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Clinical Forensic Medicine
Margaret M. Stark
Editor

Clinical Forensic Medicine

A Physician’s Guide

Third Edition
Editor
Margaret M. Stark, LLM MSc(Med Ed) MB BS FFFLM FACBS FHEA FACLM DGM DMJ DAB
Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine
London, UK

Clinical Forensic Medicine Unit

NSW Police Force
Sydney, Australia
[email protected]

ISBN 978-1-61779-257-1 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-258-8

DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-258-8
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934748

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2000, 2005, 2011

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in
connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,
or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are
not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject
to proprietary rights.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Without the help and patience
of one’s family it is impossible to edit
textbooks! So very many thanks
to Mick and Amelia, and canine (Monty)
and feline (Rusty and Olivette) friends for
putting up with “hours of neglect” whilst
this manuscript was being prepared!
Preface to the Third Edition

Clinical Forensic Medicine has still not received the full recognition of speciality status
but there have been exciting developments since the publication of the second edition
of this textbook. The Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine has been established by
the Royal College of Physicians of London with the laudable aim of promoting for the
public benefit the practice of Forensic and Legal Medicine. The European Council of
Legal Medicine has been working to create a speciality of Legal Medicine and the
Australasian Association of Forensic Physicians has been established with the aim of
seeking formal recognition of Clinical Forensic Medicine as a medical speciality.
Increasingly, other health care professionals (HCP) are involved in many aspects of
clinical care previously provided by doctors. Nurses and paramedics are providing
general forensic services (custody care) and nurses are performing sexual offence
examinations. It is essential that the person providing care to this incredibly vulnerable
group of patients (detainees or complainants) has the appropriate knowledge and skills.
More than ever, a death in custody or a death following police contact, is intensely
scrutinised.
I hope that the third edition will assist all health care professionals in their role in
custody and with complainants. All the chapters in this edition have been reviewed
and revised. In particular, the chapter on non-accidental injury has had a major
rewrite reflecting the recent developments in child protection/safeguarding. There is
now a specific chapter on the TASER with other aspects of restraint dealt with sepa-
rately. Similarly, the Care of Detainees and Fitness for Interview chapters have been
separated to allow a more comprehensive discussion of the issues. Some new authors
have joined the team of contributors providing a more international perspective.
Thanks are due to all contributors for their diligent work.
It is essential that each HCP working in a multidisciplinary team is fully aware
of their individual roles and responsibilities and works within his/her field of com-
petence as only then will multidisciplinary team working be effective. I hope that
this edition will assist forensic physicians, nurses, and paramedics in providing
independent, authoritative, and competent care to detainees and complainants.

Margaret M. Stark

vii
Foreword to the Second Edition

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), now in its 175th year, has a long tradition
of working with doctors. In fact, the origin of the forensic physician (police surgeon)
as we know him or her today, dates from the passing by Parliament of The Metropolitan
Act, which received Royal Assent in June of 1829. Since then, there are records of
doctors being “appointed” to the police to provide medical care to detainees and
examine police officers while on duty.
The MPS has been involved in the training of doctors for more than 20 years, and
has been at the forefront of setting the highest standards of working practices in the
area of clinical forensic medicine. Only through an awareness of the complex issues
regarding the medical care of detainees in custody and the management of com-
plainants of assault can justice be achieved. The MPS, therefore, has worked in
partnership with the medical profession to ensure that this can be achieved.
The field of clinical forensic medicine has developed in recent years into a
specialty in its own right. The importance of properly trained doctors working with
the police in this area cannot be overemphasized. It is essential for the protection of
detainees in police custody and for the benefit of the criminal justice system as a
whole. A book that assists doctors in the field is to be applauded.

Sir John Stevens

ix
Preface to the Second Edition

The field of clinical forensic medicine has continued to flourish and progress, so it
is now timely to publish Clinical Forensic Medicine: A Physician’s Guide, Second
Edition, in which chapters on the medical aspects of restraint and infectious diseases
have been added.
Police officers are often extremely concerned about potential exposure to infec-
tions, and this area is now comprehensively covered. The results of the use of
restraint by police is discussed in more detail, including areas such as injuries that
may occur with handcuffs and truncheons (Chapters 7, 8, and 11), as well as the use
of crowd-control agents (Chapter 6). The chapter on general injuries (Chapter 4) has
been expanded to include the management of bites, head injuries, and self-inflicted
wounds.
Substance misuse continues to be a significant and increasing part of the workload
of a forensic physician, and the assessment of substance misuse problems in custody,
with particular emphasis on mental health problems (“dual diagnosis”), has been
expanded. Substance misuse is too often a cause of death in custody (Chapter 10).
Traffic medicine is another area where concerns are increasing over the apparent
alcohol/drugs and driving problem. There has been relevant research conducted in
this area, which is outlined Chapter 12.
Forensic sampling has undergone enormous technological change, which is
reflected in the chapter on sexual assault examination (Chapter 3).
The chapter on the history and development of clinical forensic medicine world-
wide has been updated (Chapter 1). Chapters on fundamental principles (Chapter 2),
nonaccidental injury in children (Chapter 5), and care of detainees (Chapter 8) are
all fully revised, as are the appendices (now containing a list of useful websites).
Although the subject is constantly evolving, some fundamental principles remain.
I was very pleased with the response to the first book, and there appears to be a
genuine need for this second edition. I hope the good practice outlined in this book
will assist forensic physicians in this “Cinderella speciality.”

