International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),

Vol. 23, No. 1, January-February 2025

Smart Power Management with Small Cells: A Path to Sustainable Data Connectivity
1
Amna Shabbir, 2Madeeha Azhar, 3Asif Aziz
1
Department of Electronic Engineering
2
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
NED UET Karachi, Pakistan
3
Computer Science Department
Bahria University, Karachi campus Pakistan

[email protected]
Abstract: The growing importance of energy-efficient networks capable of handling high data rates

poses a significant concern for network operators. With the evolution of new mobile data network

standards, subscribers have surged and increased demand for high-speed data traffic, enabling

seamless streaming of social media content within seconds. Network operators are tasked with

meeting consumer satisfaction, and to achieve high data rates and good signal quality, they have

adopted the deployment of small cells.

In this research, energy efficiency is enhanced through an investigation of the small cell-controlled

scheme, which is then extended to incorporate a power control strategy based on throughput

measurements. Additionally, energy consumption is reduced by adjusting the transmit power based

on traffic patterns. Specifically, during periods of normal traffic, the power utilization is set at 40% of

the total power, while in times of increased traffic intensity, 60% of the total power is allocated. This

traffic intensity- based power distribution scheme results in a 13-15% increase in energy efficiency

compared to the small cell-controlled sleep mode.

Keywords— small cell, power control, energy efficiency, power distribution.

I. INTRODUCTION

Mobile communication has experienced rapid growth since its introduction in the 1970s. In the early

days, voice calls were analog and popular applications, while in recent times, subscribers of cellular

networks can now avail themselves of data rates in the thousands or even higher megabits per second.

The rate of energy consumption in operating and designing cellular communication systems is a major

concern these days. For a long time, it has been common practice to design wireless communication

networks with the goal of adjusting network parameters like latency, data rate, throughput, etc., to be

optimized. Hence, future wireless network architectures must be designed to provide higher energy
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efficiency. It is predicted that 5G systems will serve a huge number of devices with a fair signal level,

and studies show that by 2020, there will be approximately 50 billion connected devices [1]; further

analysis shows that more than 6 devices will be handled by each person, and communication will not

only be confined to human-human but also to machine-type communication. Most cellular networks

are designed to improve system capacity by increasing transmit power, but considering the rapid

growth in the number of connected devices, this method is not efficient for consuming less energy.

The application of this approach to extensively increase energy consumption results in high network

operating costs to achieve increased network capacity. Global cellular traffic demand has increased 66

times with an annual growth rate of 131 percent since 2009 [2].

Recently, the demand for wireless services has grown tremendously due to high-speed applications

like video streaming and social media. The growth in demand for high-speed wireless communication

increases the computational load on the performance of existing wireless cellular networks, resulting

in increased energy consumption of the available bandwidth or spectrum. Therefore, the mobile

industry today is expected to develop energy-efficient mechanisms for efficiently managing

components in cellular networks, and developing such systems has become a dominant research topic

in recent years. In doing so, the deployment of low-power, low-cost small cells is one promising way

to provide subscribers with good wireless quality of service (QoS) while maintaining energy

consumption at acceptable levels. Many researchers have exposed the challenges involved in deploying

small cell networks, such as base station (BS) placement, balancing traffic load, power control, and

strategic sleep-wake mechanisms of base stations [1]. As a matter of fact, the universal information

and communication technology (ICT) industry is a rapidly growing contributor to greenhouse gas

emissions worldwide; recent data shows it accounts for about 2%. Within the ICT sector, the cellular

communication sector currently has a limited share, but as the demand for smart devices increases, it

will ultimately contribute significantly more [3]. The growth in the number of subscribers availing

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mobile communication technology will result in increased network energy consumption.

