한

01 글의 07 글의
Exercises 8~13 Exercises 56~61

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 08 09 10 11 12

02 위
Exercises 16~21 08 의
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Exercises 64~69

08 09 10 11 12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12

03 의 주장
Exercises 24~29

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 09 치 치
08 09 10 11 12 Exercises 72~77

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

04 의 추론 08 09 10 11 12

Exercises 32~37

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 10 문의
Exercises 80~87

05 글의 요 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Exercises 40~45 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 15 16

08 09 10 11 12

06 글의 주 11 어
Exercises 48~53 Exercises 90~95

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 08 09 10 11 12
12 어휘 추론 17 주어진 문장의 위치
Exercises 98~103 Exercises 144~151

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

15 16

13 빈칸 추론 (1)
18 문단 요약
Exercises 106~113

01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Exercises 154~159
08 09 10 11 12 13 14
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
15 16
08 09 10 11 12

14 빈칸 추론 (2)
Exercises 116~123
19 세트 문항 (1)
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Exercises 164~175
08 09 10 11 12 13 14
01 02 03 04 05 06 07
15 16
08 09 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

15 무관한 문장
22 23 24

Exercises 126~131

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 20 세트 문항 (2)
Exercises 180~191

01 02 03 04 05 06 07
16 글의 순서 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Exercises 134~141 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

08 09 10 11 12 13 14 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

15 16 36
UNIT
01
01 글의

Peter Jackson Advanced

Licensed Counselor Program
100

Kari Patterson River View

7 13 9

Peter Jackson

Kari Patterson

It’s time to take advantage of the sunny weather [to

make our community more beautiful].

I found [that the certification for 100 hours of

to
counseling experience is required for the application].
100
We will divide into teams to [plant flowers and small
trees], [pull weeds], and [put colorful decorations on
found
the lawn].
[I am actively working on obtaining the certification],
and [I am sure I will be able to submit it by then].
to to

and

apply for certification

counsel application
complete current
request extension
8~13 submit

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

4
02

Greenville
5 25 1 6 11
Greenville
9
4 20
50

Ian Baldwin

Greenville

[To reserve your space], please visit our website and

complete a registration form by April 20. I am writing [to inform you of an ongoing noise issue
4 20 {that I am experiencing}].

to

All the money [we receive from rental fees] goes to to an ongoing
support upcoming activities throughout the year. noise issue

Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep [because I can

hear people {bouncing balls} and {shouting} on the
All the money basketball courts well after 11 p.m.].
11

craft annual
fair rent
previous reserve hear
registration form rental
fee support
upcoming throughout the year inform ongoing
noise issue
face community center
constantly disrupt
individual bounce
restrict neighborhood
03 affect assistance

5
04 05

35
Fenny Road
35

7
7

John Williams

Natalie Brown
35

It would appear, however, [that some of your drivers

are either unaware of this bus stop or for some reason
choose to ignore it, {driving past even though the
buses are not full }].
I would like to further clarify [that your role as a parent
is {to approve any school absence}].

It either
A or B A B clarify is
to

I would be grateful [if you could remind your drivers Please ensure [that you go to the parent portal site and
{that this bus stop exists} and {that they should be register the reason {any time your child is absent}].
prepared to stop at it}].

ensure
and
remind

concern attendance essential

draw one s attention potential recently
frequently unaware of unapproved absence
remind exist clarify approve
improvement explanation unjustified

6
ensure register 07
disadvantage cooperation

06
Carol Williams Yellowstone
3 30

Robert D Parker

Robert D Parker
Sunrise

Carol Williams

My name is Carol Williams, [president of the student

council at Yellowstone High School].
[As I mentioned], I greatly admire Robert D. Parker’s Carol Williams Yellowstone
paintings, [which emphasize the beauty of nature].
Robert D Parker Carol Williams

However, this event won’t be possible without the

As
support of local businesses [who provide valuable
Robert D Parker s paintings
products and services].

I would like to know [if the piece is still available for

purchase]. local businesses

know
student council host
annual prize
gallery exhibit support be willing to
diverse artwork gift certificate generosity
admire emphasize place an advertisement
purchase depict
horizon piece
house reply
inquiry

7
08
Stevens
Peter Watson Springton

Economy
Tomorrow

10 11

Peter Watson
Martin Gray

Springton

Currently, I have just over a year to go on my

subscription to Economy Tomorrow and would like Our storytelling program has been so well-attended
to continue my subscription [as I have enjoyed the that we are planning to expand the program to 6 days
magazine for many years]. each week.
Economy Tomorrow

6
so ~ that ...

I hope [you will take this opportunity to let more

My doctor has told me [that I need to look for large children hear your voice].
print magazines and books].

hope
told that let
hear
subscription currently
eyesight
well-attended expand
have trouble -ing
recruit fill in
version
bring ~ to life
be willing to opportunity
look forward to
09

8
10 special-offer non-exchangeable
match book
grateful in advance

11
National Soccer
Championship Riverside Warriors Greenville
Trojans Springfield

4 23

Clarkson 145

[As I explained on the telephone], I don’t want to take Sunnyville

my two children by myself on a train trip to visit my
parents in Springfield this Saturday [since it is the same
day the Riverside Warriors will play the Greenville
Trojans in the National Soccer Championship]. Lucy Jackson
National Soccer
Championship Riverside Warriors Greenville Trojans
Springfield

as
since
I am a parent of a high school student [who takes the
I fully appreciate [that the original, special-offer ticket 145 bus {to commute to Clarkson High School}].
was non-exchangeable], but I did not know about the Clarkson 145
soccer match [when I booked the tickets] and I would
be really grateful [if you could do this for me]. a high school student
to

[My husband and I start work early in the morning] and

[this {makes it impossible for us to drop our son off
appreciate
at school }].

this

and
this
by oneself appreciate it makes

9
 for us to

hope
understand
commute public transport
available council
discontinue place facility thanks to
generous donation
foundation renovate
provide inform

12
auditorium repair
take place inconvenience
encourage benefit

Douglas School
150

Kyla Andrews

I’m writing to inform you [that the auditorium will be

the first building {closed for repairs}].

inform
you the first building

We hope [that you will understand {how this brief

inconvenience will encourage community-wide
benefits for years to come}].

10
UNIT
01
02 위

Sarah

9
Sarah
Parker 1
Sarah

As she looked at the amazing artworks [made by

others], her confidence dropped.

the amazing artworks

I
It wasn’t until the end that she heard her name.

It isn t wasn t until ~ that

I knew [it was not against the rules {to stay in Italy for
three months}].

knew it

[As I walked away], the burden [I had carried], [even

though I did nothing wrong], vanished into the air.
16~21

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
the burden
09 10 11 12

11
 feel
passport inspector
uneasy trembling as
regulation truthfully
stamp burden
vanish weigh down
comfort relay anxiously
spot perform
make a mistake drop

02 heart rate approach

smoothly in first place 1
worth

Emma
03
Emma

Chaske
Chaske
10 1

Chaske

Emma

1
Emma

Chaske

Chaske
She anxiously waited in her spot for her teammate to
pass her the baton.

for her teammate to pass her the baton

She felt her heart rate increasing [as her teammate As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had
approached]. to survive one night in the forest [wearing a blindfold,
not knowing {he was observed by his father}].

12
 Chaske
I

Chaske
knowing

[What panicked him awfully a moment ago] vanished

into thin air.

I [glanced down at the hands of my little son] and [saw

a four-inch cream-colored statue of two small children
{hugging one another}].

stump rite 4
passage tribe
and
survive blindfold
two small children
observe dread
sweep beast Inscribed at their feet were words [that read It starts
stand take off with ‘L’ ends with ‘E’ and in between are ‘O’ and ‘V.’]
complete mission L E O V
presence regain
stability panic words
awfully vanish
into thin air

border on irritation
04 bother trivial
demand glance
statue hug
25
purchase

25
25 25 05

25
25 Ester

4 L
E O V

25

25

13
 Ester

Isabel

Ester stood up [as soon as she heard the hum of a hover

engine outside]. She looks around the cafe, but she can’t shake off the
Ester feeling [that something is missing].

as soon as

the feeling
She was sure [this must be {what she was eagerly She looks around, [trying to imagine {what else she
waiting for}]. could do to make the cafe perfect }], but nothing
comes to mind.

sure
that be

imagine

to
hum swing open
pour eagerly
hesitation unfold
nervous anticipation
company
shake off missing
come to mind sudden
06 burst inspiration
transform blank
fade handiwork
guarantee definitely

07
Isabel

Isabel

Dan
Isabel
Dan

14
Dan Fleagle

Dan
Fleagle

Dan Dan

I managed to finish my portion, and my mind went I

blank for a few seconds, [wondering what to do].

Only then did the tension vanish.

I was anxiously expecting for a command [to report to

Only then
Mr. Fleagle immediately after school for discipline]
[when I saw him lift my paper from his desk and rap
for the class’s attention].
be supposed to do
make a presentation
buzz text Fleagle
make it
faint portion a command to
blank saw
come to one s senses
lift rap
tension vanish
beaming I did my best [to avoid showing pleasure], but [what
I was feeling] was pure ecstasy at this startling
demonstration [that my words had the power {to make
08 people laugh}].

Belleville to

15
 but
pure ecstasy at this startling demonstration
the power to I the old
mirror

anxiously command rusty creak

discipline rap scream
attention attentively race
contempt ridicule heartbeat calmly
openhearted ecstasy reflection
startling demonstration

10
09

Ash

30 Ash

19
Ash

We’ve been waiting until the last minute, afraid any

refreshments [I eat] might accidentally fall onto it and
stain it.
My hands flew over my mouth [as I started to scream].

any refreshments
I [took a deep breath] and [walked past a table to the it my dress
old mirror {that stood in the back of the room}].

16
 There’s only thirty minutes left until the show starts,
and the nerves [that have been torturing Ash] seem to Ted felt sure [that it was for his promotion] and [that
have escaped her, [choosing a new victim in me]. the vice president would make him the marketing
30 Ash manager].
Ted
the nerves
and sure

He felt [as if he had been hit by a truck].

ache invisible
makeup apply
as if
refreshment accidentally
as if as if
stain nerve
had p p
torture victim
palm sweat
have butterflies in one s stomach
vice president human resources
tighten
beam anticipation
career promotion
blank desperately

11 suitable frozen
panic over and over

Ted

12
Ted Ted

Ted

Ted
Ted Dave
Ted
Ted
Mike
Ted 20

5 Dave
Ted

Dave

17
 UNIT

03 의 주장

[Shivering], he gripped his board tighter and kicked

harder.

he

Five minutes of terror [that felt like a lifetime] passed Goethe

[before he was on dry land again].
5

Five minutes of terror Goethe

horizon freeze
nightmare
no more than
shiver grip
think to oneself
catch one s breath
at ease contented
Most people resist the idea of a true self-estimate,
sigh probably [because they fear {it might mean downgrading
some of their beliefs about who they are and what
they’re capable of }].

fear
about

He states [that it is equally damaging {to “value

yourself at less than your true worth.”}]

states it

18
 24~29

01 02 03 04 Explain
05 06 07 08 regardless of
09 10 11 12 the contentment

01
convince senseless
content control
consequently guilt
be subject to eliminate
regardless of contentment
accompany

02

Merely [convincing your children {that worry is

senseless} and {that they would be more content if they
didn’t worry}] isn’t going to stop them from worrying.

When we have these false expectations, it tends to

convincing
discourage us from continuing [to move forward].
Explain to them [that {if they refuse to act worried
regardless of how they feel }, they will eventually
stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the tend to do
contentment {that accompanies a worry-free life}]. discourage A from B A B
continuing to

19
 So many people don’t want to take the time [ it requires
a vital industry
to be successful].

As the world’s population continues to grow, it is

the time to essential [to find sustainable solutions {to address
the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the
continued production of food and other agricultural
generation overnight products}].
high tech comfort
convenience tempt
desire develop
patience achieve
fall prey to As it

sustainable solutions to
the challenges

03
agriculture a range of
harvesting fertilizing
pest distribute
essential date back
critical civilization
stable supply
settle vital
raw scarcity
soil degradation
biodiversity sustainable
solution address
ensure

04

Today, agriculture remains a vital industry [that {feeds

the world’s population}, {supports rural communities},
and {provides raw materials for other industries}].

20
 However, [when dealing with a problem area], in
particular, remember [that it is not the person {who is
bad}, but the actions {exhibited on the job}].

when
Technological developments in sectors such as
remember
nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of
A B not A but B
[how not only environmental benefits but also risks
the person
to the environment or human health can accompany
the actions
technological advances].
It is difficult [for employees to change {who they
are}]; it is usually much easier [for them to change
{how they act}].
of not only A
but also B A B
It it
Since the industrial revolution, technological
for employees for them to
advances have changed the nature of skills [needed
change
in workplaces], [creating certain types of jobs and
much easier
destroying others], with impacts on employment
patterns.
psychologist figure out
empathize point of view
exhibit make a suggestion
trait acceptable
skills
perform unreliability

05 introduction impact
sustainable management
resource take ~ into account
nuclear agriculture
accompany advance
profound revolution
destroy assess
potential

21
06
unwanted unpleasant
nonetheless hatred
develop acceptance
compassion suitable
accomplish
task situation

07

The more people have to do unwanted things the more

chances are that they create unpleasant environment for
themselves and others.

the the

If you decide to accept the fact [that your task has to be

done], start from recognising [that your situation is a
[No matter who or what is being assessed in your
gift from life]; this will help you to see it as a lesson in
organization], [what they are being assessed on] must
acceptance.
be clear and the people must be aware of it.

the fact
it what they are being assessed on
recognising
this help
to [To conduct accurate assessments], trust is a must —

22
 which comes through clarity.

to be about
to be about persuade
it me time

Take this as permission [to set aside some time for

clarity energize
component trust yourself]!
transparency assess
be aware of individual
mistrust cohesive this permission
essential failure to
assessment significantly
hinder conduct
accurate must overtired complicate
empower negative association
optimal escapism guilt
regret overwhelm
fatigue connotation
08 steer clear of vital
set aside urgent

09

Well, I am about [to change your perception of the

importance of me time], [to persuade you {that you
should view it as vital for your health and wellbeing}].

23
 Extensive multicultural experience [makes kids more
creative (measured by how many ideas they can come
up with and by association skills)] and [allows them to
capture unconventional ideas from other cultures {to
expand on their own ideas}].

and Extensive multicultural

experience to

If neither is possible, there are lots of things [you

can do at home], [such as {exploring local festivals},
{borrowing library books about other cultures}, and
If you are a salesperson [trying to increase the sales of
{cooking foods from different cultures at your house}].
a certain product], then you must not merely [point
out the benefits {the customer can derive from the
said product}], but also [point out its uniqueness and
what they will miss out on {if they don’t purchase the
lots of things
product soon}].
lots of things
such as

march ethnic
traditionally perspective
extensive measure a salesperson
capture not
unconventional merely ~ but also ... the
expand expose benefits
at home explore
local
In selling, you should keep in mind [that the more
limited something is, the more desirable it becomes].

10
in -ing keep in mind

the the

2003

announcement flight
uneconomical
route scarce

24
resource principle and teach
scarcity benefit the skills
uniqueness miss out on
desirable

guidance embark on
11 value cooperation
device instinctively
competitive multitude
interpersonal awareness
inherently minority
peer consciously
nurture continuously

12

[Left to their own devices], they will instinctively

become increasingly competitive with each other.