Margaret M. Stark

xi
Preface to the First Edition

“Clinical forensic medicine”—a term now commonly used to refer to that branch of
medicine involving an interaction among the law, the judiciary, and the police, and
usually concerning living persons—is emerging as a specialty in its own right. There
have been enormous developments in the subject in the last decade, with an increas-
ing amount of published research that needs to be brought together in a handbook,
such as A Physician’s Guide to Clinical Forensic Medicine. The role of the health
care professional in this field must be independent, professional, courteous, and
nonjudgemental, as well as well-trained and informed. This is essential for the care
of victims and suspects, for the criminal justice system, and for society as a whole.
As we enter the 21st century it is important that health care professionals are
“forensically aware.” Inadequate or incorrect diagnosis of a wound, for example,
may have an effect on the clinical management of an individual, as well as a signifi-
cant influence on any subsequent criminal investigation and court proceedings.
A death in police custody resulting from failure to identify a vulnerable individual
is an avoidable tragedy. Although training in clinical forensic medicine at the under-
graduate level is variable, once qualified, every doctor will have contact with legal
matters to a varying degree.
A Physician’s Guide to Clinical Forensic Medicine concentrates on the clinical
aspects of forensic medicine, as opposed to the pathological, by endeavoring to look
at issues from fundamental principles, including recent research developments
where appropriate. This volume is written primarily for physicians and nurses work-
ing in the field of clinical forensic medicine—forensic medical examiners, police
surgeons, accident and emergency room physicians, pediatricians, gynecologists,
and forensic and psychiatric nurses—but such other health care professionals as
social workers and the police will also find the contents of use.
The history and development of clinical forensic medicine worldwide is out-
lined, with special focus being accorded the variable standards of care for detainees
and victims. Because there are currently no international standards of training or
practice, we have discussed fundamental principles of consent, confidentiality, note-
keeping, and attendance at court.

xiii
xiv Preface to the First Edition

The primary clinical forensic assessment of complainants and those suspected of

sexual assault should only be conducted by those doctors and nurses who have
acquired specialist knowledge, skills, and attitudes during both theoretical and prac-
tical training. All doctors should be able to accurately describe and record injuries,
although the correct interpretation requires considerable skill and expertise, especially
in the field of nonaccidental injury in children, where a multidisciplinary approach
is required.
Avoidance of a death in police custody is a priority, as is the assessment of fitness-
to-be-detained, which must include information on a detainee’s general medical
problems, as well as the identification of high-risk individuals, i.e., mental health
and substance misuse problems. Deaths in custody include rapid unexplained death
occurring during restraint and/or during excited delirium. The recent introduction of
chemical crowd-control agents means that health professionals also need to be
aware of the effects of the common agents, as well as the appropriate treatments.
Custodial interrogation is an essential part of criminal investigations. However,
in recent years there have been a number of well-publicized miscarriages of justice
in which the conviction depended on admissions made during interviews that were
subsequently shown to be untrue. Recently, a working medical definition of fitness-
to-be-interviewed has been developed, and it is now essential that detainees be
assessed to determine whether they are at risk to provide unreliable information.
The increase in substance abuse means that detainees in police custody are often
now seen exhibiting the complications of drug intoxication and withdrawal, medical
conditions that need to be managed appropriately in the custodial environment.
Furthermore, in the chapter on traffic medicine, not only are medical aspects of fit-
ness-to-drive covered, but also provided is detailed information on the effects of
alcohol and drugs on driving, as well as an assessment of impairment to drive.
In the appendices of A Physician’s Guide to Clinical Forensic Medicine, the
relevant ethical documents relating to police, nurses, and doctors are brought
together, along with alcohol assessment questionnaires, the mini-mental state exam-
ination, and the role of appropriate adults; the management of head-injured detainees,
including advice for the police; the Glasgow Coma Scale, and an example of a head
injury warning card; guidance notes on US and UK statutory provisions governing
access to health records; an alcohol/drugs impairment assessment form, along with
a table outlining the peak effect, half-life, duration of action, and times for detection
of common drugs.

Margaret M. Stark
Random documents with unrelated
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 y , p
ne pout valer. the king by two bishops—
Andreu se dort, 520 the condition of holy
Ou il est mort church, which is much
al mouster. impoverished.—The bishop
L’Escos ke fra, afterwards goes to the king
Quant il orra and says,—“Sire, for God’s
le rei parler, sake, do not grieve yourself
A seint Edmon, at all about that,—for all
Et de tresoun holy church, I certify thee,
apeler —under God there is no
Count e baroun, soul alive in the world—
Ke par arsoun 530 who has over holy church
destruit l’a[u]ter? power or mastery,—except
Plus loins ne pout, the pope of Rome, who
Illokes l’estoet holds the vicary—which St.
ester cum ler; Peter the apostle had in
E par agard keeping.—The pope is our
Li rais Edward head, he keeps and rules
determiner. us,—and he has made a
statute which binds us
Various Readings.—520, 521. Andreu closely,—on privation of
est mort, ou il se dort, C.—528. le rent and of prelacy,—that
appeller, R. 2.—531. destrut l’autr’er, R. neither tenth, nor
1. l’auter, R. 2.—536. le rey, R. 1 and 2.
twentieth, nor half, nor part
—none of us give to thee
And swa mai man kenne or to any other,—without
The Scottes to renne, his commandment and
and wer biginne. allowance,—upon it he
Sum es left na thing 540 solemnly excommunicates
Boute his rivyn riveling, and curses—every son of a
to hippe thar- mother that by lordship—
hinne. injures holy church, which
Thair kinges scet of Scone may God help in its
Es driven ovir doune, freedom!”—“Sir clerk,” said
to Londen i-led. the King, “thou hast talked
In toun herd I telle, folly;—promise is debt due,
h b h l d h b ll
 y; p ,
The baghel and the belle if faith be not forgotten;—
ben filched and but if I saw thee here in
fled. possession of the bull—as
well as all the others, by
Deus! cum Merlins dist sovent veritez
En ses propheciez! si 550
the son of Mary!—you
should not be relieved of
cum vous lisez,
this aid.”
Ore sunt le deus ewes en un arivez,
Ke par graunt mountaignes ount esté
severez;

