HU
= Pol
Po = 693 3613
(0 3662)(1)

.
.
PAG
his second birthday. Assuming no additional
deposits or withdrawals, how much will the child
have at his debut if the bank pays 8% per annum,
compounded continuously for the entire period?
0 08(19)
P = 3000 C
.

=
P13716 6756 .

1. A metal bar at a temperature of 100°F is placed

R

in a room at a constant temperature of 0 ° F. If

after 20 min the temperature is 50 ° F, find an
expression for the temperature of the bar at any
STE

time t, and the time it will take for the bar to

reach a temperature of 25 F.

t T Ts ↑ = Ts +
(To -Ts) ekt
K(20)
G 100 O 50 = 0 +
(100-0) e

20 58 O K = 0 0346
DIE

X 25 O

0 034 t 0 034 t
= 100 =
- - .
.

25 ↑ 0 + (100 0) -

e
034t
= 40 min =
-
0 .

t T 100 e
 2. A body at unknown temperature is placed in a 1. A tank contains 100 gal of brine made by
room, which is held constant at a temperature of dissolving 80 lb of dissolved salt in water. Pure
30 ° F. If after 10 min the temperature of the water runs into the tank at the rate or 4 gal/min
body is 0 ° F and after 20 min the temperature of and the mixture kept uniform by stirring, runs out
the body is 15 °F. Find the initial temperature at 3 gal/min. Find the amount of salt in the tank at
just as it was placed into the room? any time t and the amount of salt after 1hour.

AN
Rin = 4

t T Ts Cin = O

O * 30 ↓ = 100 + t

↑O ⑧ 30 Vo = 100 gal C =
Q
Qo = 80l 100 + t

S
20 45 30

-
K(10) Rout 3
= 30 + Y
=

30)C

BA
15 (0 -

Cout
K = -

0 0693
.

dQ 3Q
=
-

-0 0693(10)
= d 100 + t
.

O 30 + (X -

30)
X = 300 F dQ
= 3dt

HU
- -

Q 100 + t

3
3. A thermometer reading 75° F is taken out where = =
-

In Q In 100 + t + C & + O

the temperature is 20° F. The reading is 30° F 4 min =

3
= 80 x 189
-

Q [ 100 + t C
later. Find (a) the thermometer reading 7 min after & = 60
the thermometer was brought outside, and (b) the
PAG
3
= 80x10°
-

Q 100 + 60
time taken for the reading to drop from 75°F to
Q = 19 53125
within a half degree of the air temperature.
.

t T Ts
O 75 20

4 38 20
R

A 7 X 20
B Y 20 5 .
20
STE

k(4)
30 = 20 + (75 20) e -

K = -

0 4262
.

-
0 4261(7)
=
.

T 30 + (75 20) C -

T = 23 7844
DIE

4261(t)
=
-
0 .

20 530 + (75 20) C

-

+ = 11 0291 min
.
2. A tank initially holds 100 gal of brine in which 3. Air containing 20 percent oxygen by volume
50 Ibs of salt has been dissolved. Brine solution passes slowly into a 5 gal flask initially filled with
containing 2 Ibs of salt per gal is poured into the pure oxygen, and the mixture of air and oxygen,
tank at a rate of 3 gal/min. The mixture is then assumed uniform, passes out the same rate. How
kept uniform by stirring, then flows out the tank at may gallons of oxygen will the flask contain after 5
2 gal/min. Find the amount of salt after 1/2 hour?, gal of air have passes into it.

AN
Rin = 3 Rin = (POUT

Cin =
2 Cin =
0 . 2

X - V

↓ = 100 + t

Vo = 100 Vo = =
f = Q 5 gal V 5
Qo = 58 100 t
Qo = = ④
+

S
5
L
- -
Rout =
2 Rout
Y Y

BA
Cout Cout

dQ
dt
= 6-100 +t
3Q dQ
dt
= 0 .
2R-RQ
5
510 Sdt
=
t dt
dQ I
= = d QB =
+
+ Q + 0 IR
dt Too + t 6 1 F
. . C .