Being

However, we do need to teach them [that there is more

to life than winning] and [about the skills {they need
for successful cooperation}]. They are the people [who have the perspective to see
problems {that the insiders are too close to really
notice}].

do need teach

25
 the people problems UNIT

[If you didn’t {know your coworkers} and {feel bonded

04 의 추론
to them by your shared experiences}], what would you
think of them?

and
didn t

challenge characteristic
valuable perspective
point out risk
adopt mentality
disassociated bonded
job security confidence
management assessment
on one s own determine Seneca
advance career

It will require — inevitably — realizing [they are unable

to say {what they actually think}].

realizing
say

Worse, it demands [that they {become a different type

of person} or {do bad things}].

demands

26
 top talent}, {to invent new products}, or {to change
32~37
direction quickly when the environment shifts }].
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

01 A B not A but B A
B but but
failing

objective prevention
replicability creativity
keenness industrial
era minimize
variation maximize
consistency shift
repeatability suppress
conductor

02

1950

20

In the industrial era, the goal was [to minimize

variation].

was to

In these situations, the biggest risk isn’t [making a

mistake or losing consistency]; [it’s failing {to attract 1050

27
 03

20

Pennsylvania Anjan Chatterjee

Picasso Guernica 1937

No, it only means [that at the time we did not yet have
the tools {we now possess to help enable vehicles to Lorraine
operate both autonomously and safely}]. Hansberry A Raisin in the Sun

means the
tools

In fact, many patients are already wearing devices [that

monitor their conditions in real time], [which allows
doctors to talk to their patients in a specific, refined,
and feedback-driven way {that was not even possible a
decade ago}].

The arts, in this way, become vehicles [to contend with

devices ideas and concepts {that are difficult and uncomfortable
otherwise}].
a specific refined and feedback-driven way

vehicles to ideas
and concepts
self-driving accelerator
When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in
vehicle on one s own
1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature
barrier obviously
of war, and offered the world a way [to consider the
entire pursue
possess tape universal suffering {caused by the Spanish Civil War}].
approach bring ~ to bear Picasso Guernica 1937
appropriate advance
unique refined

28
 a way to the
universal suffering What would happen if a new pathogen came along
[that infected most of the beeches and killed them?]
aesthetics connection
tongue challenging
discomfort be willing to do
transformation vehicle If
contend with concept a new pathogen
masterpiece capture
heartbreaking cruel
suffering racism [Because fungi are also very dependent on stable
discrimination pursuit conditions], they support other species underground
portrait and protect them from complete collapse [to ensure
{that one species of tree doesn’t manage to dominate}].

04 to ensure

species native to
emerge advantage
infect advantageous
oak maple
fir shade
sprout diversity
security dependent on
stable collapse
dominate

05

Carolina California
Louisiana

29
 fate regional
specialty discern
corruption
come up with
10 9 generalized norm
savor sensibly
marble

06

If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with

lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to
[discern] or [resist] the corruption.

either of A
B either A or B A B
unable to

We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized

norms, [passed down through families], for savoring
and sensibly consuming [what our land and climate
give us].

a strong set of generalized norms

savoring consuming

native cuisine If you want to get over an obstacle [so that your

30
 idea can become the solution-based policy {you’ve
long dreamed of}], you can’t have an all-or-nothing
mentality.

so that ~ can
the solution-based policy

[Even if {what emerges} isn’t as well-funded as

you wished, or doesn’t match {how you originally
conceived the bill}], you’ll have still succeeded in
ensuring [that kids in troubled areas have access to
clean water].

match
ensuring
Research in the science of peak performance and
expression enemy
motivation points to the fact [that different tasks
get over obstacle should ideally be matched to our energy level].
policy mentality
alter
well-funded Research points to
conceive bill the fact
ensure have access to
needle vastly
I’m someone [who tends to overthink different
scenarios and conversations {that haven’t happened
yet}].

07
someone different
scenarios and conversations

peak motivation
analytical accomplish
free from
distraction
consistently stick to
strategic

31
08 We all have the opportunity [to lead change], yet it
often requires of us the courage [to deliver bad news to
our superiors].

the opportunity to
it the courage
1970 Sidney Rosen Abraham
to
Tesser

soften
address
term coin
psychologist superior
innocent kick in
override water down
devastating hierarchy
Robert Sutton
subordinate negotiator
blame

09

Pazano

This “Mum Effect” — a term [coined by psychologists

Sidney Rosen and Abraham Tesser in the early 1970s]
— happens [because people want to avoid becoming
the target of others’ negative emotions].
1970 Sidney Rosen Abraham Tesser

a term

32
 10

Vosniado Brewer
Fish is Fish

For companies [interested in delighting customers],

exceptional value and service become part of the
overall company culture.

companies

The company’s passion for satisfying customers

is summed up in its credo, [which promises {that
its luxury hotels will deliver a truly memorable Fish is Fish
experience}].

its credo
promises Fish is Fish
Thus, the purpose of marketing is [to generate customer
value profitably].

is to

exceptional overall
rank hospitality
hospitality industry in terms of They worked with children [who believed {that the
passion sum up earth is flat} (because this fit their experiences)] and
luxury hotel memorable attempted to help them understand [that, in fact, it is
customer-centered seek to do spherical].
relative to maximize
lower result in
profit generate
profitably delicate
children
believed them
children understand

33
 The model of the earth [that they had developed] —
and [that helped them explain {how they could stand
or walk upon its surface}] — did not fit the model of a
spherical earth.

The model of the earth

explain T h e m o s t d a n g e ro u s t h re a t t o our abi l i t y [ t o
concentrate] is not [that we use our smartphone during
working hours], but [that we use it too irregularly].
illustrate
assimilation context
flat fit
attempt spherical
picture sphere our ability to
interpret surface not ~ but
incorporate preexisting ...
novel favor
The solution is [to regulate your devices {as if you were
on a strict diet}].

11
is to
as if

When it comes to nutrition, [sticking to a fixed time

plan for breakfast, lunch, and dinner] allows your
metabolism [to adjust], thereby [causing less hunger
during the in-between phases].

When it comes to ...

allows to

12

threat irregularly
effectively filter
regulate device
strict nutrition
stick to metabolism
belly under control
nutritional stimulate
toxic

34
12

being
no matter how

know

exhibit paradoxical
tendency assume
mutually exclusive
contradictory relevant to
mastery involve
perspective prevailing
be willing to do naive
accelerate adopt
temporary permanent
utilize rookie
simultaneously

For example, [to do its best work], a team needs [deep

knowledge of subjects relevant to the problem {it’s
trying to solve}], and [a mastery of the processes
{involved}].

to
and needs
the
problem the processes

[Often called a “beginner’s mind,”] this is the

newcomers’ perspective: people who are curious, even
playful, and willing to ask anything — [no matter how
naive the question may seem] — [because they don’t
know {what they don’t know}].

35
UNIT
01
05 글의 요

2007 08

So important is communication during a disaster that [If a firm is going to be saved by the government],
normal social barriers are often lowered. it might be easier [to concentrate on lobbying the
government for more money rather than taking the
harder decision of restructuring the company to be able
to be profitable and viable in the long term].
so ~ that

The more important an event to a particular public,

the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news
becomes.
it

the the
For example, if governments rescue banks [who get
into difficulty], as they did during the credit crisis of
2007 08, this could encourage banks to take greater
risks in the future [because they know {there is a
possibility that governments will intervene if they lose
40~45
money }].
01 02 03 04 2007 08
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

36
 a simple implement it a
banks did rescued simple implement
banks who got into difficulty
This technology might be thought of as a classic time-
know
shifting device, as it enables mothers [to exercise more
a possibility
control over the timing of feeding].

firm save
concentrate on restructure as it
profitable in the long term enable
moral hazard alter to
rescue credit crisis
intervene negatively
affect risky
overrate impact
in part absorb
02 so as to do invisible
implement transform
fundamental classic
exercise function
bottle feeding substitute for
potentially implication
entirely overlook

03

Jacques Le Goff

Here is a simple implement [that has transformed

a fundamental human experience for vast numbers
of infants and mothers, yet it finds no place in our
histories of technology].

37
 Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water
clocks, [which did not play any meaningful role in
business activities].

sun or water clocks

Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life

and work by providing a new concept of time [that was It’s remarkable [that positive fantasies help us relax
easy for everyone to understand]. to such an extent {that it shows up in physiological
tests}].

a new concept of time for

everyone to understand It help
relax such a an
that that
historian significance
If you want to unwind, you can take some deep breaths,
accurate measurement
progress mechanical
get a massage, or go for a walk but you can also try
play a role in peak simply [closing your eyes] and [fantasizing about some
stroke future outcome {that you might enjoy}].
contribute facilitate
commerce interaction
transaction retailer
wholesaler allocate try -ing
efficient some future outcome

04 remarkable extent
unwind fantasize
outcome objective
inevitable obstacle
undercut temporary

38
05 sense puzzle
survey take over
executive routine
EI bump

AI EI
AI
EI 06

AI

AI
EI

AI
EI

EI

The emotional messages [people send and respond

to while interacting] are, at this point, far beyond the
ability of AI programs [to mimic].

AI
The emotional messages
Think about the impact [personal computing technology
the
had on the first wave of executive leadership {exposed
ability of AI programs to
to the technology}].
This means [people and jobs {involving EI} are safe
from being taken over by machines].
EI the impact executive
leadership
means
Those [who were resistant many times] [found few
people and jobs
opportunities {to advance their careers}] and in many
being taken over
cases [were ultimately let go through early retirement
for failure {to stay relevant and update their skills}].
advent Artificial Intelligence
workplace replace
prediction mimic

39
 Those
and
opportunities to whether A or B A B
failure to A B
the date

relevance fast track And more recent research by a different team found
assume ambitious [that similar benefits were achieved by showing goal
more often than not victim seekers {modified weekly calendars}].
embrace advance
executive leadership
expose integrate
excel resistant
found by -ing
ultimately retirement
showing
update

07 be associated with
view kick-start
pursuit
unremarkable
benefit achieve
modified depict
3 immediate progress

08

Whether it was [starting a new gym habit] or

[spending less time on social media], when the date
[that researchers suggested] was associated with a new
beginning, more students wanted to begin changes right
then.

40
 equilibrium steer

09

4 30
The truth is [that {managing our own emotions
and actions} is {what allows us to feel peaceful as
parents}].

is

is is

Parenting isn’t [about {what our child does}], but

[about {how we respond}].

A B not A but B
A B about
While hot yoga may have changed your friend’s life,
does that mean [it’s the right practice for you]?
[Staying calm enough {to respond constructively to
all that childish behavior and the stormy emotions
behind it }] requires [that we grow, too].
may have p p
mean

I don’t doubt [that {getting up super early} changes

requires people’s lives, sometimes in good ways and sometimes
to requires not].

doubt
behave calm
ultimately obstacle
changes
respond brew
trigger full-scale You don’t know [if this habit will actually make your
constructively reflect life better], especially [if it means {you get less sleep}].

41
 make a choice].

know
means every time

well-meaning
match swear emerge initial
cautious beat oneself up strike overreact
approach strive for behave attentive
plot

10 be compelled to do
detached perspective
definition heart beat

11

Rust Belt

This is the question [all stories ask].

the question

Who is this person [who behaves like this]?

The hallmark of declining cities is [that they have too
much housing and infrastructure relative to the strength
this person
of their economies].
The question then re-emerges every time [the
protagonist is challenged by the plot and compelled to

42
 is

With all that supply of structure and so little demand,

it makes no sense [to use public money {to build more
supply}]. Fears of damaging ecosystems are based on the sound
conservationist principle [that we should aim to
minimize the disruption {we cause}], but there is a risk
it to [that this principle may be confused with the old idea
to of a ‘balance of nature.’]

official former
glory massive
light rail policy
the sound conservationist principle
tidal urban
the disruption
Rust Belt
a
real estate declining
underlying hallmark risk
relative to demand Our planet is dynamic, and [so are the arrangements {by
supply folly which its inhabitants live together}].
building-centric

so

12 the arrangements

ecosystem sound
conservationist principle
aim to do minimize
disruption confused with
suppose
not to say
notion misleading
static dynamic
endure apparently
in comparison with
lifespan eventually
species community
adapt to alter
circumstance consequent
constantly myth
arrangement
inhabitant

43
UNIT

06
48~53
글의 주
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

01

J B S
Haldane

Hugh Lacey

Empathy is frequently listed as one of the most

desired skills in an employer or employee, although
without specifying exactly [what is meant by empathy].

one of the
specifying

Others stress affective empathy and empathic concern,

[emphasizing the ability of leaders {to gain trust from
employees and customers by treating them with real
concern and compassion}].

People seem to recognize [that the arts are cultural

activities {that draw on (or react against) certain
leaders to cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and
certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the
time and place in which the art is created }].

44
 recognize
cultural activities the
time and place

Others, however, see science as a purely “objective” The solution is [that there should be far greater
pursuit, [uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and diversity in the practice of science: in gender, ethnicity,
values of those {who create it}]. and social and cultural backgrounds].

a purely objective pursuit is far

those greater

Science works [because it is carried out by people {who

recognize tradition pursue their curiosity about the natural world and
value characteristic test their and each other’s ideas from as many varied
context purely perspectives and angles as possible }].
objective pursuit
viewpoint underlying
independently of
people

02 and

diversity view
similar maintain
aspire solution
gender ethnicity
carry out pursue
perspective angle
confidence

03

Sylvan Goldman 1937

Goldman

45
 baby carriage attractive
majority disguise
regular
Goldman accomplish logic
readily

04

Richard Wrangham

It was an excellent device [that would make it easy

{for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without
getting tired or seeking others’ help}].

an excellent device it
for
shoppers to

Men were reluctant [because they thought {they would

appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of
carrying their shopping }].

The outsourcing of much of the work of cooking

to corporations has relieved women of [what has
thought
traditionally been their exclusive responsibility for
feeding the family], [making it easier {for them to
work outside the home and have careers}].
device seek
in spite of advertisement
wheeled reluctant

46
 outsourcing has
of
and it made ~
it for them
to

It has also allowed us [to diversify our diets

substantially], [making it possible even {for people
with no cooking skills and little money to enjoy a
whole different cuisine}].

allowed to
it making
for people with no
cooking skills and little money to

Tools for thinking stem from this core, [providing

central identity
a common language {with which practitioners in
anthropologist
different fields may share their experience of the
stand to reason
process of innovation and discover links between their
decline corporation
relieve exclusive creative activities}].
responsibility feed
career head off
domestic conflict
shift dynamics a
spark common language
pursuit
diversify substantially [If they practice abstracting in writing class], [if they
cuisine microwave work on abstracting in painting or drawing class], and
[if, in all cases, they call it abstracting], they begin
to understand [how to think beyond disciplinary

05
boundaries].

understand

trunk reveal

47
branch twig healthy diet}].
emerge from core
stem from practitioner
innovation link
people
terms employ
the benefits
curriculum abstract
disciplinary boundary
transform conception Researchers in the latter study noted [that excessive
discipline universal consumption of high-sugar fruit (such as mangoes,
bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and
cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do].
06

noted as ~ as ...
do cause metabolic
and cognitive problems

consequence shed light

intake cognitively
volume unusual
associated with
diet isolate
component inverse
Mayo Clinic
cortex outer
latter excessive
consumption metabolic
processed

07

This finding was unusual, [since people {who eat more

fruit} usually display the benefits {associated with a

48
 warn upcoming
19 20 arousal compensate for
advantage intimidate
spectacle disturb
sheer

08

30

The emotional and neurochemical excitement [that

resulted from this preparatory singing] gave them
stamina [to carry out their attacks].

The emotional and neurochemical

excitement stamina
to

[What may have begun as an unconscious, uncontrolled

act — {rushing their victims with singing and beating
drums in a frenzy}] — could have become a strategy [as
the victors saw firsthand the effect their actions had on
those {they were attacking}].

The reason is simple: every night, our brain consolidates

What [what it has learned during the day].
an unconscious
uncontrolled act
those
consolidates it
our brain

launch
Quite the contrary: while we sleep, our brain remains
neurochemical active; it runs a specific algorithm [that replays the
preparatory unconscious important events {it recorded during the previous day}
strategy victor and gradually transfers them into a more efficient
firsthand risk compartment of our memory].