Various Readings.—538. men, R. 2.—

540. werre, C. were, R. 1 and 2.—541.
somme, C. is lest, R. 2.—542. bot his “Sire,” said the
rough, C. bot his riven, R. 1. but the
riven r., R. 2.—543. thar ynne, C. inne, Archbishop, “very willingly
R. 1 and 2.—544. sette, C. thar king set —thee as our lord we will
ous Sc., R. 1. The kinges sete, R. 2.— all aid—with the leave of
545. over done, C., R. 1 and 2.—546. i- the pope, if thou wilt send
ledde, C., R. 1.—547. In toune, C., R. 2. to him—by one of thy
—548. Thair b. and thair, C.—549.
fledde, C. fliched and fledde, R. 1. bien, clerks with our messenger,
R. 2.—550. Ha Deus ke Merlyn, C. E! —who could relate to him
Deus com Merlyn, R. 1. A! Dieu cum thy condition and ours;—
Merlin, R. 2.—552. les .ij., C., R. 1. and according to the
message which the pope
Et un realme est fet [de] deus diverse shall send us back,—we
regnez, will as far as our abilities
Ke solaint par deus rays estre go courteously aid
governez. thee.”—“Sir clerk,” says the
Ore sunt les insulanes trestuz King again, “I have no
assemblez, need—for thee to advise
Et Albanye rejoynte à les regaltez, me to consult the pope;—
Des quels li rais Edward est seignur but if thou wilt have respite
clamez; in this case,—cause thy
Cornewale e Galez sunt en ses clerks to assemble when
poestez, thou wilt,—talk to them of
E Irlaunde la graunte à sez voluntez. the promise, and treat
R i ’i d t l d t t 560 hea til of it afte St
Reis n’i ad nent plus de tut 560 heartily of it;—after St.
les cuntrez Hilary’s day come to
Fors li rais Edward k’ensi les ad Westminster,—and make
visitez. the answer without more
Arthur n’i avait unkes si plainement talk!”—“Sire,” said the
les fez. Archbishop, “for the sake
Dès ore n’ait ke fere for porver ses of God and St. Richard!—
alez, please to command here
Sur le ray de Fraunce conquer sez and there thy people,—who
heritez, are thy agents for the
E puis porter la croiz où Jhesu Crist fu twelfth penny,—that they
nez. cause to be molested
Ses enemys, neither us nor our tenants,
Deu mercis! —nor tax our temporalities
sunt châtiez; along with the
layman.”—“Sir,” answers
Various Readings.—554. Et une r. fet de the King, “you need not
diverse regnez, C. E un r., de d., R. 1 fear it,—for they shall do
and 2.—561. ad ne prince de tuz les, C. neither well nor ill to none
a. n. p. de totes, R. 1. Rei n’i ad ne p.,
of thy power.—
R. 2.—562. fors le ray ... joustez, C. li ad
justicez, R. 1 and 2.—568. Deus mercys, Nevertheless, fair Sir, I pray
C. and require,—that
throughout thy diocese
Trestuz sunt maz, 570 thou commandest to pray—
Et pris cum raz, for me and mine, and to
enlachés. thank God,—who has done
Il ad corouns largely for us in our recent
E combatons affairs.”—The Archbishop
bien assez, grants it, and does his
Od deuz rays duty.—A little before this
Ad un fays, time returned the treasurer
et utraés; —Walter de Langton, who
Celi de sà had passed the sea—with
Ore aille de là, 580 the cardinal, to treat of the
od ses barnés. peace.—The answer which
Jon e Thomas they bring no man can
know except those of the
 Li lerount pas know,—except those of the
desaydés; council who dare not reveal
Cuthbert li vent, it.—Messengers afterwards
Ke od li tent came to announce—to the
en les medlez. King Sir Edward a form of
En Deu vous die, arranging—the strife of
Merlin de li Gascony, and to cause him
ad prophetez; to agree—with King Philip,
590 without further war,—as
the cardinals had caused it
Various Readings.—572. enlacez, C., R.
1 and 2.—573, 574. coruz | Et combatuz, to be ordained.—King
C., R. 1. coru | e cumbatu, R. 2.—582. Edward forthwith sent back
Johan e Thomas, R. 1 and 2.—587. ses —Walter de Langton and
medlez, C. Hugh le Despenser,—and
John de Berwick, a clerk
Trais regiouns and a valiant knight.—May
En ses baundouns God conduct them there,
Serrount waynez; and bring them well back
Ne sait blemy again!
La prophecie
par pecchez;
Sire Deus omnipotent
Ad seint Edmound al
parlement
li consaillé,
E sur li faus Phelippe de Of the barons of
Fraunce, 600Scotland, at this parliament
—reason was not rendered,
Par ta vertu aver vengeaunce,
K’il jamès ne seit avaunce nor judgment given.—The
pur sa King is so courteous, so full
pure
of pity,—and of so great
fauseté.
mercy, I believe certainly—

Al burk de Seint Edmond le jour est that his mercy will be the
establie, saving—of those who have
Sunt venuz les eveskes, ouf la fully deserved death,—by
compaignie their deeds attainted of
De lais e clers ad quels li ray prie felony.—The great pity of
De lais e clers, ad quels li ray prie y g p y
Des biens de seint eglise ayde e heart which he has often
curtaysie, had—upon the felons of
Einsint cum els pramistrent auntane Wales, every body talks of
en l’abie it;—when he was most
occupied for his
Various Readings.—597. Sire Deu, R. 1 advancement,—they made
and 2.—599. consaillez, R. 1 and 2.— war upon him, and cause a
602. This line is omitted in C., and R. 1 diversion,—whereby he
and 2.—603. Ly grantez, R. 1 and 2.— was obliged to leave his
604. jour establye, C., R. 1 and 2.—606.
goings elsewhere.
Des ercedenes et clers ... li rays, C., R.
1. Des ercediakenes, R. 2.

