CE-333

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING – II

Lecture 01

Engr Dr Taj Ali Khan

Meritorious Professor
UET Peshawar
 Course Contents

• Introduction: History, Background and some basic definitions.

• Environmental Legislation and Regulation: Failure of International treaties, the

“Dutch Green Plan”.

• Estimation of Sewage Quantities: Types, Shapes, Size and materials of Sewers,

Pipe Strengths and Tests. Rainfall runoff estimation Sanitary sewage quantities,
variations and rates of Flows, Velocity gradient & limiting velocities.

• Sampling and Testing Techniques: Sampling techniques and Examination of

wastewater (Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Parameters), Design,
construction and maintenance of sewage system, Sewer appurtenances,
 Course Contents

• Environmental Impact Assessment: Steps and development of report,

Examples from Pakistan and Finland, Hurdles and problems in Pakistan
• Guidelines and Standards: Municipal and Industrial Wastes, Water Pollution,
Causes and Control Parameters, Pakistan National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS), Effluent disposal guidelines and Standards hydraulic, chemical
and biological loading rates required for the design of wastewater treatment
system.
• Sewage Treatment and Disposal: Preliminary, primary, secondary treatment of
wastewater, Grit Chamber example. Construction and Maintenance of Sewer
System and Analysis, diameter and Gradient, Sewer joints, Grading, Laying,
Jointing and Testing of Sewers.
• Solid Waste Management: Types, characteristics, sources and quantities of solid
waste; Collection disposal and recycling.
 Recommended Books

1. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., & Stensel, H.D. (2017). Wastewater

Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th Edition, McGraw Hill.

2. Kiely, G. (1997). Environmental Engineering. International Edition, McGraw Hill.

3. Metcalf and Eddy (1998). Waste Water Engineering. 3rd edition, McGraw Hill

4. Terence J. (1991). Water Supply and Sewerage 6th Edition. McGraw Hill
International Edition.
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO# CLO Taxonomy PLO

Discuss Wastewater Quality Standards, Wastewater
Pollution, Sanitary Fixtures and sewer appurtenances,
1 C2 7
Sewage and Solid waste characteristics, Integrated solid
waste management.
Outline different types of Wastewater collection systems,
2 C4 7
Wastewater treatment techniques.
Design sewerage (sanitary and storm) systems and
3 wastewater treatment plants, Requirements and C5 7
arrangements of building drainage.
 Taxonomy Levels

01 02 03
C2: To grasp the C4: To understand C5: To formulate
meaning of both the content new structure from
materials and structure of the existing knowledge
material and skills
 PLO-07: Environment and Sustainability

An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and
need for sustainable development.

Environment:
• The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal or plant lives or operates.

• The natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as

affected by human activity.
Introduction
 Environmental Science

• Science is a systemized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and

formulation of a problem, collection of data through observation, and
experimentation.

• Environmental science in its broader sense encompasses all the fields of natural
science. By this we generally mean the atmosphere, the land, the water and their
inhabitants as differentiated from the built environment.

• Quantitative environmental science provides the fundamental theories used by

environmental engineers to design solutions for the environmental problems.
 Engineering

Engineering is a profession that applies science and mathematics to

make the properties of matter and sources of energy useful in structures,
machines, products, systems and processes.

Science and Engineering

• Scientists discover things
• Engineers make them work
 Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering is the integration of

science and engineering principles to improve the
natural environment, to provide healthy water, air and
land for human habitation and for other organisms,
and to remediate pollution sites.
 Environmental Engineering

• Environmental Engineering is application of engineering practice in the solution

of problems of environmental sanitation, notably in the provision of safe, palatable,
and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and
solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation;
and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental
impacts of these solutions.

• Furthermore, it is concerned with engineering problems in the field of public health, such
as control of arthropod-borne diseases, the elimination of industrial health hazards, and the
provision of adequate sanitation in Urban, rural, and recreational areas, and the effect of
technological advances on the environment (ASCE, 1977).
Environmental
Code of
Ethics
 Environmental Code of Ethics

1. Use knowledge and skills for the enhancement and protection of the
environment.
2. Hold paramount of the health, safety, and welfare of the environment.
3. Perform services only in areas of personal expertise.
4. Be honest and impartial in serving the public, your employers, your clients, and
the environment.
5. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
 Environmental Stewardship

• Environmental Stewardship is the responsible use and protection of the finite

resources in nature to produce the greatest benefit while maintaining a healthy
environment for the foreseeable future

• A healthy environment provides a healthy society which is a base of a healthy

economy
 Environmental Sustainability

• Environmental sustainability is defined as responsible interaction with the

environment to avoid depletion or degradation of natural resources and allow for
long-term environmental quality.

• The practice of environmental sustainability helps to ensure that the needs of

today's population are met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to
meet their needs.
 Where do we start?

• Provision of safe, palatable and ample public water supply

• Proper disposal of or recycling of wastewater and solid wastes

• Control of water pollution

 Wastewater Disposal Subsystem

Safe disposal of all human wastes is necessary so that:

• They will not contaminate any drinking water supply.
• They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to vectors (insects,
rodents, or other possible carrier) that may come into contact with food or drinking water.
• They will not give rise to a public health hazard by being accessible to children.
• They will not cause violation of laws or regulations governing water pollution or sewage
disposal.
• They will not pollute or contaminate the waters of any recreational area or water supply
source.
• They will not give rise to nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.
Wastewater Management Subsystem

Source of Transmission
and Pumping Treatment
wastewater

On-site Wastewater Disposal or

processing Collection Reuse
BASIC
DEFINITIONS
 Basic Definitions

Sanitary Engineering & Sanitation

Proper disposal or recycling of wastewater and solid wastes

Recycling is a process to change any material into new products

to prevent wastage of potentially useful materials and to reduce
air, water and soil pollution.
 Basic Definitions

Sanitary Engineering starts at the end of water supply.