49
 by Bill Murray] is forced to relive a single day over
and over again.
Groundhog Day Bill Murray

a specific algorithm a weatherman

the important events
In fact, the neurotransmitter systems [involved in
it our brain them the
reward] are tied to the level of surprise: rewards
important events
[delivered at regular, predictable times] yield a lot less
activity in the brain than the same rewards [delivered at
efficient interval random unpredictable times].
cram neuroscience
inactivity accumulate
contrary algorithm
transfer compartment

the neurotransmitter systems

09 rewards
a lot less
the same rewards

weatherman play
Groundhog Day Bill Murray
be forced to do relive
confront seemingly
eventually rebel
befriend predictability
appealing engage
autopilot involved in
be tied to deliver
yield random
gratify

10

In the movie Groundhog Day, a weatherman [played

50
 people into discrete races}] is a cultural construction.

themselves
the way
to

physically a multitude of
race biological
ancestry trait
texture representative
variable classify
construction

But once we add traits [that are less visible than skin
11
coloration, hair texture, and the like], we find [that the
people {we identify as “the same race”} are less and
less like one another and more and more like people {we
identify as “different races}].”

traits
find the
people people

Add to this point [that the physical features {used to

identify a person as a representative of some race (e.g.
skin coloration)} are continuously variable, so that
one cannot say {where “brown skin” becomes “white
skin.”}]

Add
the physical features
say

Although the physical differences themselves are

real, the way [we use physical differences {to classify

51
 Maine
Think of an animal [that has a reputation for being
fearful].

an animal

In mammals, because of evolution, our eyelids will

speed up [to minimize the amount of time {that we
can’t see an approaching predator}].

to the
amount of time

The greater the degree of fear [an animal is

Many marine species including oysters, marsh grasses,
experiencing], the more the animal is concerned with
and fish were deliberately introduced for food or for
an approaching predator.
erosion control, with little knowledge of the impacts
[they could have].

the the
fear

the impacts
refer to profiling They are commonly packed in seaweed [which contains
blink indicate
many other organisms].
measurement reputation
come to mind mammal
seaweed
evolution minimize
predator concern [If the seaweed is discarded], it or the organisms on it
involuntarily equal can colonize new areas.

12 it the
seaweed

marine species
marsh deliberately
erosion intentionally
livelihood rear
net-pen recover
invasive bait
Washington State British Columbia organism discard
colonize
Washington State British Columbia Alaska biodiversity potential
ecotourism contribution

52
UNIT

07
56~61
글의
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

01

13 19 10 12

15

18

It’s easy [for most of us to relate] — you probably feel

the same pressure in your own life!

It for most
of us to

It is really challenging [to deal with the fact {that we’re

human and can’t always respond instantly}].

It
the fact

In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15

years, [which means {that we then say that people have
developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable
for their actions at this point}].

53
 15

means

I do not know [whether these age boundaries are

optimal], but it is clear [that mental development
takes place at different rates for different individuals,
and depends especially on the social and family
environment {they have been given}].

[What you need to do in that situation] is [find another

know it way {to think about the timeframe}].

the social and family environment

is another way
consist of individual to
master code
competent internalize The best approach is [to view deadlines as a challenge
criminal responsibility {that you have to meet within a period that’s
sufficient maturity imminent}].
be accountable for
democratic boundary
optimal rate
is to a
specific apply to
challenge

02 in a series of deadline
be likely to do
remote approach
view challenge
manageable

03

11
1

54
 argue
UMD Alexis Elder thinking

Sonoma John
in response to
Sullins
critic charge
moral hazard deception
vulnerable companion
fool into cognitive deficit
inferior to reason
hold iconic
cartoonish synthetic
unsophisticated
fake uncanny
resemble recipient
violate dignity

04

[Reasoning along similar lines], John Sullins, a

professor at Sonoma State University, holds [that
robots should “remain iconic or cartoonish {so that
they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by
unsophisticated users}.”]
50
Sonoma John
Sullins

holds
so that

Other critics of robot deception argue [that when care

recipients are deceived into thinking {that robots care},
this crosses a line and violates human dignity].

55
 Oxford

Be mindful about every purchase by carefully

researching the corporations [that are taking our
money {to decide if they deserve our support }]. 18
21 Shakespeare

Alvin Toffler Shakespeare

450 000
by -ing the
250 000
corporations
Shakespeare
to decide
9 5

Remember [that the corporate world is built on

consumers, so as a consumer you have the power {to
vote with your wallet and encourage companies to Shakespeare
embrace healthier and more sustainable practices with
every purchase you choose to make }].
Shakespeare

Remember
the power to every
purchase

But it was [only in the eighteenth century] that

any attempt was made to formalize spelling and
value mindful punctuation of English at all.
purchase deserve 18
support pollute
fair-trade practice it was ~ that
end-of-life
be committed to to to formalize
conscience contribute
profit genuinely In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to
corporate embrace materialize in London today he would understand,
sustainable on average, only five out of every nine words in our
vocabulary.
Shakespeare
9 5

05
If

56
 It
emerge continually
in response to supplement
In present times, cycling has become an activity [which
drift attempt
is also performed for its demonstrative value, its role in
formalize punctuation
unintelligible estimate
identity construction and its effectiveness in impressing
so to speak materialize others and signaling social status].
fade continuation

an activity

06
craze increase
urban symbolic
reinterpretation be associated with
recreational commuting
aspirational
demonstrative
identity status
extent well- off
obviously value - laden
by no means manifest
dweller inequality
inclusive

07

It has also been accompanied by a symbolic

reinterpretation of the bicycle.

57
 professionalism overshadow
heroic sanitary
attributable surgical
pharmaceutical bioengineered
availability sanitation
sewage consumption
attainable
controversy

08

In modern times, the societal ascendancy of medical

professionalism has caused treatment of sick patients
[to overshadow those preventive healthcare services
{provided by the less heroic figures of sanitary
engineers, biologists, and governmental public health
officers}].

caused to
those preventive healthcare services

Nevertheless, the quality of health that human

populations enjoy is attributable less [to surgical
dexterity, innovative pharmaceutical products, and
bioengineered devices] than [to the availability of
public sanitation, sewage management, and services
{which control the pollution of the air, drinking water,
urban noise, and food for human consumption}].

It is not [only houses], of course, that communicate

with us.
is attributable
services
It is ~ that

A store or restaurant can be designed so that it

healthcare clinical welcomes mostly low-income or high-income customers.
mythology preventive
wellness hygiene

58
 so that [If they wage war], both are likely to lose in the long
run.

inanimate object
obvious weed
abandoned instantly be likely to do
deliberate register

09 liberate
Enlightenment
wage
in the long run establishment
destiny overwhelming
interest devastating
A cost innate
O Hirschman The Passions and disrupt
the Interests
Adam Smith David Hume Montesquieu
10
Montesquieu

Battery Park City

1982
20
Agnes Denes
Denes Public Art Fund
Manhattan

Denes

Wheatfield — A Confrontation Denes

4

The free market has liberated people in a way [that

Marxism never could].

a way never could

have liberated people

59
 Denes was commissioned by the Public Art Fund [to
create one of the most significant and fantastical pieces
of public work {Manhattan has ever seen}].
Denes Public Art Fund Manhattan

commission to
to
one of the most significant and
fantastical pieces of public work

The artist and her volunteers harvested thousands of

pounds of wheat to give to food banks in the city,
[nourishing {both the minds and bodies of New
Yorkers}].

The artist and her volunteers

nourishing
Journalists [call this {the “inverted pyramid” structure}]
both ~ and ...
—[the most important information (the widest part of
the pyramid) is at the top].

fancy high-rise
financial headquarter call 5
souvenir peddler this
make one s way to the inverted pyramid
gross landfill structure
temporarily commission
installation gleaming [No matter what the reader’s attention span] —
confrontation amber [whether she reads only the lead or the entire story] —
atop irrigation the inverted pyramid maximizes the information [she
thriving nourish gets].
fade away urban
narrow expansion
no matter what

11 whether ~ or ...

the information

60
 When
story contain or
convey dealing
decreasing as ~ as possible
no matter what span
alternative payoff [As economic life became more complex in the later
break off fake Middle Ages], [the need for fuller and more precise
communication] was accentuated.

12
As
need
was

immediate mutual
confidence deal with
property contract
description precise
unambiguous potential
a measure of facilitate
clarification settlement
dispute aid
function

[When dealing {with property}, {with contracts}, or

{even just with the routine exchange of goods and
services}], concepts and descriptions need to be [as
precise and unambiguous as possible], otherwise
misunderstandings will arise.

61
UNIT
01
08 의

2022
1 35 44

59 5
2010 2020 1
55 64 25 34
15 24
2010 2020 1
2010 1
45 54
5
35 44
2020 1
55 64 65
1
2010 1
2020 5
2020 1 2
45 54
26 3 35 44
17 2
In 2010, the amount of CO 2 emissions per person
of China was the largest among the five countries,
followed by that of Mongolia.
2010 1 5 The graph above shows [the percentage of people {who
provided unpaid care to children and adults by age
that the amount of CO2 emissions per person group in Canada in 2022}].
2022

Among the five countries, India was the only one

shows
[where the amount of CO2 emissions per person was
people
less than 2 tons in 2020].
5 2020 1 2 The 55 64 group and the 65 and older group showed
a similar percentage of individuals [providing unpaid
one country the care to children], with a difference of less than 1
only one percentage point.
55 64 65
1
individuals

proportion unpaid
64~69
care notably
01 02 03 04 reach similar
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

62
02
2019
1
51 27
2020 3 1
3 1
18 24
25 34
45 54
22 4g 20 6g

35 44 55
1 50g

50

55 61

The percentage of respondents [who believed {that

targeted ads were interesting}] was the highest in the
age group of 18 to 24.
The graph above shows the animal protein consumption
18 24
[measured as the average daily supply per person in
three different countries in 2020].
respondents
2020 3 1
believed

the animal protein consumption Among all age groups, the gap between respondents
[who said {targeted ads were interesting}] and those
[who believed them to be intrusive] was the largest in
Japan had less than 50g of the total animal protein
the 35 to 44 age group.
consumption per person, [which was the smallest
among the three countries].
35 44
1 50g

between A and B A B
respondents
said those
protein consumption
average poultry
respectively least
view targeted
rank
advertising intrusive
result survey
respondent gap
03

63
04 05

TV 1

2013 2020 2019

TV 1
2013 2020 1 OECD
TV 1
2016 2020
8 2020 1
TV 1
30 5
2017 TV 1

2014 TV
6% 2015 10% 1

2014 TV 6 Belgium was the only country with a smaller number

2015 11 of students per teacher than the OECD average in both
public elementary and secondary schools.
1
The percentage gap between the two genders was the OECD
largest in 2016 and in 2020, [which both had an 8 both A and B A B
percentage point difference].
In public elementary schools, there was a smaller
2016 2020
number of students per teacher on average in Germany
8
than in Japan, [whereas the reverse was true in public
secondary schools].
For male respondents, 2017 was the only year [that 1
saw a decrease in the percentage of those {accessing
the Internet via smart TVs} compared to the previous whereas
year], during the given period.
2017
public secondary school
TV
select the United Kingdom
reverse
the only year those

06
share by gender
survey respondent
access via

2022

64
 12 13
07
1
12 13
2000 2020 2
42
14 15

2000 2020 6 2
3
16 17 1 2
2000
20 18 19
2020 3
5 1

20
2020
14 15 3
2000 2020
2
2000
20
Of the 12 to 13-year-old group, 42% stated [they read 2020 2000 7

daily or several times a week], [which was the highest 2020

share within that group].

12 13 42
2000
2020 2020
stated
that

In the 14 to 15-year-old group, the percentage of

The graph above shows [the percentage of children
teenagers [who read daily or several times a week] was
{who received second-dose measles vaccinations in six
three times higher than that of those [who never read
regions in 2000 and in 2020}].
a book in the same age group].
2000 2020 6 2
14 15

shows
3
children
teenagers
than The percentage of vaccinated children in the Western
that the percentage Pacific was lower than that of Europe in 2000, but the
those vaccination percentage in 2020 of the Western Pacific
exceeded that of Europe by 3 percentage points.
2000
daily account for 2020
proportion state 3
respond
that The percentage of vaccinated children
that the vaccination percentage in
2020

65
 09
second-dose vaccination
Mediterranean exceed
rank decade 5

08 5
5

OECD
5

2020 OECD
48 6 OECD 5

3 1

OECD
98

The above graph shows [which modes of transportation

36 p
people use for their daily commute to work, school, or
14 p
university in five selected countries].
5

The oil demand in the Residential, commercial and shows

agricultural sector took up 9.8% of all oil demand in
the OECD, [which was the fourth largest among all the In terms of commuters [using public transport],
sectors]. Germany leads all of the countries, immediately
followed by Australia.
OECD
98

commuters
The percentage of oil demand in the Marine bunkers
sector was twice that of the oil demand in the Rail &
domestic waterways sector. commute mode of transportation
commuter popular
except for

that the percentage

10
distribution demand
sector generation
e
marine waterway
aviation industry
petrochemical 2020 e-

66
e- 2018 2019
e- 2018 2019 2
e-
e- e- 2018 2019
2018
e- 2019
e- 2018
e- 2019
2 10
e-
3 1 2019 874 000
e- 94 000
10
e-

For the two-year period of 2018 to 2019, [the overall

total number of visitors to Deoksugung Palace] was
The above table shows the share of respondents larger than that to Changgyeonggung Palace.
[familiar with or engaged in e-sports in selected 2018 2019 2
countries in 2020].
2020 e- number
was that the overall
respondents total number of visitors

While the percentage of e-sports familiarity in Spain [While the total number of visitors to Chang-
was higher than that in the UAE, the percentage of gyeonggung Palace decreased from 2018 to 2019],
e-sports engagement in Spain was two percentage the total number of visitors to Deoksugung Palace
points lower than that in the UAE. increased during the same period.
e- 2018 2019
e-
2 While
While
that the percentage of e-sports familiarity
that the percentage of e-sports engagement overall period
decrease increase

respondent familiar
familiarity engagement
12

11
2005 2017
2017

67
 2005 2005 UNIT

2017 09 치 치

2005
2017
2005 2017 Charles Elton

Liverpool Charles Elton 1918

2017 2005 1922 Oxford Julian Huxley

1922 1967 Oxford

Huxley
In every country except the UK, the average class size
in 2017 decreased compared to that in 2005.
1927
2017 2005
Animal Ecology
1932
that the average class size
Oxford Bureau of Animal Population
In 2005, the average class size in Brazil was larger than Journal of Animal
that in the UK, [whereas the reverse was true in 2017]. Ecology Elton
2005
2017
that the average class size
After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he
[worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as
average primary education a biological consultant], and [examined the company’s
decrease compared to records {to study animal populations}].
whereas reverse Huxley

he
to

In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book,

Animal Ecology, [in which he demonstrated the nature
of food chains and cycles].
1927 Animal Ecology

Animal Ecology

68
 incredible source
72~77
volume
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

02
01
Theodore von Kármán
Henry David Thoreau Theodore von Kármán 20

Henry David Thoreau 1817 Concord 1908 Göttingen

16 Harvard 1920
Thoreau 2
1838 6 John Caltech
1845 Walden 1930 Caltech
Walden Thoreau Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory
National Medal of
Walden Science

Thoreau Maine Cape Cod

43 Concord
He was invited to the
20 United States to advise engineers on the design of a wind
tunnel at California Institute of Technology Caltech

Henry David Thoreau

Although his works were not widely read during
his lifetime [Theodore von Kármán], [a Hungarian-American
engineer], was one of the greatest minds of the
twentieth century.
Theodore von Kármán 20
After graduating, [Thoreau worked as a schoolteacher]
but [he quit after two weeks].
one of the
Thoreau 2
but
He was invited to the United States [to advise engineers
The journal [he wrote there] became the source of [his on the design of a wind tunnel at California Institute of
most famous book], Walden. Technology (Caltech)].
Walden Caltech

The journal to
Walden

mind talent
graduate quit doctoral degree consultant
set up poet director award

69
03 financial promote
charitable organization
found the Great Depression
Maggie L Walker merge with thrive
continually improvement
Maggie L Walker

Valley School 3 04
1900
Virginia Camille Flammarion

Camille Flammarion Montigny-le-Roi

16
St Luke Penny Savings Bank
Paris Observatory Urbain Le Verrier
2009 1858 Le Verrier
Walker 19 The Plurality of Inhabited
Worlds

Popular Astronomy 1880

130 000 Juvisy
The racial discrimination by white bankers drove 5 11 1887
her to study banking and financial laws French Astronomical Society

She established a newspaper [to promote closer 19

communication between the charitable organization At nineteen he wrote another book in which he
{she belonged to} and the public]. passionately claimed that life exists outside the planet
Earth

to the The manuscript was not published at the time, but it

charitable organization came to the attention of Urbain Le Verrier, [the director
of the Paris Observatory].
Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings
Paris Observatory
Bank, [which survived the Great Depression and
Urbain Le Verrier
merged with two other banks].
it The manuscript
St Luke Penny Savings Bank
Urbain Le Verrier

the St Luke Penny Savings Bank At nineteen, he wrote another book called The Plurality
of Inhabited Worlds, [in which he passionately claimed
{that life exists outside the planet Earth}].
achieve prominence 19 The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds
attend public
racial discrimination

70
 another book called The Plurality of Inhabited
Worlds claimed spend -ing
to

astronomy manuscript blacksmith lecture

director assistant priesthood botany
calculator passionately accompany assemble
eventually found

05 06
John Ray
Julia Margaret Cameron

1627 Essex Black Notley John Ray

Julia Margaret Cameron 19
16 Cambridge
Calcutta
1660
Cameron
1863 12
1650

Francis Willughby Ray 1660

Cameron
1673
Margaret Oakley Willughby
Black Notley 77

20

F r a n c i s Wi l l u g h b y
Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter
Francis Willughby Ray toured Britain and Europe in the
1660s
Criticized for her so-called bad technique by art
critics in her own time
At 16, he went to Cambridge University, [where he
studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to
mathematics], before joining the priesthood in 1660.
Cameron made illustrative studio photographs,
16 Cambridge 1660
[convincing friends and family members to pose for
photographs], [fitting them in theatrical costumes and
carefully composing them into scenes].
Cambridge University
Cameron

He spent his later years studying samples [in order to

assemble plant and animal catalogues].