One significant reason for this variation is the limited lifetime of cell phones, the attempt to distribute

devices, and the relatively small recycling rate of cell phones compared to the components or

equipment used by radio networks. With the insufficiency of radio spectrum resources and high user

bandwidth demand, this results in the dense deployment of base stations (BSs), specifically for

upcoming 5G networks. A significant portion of the whole network's energy consumption is

contributed by the large number of base stations [4]. Therefore, it is extremely beneficial if the energy

consumption of the BSs can be significantly reduced. One solution is to utilize BS hardware that is

more energy efficient.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In wireless cellular communication, various changes and the planning of deployment of network

elements have always been important topics. Previously, in order to upgrade the operation of the

cellular system, research and studies have been conducted on the performance of the network, for

example, coverage, spectral efficiency, throughput, and network capacity, among others. In recent

times, the high amount of network energy consumption has become a key issue [7], and reduced

energy-consuming network placement technologies have become primary topics to be studied to

obtain optimal results. The substantial size of the cell in terms of energy consumption has been

studied, and a critical tradeoff between energy efficiency and the cost of network deployment has been

identified. Regarding energy-conserving cell size design, emerging heterogeneous networks (as shown

in Figure 1), which typically consist of a combination of macrocells, microcells, picocells, and

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femtocells, as well as different relay and collaborative communication, are also important issues that

need to be resolved [8].

Various studies have shown that a large amount of energy, approximately 50-80%, is utilized in

accessing the mobile communication network through wireless techniques. Hence, enhancement in

the energy efficiency of wireless networks will significantly affect the total energy consumption of the

cellular network. In this regard, the heterogeneous network (HetNet) infrastructure can also be

considered as a substantial way to enhance the energy efficiency of the network [5]. In HetNets,

Fig. 1. Heterogeneous Network

specifically in smaller cells, the required transmit power is very low compared to that of macrocells,

due to the fact that the transmitter and receiver are separated by a small distance. This allows

manufacturers to design base stations with less complexity and increased power efficiency. For

instance, low-power, reduced-size base stations do not require any cooling mechanism. Moreover, the

reduction in the need for base station transmit power can further enhance the battery life of smart

devices such as mobile phones, tablets, etc. [2].

In order to achieve energy conservation, the placement of microcells, which are overlaid on traditional

macrocells, is also being investigated, as shown in Figure 2. Specifically, elementary energy

consumption designs of various base station types (actual macrocellular base stations and hybrid forms

of macrocellular base stations and microcellular base stations) are discussed, and the energy

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consumption at the base station is defined as the sum of the supplied power-dependent and

independent components, respectively. Related research has shown that the placement of microcell

sites can significantly reduce the power expenditure of the network area while still achieving specific

network throughput goals [6]. The power consumption and spectral efficiency of homogeneous

Fig. 2. Different sizes of cells in cellular system

macrocell sites, homogeneous microcell sites, and heterogeneous networks are evaluated. It is

concluded that, for the goals of higher area throughput and a higher number of subscribers, the

placement of additional microcell sites will help enhance energy efficiency. Various methods for

reducing energy consumption in the network have been proposed by researchers [5].

Improving the performance of hardware components in terms of energy efficiency can be achieved

through several methods:

• Selective shutdown of components

• Heterogeneous network deployment

• Use of sustainable energy resources

The path to achieving energy conservation by improving hardware components includes developing

efficient designs for network components, such as power amplifiers. In the typical cellular network,

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the power amplifier is the most energy-consuming component, with more than 80% of the input

power dissipated as heat [7]. However, substantial energy conservation can be achieved by deploying

more energy-efficient components in the network.

The second solution involves methods for selectively shutting down some components in the

telecommunication network during non-peak hours of traffic. Typically, these methods involve first

monitoring the traffic conditions of the network and then choosing to switch to sleep mode (deep

idle mode) or to activate the base station (switch to awake or active mode). In this category, energy

conservation is addressed through the efficient placement of base stations or by deploying smaller

cells such as microcells, picocells, and femtocells, which have limited coverage but are designed to

contribute to reducing the energy consumption of the system [8].