• The branch of Environmental Engineering in which the basic principles of
science and engineering are applied to the problems of water pollution
control.
• Its main purpose is to maintain such an environment which will not affect the
public health and to aim for introducing such conditions for living which will
not result into serious outbreak of epidemic diseases and therefore it is a
preventive measure for the preservation of health of the community.
• Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater
engineering.
 Basic Definitions

Wastewater or Sewage
• Waste water is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by
anthropogenic influence.

• It is comprised of liquid waste discharged by residential buildings,

offices, institutions commercial properties, and/or agriculture and can include
a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations etc. as well as
industrial wastewater and storm sewage including infiltration and inflow.

• In other words, any things coming from houses to a sewer is wastewater or

sewage.
 Basic Definitions

Wastewater may be classified as

 Basic Definitions

Black water: The mixture of urine feces and flushing water and / or toilet paper.
Brown water is black water without urine.

Grey water or Sullage:

• The wastewater resulting from personal washing, bathing, laundry, food
preparation and cleaning of utensils.
• It does not include discharge from hospitals and slaughter houses as well as
urinal and commode wastes, which has high content of organic matter.
• Sullage is not very foul and can be disposed off in open drain with out
treatment or be mixed with black water and be treated properly.
 Basic Definitions

Storm water
• It is the flow derived from rainfall events and introduced into sewers
intended for its conveyance.
• It is runoff from a community settlement from house roofs, paved areas and
roads during rainfall events.
• It also includes water from the catchment of a stream or river
upstream of a community settlement.
• The sewer used for this purpose is known as storm sewer.
 Basic Definitions

• Domestic or sanitary wastewater consists of all sources of liquid

household waste like backwater and grey water, but does not contains
storm water.

• Industrial Wastes: The liquid discharges from industrial processes

like manufacturing and food processing. The structure which carry
industrial wastewater is termed as industrial sewer.
 Basic Definitions

• Storm Sewage: Storm sewage (storm water) is the flow derived

from rainfall events and introduced into sewers intended for its
conveyance. The sewer used for this purpose is known as storm
sewer.
 Basic Definitions

The Sewers
The underground conduits or open drains through which the sewage is
conveyed to an outlet. Sewer are generally closed, but not flowing full. The
full flowing sewer are known as force main as the flow is under pressure.

• Force Main: A pressurized sewer lines which convey sewage from a pumping
station to another main or treatment unit.
 Basic Definitions

• Domestic or Sanitary Sewer: this carry the sewage from residential buildings,
business centers, institutions, etc. This also contains human body waste (feces
& urine) and also sullage water.

• Combined Sewer:
It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage.
 Basic Definitions

• House Sewer: A pipe conveying wastewater from an individual structure to a

common sewer or point of disposal
• Lateral Sewer: It receive discharge from house sewers.
• Sub main sewer: It receive discharge from one or more laterals
• Main / Trunk Sewer: Receive discharge from two or more sub mains.
• Relief sewer: a sewer which has is built to carry a portion of the flow in a
system to another sewer.
 Basic Definitions

INVERT: The lowest level or surface of sewer.

COMBINED SEWAGE: A combination of sanitary and storm sewage with or

without industrial waste.

CRUDE OR RAW SEWAGE: not treated

DILUTE OR WEAK SEWAGE: Sewage containing less suspended solids.
FRESH SEWAGE: fresh produced sewage.

SEWERAGE: The collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste.

 Basic Definitions

INFILTRATION: Infiltration is the water enter into sewer from the ground
through leaks.

INFLOW: It is the water enter to the sewer from surface source through cracks
in manholes and open cleanouts. Inflow usually occurs during runoff.

EXFILTRATION: The leakage of water out of sewer to ground is exfiltration.

 Basic Definitions

GARBAGE:
• It is used for dry refuse of town containing organic, inorganic solids,
combustible, non-combustible, putrescible and non putrescible substances.
• It includes sweeping from homes, streets, markets, offices, gardens and
other public places. Waste papers, leaves, grasses, decaying fruits and
vegetable etc. with small quantities of sand, silt, clay, debris are all
garbage.
• It is collected separately from sewage and sullage and disposed off separately.
 Basic Definitions

SULLAGE:

• It is the waste water resulting from personal wasting, bathing, laundry, food
preparation and cleaning of utensils.

• It does not include discharge from hospitals and slaughter houses which
has high content of organic matters.

• Sullage is not very foul and can be disposed off in open drain with out
treatment.
 Basic Definitions

Dry Weather Flow: Normal flow of sewage during dry season. When there is no
rainfall for at least three consecutive days continuously, then the flow is Dry
Weather Flow (DWF). It is also known as Base flow.

Wet Weather Flow: The flow that occurs during a rainy season is Wet weather
flow. It includes domestic (DWF) and runoff. Its combination is known as
Wet Weather Flow (WWF).
 Sources of Wastewater

The composition of wastewater is different on the basis of it sources.

Domestic: food, soap and detergents, bathroom (fecal and urine), and paper.

Commercial: bathroom and food from restaurants and other “stores.”

Industrial: highly variable, dependent on industry, controlled by pre-treatment

regulations.

Runoff from streets: sand and petroleum and tire residues (infiltration, not a
direct discharge).
 Sewerage / Sewage Work

• It includes all appurtenances (accessories) required for the collection,

treatment and disposal, collection work are provided for collecting sewage
from different points of occurrences and conveying sewage to any desired
points with the help of a sewer system.
• House connection, laterals, branch sewer, sub main, main trunk are
the components of sewerage work.