71
 [Criticized for her so-called bad technique by art of a hydroelectric dam
critics in her own time], she ignored convention and
experimented with composition and focus.
Janaki Ammal, [one of India’s most notable
scientists], was born in 1897, and was expected to wed
Although through an arranged marriage.
Even though she was criticized for her so-called bad Janaki Ammal 1897
technique by art critics in her own time

Janaki Amman one of the

consider portrait
energetically devote Despite living at a time [when literacy among women
clear in India was less than one percent], she decided to
convert ~ into ... reject tradition and attend college.
illustrative convince
1
pose theatrical
compose criticize
so-called critic despite a
convention experiment time
composition focus
appreciate spiritual
notable wed
expression medium
arranged marriage literacy
doctorate contribute
sugarcane variety
07 co-author famine
deforestation advocate
preservation hydroelectric
Janaki Ammal

Janaki Ammal 1897

08
1
Carl Gustaf Rossby
1924 Michigan
Ammal Carl-Gustaf Rossby Bergen
Vilhelm Bjerknes
Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants Stockholm Rossby
1918 Stockholm
Ammal Bjerknes
Stockholm Bergen
1925 Rossby
Silent Valley

Rossby
Silent Valley polar front theory
successfully saved the Silent Valley from the construction 1947 Rossby Stockholm

72
 10 3 5
3 10

University of Stockholm
In 1947 Rossby accepted the chair of the Institute of
Meteorology ~ at the University of Stockholm 4

The

Carl-Gustaf Rossby was one of a group of notable monarch cannot survive the cold winter temperatures of

Scandinavian researchers [who worked with the the northern states

Norwegian meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes at the

University of Bergen].
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Bergen The mother butterfly lays only one egg on the underside
Vilhelm Bjerknes of milkweed leaves, [which hatches about three to five
days later].
notable Scandinavian researchers
3 5
one egg
In 1925, Rossby received a scholarship from the
Sweden-America Foundation [to go to the United The monarch is the only insect [that can fly more than
States], [where he joined the United States Weather four thousand kilometers to a warmer climate].
Bureau]. 4
1925 Rossby
the only insect
to
the United States
monarch
splash
meteorologist earn a degree spot margin
physics lecture hind lay
apparently geophysical underside hatch
scholarship practical migrate insect
forecasting cyclonic circulation
boundary air mass
chair meteorology
10

Gordon Parks
09
Gordon Parks

Parks 15

Parks

73
 Parks Bowlby Cambridge Trinity
1949 Life 3
1950 Bowlby
1956
Parks 2006

Parks eventually Trinity Bowlby

dropped out of school and worked at various jobs enrolled at Trinity College Cambridge to study medicine

He documented the everyday lives of African John Bowlby, [British developmental psychologist and
Americans at a time [when few people outside the psychiatrist], was born in 1907, to an upper-middle-
black community were familiar with their lives]. class family.
John Bowlby 1907

a time John Bowlby

He also wrote music pieces in his life and in 1956 His father, [who was a member of the King’s medical
the Vienna Orchestra performed a piano concerto [he staff], was often absent.
wrote].
1956 His father

a piano concerto
developmental psychiatrist
upper-middle-class
document be familiar with absent primarily
eventually nanny customary
drop out of school boarding school traumatic
migrant concerto enroll briefly
consultant attachment
dominant approach

11
12
John Bowlby
Patricia Bath

John Bowlby 1907

Patricia Bath
Bowlby 1942 Harlem
Howard 1968
Bowlby 7

Bowlby

74
 UNIT

1976
AiPB 10 문의
1980 Bath

Clifton

1976 AiPB In 1976 she co-founded the

American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness AiPB 2024 Clifton
~ Central Park

10 20 1 3
It was [during her time as a medical intern] that she
saw [that many poor people and Black people were
10
becoming blind because of the lack of eye care].

It was ~ that
saw

Her research led to her [becoming the first African-

American female doctor {to receive a patent for a
medical device}].
Join us for this annual event [to clean up the fallen
leaves in Central Park], and enjoy meeting your
to her neighbors!
the first African-American
Central Park
female doctor to

this annual event to

advocate raise
Clean-up will be done in groups of 10 people [based on
concentrate ophthalmology
disorder co-found age].
institute prevention 10
principle treatment groups of 10 people
patent device

80~87

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

75
01
Jamestown

2024

9 6 8 10 9
Southside Maker
Grand Park
Space
7 20 7 21
30
10 4
14 16
100
1
15
10

Cooking classes with

experienced chefs

www southsidemaker com 30 kinds of food samples [provided by local

restaurants]
30
Lunch is included in the 30 kinds of food samples
participation fee

diverse tasty
treat local
Join us at Southside Maker Space [to explore the performance experienced
wonders of engineering with exciting activities]. entry

Southside Maker Space

to
03

creator explore
wonder participation
fee include
tool material
provide

02 2024 4 27
9 1
Jamestown Camefort

76
 1 4 50
4 22 4 24 www camefortcc com

1 60

12 16
10 www ytc2024 com

4 22 4 24 Register
online at www camefortcc com from April 22 to April On the day of the class
24 and afterwards No refund

[Make perfect lattes] and [present them in the most

beautiful way]! 2024 Youth Tennis Camp is [where your child can
get instruction from qualified tennis players at indoor
and them tennis courts].
perfect lattes 2024

In this class, you will learn [how to steam and pour

is
milk].

learn youth instruction

qualified indoor
fundamental cancellation
present steam policy refund
pour registration equipment
ingredient dairy alternative
available

05
04
Roselands Virtual Sports Day

Roselands Virtual Sports Day

2024 Roselands Virtual Sports Day
2024
2023 10 16 22

10
13 18
2024 1 15 18
9 12
100

5 100

77
 virtualsportsday 1 000
roselands com ipmarathon com
500MB

Parents and teachers can

also participate 2 5km

2 5km Water will be

Roselands Virtual Sports Day is an athletic competition provided every 2 5 km and at the finish line

[that you can participate in from anywhere].

Roselands Virtual Days
The Peace Marathon Festival will be held [to {promote
an athletic competition world peace}] and {share compassion for people in
need}].
You can see videos [explaining each challenge] on our
school website.

to and
to
videos
The number of participants is limited to 1,000.
1 000
athletic competition
The number of
participate in
is
in total complete
submit
entry promote compassion
civic qualification
participant souvenir

06
07

Have a Good Night

Have a Good Night

2023 9 3 10

& $30 20
10km & 5km $15

78
 2
3

www westhigh edu

1 $30

The winning
video will be played at the school festival
Basic version Free

All the videos will be uploaded on the school website

This smart app helps you have a refreshing sleep! on April 5.
4 5
help to be p p
have
The video [that receives the most votes] will win.

Recording sounds such as coughing or snoring while The video

sleeping

talent show show off

while you are
amazing

refreshing cough
snore analyze 09
adjust tone

Maple Spring

Maple Spring

08 Maple Spring
Maple Spring

2022 12 1 31

2023 7 11
1 5
Maple Spring Bow

3 talent
westhigh edu 10
3 27 3 31 www maplespringlight com

1 4 5
10 Local residents

79
can get a 10 discount off the entrance fee www 7challenge
globestory com

The Maple Spring Light Art Exhibition will illuminate All participants
you, with a route [surrounded by light artwork]. will write about the same topic
Maple Spring

a route You will be randomly assigned one of 12 literary

Admire the beautiful light artwork [as you walk genres for your story.
through Maple Spring]. 12

Maple Spring
as be p p

exhibition illuminate randomly assign

route artwork entry finalist
entrance fee resident

10 11

7
2022

2022 12 5 12 11
17
9 5

1 100
12
2 50

3 5
k-speech kcontest com
1

1 100
1st place 100 and traditional Korean tea
12
12

12 Are you a foreign student [who wants to show off your

500 Korean]?

80
 a foreign student session clay
ceramic fire
Make your own video [sharing your experiences in
instruction
Korea].

your own video

mention 13

12

Woodside 2021 5
2022 3 31 7 Goomeri Branford Hill
2022 4 7 7 10 2

15
4 14

25
Lucky Spot 1 000
Lucky Spot
www woodsideclay co uk
500 200
www goomeripumpkinfestival com
25
Fee 25 including all materials instruction and a glass Each
of wine participant has only one opportunity to roll a pumpkin

In the second session, you will decorate the pieces

[before we glaze and fire them]. The participant [who rolls their pumpkin farthest] wins.

The participant
before
[If more than one participant lands their pumpkin in the
Your pendants will be ready to be picked up from April Lucky Spot], the money will be divided equally.
14.
4 14
to to be p p

81
roll participant reunion miss
width underarm reservation refund
available buddy
spirit up to

14
15
South High School
Seattle

South High School

Seattle
2011
Seattle

2021 7 8
2021 11 6 7 10
5 10
Bay Street
1
40
10 15 30 10 30 ~ 12 30
10 31 12 30 ~ 13 30
13 30 ~ 15 30
50
30
8 10

South

The participation fee

The champion includes lunch and materials for the program
will receive two movie tickets

One Day Camp at Seattle Children’s Museum is an

[If you reserve by October 15th], the price will be $30. experience [that promises {to inspire creativity in
10 15 30 children}].
Seattle

an experience
Wear a red jacket [to show your South High School
promises to
spirit].
South All children [must be accompanied by an adult].
a red jacket to

82
 be p p

inspire creativity county

discovery craft job fair business
participation fee register employer
accompany material job seeker location
attendee enhanced
refreshments

16

Grey 2021

Grey 2021
4 28 2 6
Bayshore
Grey 2021
80

80
4 14 6

5 5

www greycountyjobfair org

Employer-only lounge
and refreshments

Last year’s was the largest [ever held in this area] with
more than 80 employers and over 1,000 job seekers.
80

the largest

This year, we’re moving to an even larger location with

plenty of space for all attendees.

83
UNIT

11 어 a fascinating fact
know
and

90~95

01 02 03 04
2 05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

01

The built-in capacity for smiling is proven by the

remarkable observation [that babies {who are
congenitally both deaf and blind, who have never seen
a human face }, also start to smile at around 2 months].

do not have
the remarkable observation
a century or two make to
babies
to make
babies who are congenitally both deaf and blind
one planet orbiting

But here’s a fascinating fact: blind babies will continue to do so for the next person to
to smile [if they are cuddled, bounced, nudged, and it
tickled by an adult — anything to let them know {that
they are not alone} and {that someone cares about account for respond
them}].
actions
on which

84
 This is slowly being replaced by the view [that the
economy is a part of the larger system of material flows
{that connect all living things}].
when using
this technique using used
the view
material flows that the belief

When this perspective shifts into place, it will be

more than values and attitudes
obvious [that our economic well-being requires {that
This is
we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological
health behaviors ones
health}].
What

it For years, many psychologists have held strongly to the

requires belief [that the key to addressing negative health habits
is {to change behavior}].

shift inhabitant
orbit grasp
the belief
solar notion
is to
revolve replace
perspective obvious Mental imagery [combined with power of suggestion]
ecological clarify was taken up as the premise of behavioral medicine
nature identify [to help people change negative health behaviors into
cooperate accelerate positive ones].

02 Mental imagery
behavioral medicine to

psychologist
address
negative value
attitude personality
target addiction
workaholism shopaholism
combined with suggestion
alongside modification
tactic cope
strategy

85
03 ‘lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and
travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic
to dopaminergic neurons ’}].
Paul Saladino

writes
Steven Gundry
the hypothesis
showing
the brain

Gundry
lectin
crucial weapon
Paul Saladino bind carbohydrate
consume molecule
gut nerve
joint bodily fluid
sticky interrupt
toxic symptom
overload dementia
animal studies infertility resolve
showed showing eliminate hypothesis
dopaminergic neuron
defend plants
themselves

found 04
interrupt messaging between cells and can
cause
that aching joints dementia headaches and
infertility that

Lectins are large proteins [that serve as a crucial

weapon {that plants use to defend themselves}].

large proteins a
crucial weapon

Dr. Paul Saladino writes [that the hypothesis {that

lectins are involved in Parkinson’s disease} is also 90
gaining support, with animal studies showing {that 90

86
 to
reach to reach

increasing
those are
a view that

whether
whether

The manufacturer of the food has a view [when making

or growing something] [that {by the time the product
reaches the shelves} it has already been travelling for
so many days and possibly many miles].
Our brains
generating generate
our ancient ancestors
who
when
threats them
a view
the the certain
by the time
more certain
is the same shape size as last time
But [whether it becomes toxic] is something [each is
individual can decide].

[If I know for certain {it is}], my brain will direct me

whether to eat it [because I know {it’s safe}].
if
something

know
carbon footprint shelf know
bring up caution
manufacturer toxic
perishable nonperishable [Our brains then generate sensations, thoughts, and
cost-effective action plans {to keep us safe from the uncertain
element}], and [we live to see another day].

05

and

87
 to
The intent is [to make it more difficult {for the new
certainty stem from entrant’s advertising to make an impression on
ancient ancestor potential buyers}].
survive alongside
poisonous evolve
attend to direct is to it
alert dependence for the new
millennium pl millennia ensure
entrant s advertising to
label vague
unpredictable sensation Arguably, [if a market is already filled with product
variants] it is more difficult [for competitors to find
untapped pockets of market demand].

06
it
for competitors
to

strategy move
announcement intent
discourage ~ from -ing
imply rewarding
entrant launch
potential variant
arguably untapped

07

the way of market demand

is
some intent
that
a decision or an action at one point in
time
doing
before during
when
pockets
untapped

88
 08

World Bank
fascinated fascinating

a sense that

perceive readily
perceptual
characteristics assure
a context where
where in which

By noticing the relation between their own actions

and resultant external changes, infants develop self-
efficacy, a sense [that they are agents of the perceived
changes].

than was
indicates a greater understanding and moral
concern do
by -ing a sense was did
to
People have perceptual characteristics [that virtually to differentiate
assure {that infants will orient toward them}].
and some of them the
social and environmental changes

perceptual characteristics which

assure that the question ~ be addressed the

question of ~ the planet
the question needs
relation resultant
external self-efficacy less
agent interaction much
readily consequence
perceptual virtually
assure orient Even though institutions like the World Bank use
contrasting exaggerate wealth [to differentiate between “developed” and
responsive vocalization “developing” countries], they also agree [that
vary context development is more than economic growth].
World Bank

89
 to
agree

Countries are slowly learning [that it is cheaper

and causes much less suffering {to try to reduce the
harmful effects of an economic activity or project at the comparing ourselves with someone who s
beginning, when it is planned , than after the damage doing worse than we are
appears}]. risk risks
creatures ones
feel inadequate

learning it the desire to meet

the beginning which

it an economic activity or project

Despite abundant warnings [that we shouldn’t measure
ourselves against others], most of us still do.
institution differentiate
developed developing
environmental accompany
awareness affect abundant warnings do
address indicate measure ourselves against others
concern widespread

But the problem with social comparison is [that it often

backfires].