III. NETWORK MODEL

Improving the performance of hardware components in terms of energy efficiency can be achieved

through several methods. The path to achieving energy conservation by improving hardware

components includes developing efficient designs for network components, such as power amplifiers.

In the typical cellular network, the power amplifier is the most energy-consuming component, with

more than 80% of the input power dissipated as heat. However, substantial energy conservation can

be achieved by deploying more energy-efficient components in the network.

The second solution involves methods for selectively shutting down some components in the

telecommunication network during non-peak hours of traffic. Typically, these methods involve first

monitoring the traffic conditions of the network and then choosing to switch to sleep mode (deep

idle mode) or to activate the base station (switch to awake or active mode). In this category, energy

conservation is addressed through the efficient placement of base stations or by deploying smaller

cells such as microcells, picocells, and femtocells, which have limited coverage but are designed to

contribute to reducing the energy consumption of the system.Single picocell draws power from the

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socket that is Ppico=15W and can transmit up to 0.25W and each macrocell site has three sectors

that requires a total power of Pmacro=3kW. Average spectral efficiency of 1.7b/s/Hz per macrocell

sector is considered and a carrier bandwidth of 20MHz. the network has total energy

consumption per annum (=8760 hours).

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 = (𝑵𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 . Ƥ𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐 + 𝑵𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒐. Ƥ𝒑𝒊𝒄𝒐). 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟎 (𝟏)

In (1), 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 is the total network energy, calculated in watt-hours, and the duty cycle of

combined voice and data traffic of each subscriber is 17.15%. Authors in [10] discuss three various

small cell sleep mode strategy schemes considered for the reduction of power consumption per cell.

These schemes present solutions for shutting down some hardware components based on specific

criteria: Small cell-controlled sleep mode, core network-controlled sleep mode, and user equipment-

controlled sleep mode. These sleep modes involve shutting down different hardware components

with different procedures. Considering the traffic pattern of an area, there is much room for reducing

power consumption in cells in the cellular network, leading to energy conservation. Different areas

have traffic patterns showing variations in user density and user activity over time. Hence, the power

supplied to the cell can be adjusted based on whether the traffic in the area is normal or extreme.

The traffic conditions of an area are considered at different times of the day, and a plot has been

developed to show the variation in user density according to the time of day. Fig. 3 depicts the normal

traffic pattern (in the case of five users per picocell) and is stored in the cell memory section to

Figure 3. Traffic pattern graph

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distribute transmit power according to traffic conditions. If the traffic shows peak conditions, the

transmit power is increased by a specific amount. In areas where coverage is difficult due to the

absence of any small cell nearby, macrocells are placed to provide coverage to a large area.

The capability of low-power cells lies in their component sniffer, which detects calls from user

equipment (UE). If the UE is sensed within the range of the sniffer, the received power is increased.

This increase in power assists the nearest small cell to the UE in activating its pilot transmission.

Important pilot transmission information is stored and disclosed to the macrocell. If the subscriber

is authenticated to the small cell, the user is offloaded from the macrocell to the small cell; otherwise,

the macrocell serves the user. This handover procedure occurs for every user, and there is a periodic

check of traffic intensity by the small cell hardware. When the traffic in an area follows a regularly

defined pattern, the power supplied to the small cell is reduced to 40% of the total power. If the

traffic intensity is higher than the normal rate, then 60% of the total power is supplied to the small

cell.

Here, two modes of data traffic are considered: normal traffic hours and peak traffic hours to check

the data rate requirements. In this paper, simulations are also performed by evaluating the throughput

of the communication system. Throughput is one of the major metrics that defines how well the

cellular system performs. The throughput of the femtocell is measured in order to transform it into

the network throughput by evaluating the total number of cells (macro, pico, and femto) in the cellular

communication network. The throughput of the communication network is measured using the

following formula:

𝑅 = 𝐵 log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅) (2)

Where B is the bandwidth of the channel used in the communication system, measured in Hertz

(Hz) and SNR is the performance measure of the signal.