De Westmoster, par quai li rais de ceo

s’affye
En socour de sa guere, ke n’est pas
finie. 610 After the day of St.
Countes e barouns à la chivalerie Hilary, when the King
Pur eus e pur le people grauntent en thought (to hold)—
aie parliament at London, as
[Le disime dener, et pur la he had ordained,—news
marchaundye] came to him by him who
Le setim par my aide sa tresorie. was then—come from
E li erceveske, ke tent la primacie Cambrai, and announced to
Deu sé de Canturbirs, sur respouns him—that the talk of peace
estudie, was made with no intention
E par deus eveskes al ray signefie of coming to an end.—
L’estat de seint eglise, ke mult est Wherefore King Edward
empoverie. remained and prepared—
Le erceveske après al rais va e die, by sea and by land that he
“Sire, pur Deu! là sus ne te greves might not be betrayed;—at
mie, 620 Westminster he collected
Pur tut seint eglise [je te certefye, his people—to treat about
Desuz Deus en terre est nul alme en what aid the clergy should
vye give him.—The Lord of
Ke ad sur saint eglise] por ne mestrie, Canterbury held himself
For la pape de Rome qe tent la i id thi tt
For la pape de Rome, qe tent la very rigid on this matter,—
vicarie he vowed to St. Thomas
for him and his parish,—
Various Readings.—610. This line is that no one of his church
omitted in R. 1 and 2.—611. e la chiv., should be any more taxed,
C., R. 2. ly grant en aye, R. 1.—612. The
following line is not found in the
—nor placed in servage as
Cambridge MS.—613. parmye à sa long as he lived,—without
tresorye, C., R. 1 and 2.—616. sur command of the pope, who
respouns estodye, C., R. 1 and 2.—617. ought to govern them.—
al reis, R. 1.—619. al ray, C.—620. eglise The Lord of Lincoln agreed
je te certefye, C.—622. Qe south Dieu,
R. 2.—623. poesté et mestrye, C.
to this,—Bishop Oliver, who
was not used to bend.—
The King was so enraged
Qe seint Pere li apostoille avoit en
against the clergy,—that he
baillie.
commanded them to be
La pape est nostre chef, il nous garde
judged out of his peace.—
e guye,
But now afterwards he
E estatute ad fet qe durement nous
repealed that decree.—This
lie,
did those bishops who
Sur privaciune de rent e de prelacie,
willingly consented—to aid
Ke disme, ne .v.time, ne moité, ne
their lord whereby to
partie
recover his right,—to
A tei ne à nul autre nul de nous otrie
defend holy church from
Saunz sun maundement 630
shame and loss.—The elect
en avowerie,
of York, who desired peace,
Sur le sollempnement escomege e
—said that willingly as far
maldie
as concerned him—he
Trestuz le fiz de mere qe par
would give the fifth penny
seignurie
wherewith to defend holy
Aserveint seint eglise, ke Deus aide
church.—Not a soul spoke
en fraunchie.”
there of the caitiff Scots:—
“Sire cler,” dit li rais, “tu as parlé folie;
they remained in keeping
Promis est dette due, si fay ne seit
in the same care,—as they
oublie;
were before, Dunbar
Mès ke joe te vais de boule saysie
caused them vexation.—For
Einsint tuz li autre, par le fiz Marie!
there were they burnt ...—
Ne puriez de ceste ayde estre
he them thithe and
 Ne puriez de ceste ayde estre
he ... them thither,—and
desublie.”
drove to dote.—For Scots
at Dunbar—had at their ...
Various Readings.—627. Estatute ad, C.
—shame of their note.—
—629. vintime, C., R. 1 and 2.—630. à ly
altre, C., R. 1.—632. Sur co, C., R. 1.— Never were dogs there—
633. les fiz, C., R. 1.—634. Deus ad f., C. hurled out of....
ad enf., R. 1 and 2.—635. Sire clers, R. 1
and 2.—636. promesse, R. 1 and 2.—
637. jeo te vaise de la bulle s., R. 1. jeo
vei de la bulle s., R. 2.—638. Ansint tuz
les altres, C.—639. ne purrai, R. 2.

“Sire,”trevolunter
dit le erceveske, “mout
640
Ad tei cum al seignur volums tuz
aider
Par geongé de la pape, si tu le volez
maunder
Par un de tes clers ouf nostre
messager,
Ke toun estate e nostre li purroit
cunter;
E sur ceo qe la pape nous fra
remaunder,
Volum solum nos aises curtaisement
ayder.”
“Sire clers,” redit li rais, “jeo n’ai pas
mester
De ceo qe tu me dais la pape
consailler;
Mès si tu vols respit en ceo kas aver,
Fa quant tu vodras tes clers
assembler, 650
Enparlés du promesse, e tretez ent
du quer;
Après la Seint Hillari venez à
Westmouster,
 ,
E fras la respouns sanz plus à parler.”
“Sire,” dist le erceveske, “pur Deu e
Seint Richer!
Volez si e là tes gens comander,

Various Readings.—642. congé, C., R.

1.—644. porrount moustrer, C., R. 1 and
2.—645. Et soulom ço ke, C.—646.
Voloums souloum, C. Volums nus de
nostre aider e prester, R. 1 and 2.—651.
Perfournir la pr. ... enparler, C.—653.
fetez, ... en parler, R. 1 and 2.—655.
Voylliez, C.