09
is it social
comparison

abundant measure
meaning-seeking
interpersonal comparison
evaluate standing
enhance self-esteem
inadequate malignant
misfortune risk
undeserving beneficence
beneath one s notice
benign longing
reproduce

10

90
 mental course away from this anchor] than it logically
should be.

Whatever
it

bias cognitive
tend to do regardless of
relative relevance
significantly challenging
alter logically
classic emergency
subsequent aching
occasionally significant
Differences in how ~ for example —
Differences
creating create
compared
11
to alter
triage bias
where
aching jaw pain extends

Anchoring bias describes the cognitive error [you make

{when you tend to give more weight to information
arriving early in a situation compared to information
arriving later — regardless of the relative quality or
relevance of that initial information}].

the cognitive error

hunting in the residual light zone of the ocean Some

information
predators Some predators
[Whatever data is presented to you first {when you has have
start to look at a situation}] can form an “anchor” and some
it becomes significantly more challenging [to alter your consisting

91
 allowing to
to survive
the sparse food
that
prey it

Organisms [living in the deep sea] have adapted to the

high pressure by storing water in their bodies, [some
consisting almost entirely of water].

Organisms
some
rats give
gives given
Many species lower their metabolism so much that
one of these boxes which
they are able to survive without food for long periods
of time, [as finding the sparse food {that is available}
recorded automatically
expends a lot of energy].
press might receive

the bar it

so ~ that ...
[While working as a research fellow at Harvard], B.
the
F. Skinner carried out a series of experiments on rats,
sparse food
[using an invention {that later became known as a
“Skinner box.”}]
organism adapt to Harvard B F Skinner
entirely lack Skinner box
cold-blooded adjust ~ to ...
metabolism sparse B
predatory
F Skinner an
be equipped with
invention
hold on to overpower
residual light zone Over time, the rat learned [that food appeared
attract mating {whenever the bar was pressed}], and began to press it
purposefully [in order to be fed].

12
learned

Skinner box
to

Harvard B F Skinner
Skinner box research fellow carry out

92
a series of experiment UNIT

present with
automatically
rate
initially 12 어휘 추론
accidentally curiosity
as a consequence
purposefully
positive reinforcement
influence

For example, their own responses to emotional

situations serve as a role model for emotion regulation,
[increasing the likelihood {that their children will show
similar reactions in comparable situations}].

the likelihood

Parental practices at times [when their children are

faced with emotional challenges] also impact emotion
regulation development.

times impact

93
 into other parts of the world] or, instead, [whether
98~103
people developed independently in various parts of the
01 02 03 04 world].
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

about
01
evolve tropical
survival ray
debate independently
capable of physical
characteristic upright
efficiently consume
fat vegetarian
intellectually territory

02

reduced expanded TV

The first human beings probably evolved in tropical

regions [where survival was possible without clothing].

tropical regions
accelerate slow down
There is a debate about [whether these people spread

94
 [Because people tend to adapt], [interrupting positive
things with negative ones] can actually increase
enjoyment.

ones things

more less
[{Eating a Brussels sprout between chocolate chips} or
{viewing commercials between parts of TV shows}]
disrupts the process. The fact [that someone has a new ability {to access
TV information or watch the actions of another}] does not
justify doing so.
or

The fact
a new ability to doing so
tend to do adapt
access information or watch the action of another
interrupt commercial
remove entertainment
opposite annoying [Although some people might be uncomfortable with
adaptation pleasurable the spread of surveillance cameras], citizens in most
disrupt cultures have adjusted to the fact [that {giving up the
right not to be observed in these circumstances} causes
less harm to the community than {failing to have

03
surveillance}].

the fact

individual concept
access justify
advance expand
commercial private
enact permission
reconsideration re-affirm
distinction consent
voluntarily observe
circumstance

95
04 It takes to
far for
their system to

wear off liver

degrade genetics
efficient version
bloodstream rare
eliminate effect
alter clearance
sensitive sleep-disrupting

05

insensitive sensitive

[Based in large part on genetics], some people have a

more efficient version of the enzyme [that degrades
caffeine], [allowing the liver {to rapidly clear it from
the bloodstream}].

poor rich
being
the enzyme

For example, the huge subsidies [that rich nations give

allowing to
to their farmers] make it very difficult [for farmers in
It takes far longer for their system [to eliminate the the rest of the world to compete with them].
same amount of caffeine].

96
 the huge subsidies
it
for farmers in the rest of the world to

deny
Another example would be domestic health or safety
suppose
regulations, [which, {though not specifically targeting
imports}, could impose significant costs on foreign
manufacturers {seeking to conform to the importer’s Robert Blattberg and Steven Hoch noted [that, in a
market}]. changing environment, it is not clear {that consistency
is always a virtue}] and [that one of the advantages of
human judgment is the ability {to detect change}].
Robert Blattberg Steven Hoch
domestic health or safety regulations

noted it
foreign manufacturers
the ability to

barrier measure The logic was [that statistical models suppose stable
quota conditions and therefore cannot account for the effects
restrictions on exports on demand of novel events such as actions {taken by
prevalent enact competitors} or the introduction of new products].
discriminatory comply with
compete with conform to
additional
was actions
06

consistency virtue
judgment ability
Robert Blattberg Steven Hoch detect advantageous
combine statistical
examine possibility
forecast demand
Blattberg Hoch stable account for
novel competitor
introduction

07

97
 08

Adam Smith

Smith
reinforces destroys

This shading [gives the object depth] and [allows the

viewer {to distinguish its shape}].

and This shading

allows scarce excess
to

Thus [even if an animal is exactly, but uniformly, the

same color as the substrate], it will be easily visible Adam Smith pointed out [that specialization, {where
[when illuminated]. each of us focuses on one specific skill}, leads to a
general improvement of everybody’s well-being].
Adam Smith
the same ~ as ...
pointed out
when it is specialization

At the same time, without the ability [to buy food on

countershading the market], it would not be possible [to be a specialist
optical flattening home builder or clothing maker], [since it would be
illuminate shade necessary {to farm for one’s own survival}].
depth distinguish
uniformly belly
blend in coloration
background
the ability to

98
 it so ~ that ...
it that an
automated system
to

specialization improvement The unexpected reveals the value of humans; [what

specialize in construction we bring to the table] is the flexibility [to handle new
mastery subsequently situations].
trade output
and so forth farm
division of labor extent

the flexibility to

09
advanced military
unstable dependence
paradox reliable
efficient distracted
extreme massive
passive occupation
flexibility collaborate
in pursuit of joint
oversight

TV 10

normal science

Thomas Kuhn

less more Kuhn

Kuhn
They are so unstable [that they require an automated
system {that can sense and act more quickly than a
human operator to maintain control }].

99
 11

corresponds conflicts

The job of the normal scientist is [to try to eliminate

these minor puzzles {while making as few changes as
possible to the paradigm}].

is to
while as ~ as possible

So normal science is a conservative activity — its

practitioners are not trying [to make any earth-
shattering discoveries], but rather just [to develop and
extend the existing paradigm].

not ~ but ...

strengthens
If a normal scientist gets an experimental result [which
restrains
conflicts with the paradigm], they will usually assume
[that their experimental technique is faulty], not [that
the paradigm is wrong]. [In order for us to be able to retain valuable pieces of
information], our brain has to forget in a manner [that
is both targeted and controlled].

an experimental result
assume to for us
to a manner
both ~ and ...

primarily paradigm
encounter accommodate The reason for this is [that the brain does not consider
conservative it valuable {to remember all of the details as long as it
earth-shattering is able to convey the main message (i.e., your first day
novelty unquestioningly of school was great)}].

100
 is it consider [In order to continue its symbiotic relationship
as long as with cultivated plants], humanity must [allow for
biodiversity] and [recognize the potential drawbacks
{that monocultures of plants can introduce}].

retain noteworthy
specific pl.
additional apparently
delete convey to
insignificant content and
disturb vanish the potential drawbacks

Planting seeds of all kinds, [even if they don’t seem

immediately useful or profitable], can ensure the
longevity of those plants for generations [to come].

12

generations to

innovation unlock
modification reproductive
cultivation recognizable
vulnerable to starvation
agricultural loss
harvest famine
rely on nutritionally
3 allow biodiversity
potential monoculture
profitable ensure
longevity
strike a balance between ~ and ...
capacity control

benefits drawbacks

101
 정답과 해설

UNIT

13
106~113

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

01

10
1
5

10

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways

the last thing [we want to hear] is [that the process was
fair].

the last thing

is

When the process is fair we believe [that our outcome

is deserved], [which is another way of saying {that
there must have been something about ourselves (what
we did or who we are) that caused the outcome}].

In one study, students were asked to arrange ten posters

in order of attractiveness — with the agreement [that
believe
afterward they could keep one poster as a reward for
their participation].
saying
10
1

the agreement

102
 Five minutes later, they were told [that the poster with
the third highest rating was no longer available].
5

told Our instinct is [to continue investing money or time

{as we hope that our investment will prove to be
worthwhile in the end }].
practical side issue
attraction arrange
order participation
available is to
judge from scratch as hope
classify psychology
phenomenon deprive
Giving up would mean [acknowledging {that we’ve
option deem
wasted something we can’t get back}], and that thought
attractive
is so painful [that we prefer to avoid it {if we can}].

02
mean
acknowledging

so ~ that that

repay venture
relationship walk away
sunk cost fallacy instinct
worthwhile acknowledge
lay down delay

5
10
03

103
 정답과 해설

04

Montaigne

Goethe

[Understanding the connection between a rapid

turn rate and the alignment of the body close to the
rotation axis] tells her [how to accomplish her turn
successfully].

tells to

In both of these cases, [understanding and working

within the constraints {imposed by nature and
described by physical laws}] allows dancers to work
efficiently, [minimizing potential risk of injury].
The miracle assumes the intervention of a “higher
power” in its occurrence [that is beyond human
capability {to grasp}].

the
constraints
the intervention of a higher power in its
occurrence human
capability to
capability misguided
The miracle, then, is the excuse of those [who are too
accomplish repetitive
vertical rapid
lazy to think].
impose by nature
efficiently minimize those
potential injury too to

104
coincidence statistically These people will look for alternatives, [which (if
irrational define cleverly planned) can be exactly {what a marketer or
glorious obedience persuader wants you to believe}].
technological development
phrase
mysterious intervention
alternatives
occurrence grasp
methodical divine be
inspiration investigate People use this reversal [to make us “independently”
excuse choose an option {which suits their purposes}].

05
to an option
make
choose

rebel alternative
persuader reject
maintain independence
uniqueness preference
mainstream loyalty

06

Michael Porter

1991
2000

105
 정답과 해설

07

[Facing increasingly strict regulation], greenhouse

growers realized [they had to develop new methods {if
they were going to maintain product quality with fewer
pesticides}].

realized
that

The new system not only reduced the pollution

[released into the environment]; it also increased profits
by giving companies greater control over growing
conditions.

not only A but also B A B

but It’s hard [to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled
the pollution by -ing person], simply [because there’s less effort {being
observed}].

peculiar profit
regulation strict It
prompt illustration effort
world-renowned
cut flower contaminate
They found [that people would pay a little more for
soil fertilizer
a greater quantity of rescued data], but [what they
pesticide ultimately
were most sensitive to] was the number of hours [the
quality shift
technician worked].
cultivation circulate
closed-loop release

106
 found

the number of hours

In social play children learn [how to negotiate with

others], [how to please others], and [how to manage and
observe recovery overcome the anger {that can arise from conflicts}].
quantity sensitive
technician willingness
amount outcome
fundamentally incompetence learn to
irrational comfortable the anger

None of these lessons can be taught through verbal

means; they can be learned only through experience,

08
[which free play provides].

means assert
get along with
obedient subordinate
deliberately dose
moderate negotiate
arise verbal

09

AAAAA

AAAAA 1

107
 정답과 해설

10
ABABA

ABABB

9 1

This is called “adaptation,” [a deceptively simple

phenomenon {that shows that your brain is learning to
anticipate the next event }].

adaptation
a deceptively simple phenomenon
shows

And it is not just repetition that leads to adaptation:

[what matters] is [whether the notes are predictable].

it is ~ that just repetition

It is not the peasant’s goal [to produce the highest
possible time-averaged crop yield, averaged over many
years].

violate expectation
fundamental driver
identical note It
auditory progressively If you have just one big field, [no matter how good it
adaptation deceptively is on the average], you will starve [when the inevitable
phenomenon anticipate
occasional year arrives {in which your one field has a
primary cortex
low yield}].
neuron vigorously
fire
matter alternating
trigger

108
 Our behavior as followers changes as our objectives
it one big field change.
the inevitable
occasional year as
as

peasant crop But if I am an expert on fishing, you may follow

yield average my lead on where we fish, regardless of our formal
marvelously combination positions or the fact [that I followed your lead on
aim inevitable concerts yesterday].
occasional varying
independently

the fact
11
define subordinate
empower analyst
refer to constituent
misunderstanding objective
expert regardless of

Ronald Heifetz

Heifetz
12

Martin Luther King

109
 정답과 해설

The ultimate test of a man is not [where he stands in

moments of comfort and convenience], but [where he
stands at times of challenge and controversy].”

not ~ but ...

is

If they lack the commitment [to sail with you through

difficult weather], then they are more likely to abandon
your ship [when it stops].

the commitment to
it your
ship

boss
come across as You do not have conscious awareness of all these
sympathizer incident separate mental plays and cognitive neural firings, yet
cover cosy they somehow work together in beautiful harmony [to
corridor ultimate synthesize your overall experience].
convenience challenge
controversy reluctant
commitment sail
abandon

to

That is [why {truly improving memory} can never

13 simply be about {using memory tricks}, {although they
can be helpful in strengthening certain components of
memory}].

110
 is
about

although

memory
operate The elements [any particular animal needs] are
vehicle cell relatively predictable.
navigate destination
spring neuron
street sign originate from The elements
conscious awareness
separate mental
cognitive neural This is, in part, [because vertebrates evolved in the sea
firing synthesize and so evolved cells {dependent upon the ingredients
overall improve that were common in the sea, including sodium }].
trick strengthen
certain component
bottom line preserve

is cells
the ingredients

14
predictable ancestor
hardwired
sodium mammal
concentration primary
dependent upon remedy
eliminate excess
reward preference
Na strategy periodic
50

15

50

111
 정답과 해설

conception factual
awareness put into
recognition ignorance
emphasis self-assurance
conformity established
phenomenon pl phenomena

16

Diderot

Diderot Diderot

The goal of the dialogue is [to arrive at a conception

{that one did not know or understand beforehand}].

Diderot
is to a
conception

In traditional schools, [where philosophy is not

present], students often work with factual questions,
they learn specific content [listed in the curriculum],
and they are not required to solve philosophical
problems.

The Diderot Effect states [that {obtaining a new

possession} often creates a spiral of consumption {that
leads to additional purchases}].
traditional schools
specific content Diderot

states

philosophical hinder a spiral of consumption

112
 You often decide [what to do next based on {what you UNIT

have just finished doing}].

14
decide
on

tendency purchase
effect obtain
possession spiral
consumption spot
go with remind
laundry detergent
cue trigger
isolation fairness

The very notion seems nonsensical.

very notion

The immense distances to the stars and the galaxies

mean [that we see everything in space in the past].

mean

116~123

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

113
 정답과 해설

01 performance, so they often stay on autopilot.

have a hard time -ing

enough to do

accurate a great deal of

expert implicit
explicit mastery
4 experiment approach
interfere with performance
autopilot intuitive

02

Shakespeare

It would be more accurate [to say {that those who can

do , can’t teach the basics}].

It
say those

Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine

aficionados have a hard time describing their putting
and tasting techniques — even [asking them to explain
their approaches] is enough to interfere with their

114
 They enable each of us to smooth consumption over
our lifetimes, [which is a fancy way of saying {that we
don’t have to spend income at the same time we earn
it}].

saying

If we lived in an agrarian society, we would have to

eat our crops reasonably soon after the harvest or find
some way [to store them].