1 F
. . E

Q 100 + +) = 96 100 + +2 I F = 100 + +2 QC

Et = 10 3/ et 1 F = C
#t

Q(100 + t = 2 100 + t3
&+

&+
C
=
=
=
O
-

1 5
.

30 min
x 100
+
C

HU .
.

QC

QC
Et

&t =
=
=

C = 4
0 CP

O
C
.
.

Et +
5-Et
R

C
+ C
.
.
PAG
Q = 171 2426 .
=
& V5 ; V = Rt
Q = 2 47/5
.
R
STE
DIE
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
COMPLEX NUMBER ADDITON AND SUBTRACTION
Z = X + Yi = 10 53.14 + 5 -36.87
Imaginary part = [10cos53.14 + 5cos-36.18] +
Real part j[10sin53.13 + 5sin-36.18]
Magnitude/Modulus

AN
= 10 + j5
|Z| = X +Y
E E

MULTIPLICATION AND SUBTRACTION

OTHER TERM A. ( 10 36.89 ) ( 5 -36.89 )
= = 50 0

S
Re-Z X

Im -2 = Y

B. 10 36.89

BA
RECTANGULAR FORM 5 -36.89
POLAR FORM
3 + j4 5 53.14° = 2 73.74

TRIGONOMETRIC FORM LOGARITHM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

5 cis 53.14° = 5cos53.14° + j 5sin53.14°

EXPONENTIAL FORM
5 e
j53.13°
i
HU
i = i e
(ish
-
– MUST BE IN POLAR FORM

log Ze θ = logZ + j [ θ
•
j

Same in “ln”
*
π
180 ] loge
PAG
1
= i e
-

= 0.3678i ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

= 1
THEORY OF EQUAL COMPLEX
n
Z = ( Z θ)
C n
A K =0 Principal root
K =1,2…n-1
(θ + 2kπ ) n
N
Real part 1 = Real part 2 = Z
1
,
Imaginary part ↑ = Imaginary part I = Z a
(θ + 2kπ ) A
R

Find x+y in the 3+xi = y+2i COMPLEX NUMBER RAISING TO A

Y= 3 POWER
n
STE

n
X =
2 (Z θ ) = Z (θ + 2kπ ) n k = 0
n n
:
x + Y =
5
,
(Z θ ) = Z θn
DIE
IMAGINARY POWER OF COMPLEX TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC
NUMBERS FUNCTION
2j
4 = ? Coshix = cosx sinhjx = jsinx

let Y = 42j cosjx = coshx sinjx = Jinhx

In Y = j3/n 4
(180

AN
sechix = secx
j3(n 4
Y= E Cschix = jscx
j158 860
Y = secix = Sechx CscjX = Jaschx
.

Y = 1 158 860 .

tanhjx = tanx cothjx = scotx

IMAGINARY ROOTS OF COMPLEX tanjx = cotjx = Jothx

S
tanhx

NUMBERS
sinx ± jy = sinxcosjy ± cosxsinjy

BA
1

6+j4
4+j5 = (4 + j5) sinx ± jy = sinxcoshy ± scosxsiny
6 -
j4

In Y = 67j4 (n 4 j5 +

In Y = 6 + j4 /n 6 4031 51 34 COSX ± Jy = Cosxcossy sinxsingy

π
. .

In Y = 6 +j 4 /n 6 4031 +
j51 34 Ine cosx ± Jy = Cosxcoshy Jinxsinhy
In Y

Y =
Y
Y
=
=
=
0 1453

C
.

0 1453

1 15642
.

1 1564
.
.

·
+

e
.

j0 2462
j0 2462

j 14 11

14 1 °
.