Ke sunt tes ministres ad .xii. dener,

Ke nous ne nos tenaunz facent
molester,
Ne nos temperaltez ouf les lays taxer.”
“Sire,” respount li rays, “ceo n’estut
doter;
Car ben ne mal ne frunt ad nule de
ton poer. 660
Noun pur ceo, bel sire, jeo prie e
requer,
Par my ta deocise comandez prier
Pur moy e pur le[s] menz, e Deu
mercier,
Ke largement pur nous fet ad cea en
arer.”
Le erceveske otrie, e fet sun dever.
Poi avaunt cel houre revint le tresorer
Water de Langetoune, ke fu passé la
mer
Ouf le cardinale de la pes treter.
Respouns qu’els i port ne pot nule
home saver,
Fors cels du consaille qe ne l’osent
 q
reveler. 670
Messagers après vindrent nuncier
Al rays Sire Edward forme de amourer

Various Readings.—657. ne facent, C.—

659. ço dist le rais, C.—661. li rays li
prie, C.—663. les mens, R. 2.—664. fet
sla, C. fet ad ça, R. 1. fet de scea, R. 2.
—665. l’ottrye, e fet, R. 1 and 2.—668.
les chardinals, C.

Contek de Gascoyne, e fet acorder

Li ouf le Rey Phellipp sanz plus
guerrer,
Si cum les cardinals ount fet ordiner.
Li Rays Edward par taunt ad fet
retorner
Water de Langetoun, e Hugue le
Despenser,
E Jon de Beruik, clerk avertik ber.
Counduire les face Dieus, e bien
remener!

Les barouns d’Escoce à cel parlement

Ne fu resoun rendu, 680
ne doné jugement,
Ly rais est si corteis, de si pitouse
talent,
E de si graunt merci, jeo crei
certeinement
Ke sa misericorde serra sauvement
A cels ke ount la mort deservi
plainement,
E des fez attainz felonousement.
La grant pité du quer q’il ad eu
sovent
Des felons de Gales, en parlent tote
 Des felons de Gales, en parlent tote
gent,

Various Readings.—672. de amourer, C.

de amurer, R. 1. au rei ... de amourer,
R. 2.—673. du contek du ... fere, C., R.
1. du c. ... fere, R. 2.—674. guerrayer,
C., R. 1. guerreier, R. 2.—678. anerty, C.
Johan de Berwike ... avertiz, R. 1. Johan
... clerk e averti, R. 2.—680. Des
barouns, C.—681. renduz, C.—686. de
fez, C.

Quan[t] plus ad eu affer pur son

avancement,
Meuz li ount la gwere, e fet
desturbement, 690
Dunt ses alez aillours laisser li
covient.

Apresquidait
le Seint Hillori, quant le rays

Parlement à Loundres, cum

ordinez aveit,
Noveles li vindrent par cil ke les
estayt
Venuz de Kaumbray, e li nunciait
Ke la parlance de pez se fist pur nul
esplait.
Par quey le rais Edward demourt e se
purvait
Par mer e par tere ke trahi ne sait;
En Westmouster de ses gens equait
Treter de sour quel ayde la clergie li
frait. 700
Ly Sire de Canturbir sur ceo se tint
etrahit,
Pur luy e sa paroche à Seint Thomas
 vouait
Ke nul de sa eglise taillé plus ne
serrait,

Various Readings.—691. ses alers, R. 1.

—693. tenir à L., C.—694. lors estait, C.,
R. 1 and 2.—697. le rei, R. 2.—698. Par
tere et par mer, C. mer ne par t., R. 2.—
699. en vait, C., R. 1 and 2. E à W., R. 1.
—700. Treter sur quele aide, C., R. 1.—
702. et pur sa p., C.

Ne mis en servage taunt cum il

viverait,
Saunz maundement la pape, ke
governer le deit.
Li sire de Nichole ataunt se
[a]cordait;
Oliver li eveske, ke flecher ne solait.
Li rais vers la clergie par taunt se
corucait,
E hors de sa pese juguer la
comaundait.
Mès meintenaunt après cele fet
repellait. 710
Co feceint les eveskes ki volunté
chascait
Aider à lur seignur dunt recoverir
soun drait,
A seinte eglise defendre de hounte e
de fourfait.
L’elyt de Everwyke, ke pes desirrait,
Dit ke volunters pur quanke li tuchait,
Dount saint eglise defendre le quint
dener mettrait.
Des Escoz chaitifs nule aime i parlait:
Demorez sunt suz garde en autel
 g
plait,
Cum avaunt estaient, Dunbar les
achascait.

Various Readings.—705. les dait, C., R.

1.—713. Et sainte, C., R. 1. surfait, R. 1.
—718. sunt uncore suz g. en a. esplait,
C. sont en garde mult à lour deshait, R.
1. tut à lour desheit, R. 2.—719. This line
ends in C., and R. 1 and 2, with the
words escotez ke ço dayt, and the
English lines following are omitted.

For thar wer thai bal brend,

He kauged ham thidre 720
kend,
aut dreved to dote.
For Scottes at Dunbar
Haved at thayre gau char
schame of thar note.
Wer never dogges there
Hurled out of herre
fro coylthe ne cotte.

T H E T R A I L E B AS TO N S, A N D E X E C U T I O N O F WA L LA C E .