If

some way to them

crops
This need for quantifiable proxies produces a bias
toward measuring things [that are easy to quantify].
financial capital
smooth consumption
fancy crop things
harvest sophisticated
retirement flexibility But simple metrics can take us further away from the
important goals [we really care about], [which may
require complicated metrics or be extremely difficult,

03
or perhaps impossible, to reduce to any measure].

the important goals

the important goals

technologist on the lookout for

quantifiable measurable

115
 정답과 해설

lifeblood identify
concrete assess
bias complicated the insights
imperfect illusion
end genuine
count A correlation analysis showed [that orange-colored cars
were far less likely to have defects].

04 showed be likely
to do far
less

correlation insight
relatively cover up
causality picture
statistician predict
auction analysis
defect enthusiast
noticeable hypotheses
illuminate
exist

05

B-2

Correlations are powerful [because the insights {they

offer} are relatively clear].

116
 Some moth species have also evolved scales on their
wings and a fur-like coat on their bodies; both act as
“acoustic camouflage,” by absorbing sound waves in
the frequencies [emitted by bats], [thereby preventing
those sound waves from bouncing back].

the frequencies

The B - 2 bomber and other “stealth” aircraft have

fuselages [made of materials {that do something similar
with radar beams}].
B-2

fuselages materials

natural selection prey

moth in response to Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in
evolve detect fact our intelligence depends on the ability [to absorb
vocalization scale the lessons and ideas of those {who are older and
acoustic absorb
wiser}].
sound wave emit
bounce bomber
stealth
aircraft beam
scarce sensory the ability to those
arms race

Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does

the mind.
06
Just as
so do be
does tightens with age

117
 정답과 해설

adolescence sway
novel encounter figure
affect absorb
landscape intelligence
tighten vulnerability People may say [that there’s safety in numbers], but
creeping superiority that’s not always true.
advocate skeptical
burden individual
say that there s

07
safety in numbers not always

security figure
represent equality
compassion sensitivity
revolve surgery
instrument

Copernicus 08

Joseph Lister

Emmeline Pankhurst Susan

B Anthony

They figure [that {if a lot of people are doing

something}, then it must be right].

118
 Taubes

Framingham

If we all woke up tomorrow and believed [that Bank X

would be insolvent], then it would become insolvent.
X

If
believed

In fact, it would be enough for us [to fear {that others

believed that Bank X was going to fail }], or just [to
fear our collective fear]!
X

it for
us to fear
believed

Confounding factors are variables (known or unknown)

connectedness vulnerable [that make it difficult {for epidemiologists to isolate
infection financial the effects of the specific variable being studied }].
make one s way characteristic
contact investment
collective healthy variables it
pull out distress
for epidemiologists to
self-fulfilling troublesome
the specific variable
aspect

For example, Taubes argued [that {since many people

who drink also smoke}, researchers have difficulty
09 determining the link between alcohol consumption
and cancer].
Taubes

119
 정답과 해설

argued was in part designed to examine the behavior of

many people heroes and villains, [meditating on the strengths
have difficulty -ing and weaknesses in the characters of emperors and
generals], [providing exemplars for the virtuous to
imitate or avoid].
Livy Tacitus
observational properly
insufficiently subject
confounding factor undermine
causal variable
epidemiologist consumption
similarly identify
French chronicler Jean Froissart said [he had written
correlation coronary
his accounts of chivalrous knights {fighting in the
reliability refrain
Hundred Years’ War} “{so that brave men should be
intervene
inspired thereby to follow such examples}].”
Jean Froissart

10
said said
had
written chivalrous knights
so that

Livy Tacitus

narrative establish
villain meditate
strength weakness
Jean Froissart
emperor general
exemplar the virtuous
imitate account
Lincoln Churchill Gandhi Martin Luther
knight oppression
King Jr

Livy Tacitus
11

The history writing of Livy or Tacitus, for instance,

120
 practitioner medicine
clergy contain
income client
professional moreover
dependent on theoretical
nature organization
at will derive
majority revenue
advertiser

12

Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical

in nature; one might argue [that the public depends
on journalists in the same way {that patients depend
on doctors}], but in practice a journalist can serve the
public usually only by working for a news organization,
[which can fire her or him at will].

argue
the same way
a news organization

Journalists’ income depends not on the public, but on

the employing news organization, [which often derives
the large majority of its revenue from advertisers].

not A but B A B the

employing news organization

According to many philosophers, there is a purely

logical reason [why science will never be able to
journalism profession explain everything].

121
 정답과 해설

a purely logical reason

[If someone asks {why all bodies exert a gravitational

attraction on each other}], what should we tell them?

asks

philosopher purely
logical to illustrate In one example of the important role of laughter in
recall diverse social contexts, Devereux and Ginsburg examined
phenomenon pl phenomena
frequency of laughter in matched pairs of strangers
gravity body
or friends [who watched a humorous video together]
exert ~ on gravitational attraction
compared to those [who watched it alone].
fundamental principle
moral generalize Devereux

make use of govern Ginsburg

matched pairs of strangers or friends

those
13
According to Devereux and Ginsburg, laughing with
strangers served to create a social bond [that made
each person in the pair feel comfortable].
Devereux Devereux Ginsburg
Ginsburg

a social bond made

feel

Devereux Ginsburg
laughter context
examine frequency
match
pair
stranger humorous
nearly slightly
serve bond
differ rating
anxiousness imply
innermost

122
14
once
it
one contract

Predictably Irrational vivid fine

Dan Ariely discourage ~ from -ing
opposite imposition
guilty guilt
ensure contract
rate significantly
abandon put aside
compensate for undermine

15

1 C
Before the imposition of fines, parents felt guilty
about arriving late, and guilt was effective in ensuring
C
[that only a few did so].

ensuring did so
arrived late

[Once a fine was introduced], it seems [that in the minds

of the parents the entire scenario was changed from a
social contract to a market one].

123
 정답과 해설

[When self-handicapping], you’re engaging in

behaviour [that {you know} will harm your chances of
succeeding]: you know [that you won’t do as well on
the test {if you go out the night before}], but you do it Caspar David Friedrich The Monk by the Sea

anyway.

you are

When
behaviour
know

Probably [that you’re just not good at maths], [which is

a pretty hard blow to your self-esteem].

you can conclude

[So as not to bias us], she’d posed the question without
revealing the artist or title of the work.

self-handicap engage
so as to
behaviour intentionally
to not
decent blow
self-esteem [To better understand your world], consciously
be bound to do acknowledge [what you actually see] rather than guess
paradox deliberately at [what {you think} you are supposed to see].

16
to
acknowledge
at

project monk

124
unearth come up with UNIT

bias
reveal
pose
consciously 15
acknowledge reflect
analyze perspective

We are the only species [that seasons its food],

[deliberately altering it with the highly flavored plant
parts {we call herbs and spices}].

the only species

the highly flavored plant parts

It’s quite possible [that our taste for spices has an

evolutionary root].

It

125
 정답과 해설

[Milling of cereals] is one of the most harsh processes

126~131
[which dramatically affect nutrient content].
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12

the most harsh processes

01
minimal processing
flavor artificial flavoring
additive efficient
nutrient sensitive
anti-oxidant mill
content fiber
grain chemical fertilizer
variety spoilage
context sustainable
optimal density
foodstuff accessible
nutritious

02

10 000

DNA
10 000

100
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways [to
keep original flavors and taste, without any need {to
add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt}].

the best ways to

any need to

126
 Aristotle Freud

Right now [getting a full copy of all your DNA] is very

expensive ($10,000), but soon it won’t be.
DNA Aristotle
10 000 Freud
it 5
30

When a copy of your sequence costs nothing, the

interpretation of [what it means], [what you can do
about it], and [how to use it] — the manual for your
genes — will be expensive.
This means [that moral excellence will be broadly set
early in our lives], [which is why the question of {how
early to teach it is so important}].

of
of

means
manual high-profile
instruction support of
guidance genetic
exposure undoubtedly Recent psychological research shows [that personality
legal ethical traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and
insurance company interpretation women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain
gene continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in
terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties].
20

03
30

shows as

Aristotle
moral excellence
repetition innate
component broadly
personality thereabouts
Freud 5
rotation trait
Freud
stabilize regardless of
ethnicity cognitive
advantage optimistic
20

30

127
 정답과 해설

04 The most striking way to

is to
show

thrive prosper
precisely remarkably
assess substantial
striking illustrate
revenue function
awfully medieval
era emperor
extract exception

05

The Knowledge

Greater London 2

50
2 3

For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, 1

European rulers lacked the ability [to assess {what
their people were producing}] and [to levy substantial
taxes {based on this}].

2
the ability to 50
assess
substantial taxes 1

The most striking way [to illustrate European

weakness] is [to show {how little revenue they In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people [who sign
collected}]. up for taxi driver training] pass the test, [even after
spending two or three years studying for it]!
50

128
 2 3
the people

In fact, [the part of the brain {that has been most

frequently associated with spatial memory}], [the
tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region {called the
hippocampus}], is bigger than average in these taxi
drivers.
Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other
variables [that don’t necessarily reflect the book] and
may not even consider the existing data.

the part of the brain

the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region
other variables not
necessarily

license incredibly
intimidating involve As an example, the rational way [to drive a car] is [to
layout feat always follow the laws].
resource turn out
reflect frequently
be associated with the rational way to
spatial is to

process rational

06 outcome
ideal
current
measure
assume involve
instinct intuition
variable reflect
consider pedestrian
vary depending on
appearance traffic
end up stuck
humanly

07

129
 정답과 해설

disguise distribution
resentment unfairness

08

Envy entails the admission to ourselves [that we are

inferior to another person in something {we value}].

the admission to ourselves

something

Not only is it painful [to admit this inferiority], but it

is even worse [for others to see {that we are feeling
this}].
[Taking a stand] is important [because you become
a beacon for those individuals {who are your people,
your tribe, and your audience}].
Not only A but also B A B
it
even worse
for others to see
those individuals

[Displaying your perspective] lets prospective (and

tricky discern
motivate entail
current) customers know [that you don’t just sell your
admission be inferior to products or services].
cast
unwittingly

130
 Say a
lets lets bank account
know
It would be very useful [to know in advance {what
know
would happen to your firm’s total revenue if you
increased your product’s price}].
take a stand individual
tribe viewpoint
display perspective It
prospective retain know
adjust function
align with
inflationary uncertainty
regarding fee
take out purchase
09 in advance revenue
differentiate

10
100
100
1
100 100

100

Say, for instance, [that you hold $100 in a bank

account {that has no fees and accrues no interest}].

100 Today’s “digital natives” have grown up immersed

131
 정답과 해설

in digital technologies and possess the technical

aptitude [to utilize the powers of their devices fully].

the technical aptitude to

The lifespan of devices depends on [the quality of

software operating them] as well as [the structure of
hardware].

There is a pervasive idea in Western culture [that

humans are essentially rational, skillfully sorting
... as well as ~
fact from fiction, and, ultimately, arriving at timeless
depends on
truths about the world].

digital native immersed in

possess aptitude
utilize device a pervasive idea in Western culture
technological literacy
mechanics elemental
principle lifespan In this picture, [whether we succeed or fail] turns out to
empower utility be a matter of [whether individual humans are rational
maximize and intelligent].

turns out of
11

essentially rational
sort ultimately
probability accurately
conversely attribute
disorder cognitive
bias intelligent
interaction

12

132
 peer
controversial
credible recommend
in direct proportion to
post

It’s easier [for a person to accept new values or ideas]

when they see [that others have already done so].

It
for a person to
see

If the person [they see] [accepting the new idea]

happens to be a friend, then social proof has even more
power by [{exerting peer pressure} as well as {relying
on the trust that people put in the judgments of their
close friends }].

the person
as well
as by the trust

phenomenon concept
proof happen

133
 정답과 해설

UNIT
01
16

20 B

A
C

Twenty percent of the calories [we consume] are used

to power the brain.
20
the calories
C
Neuroscientists weren’t the first [to discover {that B
fixing your gaze on something is no guarantee of
seeing it}]. A

the first to
discover It would seem obvious [that the more competent
someone is, the more we will like that person].

134~141 It
01 02 03 04 the the
05 06 07 08 We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks
09 10 11 12
if we surround ourselves with people [who {know
13 14 15 16
what they’re doing } and {have a lot to teach us }].

134
 C
A

people and
know The crucial difference between these scenarios is
a lot [that a college education makes a young person more
to productive for the rest of his or her life; a sports car
does not].
obvious competent
quality reveal
evidence brilliant
mathematician superb is does not
athlete gourmet make a young person more productive
screw up unapproachable
by comparison [Using the same money to buy fancy sports cars for
surround paradoxical high school graduates] would create jobs for auto
workers.

02

current consumption
crucial productive
tuition investment
construction graduate

03
C

But

B B C
C

135
 정답과 해설

enquire obstacle
rigid result in
overloaded demotivated

04
management
systems These systems
B
A
A
B
C
5

150
The home care workers, on the other hand, may A
perceive their work not [as a set of separate tasks {to
be performed as efficiently as possible}], but [as a
service {to be provided to a client with whom they C
may have developed a relationship }]. 1980
3 4

A B not A but B 25
A B a set of separate
tasks to a service
to a client

Restricted time and the requirement [to report] may B

be perceived as obstacles [that make it impossible {to
deliver the service that is needed }]. A

C
the requirement to
obstacles it
the It’s a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the
service world [it inhabits].

ever-lasting elderly
needy contribute the world
resolution perceive
a set of as ~ as possible It’s particularly notable in marine animals, [whose
specify budget average body size has increased 150-fold in this time].
distribution visible
perception controllable 150

136
 It marine A
animals

species accidental Yes, costs rise, but consumers also gain information [to
fine-tuned interaction help make purchasing decisions].
inhabit fluctuation
signal significant
shrink notable information to help
marine -fold to
degree rest make
search for decade
chamois In markets [where competitors sell slightly differentiated
products], advertising enables firms [to inform their
customers about new products and services].

05

markets
enables to

competing in search of
purchase benefit
C
variety misconception
account for differentiated
B
drive up

A 06

C C
These competing fi s many competing
businesses A

B B
this misconception C
C

137
 정답과 해설

B C

A
C

[When evaluating a policy], people tend to

concentrate on [how the policy will fix some
particular problem {while ignoring or downplaying
other effects it may have }].

B
on
B B

other effects
C C
The tariff [that protects steelworkers] raises the price A
of the steel [that domestic automobile makers need to
build their cars].

We cannot get by on reason alone [since any reason

The tariff always eventually leads to a feeling].
the steel

evaluate fix since

downplay unintended
You should be able to see by now [that reasons are
consequence competition
ultimately based on non-reason such as values, feelings,
tariff impose
or emotions].
domestic manufacturer

07 see

assumption creature
reason get by on
eventually wholegrain
deep-seated rarely

138
effectively list
ultimately The right to
information

08
distinct privacy
traditionally define
specific criminal
conviction domain
conflict exception
security
B

09
A

DNA

C C

Human Genome Project

2
A

B 860

A
A
C DNA
A C

2
C
A This number C about
The right to privacy is, among other things, the right
twenty thousand
for information [traditionally regarded as {protected}
or {personal not to be revealed}].
B

information
If DNA were the only thing [that mattered], there
or as
would be no particular reason [to build meaningful
The right [to be forgotten], in contrast, can be applied social programs {to pour good experiences into
to information [that has been in the public domain]. children and protect them from bad experiences}].