.
.
x

HU
180
.
180

coshX ±jy

coshX ±Jy
= coshxcoshjy ± sinhxsinjy
= Coshxcosy" ± Isinhxsiny"
R PAG
STE
DIE
 CO-FACTOR OF MATRIX b
a+

! m - row Δab — sign of a matrix -

mn
n - coulumn
mn M ab — Minor of a matrix

I 3 5 = = 3
MII = E Δ21 = ↑
2+ 1

2
-

All C12
&
-

AN
1 D G
23 Cal = ↑ Clea = O 3 M21 = 2 Δ21 = I
-/

MATRICES :
:
= Δ ab
I I

CF MaD
-

— Array of numbers enclosed in a pair CF = 4 -

of .. or ..

S
DETERMINANTS
DETERMINANTS
..
A. Co-Factor Method

BA
...

— Take the co-factor of each element

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION in any row or any coulumn
— Must be same size
— To add/subtract the different sizes are
undentified

A =
21
03/
-
5
B
= HU
3
-

243
B. PIVOTAL METHOD
=

= -
245
59
-

+ + 3

Kung san may 1 dun ka mag

pi-pivotal
PAG
53 4

24En :2
-

=
A+ B 285
= 2 (2)(3)

,
- -

-=
TRANSPOSED TRACE

53 -
4 T
Sum of the diagonal = -
C = 28 5
18)(1)
= 1 -

(5)(1) -
4 -

5
= e 2 ( 5)) 2)4 1-8)) 3)
- -
- - -

S 3
-

4 5
R

=
4
8 -
12
= 40

MULTIPLICATION
STE

— Requires comformability ALTERNATIVE

— No. of coulumn in matrix A must be equal to

13 2
no. of rows in matrix B
R
-

A = 4 E -
1
B = ↑
C = 3/3

2 -
2 4 O

A ab
x
Bad = P ad

b=c =
DIE

DET A - BC

BET = 48
/

B i
2 10 -
2 i

= =
5 2
A 0 >

3> -
2
V

AB =
-ie
IDENTITY/UNIT MATRIX EIGEN VALUES ( λ ) and EIGEN VECTORS
X'(t) = 5 X-3Y
600 = ↑
Y'(t) = -

6x + 2Y

SCALAR MATRIX 5 -

3 5 -
4 -
3
= O

AN
G & G 2 x

⑤
- - -

= 5
(5 x)(2 X)
-
- -

18 = O

X = 8, -
1 x Eigen values
UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX
= =

S
54 3 IF x q IF X
-
1
= 60
88b -
3 3 U
= O
G -
3 U
= O

BA
6 0 V G 3 V
- - -

LOWER TRIANGULAR MATRIX -

3U1 -
3V = O 6U -
3 = 8

6Ux-GV = GW 3V1 =
&
O + O
- -

=
LET U1 =1 ,
V = -
1 LET Up =1 ,
V =2
-
x

DIVISION OF MATRIX; MATRIX INVERSION

1
B
=
Badj
|B|
= B HU X(t)

Y(t)
= Cy
cot
Eigen vectors

+
23 e
-
PAG
=
8t - t
X(t) C+ e + Cal

=
t
= pot
-

46
A4
A Y(t)
-
-
+ 222 e
=

RANK

32 i e
A = G 18 | Al = -
=
74/0
= =
Hadj O ↑ : R(A) E
R

B = G 18 IBI = O

=/0 =
·
9 ↑5 16) .: R(B) /
Hadj =
STE

⑨ 5 C = 8 37 8 3 = 29
Hadj =
- - -

%8 , 4 ↑ -
4 5 1
-
4 .: R(C) =2

D = 4 -

16 8

=
I
"Aadj
-

A A ↑ -
42
DIE

4 16 16 q
Al = To
-
-

s = O = O
1 -
4 -

42

423 g
=
e
4

-3 235463 e
Al = O

↑ &

THEN, =
141/0

: R(D) = 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM CONVOLUTION THEOREM
— PIERRE MARGUS SIMON dE LAPLACE CONVOLUTION OF f(t) A g(t)
= f(t)
∞ 9(t)
*

24 + (t)) = So est f(t)dt = F(s) = So

t
+(v) 9(t x) dV -

↑. LET + = any no .