[From MS. Cotton. Julius A. V. fol. 162, vo. collated with MS.
Reg. 20, A. II. fol. 144, ro. (R. 1.); and with MS. Reg. 20, A. XI. fol.
125, ro. (R. 2.)]
En rendu;
Septembre après Estrivelyn est Translation.—In
September after Stirling
Ly reys Sire Edwarde ses travayls was delivered;—the King
ad sentu, Sir Edward was fatigued
Vers Brustewik sur Humbre son with his labours,—he held
chemyn ad tenu, his way towards Burstwick
on Humber,—he remained
Various Readings.—2. au rei, R. 2.—3. there a while for his health.
est meu, R. 1. en son ch. est meu, R. 2. —Sir John de Warenne, an
Earl well known,—was then
Sugiour une pece i prist pur sa salu. dead and ready to be put
Sire Jon de Warenne, count been in his coffin.—The King,
conu, whom God keep! in going
Mortz fu lors et prest à mette en towards his own,—through
sarcu. Lindsey inquired from place
Ly reys, ke Deu garde! en alaunt vers to place,—whilst he had
le su, been in Scotland in his war,
Par my Lendesey enquist de lu en lu, —who had broken his
Taunt com en Escoz en sa guere fu, peace, and who had held
Ky out sa pees enfraynt, ki out sa it;—straight at his will,
pees tenu; 10 remedy was provided—for
Pur taunt com il volait, remede fu him who was attainted of
purveu having broken his peace.
Sur cil ke fust ataynt de sa pees
rumpu. People of good will have
made answer to the King,

R espouns ount fet au reys gentz de

been voyllance,
—how a great grievance is
made in the land—by
Coment parmy la tere fet est common squabblers, who
grant grevaunce are by oath—obliged
Par comune contekours, ke sunt par together to a purveyance;
fiaunce —this company are called
Obligez ensemble à une purviaunce; Trailebastons,—they offer
Traylbastouns sunt nomez de cel to make conventions at
retenaunce, fairs and markets,—for
E f t h f t three or four shillings or
En fayres et marchez se proferent three or four shillings, or
fere covenaunce, merely to show their
courage,—to beat a good
Various Readings.—5. Johan ... counte, man, who never did hurt—
R. 1 and 2.—6. mort, R. 2.—7. le rei, le to any Christian body, by
sieu, R. 2.—8. Lyndesey, R. 1.—10. qi the testimony of no one.—
l’ount tenu, R. 2.—11. volait, R. 1. cum If a man contradict any one
avolait, R. 2.—13. au rei, R. 2.—15.
comuns, R. 2. of the alliance,—or a
merchant will not trust
them for his merchandise,
Pur treys souz ou .iiii., ou pur la
—taken in his own house,
valiaunce,
without other interference,
Batre un prodomme ke unk fist
—he shall be well beaten,
nosaunce 20
or by agreement—he shall
A cors Cristiene, par nuli
give of his money and take
temoygnaunce.
acquittance.—If there were
Si homme countredye à nul de
no hindrance made to their
l’aliaunce,
riot,—a war among the
Ou marchaund de ses merz li vee fere
commons would by chance
creaunce,
arise.—The King has heard
En sa mesoun demené, sauntz altre
the complaint and the talk,
daliaunce,
—now hear how the
Batuz serrait been, ou pur
punishment is provided.
l’acordaunce
Dora de ses deners et prendre Throughout England men
aquitaunce. of great account—are
Si en la riot ne seit fet desturbaunce, assigned as judges on the
Une commune guere se levera par Trailebastons;—some by
chaunce. inquest are judged to
Entendu ad ly reys la plaint et la prisons;—others to go to
parlaunce, the gallows, to hang there
Escutez ore coment purveu est la about;—many are deprived
vengaunce. 30 of their possessions;—
those who had done least
P
army Engletere gentz de graunz
resouns
ill are obliged to pay fines.
If there was not
Assignez sunt justizes sur les
chastisement of ribalds and
 chastisement of ribalds and
traylbastouns;
rascals,—people would not
Les uns par enquest sunt jugez à
dare to live in their houses.
prisouns;
—O! how God is good in
his just dealings,—who has
Various Readings.—19. voillaunce, R. 1.
so often revenged us of
—20. ne fist, R. 2.—23. vee de er., R. 2.
—26. prendra, R. 2.—31. grant resons, felons!—We have heard
R. 1. gent de grant, R. 2. news among companions—
of William Wallace, the
Li altre alez à fourches à pendre master of the thieves;—Sir
envirouns; John de Menteith followed
Plusours sunt privez de [lour] him close at his heels,—
possessiouns; and took him in bed beside
Ke meyns mesfesaynt sunt passez par his strumpet;—he brought
raunsouns. him to London in fetters
Si chastiment ne fust de ribaldes et and bonds,—where he was
bricouns, judged on the following
Osé ne serrait homme vivre en conditions:—first to be
mesouns. drawn to the gallows for
O! cum Deus est bons de drayturels his treasons,—to be hung
guerdouns, for robbery and for
Ke taunt sovent nous ad vengé de slaughter,—and because he
felouns! 40 had destroyed by burning—
Novel avoms oy entre compaygnouns towns and churches and
De William le Walays, mestre de monasteries,—he is taken
larouns; down from the gallows,
Sire Jon de Meneteft li suist à talouns, and his belly opened,—the
Enprès de sa puteyne li prist en heart and bowels burnt to
tapisouns; ashes,—and his head cut
A Loundres le menait en ferges et off for such faults,—
laceouns, because he had by these
Où jugez esteit sur cels condiciouns; ...,—maintained war, given
En primer à fourches fust trayné pur protections,—seized
tresouns, lordship into his subjection
Pendu pur roberyes et pur occisiouns, —of the realm of another
by his intrusions.—His body
V R 34 lt R 1 d was cut into four parts,—
 Various Readings.—34. altres, R. 1 andwas cut into four parts,
2.—36. passé, R. 2.—39. est draiturels eeach hung by itself in
de bone, R. 1.—40. vengés, R. 2.—41. memory of his name,—
Novels, R. 1.—42. des barouns, R. 1.— instead of his banner these
43. Johan de Menetest, R. 1. Mentest, R.are his standards.—To
2.—44. Semprès de sa, R. 2.
finish his history,—at
London is his head,—his
Et pur ceo k’il avait ennenty par body is divided—in four
arsouns. good towns,—whereby to
Viles et eglises et religiouns, honour the isles—that are
Avalez est de fourches, et 50 in Albania.—And thus may
overt les ventrouns, you hear,—a lad to learn—
Le quoer et la bowel brullez en to build in peace.—It falls
carbouns, in his eye,—who hacks too
Et copé la teste par tels mesprisiouns, high,—with the Wallace.
Pur ceo ke il avait par ces havyllouns
Maintenuz la guere, doné
protecciouns,
Seysye seygnurye en ses
subjecciouns
De altri realme par ses entrusiouns.
Copé li fust le cors en quatre
porciouns,
Chescun pende par say en memor de
ses nouns,
En lu de sa banere cels sunt ces
gunfanouns. 60
Pur finir sa geste,
A Loundres est sa teste,
du cors est fet
partye
En .iiii. bones viles,
Dount honurer les ylles