139
 정답과 해설

DNA
B

the only thing C

particular reason to QWERTY
meaningful social programs to A

The answer relies on a clever strategy [implemented

by the genome]: build incompletely and let world A famous example is the QWERTY keyboard [used
experience refine. with your computer].
QWERTY

a clever strategy the QWERTY keyboard

a clever strategy let You might wonder [why this particular configuration
refine of keys, with its awkward placement of the letters,
became the standard].
matter complexity
assume gene
massively neuron wonder
implement incompletely
refine draft
Human Genome Project matter example
completion millennium replace ~ with
efficient coordinate
placement awkward
era manual
10 physical jam
evolve

QWERTY

11
QWERTY B
logos mythos
19 QWERTY
C E O logos mythos
logos
B mythos
QWERTY
A QWERTY logos mythos

QWERTY A

QWERTY mythos logos

140
 prize conclude
C primitive frame
metaphor shape
transform calculation

12

logos mythos
logos
mythos B
mythos logos
A
B
C

C
But lots of scholars then and now — including many
anthropologists, sociologists and philosophers today
— see a more complicated picture, [where mythos and A
logos are intertwined and interdependent].

mythos
logos
a more complicated picture

The frames and metaphors [we use {to understand the

world}] shape the scientific discoveries [we make];
they even shape [what we see]. B
C

A
The frames and metaphors
the scientific discoveries
shape Reading or translating a work in class, hour after hour,
week after week, can be such a boring experience [that
many students never want to open a foreign language
book again].
roughly refer to
scholar anthropologist
sociologist complicated
picture
interdependent such
symbol rationalist that that

141
 정답과 해설

Moreover, there are some literary features [that cannot C

be adequately illustrated by a short excerpt]: the
development of plot or character, for instance, with the
gradual involvement of the reader [that this implies];
or the unfolding of a complex theme through the
juxtaposition of contrasting views.

B
some literary features A
the gradual involvement of the
reader C

length literary
overwhelming feature They manage this feat through a combination of
adequately illustrate [trade], [to support their way of life], and [geographic
plot involvement isolation].
unfold
complex contrasting
extract advantage
of
obvious passage
have a greater chance of to of
monotony flavour
chunk satisfaction Distinct cultural groups of similar size do not, in the
pattern
long run, persist in downtown Toronto, Canada, [where
they {come in contact with many outside influences}
and {pursue essentially Western paths for their lives}].

13
downtown Toronto Canada
and

sustain independent
B
face
critical mass
individual feat
combination trade
2 4 geographic isolation
A Inuit occupy
territory cross-cultural
contact sufficiently
interdependent cluster

142
number distinct say prove
persist
come in contact with
In other words, [if you ask people about individual
pursue essentially
path
welfare programmes such as {giving financial
help to people who have long-term illnesses }
and {paying for school meals for families with low
income}] people are broadly in favour of them.

14

such as
61 individual welfare programmes
B people

21
support assistance
framing obtain
measure welfare
C in favour financial
long-term illness broadly
exact negative
portray
A

15

B
B
C

A
A

And next time you hear a politician say [‘surveys

prove that the majority of the people agree with me’}],
be very wary.
C

next time

143
 정답과 해설

16

B A

C
20

Proposals [to tax {sugary sodas (to combat obesity)}

or {carbon emissions (to address climate change)}]
likewise seek to [change norms] and [shape behavior]. B

Proposals to or A
tax
and to

But the expressive dimension of taxation goes beyond

debates about fairness, to the moral judgements
[societies make about {which activities are worthy of
honor and recognition}, and {which ones should be
discouraged}].

B
the moral judgements and
about

fairness taxation
fall on
Sadly, this remains true [as the final tribal peoples
heavily tobacco
get overwhelmed by those {who value money above
casino
sin tax humanity}].
discourage harmful
undesirable disapproval
engage in combat those
obesity carbon emission
address climate change
norms dimension
And they experienced rich and rewarding lives; we
recognition explicit know so [because {when their ways were threatened},
revenue they fought to hold on to them , to the death].

144
 UNIT

17
to
them their ways

tribal overwhelm
humanity end
contribute to
ultimately prove
self-defeating extensive
rewarding threaten
hold on to to the death
well into retain
pity stuck
simplicity

32

One curious fact is [that animals {that are hibernating}

also have periods of sleep].

is animals

A further surprise to most of us is [that bears, {the most

famous of wintry sleepers}, don’t actually hibernate].

is bears

144~151

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

145
 정답과 해설

01
connect A with B
differ from replace
obvious commerce
virtual place an order
track shipment
corporate medium
commercial distribute
creation critique
modify

02

10 7

19 200
70 1

But

1800

We can send messages through the network as well as

receive them, [which has made the system all the more
19
useful].

The ability [to exchange information online], [to

upload as well as download], has turned the Net into a
thoroughfare for business and commerce. It’s hard [to believe {you’d have an economy at all if
you gave pink slips to more than half the labor force}].

The ability to

146
 It
believe However

Those [who once farmed] were now manning the

factories [that manufactured farm equipment, cars, and
other industrial products].

Those
the factories
However, there are many lines of evidence [to suggest
{that vagrancy can, on rare occasions, dramatically
automation entirely alter the fate of populations, species or even whole
field fired ecosystems}].
labor force the industrial revolution
workforce eliminate
displaced man
manufacture occupation
appliance majority many lines of evidence to
suggest

This is undoubtedly true for the majority of cases, [as

03
the most likely outcome of any given vagrancy event is
{that the individual will fail to find enough resources ,
and/or be exposed to inhospitable environmental
conditions , and perish }].

This
as
is will

rare occasion
dramatically alter
fate population
ecosystem common
assumption ultimately
aside from reorientate
range undoubtedly
perish infrequent
timescale profound
migration wintering location
frequency

147
 정답과 해설

04 factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership].

Regent

found

96 2006
65 reexamine stereotype
hold true introverted
Regent presumption extrovert
effective executive
barrier empower
retain servant leadership
date back to literature
adhere to attention

05

however

Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong

cultural presumption [that extroverts are more effective
leaders].

do have to overcome the

strong cultural presumption

Regent University found [that a desire to be of service

to others and to empower them to grow, {which is more
common among introverts than extroverts}, is a key

148
 It is, however, noteworthy [that although engagement
drives job performance, job performance also drives
engagement].

It
do create a situation that
This is especially evident [when people are employed
doesn t actually occur in the real world
in jobs {that align with their values}].

Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see [if

This
there’s a difference].
jobs

see
noteworthy engagement
They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship
cause theoretical
practical standpoint
in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a
identify manipulate time, [while holding everything else constant].
the latter constructive
evident

by -ing

06

fundamental experimental
manipulation variable
potential underlying
overstate correlate
supplement factor
specific constant

07

149
 정답과 해설

whole grain palette

surface
phyto benefit
phytochemical
miss out
anthocyanin chlorophyll
guard cell

08

These healthful non-nutritive compounds

1 2
phytochemicals

More and more research is surfacing [that shows us the

benefits of the thousands of colorful “phytochemicals”
( phyto=plant) {that exist in foods}].
phyto

More and more research

the thousands of colorful phytochemicals
phyto plant

Similarly, [if you avoid green-colored foods], you

may be lacking chlorophyll, [a plant antioxidant {that
guards your cells from damage}]. In the electric organ the muscle cells are connected
in larger chunks, [which makes the total current
intensity larger than in ordinary muscles].

chlorophyll a
plant antioxidant

This is an advantage [since the species {using the

non-nutritive compound signal system} often live in large groups with several
function Mediterranean other species].
incidence diet

150
 the species It does this by making your taste buds perceive these
flavors as bad and even disgusting.
蕾

organ muscle
chunk current by -ing making
intensity discharge perceive
negatively electric field
In the natural world, [if an animal consumes a plant
contract vary
{with enough antinutrients to make it feel unwell}], it
frequency advantage
won’t eat that plant again.
interference

09 a plant

perceive disgusting
consume
antinutrient
unwell intuitively
innate intelligence
intuition justify
genetic fragile
Steven Gundry tolerate

10
蕾

does this tries to keep you

away from them these flavors no
longer taste as bad as before

151
 정답과 해설

However

For populations [living in intensely sunny

environments], individuals with a good ability [to
produce skin pigments] are more likely to thrive, or to
survive, than people with a poor ability [to produce
pigments], and that trait becomes increasingly
common in subsequent generations.

populations
a good ability to
a poor ability to

The distinctive long neck of a giraffe, for example,

developed [as individuals {that happened to have
longer necks} had an advantage in feeding on the This temperature is of [the surface of the star], [the
leaves of tall trees]. part of the star {which is emitting the light that can be
seen }].

as
individuals the part of
the star the light

capacity inherited
adaptation involve One way of measuring temperature occurs if an object
population characteristic is hot enough to visibly glow, such as a metal poker
acclimation in response to [that has been left in a fire].
acclimate concentration
temporary thrive
trait subsequent way occurs enough
distinctive
a
metal poker

11 temperature emit
measure object
glow poker

152
be related to astronomer A but also B
distance precise
Even so, it eventually became possible [for scientists
conceal
to establish a reputation for their creative contributions
without publishing a single book-length treatment of
their ideas].
12

it for
scientists to

Principia On the Revolutions revolutionary concerning

of the Heavenly Spheres The Harmonies of special theory of relativity
the World Dialogues Concerning the Two paper advent
New Sciences Transactions of the Royal periodical yield
Society of London journal altogether
establish reputation
contribution treatment
Origin of Species
status depend on
publication

Annalen der 13
Physik

This modus operandi is illustrated not only [by

Newton’s Principia], but also [by Copernicus’ On
the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Kepler’s
The Harmonies of the World, and Galileo’s Dialogues
Concerning the Two New Sciences].
Principia
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
The Harmonies of the World Dialogues
Concerning the Two New Sciences
A B not only

153
 정답과 해설

[Although sport clubs and leagues may have a fixed

supply schedule], it is possible [to increase the number
of consumers {who watch}].

it
consumers them
smaller pieces of debris such as bits of paint
and metal
A supply schedule refers to the ability of a business [to
change their production rates {to meet the demand of
consumers}].
These include [removing dead satellites from orbit]
and [dragging them back into the atmosphere,
where they will burn up}].
the ability of a business to
to

fixed production rate include

production level inflexible and the atmosphere
inelastic it is worth -ing
revenue distribution
Ways [we could do this] include [{using a harpoon to
grab a satellite}, {catching it in a huge net}, {using
magnets to grab it}, or even {firing lasers to heat up the

14
satellite, increasing its atmospheric drag so that it falls
out of orbit}].

25
Ways
or
include

debris orbit
tricky enforce
tackle come up with
novel drag
atmosphere grab
atmospheric drag

154
15
the financial risk
the tooling and equipment to

inherit uncertainty
contract financial
associate tooling
equipment component
supplier relieve
end-item

16

However

9999
1

For example, [to minimize the financial risk {associated

with the capital cost of tooling and equipment for
production of a large, complex system}], a manufacturer
might subcontract the production of the system’s
major components to suppliers familiar with those
components.
However

to the
financial risk

This relieves the manufacturer of the financial risk However, some types of beliefs cannot be tested for
[associated with the tooling and equipment {to produce truth because we cannot get external evidence in
these components}]. our lifetimes (such as a belief [that the Earth will stop

155
 정답과 해설

spinning on its axis by the year 9999] or [that there is UNIT

life on a planet 100-million light-years away]).

9999
18
1

a belief or

This means [that beliefs can be tested to see {if they are
correct or false}].

means see
Peter Sam

external
spin on one s axis
verify objective
criterion pl criteria sphere
meta-physical present a challenge CEO CEO
considerable be willing to

Jealousy, on the other hand, requires three: Peter is

jealous of Sam [because the beautiful girl next door
rings him instead].
Peter
Sam

Paradoxically, with envy we direct resentments toward

those [who are most similar to us in age, career and
residence].

those

156
 154~159
The concern about [how we appear to others] can be
01 02 03 04 seen in children, though work by the psychologist
05 06 07 08 Ervin Staub suggests [that the effect may vary with
09 10 11 12 age].

01
Ervin Staub

about
suggests

But for older children — in fourth and sixth grade — the

effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in
Ervin Staub
distress [when they were with a peer] than [when they
were alone].
4 6
2
4 6

less than
Staub

concern effect
vary in distress
Staub
reverse peer
company overreact
openly deliberately
poker face

02

A B

157
 정답과 해설

exceed tomb
archive instinct
extract typically
domain manually
procedure bias
costly systematic

03

A B

Guelph
Pat Barclay

As a result, data [collected in large data repositories]

become “data tombs” — data archives [that are hardly
visited].

data
data archives

Important decisions are often made based not [on the

information-rich data {stored in data repositories}] but
rather [on a decision maker’s instinct], simply because
the decision maker does not have the tools [to extract
the valuable knowledge {hidden in the vast amounts of
data}].

A B

A B not
A but B A B the tools
to the information-
rich data the valuable
knowledge
One way [to demonstrate this] is [to give people the
opportunity {to act positively or negatively toward
tremendous numerous contributors}].

158
 One way to
is to the
opportunity to

For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University

of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game
[where people could contribute money toward a group
fund {which helped all group members}], and then
allowed participants to give money to other participants
based on their reputations.
Guelph Pat Barclay A B

a cooperative game
a group fund

In the study, they found [that individuals {who gave

multiple laboratory money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance
cooperative advantage
because of other-focused motives (giving to reduce
demonstrate contributor
another’s discomfort)} were almost four times more
participant fund
likely to still be giving support one year later than
reputation responsibility
those {whose original motivation was to reduce
rate long-term
trustworthy status personal distress}].
verbal criticism
severe punishment

04
found
individuals be likely to

those
2006 9 11

However, those [who gave {to reduce others’ distress}]

did not stop empathizing with victims [who continued
to struggle long after the attacks].

9 11
those
to victims

159
 정답과 해설

conduct motivation
assistance motive were asked to
discomfort effect various products
stem from discharge indicate
empathize struggle
Participants preferred vertically moving products

05 [without being aware {that their “yes” and “no” head

movements had played a key role in their decisions}].

aware

predictable proprioceptive
psychology reverse
initially controversial
compelling fixate
indicate vertically
horizontally

06

A B

Participants in a study were asked to [fixate on various

products {moving across a large computer screen}] and
then [indicate {whether the items appealed to them}].

160
 positioning sensory
horizontal relevant
equally upside down
invert artificial

A B
07

Scientists propose [that this occurs {because,

although we experience three dimensions , only
two had a strong influence on our evolution}]:
the vertical dimension as defined by gravity and,
in mobile species, the front/back dimension as
defined by the positioning of sensory and feeding
mechanisms. 8

propose
90

In fact, [when observing a scene {containing plants,

animals, and man-made objects such as cars or street
signs}], we can only tell [when left and right have been
inverted {if we observe those artificial items}].

A B
when
a scene
such as
tell

puzzle distinguish One of the people had a name [that suggested {they
dimension evolution were from a similar ethnic or religious background to
vertical gravity the teenager}].

161
 정답과 해설

a name suggested

The study showed [that the teenagers were prepared to

earn an average of 8% less {if they could work with
someone they thought came from the same ethnic or
religious background}].

8 A B

showed

investigate prejudice
blind assumption
ethnic evident
Environmental advocates agree [there is still a long
majority minority
colleague
way to go {to ensure shoppers are adequately
informed about the environmental impact of the
products they buy }].

08

agree
to ensure

However, this strategy can seriously backfire [when

consumers find out {they are being deceived}].
CFC-free

find out

mislead range
claim irrelevant
puffery exaggerate
vague unverifiable
laundry detergent advocate
ensure adequately
impact attract
conscious purchase
in the short term backfire
deceive

162
09 Progress is made by ignoring the evidence; it is about
creating a mindset [that is immune to doubt and
uncertainty].

by -ing a mindset

irony indulge
skepticism stock in trade
progress refute
accordingly rocket fuel
advance immune
uncertainty rational
perspective nothing less than
convince possibility
proportion get away with

10

20

A B

The great irony of performance psychology is [that

it teaches each sportsman to believe, as far as he is
able, that he will win}].

is believe

163
 정답과 해설

A B
Mayraz

Recall the last time [you rode 20 stories in an elevator Mayraz

{packed with total strangers}].

20

the last time an

elevator

[With your physical space violated], you may have

tried to create “psychological” space by avoiding eye
contact, [focusing instead on the elevator buttons].