AN
f(t) F(S) 2 . USE CHOICES

C S
at 1

In
5 a
-

n + 1
GAMMA FUNCTION
S
∞
So x" "e
*

S
COS Kt 2 + k
*
dx
K

sin kt 2 + k
*

COshkt (n) =

BA
2
K (n -
1) !

sinkkt K2 10 5).
= π

EX . 13 5)
.
= 12 5) (1 5/10 5)
.
.
.
π
A. 2 42" f(t)) = F(s a) Calcu mo na lang

HU
-

.E
3
= + 2 2)) 1
.
-
.
27 2) 0 .
81(1 8)
.

B. 2 4 t"f(t)) = -
+ "nF(s)

C. 2 < f"(t)) = 3 F(s) -

3 +(0) -

3f'(0) -

f"(0) BETA FUNCTION

PAG
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM β (m,n) =
(m) (n)
(m+n)
f (t) = 2"[F(s)
R
STE
DIE
 VECTOR ANALYSIS
& VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
rA
Unit vector = Direction = &A = A. DOT PRODUCT (SCALAR QUANTITY)
|rA|

rA = |rA| aA A • B = |A| |B| cos θAB

AN
rA = 6ax + 4ay - 5az A • B = (ab)i + (ab)j + (ab)k
rA = 6i + 4j - 5k
|rA| = 77
6i + 4j - 5k Example: A = 3i - 4j + 5k
aA =
77 B = -2i + 2j - 3k

S
aA = 0 6838i
.
+ 0 4558 ;
.
-

0 5698K
.

= A • B = -6 - 8 - 15

BA
aA ↑

A • B = -29
|A| = 50
Y
|B| = 17
A = ( 6, 4, 5 ) 4
A

B = ( -2, 3, 2 )
. A • B = |A| |B| cosθAB
-

z
5
I
3

HU G X -29 = ( 50 )( 17 ) cosθAB
θAB = 174 .
09390
PAG
B. CROSS PRODUCT (VECTOR QUANTITY)
1. Find |Rab|
Y A x B = |A| |B| sin θAB
A
-
RAB
B
X Example: A = 3i -2j + 3k
B = -2 + 4j - k
R

-- + .

i j k
·

W ↓

z A x B = 3 -2 3 3-2
STE

RAB = UB-VA i + UB-VAj +

UB-VA K -2 4 -1 -
I
↓
4
-
-

RAB =
t t t
-

8i -j -

3k

RAB = 74 = 2i -

6; + 12K -

4K -
12i + 3j

A xB = 10i -
3j + Ok

2. Vector C which is parallel to A and has a A x

B = 173

length of B |A| = 22
DIE

|B| = 21
Rc = |Rb| aA A x B = |A| |B| sin θAB
Rc = ( 17 ) 0 6838i
.
+ 0 . 4558j -

0 5698K
.
173 = ( 22 ) ( 21 ) sin θAB
Rc = 2 8192 ;
.
+ 1 8795 j
.
-

2 3494K
. θAB = 37 . 72920
AREA OF TRIANGLE VOLUME OF TETRAHEDRON
=
↑
It I rAB X UCB A = ( ai, aj, ak)
↑
V = G
| A • (BxC) | B = ( bi, bj, bk)
A = ( ai, aj, ak)
A
C = ( ci, cj, ck)
B = ( bi, bj, bk)
C
C = ( ci, cj, ck)

AN
VOLUME OF PARALLELIPIPED
Vp = A•BxC
B

VOLUME BOUNDED BY THE PLANE

AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

S
3
1 D
= V =
Ap rAB X UCB
2 ABC

BA
=
1
Aw 2 VAB X UCB Y
Given its diagonal
SYMMETRIC FORM

X - X↑ Y - Y↑ Z - Z↑
= =
Scalar projection of A unto B
Length of projection of A in the direction of B