Various Readings.—55. meintenu, R. 2.

—56. en sa, R. 1.
 ke sunt en Albanye.
And tus may you here,
A ladde to lere
to bigken in pais.
It falles in his eghe, 70
That hackes ovre heghe,
wit at Walays.

Various Readings.—67. thus, R. 1 and

2. mai men, R. 2.—68. te lere, R. 2.—69.
biggen, R. 1. biggin, R. 2.—70. fallis ...
iȝe, R. 2.—71. hagges, R. 1. hakkis ...
hie, R. 2.—72. with that Waleis, R. 2.

P O E M O N T H E E V I L T I M E S O F E DWA R D I I .

[From the Auchinleck MS. fol. 328, ro. written in the beginning
of the reign of Edw. III. in the Advocates Library, at Edinburgh.]
The Simonie.

WhiiWhii
werre and wrake in londe and manslauht is i-come,
hungger and derthe on eorthe the pore hath undernome,
Whii bestes ben thus storve, whii corn hath ben so dere,

Glossary.—1. werre and wrake, war and mischief.—2. undernome,

undertaken, seized upon.—3. storve, starved, perished.
 Ȝe that wolen abide, listneth and ȝe muwen here
the skile.
I nelle liȝen for no man, herkne who so wile.

God greteth wel the clergie, and seith theih don amis,
And doth hem to understonde that litel treuthe ther is;
For at the court of Rome, ther treuthe sholde biginne,
Him is forboden the paleis, dar he noht com therinne 10
for doute;
And thouh the pope clepe him in, ȝit shal he stonde theroute.

Alle the popes clerkes ban taken hem to red,

If treuthe come amonges hem, that he shal be ded.
There dar he noht shewen him for doute to be slain,
Among none of the cardinaus dar he noht be sein,
for feerd,
If Symonie may mete wid him he wole shaken his berd.

Voiz of clerk is sielde i-herd at the court of Rome;

Ne were he nevere swich a clerk, silverles if he come, 20
Thouh he were the wiseste that evere was i-born,
But if he swete ar he go, al his weye is lorn
i-souht,
Or he shal singe si dedero, or al geineth him noht.

For if there be in countre an horeling, a shrewe,

Lat him come to the court hise nedes for to shewe,

Glossary.—4. wolen, will (pl.). muwen, may.—5. skile, cause, reason.—6.

nelle liȝen, will not lie.—7. theih, they.—10. paleis, palace.—11. doute, fear.
—12. clepe, call.—13. han, have (pl.). red, counsel.—19. voiz, voice. sielde
i-herd, seldom heard.—20. swich, such.—22. ar, before.
 And bringe wid him silver and non other wed,
Be he nevere so muchel a wrecche, hise nedes sholen be spede
ful stille,
For Coveytise and Symonie han the world to wille. 30

And erchebishop and bishop, that ouhte for to enquere

Off alle men of holi churche of what lif theih were,
Summe beth foles hemself, and leden a sory lif,
Therfore doren hii noht speke for rising of strif
thurw clerkes,
And that everich biwreied other of here wrecchede werkes.

But certes holi churche is muchel i-brouht ther doune,

Siththen Seint Thomas was slain and smiten of his croune.
He was a piler ariht to holden up holi churche,
Thise othere ben to slouwe, and feinteliche kunnen worche, 40
i-wis;
Therfore in holi churche hit fareth the more amis.

But everi man may wel i-wite, who so take ȝeme,

That no man may wel serve tweie lordes to queme.
Summe beth in ofice wid the king, and gaderen tresor to hepe,
And the fraunchise of holi churche hii laten ligge slepe
ful stille;
Al to manye ther beth swiche, if hit were Godes wille.

Glossary.—27. wed, pledge.—28. muchel a wrecche, great a wretch.

sholen be, shall be.—29. stille, quietly.—34. doren hii, dare they.—35.
thurw, through.—36. everich, every one. biwreied, accused.—38. Siththen,
since.—39. piler, pillar.—40. slouwe, slothful. kunnen, know how.—41. i-
wis, truely, in truth.—43. i-wite, know. ȝeme, care (take ȝeme, pay
attention).—44. queme, pleasure.—45. gaderen, gather. to hepe, in a
heap.
 And thise ersedeknes that ben set to visite holi churche,
Everich fondeth hu he may shrewedelichest worche; 50
He wole take mede of that on and that other,
And late the parsoun have a wyf, and the prest another,
at wille;
Coveytise shal stoppen here mouth, and maken hem al stille.