A B
with
may have p p

by -ing

reliable indicator He asked each person [to predict {where the price
acquaintance violate
would move next}] and offered them a reward [if
packed nonverbal
their forecasts came true].
channel
compensate for
constant

asked to
predict

11 They let their hopes influence their reasoning.

let influence

Guy Mayraz
behavioral experimental
subject stock
Mayraz wheat predict
reward forecast

164
participant prospect academic background, compared to those {who
opposite contradict listened to less rhythmic music}].
disregard

indicate
12 participants
those

[When people are in a more positive state of mind],

they tend to become more agreeable and creative, while
those [on the opposite spectrum] tend to focus on their
individual problems rather than giving attention to
solving group problems.

those

mold impact
indicate rhythmic
be inclined to do
cooperate irrespective of
factor gender
academic background boost
willingness agreeable
spectrum focus on
give attention to
pull steady
pulse tempo

A
B

Results from the study indicate [that participants {who

listen to rhythmic music} were inclined to cooperate
more irrespective of factors like age, gender, and

165
 정답과 해설

UNIT scientists using the latest brain imaging technology find

19 [it doesn’t].

Carnegie Mellon

01~02 tells
01 02 find it
multitasking doesn t increase brain
activity

164~175

01 02 03 04
Carnegie Mellon 05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24

50 50

01~02
01 02

A Z 1 10
11 20

It’s untrue [that teens can focus on two things at

once] — [what they’re doing] is [shifting their attention
from one task to another].

It

is

Common sense tells us [multitasking should increase

brain activity], but Carnegie Mellon University

166
 it

authority figure
element socialization
noncontroversial
spontaneously challenge
unquestioningly persist in
dismiss yell
01 physics seek
irritating

03~04
03 04

02

d unreasonable
reasonable

How do we know [that {what one person calls “blue”}

is the same color {that another calls “blue”}]?

know

the same color

They are trying to understand the world, and [no matter

how irritating the repeated questions may become
to stressed and time-pressed parents], it is important
[to take them seriously to encourage kids to question
authority to think for themselves].

167
 정답과 해설

ambitious committed
03 be prone to structured
hypothetical assess

05~06
05 06

04

e noticing overlooking

On the one hand, it’s sensible [to make choices {that

we can defend with data and a list of reasons}].

it
choices

This means [that interviewers can be prone to

overlooking significant information {that would clearly
indicate whether this candidate was actually the best
person to hire }].

means
significant information
indicate
05

bias partial
memorable minimize
consistent with promising
sensible analysis
fall prey to rely on
evaluate applicant
subconsciously
cherry-pick

168
06 50

e
distant closer
AARP American Association of Retired Persons

Perhaps because this distinction is so common,

audiences seem to greatly value opportunities [to
have special “access” to performers {that affords
understanding about performers’ style of music}].

07
opportunities to
performers

It is quite common in classical music [to provide

audiences with program notes].

It

performance distinction
decidedly passive
separation value
access incorporate
participation boost 08
engagement a glimpse of
program note biographical e unnoticeable striking
significant metaphorically

And [since older people had accumulated more

07~08 knowledge], the social norm was [that {to be over
07 08 fifty} was {to be wise}].

50

1680 50
was
to
was to

It is clear [that in today’s world our social norms need

50 to be updated quickly].

It

169
 정답과 해설

unusual as a consequence
oral accumulate
norm perception
shift advent

10
literacy fade
chronological age
biological adapt
e less more
stereotype

Events or experiences [that are out of ordinary] tend

to be remembered better because there is nothing
09~10 [competing with them] [when your brain tries to access
09 10 them from its storehouse of remembered events].

Events or experiences
nothing

2
In other words, the reason [it can be difficult {to
remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays
ago}] is [that there was probably nothing special
about that Thursday or that particular breakfast]
consequently, all your breakfast memories combine
together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast.
2

the reason it
is

compete with access

storehouse consequently
generic merge
efficient extract
abstract routine
09 routinize content
distinctive

170
11~12 c group individual
11 12

[Managing people] is about [being aware of their

unique personalities].

about

It’s also about [empathy and adaptability], and

[knowing {how the things you do and say will be
interpreted}] and [adapting accordingly].
2

Vincent about
Emily about
knowing
Vincent the things
Emily
1
creative
cut from the same cloth
maturity sensitivity
approach be aware of
unique personality
empathy adaptability
in a row deserve

11 promotion receptive
bundle mindset
connection compassion
style consistent
rock star-level

13~14
13 14

Michael Gazzaniga
12

171
 정답과 해설

a study shows
coherent but not
necessarily true stories

Gazzaniga then asked participants [why they chose the

card {that they did}].
Gazzaniga
Gazzaniga

asked
the card
Gazzaniga

neuropsychologist
conduct deceive
hemisphere connection
process generate
subject fabricate
rationalization relevant

15~16
13 15 16
FOMO JOMO

FOMO

FOMO
14 70

b aware unaware

JOMO FOMO
A neuropsychologist, Michael Gazzaniga conducted
a study [that shows {that our brains excel at creating
coherent (but not necessarily true) stories that
deceive us }].
Michael Gazzaniga JOMO

172
 pressure a sense of duty
JOMO obligate combine
wear down survey
disconnect constantly
content tune out
appreciate intentional
acknowledge keep up with
15 competitive conquer
FOMO priority

JOMO

17~18
JOMO 17 18

16
JOMO

e activate free up

Our digital habits, [which include constantly checking

emails, and social media timelines], have become so
firmly established, it is nearly impossible [to simply
enjoy the moment, along with the people {with whom
we are sharing these moments}].

Our digital habits

it
the people
17
Instead of constantly trying to keep up with the rest
of society, JOMO allows us [to be {who we are in the
present moment}].
JOMO

allows to
be

173
 정답과 해설

18

Wilbur Orville Wright

d changing keeping
Wright

Common sense suggests [that discussion with others

{who express different opinions} should produce
more moderate attitudes for everyone in the group]. Orv
Wilbur

suggests
others

In group polarization, a period of discussion pushes

group members to take more extreme positions in the 19
direction [that they were already inclined to prefer].

the direction Wright

common sense moderate

polarization extreme
be inclined to do
reverse conformity

20
tendency affiliate
reinforcement counterargument
Wilbur Orville Wright
opposing exposure
conflicting
Wright
e support
rethink

19~20
[Being able to have a good fight] doesn’t just make us
19 20
more civil; it also develops our creative muscles.

When the Wright brothers said [they thought together],

[what they really meant] is [that they fought together].
Robert Albert Wright

174
 said 21
is

civil classic
technically competent
original peer
friction note
anything but verbally
abusive shy away from
conflict stand up for
argument last 22
ceaseless quarrel
reflect prolonged
critical assumption
soar d sensible foolish

21~22 If you are not a fan of stories, you might imagine [that
21 22 the best world is a world without them, {where we
can only see the facts in front of us}].

imagine a
world

It is far better [for each of us to make a show of

strength, to tell the story of how our victory is
inevitable].

It for each
of us to

populate evolution
alert natural selection
gene conflict
plunge into signal
puff up chest
roar bare
navigate sensible
inevitable convincing

175
 정답과 해설

23~24
23 24

assume

the electricity

[The more messages we send, receive and store, the

more servers are needed] — [which means more energy
consumed, and more carbon emissions].

the the

24 in this day and age

consider impact
virtual at first glance
tend to do assume
overlook invisible
involve incredible
transmit countless
emission conscious
by no means mindful

23

24

c
minimum massive

Many of us tend to assume [that {using email}

requires little more than the electricity {used to power
our computers}].

176
UNIT

20 He
wondering

01~03 [Wondering {if Benjamin would really be interested in

the book}], I brought it home.
01 02 03
Benjamin

A Wondering
Benjamin
And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time [to
observe and understand him] and had discovered a way
[to help him reach out of his own world and join ours
1 Benjamin
through a story-board book].

C Benjamin

the time to
a way to

180~191
B
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
Benjamin 09 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
D Benjamin
33 34 35 36

01~03
01 02 03
Toronto
Todd
7

A Todd Ava

He struggled through his childhood, [not fitting in with

the other children] and [wondering {what he was doing Greg
wrong at every turn}].

177
 정답과 해설

Ava Greg
He agreed and looked at Greg, [who finished parking
C Todd Greg and opened his door].
Todd Greg Greg

Greg

Todd realized [what he was doing] and considered

Todd
[whether he should try to help him].
Greg
Todd

B Greg
realized
Todd considered
Todd Greg

purchase parking lot

Greg pull into wheel
Todd independence load
D Todd Ava Ava notice reach
approach
Todd

04~06
Ava 04 05 06

01 A Christine
Leo Leo
Greg
A Christine Leo
Greg Leo Leo
Leo
C
Greg D
Todd Leo Christine Leo
B Ava Leo
D
Leo Christine

02 Leo
Todd c Greg
Leo Christine
03
Greg Todd B
Christine
Leo

178
 Leo furry desperately
anxiously vet veterinarian
Christine Leo infection medication
instruction adminster
spirit examine
C
heartbreaking
Christine Leo
Leo
Leo
07~09
Leo
07 08 09

04
Christine Leo
A Robert James
40
A Leo
Leo Leo
D Leo
Robert
Leo
Leo B
C Robert
Leo C

05 James
Christine d
8

06 Robert
Christine
D Robert
Robert
Robert
The vet [provided detailed instructions on {how to
administer the medication}] and [shared tips for a
speedy recovery].

Robert

and The vet

B
on

It was heartbreaking [for Christine to leave Leo at the

animal hospital], but she had to accept [it was for the Robert
best].
Leo Christine

It
for Christine to 07
accept Robert James 40

179
 정답과 해설

Robert Jack
A
C Jack
James
D
B C 26 Jack
Jack
08
Jack
Robert e James
Jack
09

Jack

Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, [who

lived on neighboring farms] fell into conflict. D
Robert James

two brothers Robert and James

Jack Michele
Robert prepared all the materials [the carpenter
needed].
Robert B Jack
all the materials
Jack Michele
Jack
neighboring
conflict side by side
misunderstanding explode Jack
bitter carpenter
awkwardly isolation
creek meadow

10
stretch

Jack 20

A
26
C

10~12 C
10 11 12
Jack

A Jack 1960 20 D Jack

B

180
11 13~15
Jack b Jack 13 14 15
12 Henrietta
Jack Michele
Jack and Michele risked rejection and went ahead with
A Henrietta
the adoption

Amelia
He was sure [that he would enjoy the creative and Henrietta
social aspects of it] and [that he’d be successful].
D Henrietta

and sure

Jack understood [that his father feared adoption, in this

case especially {because the child was of a different
racial background than their family}].
B Amelia Steininger
Jack

Henrietta

understood

In following his path, Jack not only ran three Amelia

flourishing hair shops, but also helped his clients C Henrietta
experience their inner beauty by listening and
encouraging them [when they faced dark times]. Henrietta
Jack

not only A but also B A B 13

by -ing Henrietta
Amelia

A
insurance aspect
adoption rejection
D
eventually intention
Amelia
anticipate accuse
ungrateful unmanly B
fury confusion
resolve stepping stone C
courageous move
disown 14
Henrietta b Amelia

181
 정답과 해설

15
Amelia A Wylder

She had to go through a severe struggle [before she

attained the enviable position as the greatest singer
{Germany had produced}].
McGraw

D McGraw
before
as the greatest
singer

She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, McGraw
and she cried so much about it that now she can’t see Wylder
anymore. Jonny
Wylder

so that C McGraw

And who can doubt [that with the applause of that vast
audience there was mingled the applause of the angels
in heaven {who rejoice over the good deeds of those
McGraw
below}]?

B Wylder

doubt the
angels in heaven

go through severe
struggle attain Wylder McGraw
enviable defeat
acquaintance undertake
in vain benefit
16
occasion applause
Wylder
mingle rejoice
deed
McGraw
A McGraw

16~18
D
C
16 17 18
McGraw
B

182
17
Wylder d Coach McGraw A Chanel
Vasha

18
McGraw
Chanel

D Chanel
[Approaching the field], he saw players getting ready, Vasha
[pulling up their socks and strapping on shin guards]. Chanel Vasha
Vasha

saw
getting
C Chanel Vasha
It was encouraging [to hear Coach talk about this], [to Vasha Chanel
see him face the challenge head-on].
Vasha
12 13

It
hear see talk face
B Chanel
Chanel 10
This is [how I want you {to be on and off the field: Vasha
together}].
Chanel
Vasha
is want
to
19
Chanel Vasha
tryout
strap on
A
guard shade
Vasha Chanel
garage pole
D Vasha
location stretch out
encouraging head-on Chanel
be satisfied with rearrangement C
immediately posture Chanel
separately roar B
make sure hop
20
Chanel e Vasha

19~21 21
19 20 21 12 13 Chanel

183
 정답과 해설

At first, Chanel did not like practicing with Vasha

[because {every time Vasha shot the ball}, it went in].
Chanel Vasha B
Vasha

every time whenever

C
[Chanel appreciated her], but [Vasha wasn’t making
her feel any better].
Chanel Vasha

but
making feel

22
Vasha wanted to help her twin improve.
Vasha
help to A
improve D

B
twin bounce
disappointed intense
C
tie frustrated
in a row sting 23
comforting appreciate c

24

22~24
22 23 24 There was a very wealthy man [who was bothered by
severe eye pain].

a very wealthy man

A
If only you had purchased a pair of green glasses for
just a few dollars, you could have saved these walls,
trees, pots, and everything else and you could have
saved a large share of his fortune.

D
If only had p p ~
have p p

184
 He got together a group of painters and purchased
barrels of green paint and ordered [that every object
{he was likely to see} be painted green just as the
C
monk had suggested].

ordered
order should
be
ordered
had suggested every
object 25

bother severe A
consult treat
galaxy expert D
medicate injection D
persist servant
fortune prescription
B
desperate
C

26
25~27 e

25 26 27
27
B

[Arriving at his seat], he greeted his travel

companions: a middle- aged woman [sitting at the
window], and a little boy [sitting in the aisle seat].

a middle-aged woman
1
a little boy

He found it strange [that such a young boy would be

B traveling alone], so he decided to keep an eye on him [to
make sure he was okay].

185
 정답과 해설

it John
to B

The pilot told everyone [to {fasten their seat belts}

and {remain calm}], [as they had encountered rough
John
weather].

told to
D
to
told
John
had encountered
John
John

board companion
middle-aged aisle
nervous grab 28
tightly meanwhile John
neatly incredibly John
apologize bumpy
descent make sure
John John
encounter rough weather
A
C
John
B
28~30 John
28 29 30 D

29
John c
A John

30
John John
John

John’s laughter was so contagious [that {when John

started feeling ticklish}, everyone ended up in endless
laughter].
John John John

C John so ~ that ...

John

186
 Not everyone could do it.

not everyone C Jennifer

From that day onward, the fact [that John was different]
Jennifer
actually made him happy, thanks to his special gift.
John Jennifer

the fact
B Jennifer

sensitive breeze
touch burst out
contagious end up in Jennifer
endless control Jennifer
ticklishness
shave
clown cheer up
orphaned completely 31
light up retire Jennifer
carry on replace A
serious shelter
add gift D

C
Jennifer B

31~33
31 32 33 32
Jennifer d
Jennifer

33
A Jennifer Jennifer

She must have not had enough money [to get

something {to eat}].

Jennifer

must have p p
D
enough money
Jennifer
to something
to

From that day on, Jennifer has helped people in trouble,

especially mothers [struggling to raise children].

187
 정답과 해설

Jennifer

mothers
C Melanie
The homeless woman, [who {Jennifer thought} did not
have money to buy herself anything to eat], went into
Melanie
the store.
Jennifer
Melanie
Melanie
The homeless woman

gas station notice

34
appearance worn Melanie
pity selfless
Melanie
struggle to do pay attention to
A
puppy in need of
Melanie
D

34~36 B
34 35 36
C
Melanie

A Melanie 35
Melanie d
Melanie Melanie

Melanie 36
Mr Edler Melanie
However he wasn t interested in her dance
D Melanie
Mr Edler Melanie
Melanie
[Disappointed], they returned home, [tears rolling down
Melanie’s cheeks].
Melanie

they
Melanie
Being
B Melanie
they tears
Melanie

[Upon meeting the dance teacher, Mr. Edler], her

Melanie mother requested to admit Melanie to his institute.
Melanie Mr Edler Melanie

188
 Upon -ing

flawless enthusiasm
polish confidence
ego keep an eye on
roam incredible
performance sparkle
embarrassed accompany
world-renowned
institute task
aspire

189
MEMO
MEMO
MEMO