A • B
|B|
= |A| cosθAB
HU ΔX

PARAMETRIC FORM
X - X↑
ΔY ΔZ

Y - Y↑ Z - Z↑
PAG
= t = t = t
ΔX ΔY ΔZ
Scalar projection of B unto A
Length of projection of B in the direction of A

A • B
= |B| cosθAB
|A| PERPENDICULAR VECTOR

Vector projection of A unto B A12/2/2

A + B B + C C = 0
R

Vector projection of A in the direction of B

A•B = 0
7

A • B B A • B
STE

=
Y

B
|B| |B| |B|
3

WORK DONE
W = F • r
Vector projection of B unto A
Vector projection of B in the direction of A
MOMENT OF FORCE
W = F x r
DIE

A • B
Y

A A • B
=
Y

A
|A| |A| |A|
3

If A,B,C are coplanar then, AxB•C = 0

DIVERGENCE (SCALAR) CURL
i j k
F F F F F F
Div F =
↓ I 3
3

jj
=
+ t

8x 66 z
y
x y z
F = 2x2yi + 442 ; + xYE2 K

AN
Dix F @ (1 , 2 3) ,

Div F = 4XY + 42 + 2XYZ Example: F = xE y i + yI z j + xz k

E

Div F = 32 |Curl| @ (1,2,3)

,

GRADIENT ( VECTOR) ijk

S
T

Cofactor method
iea
24
Yet
X
F F F &
Grad F =
ji jj jk Oz

BA
+ +
ox
x y z
Y2z xz2 X2yXz2 xayyz
= yz xz2
= j -
-

d + IX
F x y + +
66
Grad F & (1 , 2 3) ,
by Cz x2z 6x8y
Grad F = (2XY + Eli (x2 + 2 Yz); (y2 + 2xz)K

Grad

Grad
F

F
=
=
13i

20 9284 .
+ 13j +
+

10k

HU
+

=
= 4i
y;
8zY2z

+
+

9j
-

z2j
+
jxzi
+

K
x2 K
x y
-

-
22 Y jxxz2j
x

3 Y2zk
-
PAG
NORMAL TO THE SURFACE | Curl | = 98
xy322 = 4 I-1 , -1 , 2)

S = xy3 y2 -
4

NS = < y 223xY22 IXYZ)

NS = < -

4 -

1247

NS = 176

NS
= > 0 3015 0 9045 0 3015)
R

-
-
. . .

NS
1
STE
DIE
 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
PERMUTATIONS BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION OF A
BERNOULLI PROCESS
• Permutations of n distinct objects taken all at X
n
P(x success) = nCx p (1-p)
X
-

a time
n!

AN
n - no. of bernoulli trials
• Permutations of n distinct objects taken r at x - no. of success out of the n trials
a time, r < n p - Probability of a successful trial
n!
nPr =

S
(n-r)!
GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
• Permutations of n objects (some objects are

BA
X 1
P(x trials until the fist success) = p (1-p)
-

identical) taken all at a time

n!
n n … n
12 k

NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

CYCLIC PERMUTATION
•
a time
(n-1)!
HU
Permutations of n distinct objects taken all at P(x trials til r success) = (x-1)C N -
↑ (1-p)
X- Pr

p
PAG
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
• Permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a
time, r<n
μX e M
-

nCr (r-1)! P(x occurrence) =

x!

• Permutations of n objects (some objects are

identical) taken all at a time
R

(n-1)!
n n … n
12 K
STE
DIE
CONTINOUS PROBABILITY MEAN - average
DISTRIBUTION MEDIAN - middle
MODE - Most common
P(A 11
x B) = C f(x) dx RANGE - (Largest-Smallest)

AN
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Sets ( 1,2,2,4,5,5,6,7,9,3,5,4 )

=
-

X MEAN 4. 4167
x - μ
z = =

S
o MEDIAN 4. 5

MODE = 5

x - raw score =

BA
RANGE G

μ - mean
o - standard deviation 8 X-Cala
-

o &
- variance
=*
=
-
Y
o =
npq
# TRIGLS

HU
R PAG
STE
DIE