For sone so a parsoun is ded and in eorthe i-don,

Thanne shal the patroun have ȝiftes anon;
The clerkes of the cuntré wolen him faste wowe,
And senden him faire ȝiftes and presentes i-nowe,
and the bishop;
And there shal Symonye ben taken bi the cop. 60

Coveytise upon his hors he wole be sone there,

And bringe the bishop silver, and rounen in his ere,
That alle the pore that ther comen, on ydel sholen theih worche,
For he that allermost may ȝive, he shal have the churche;
i-wis,
Everich man nu bi dawe may sen that thus hit is.

And whan this newe parsoun is institut in his churche,

He bithenketh him hu he may shrewedelichest worche;
Ne shal the corn in his berne ben eten wid no muis,

Glossary.—49. ersedeknes, archdeacons.—50. fondeth, seeketh,

endeavours. shrewedelichest worche, work most cursedly.—51. mede,
bribe.—52. late, let.—54. stoppen, stop.—55. sone so, as soon as.—57.
wowe, woo, court.—58. i-nowe, enough.—60. cop, head.—62. rounen,
whisper. ere, ear.—63. on ydel, fruitlessly, to no avail.—64. allermost, most
of all.—66. nu bi dawe, now-a-days.—68. hu, how.—69. muis, mouse.
 But hit shal ben i-spended in a shrewede huis; 70
if he may,
Al shal ben i-beten out or Cristemesse-day.

And whan he hath i-gadered markes and poundes,

He priketh out of toune wid haukes and wid houndes
Into a straunge contré, and halt a wenche in cracche;
And wel is hire that first may swich a parsoun kacche
in londe.
And thus theih serven the chapele, and laten the churche stonde.

He taketh al that he may, and maketh the churche pore,

And leveth thare behinde a theef and an hore, 80
A serjaunt and a deie that leden a sory lif;
Al so faire hii gon to bedde as housebonde and wif;
wid sorwe
Shal there no pore lif fare the bet nouther on even ne on morwe.

And whan he hath the silver of wolle and of lomb,

He put in his pautener an honne and a komb,
A myrour and a koeverchef to binde wid his crok,
And rat on the rouwe bible and on other bok
no mo;
But unthank have the bishop that lat hit so go. 90

For thouh the bishop hit wite, that hit bename kouth,
He may wid a litel silver stoppen his mouth;

Glossary.—70. huis, house.—74. priketh, rideth.—75. cracche, properly a

manger, perhaps here, a cradle.—76. wel is hire, it is well for her.—81.
deie, dairymaid.—85. lomb, lamb.—86. pautener ... honne,....—87.
koeverchef, kerchief. crok, crook.—88. rat, reads. rouwe, rough.—89. mo,
more.—91. bename kouth, could take in hand. (?)
He medeth wid the clerkes, and halt forth the wenche,
And lat the parish for-worthe; the devel him adrenche
for his werk!
And sory may his fader ben, that evere made him clerk.

And if the parsoun have a prest of a clene lyf,

That be a god consailler to maiden and to wif,
Shal comen a daffe and putte him out for a litel lasse,
That can noht a ferthing worth of god, unnethe singe a masse 100
but ille.
And thus shal al the parish for lac of lore spille.

For riht me thinketh hit fareth bi a prest that is lewed,

As bi a jay in a kage, that himself hath bishrewed;
God Engelish he speketh, ac he wot nevere what;
No more wot a lewed prest in boke what he rat
bi day.
Thanne is a lewed prest no betir than a jay.

But everi man may wel i-wite, bi the swete rode!

Ther heth so manye prestes, hii ne muwe noht alle be gode. 110
And natheles thise gode men fallen oft in fame,
For thise wantoune prestes that pleien here nice game,
bi nihte,
Hii gon wid swerd and bokeler as men that wolde fihte.

Glossary.—93. medeth, takes bribe.—94. for-worthe, go to nought.

adrenche, drown.—96. ben, be.—97. prest, priest.—99. daffe, fool. lasse,
less.—100. unnethe, hardly.—102. for lac of lore spille, be ruined for want
of teaching.—104. bishrewed, cursed.—105. wot, knows.—106. rat, reads.
—109. rode, cross, rood.—110. muwe, may.
 Summe bereth croune of acolite for the crumponde crok,
And ben ashamed of the merke the bishop hem bitok;
At even he set upon a koife, and kembeth the croket,
Adihteth him a gay wenche of the newe jet,
sanz doute;
And there hii clateren cumpelin whan the candel is oute. 120

And thise abbotes and priours don aȝein here rihtes;

Hii riden wid hauk and hound, and contrefeten knihtes.
Hii sholde leve swich pride, and ben religious;
And nu is pride maister in everich ordred hous;
i-wis,
Religioun is evele i-holde and fareth the more [amis.]

For if there come to an abey to pore men or thre,

And aske of hem helpe par seinte charité,
Unnethe wole any don his ernde other ȝong or old,
But late him coure ther al day in hunger and in cold, 130
and sterve.
Loke what love ther is to God, whom theih seien that hii serve!

But there come another and bringe a litel lettre,

In a box upon his hepe, he shal spede the betre;
And if he be wid eny man that may don the abot harm,
He shal be lad into the halle, and ben i-mad full warm
aboute the mawe.
And Godes man stant ther oute; sory is that lawe.

Glossary.—115. crumponde crok, crumpled crook(?).—116. bitok, gave,

delivered to.—117. kembeth, combs. croket, curl or lock of hair.—118.
Adihteth him, fits himself with.—121. don aȝein, do against.—126. evele i-
holde, evil held, in ill repute.—127. to, two.—129. ernde, errand. ȝong,
young.—130. coure, cower.—134. hepe, pack (?).
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