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IV. SIMULATED RESULTS

In the first plot shown in Fig. 4, we present a comparison of network energy consumption under two

distinct scenarios: one without the implementation of any sleep mode and the other with the

application of a small cell-controlled sleep mode. This comparison provides valuable insights into the

effectiveness of sleep mode in reducing energy consumption within the network.

In the scenario where no sleep mode is applied, both macrocells and picocells are depicted as operating

at full loads continuously. This situation represents a common scenario in traditional network

deployments where cells remain active regardless of fluctuations in network traffic. As a result, the

network energy consumption remains relatively high throughout the observation period.

Conversely, in the scenario where the small cell-controlled sleep mode is applied, we observe a

noticeable drop in network energy consumption. This reduction is depicted in the plot, indicating a

clear contrast to the energy consumption levels observed in the absence of sleep mode. The

implementation of sleep mode enables the network to dynamically adjust its power consumption by

selectively shutting down certain components within the small cells during periods of low activity.

This strategic approach to power management effectively reduces energy consumption without

compromising the functionality or performance of the network.

It is important to note that the traffic pattern of the cell is not explicitly considered in this analysis.

Instead, the focus lies on the overall reduction in energy consumption achieved through the

implementation of sleep mode. By demonstrating the impact of sleep mode on network energy

consumption, this figure underscores the significance of energy-efficient strategies in modern network

deployments.

Overall, the figure serves as a visual representation of the benefits of small cell-controlled sleep mode

in optimizing energy usage within the network. It highlights the potential for significant energy savings

while maintaining high-quality service delivery to users, thereby contributing to the sustainability and

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efficiency of wireless communication networks.

Fig. 4. Energy consumption with no sleep mode

In Figure 5, the plot illustrates the relationship between the number of picocells deployed in the

cellular network and the resulting energy consumption. The x-axis represents the number of

subscribers in the network, ranging from 0 to 10,000, while the y-axis represents the corresponding

energy consumption.

As depicted in the plot, there is a clear trend: as the number of subscribers increases, there is a

proportional increase in energy consumption within the network. This indicates that the energy

consumption is directly influenced by both the number of subscribers and the number of picocells

deployed.

The absence of sleep mode or any specific power distribution scheme means that all picocells remain

active and operational regardless of fluctuations in network activity or subscriber density. This leads

to a linear relationship between the number of subscribers and energy consumption, where both

parameters are directly proportional.

The plot serves to highlight the significance of energy-efficient strategies in network deployments.

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Implementing measures such as sleep modes or optimized power distribution schemes can help

mitigate the impact of increasing subscriber numbers on energy consumption. By optimizing power

usage and resource allocation, network operators can enhance the sustainability and efficiency of

cellular networks.

Fig. 5. Energy consumption for different number of users against picocells

A. Energy efficiency of Network

In the following graph, Fig. 6 sleep modes are also compared with the throughput scheme, in which

the network throughput is calculated by considering the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the cell, and

then the energy efficiency is calculated. It can be observed that the throughput scheme provides

reduced energy consumption compared to the small cell-controlled sleep mode taken as reference.

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Fig. 6. Energy consumption with throughput scheme

B. Energy Consumption of Network

In order to upgrade the system performance and to further work in the area to maximize energy

efficiency, another scheme is introduced. This scheme is the proposed scheme in this document that

provides beneficial results in the required area of research. In this scheme, the transmit power to the

system is controlled by the effect of the traffic intensity in the area under observation.

The graph shown in Fig. 7 represents the energy consumption by considering different schemes, in

which the second proposed scheme to distribute power according to traffic condition is also discussed.

It is clearly seen that the consumption of network energy is reduced as the traffic-dependent power is

transmitted. When the proposed scheme is compared with the small cell-controlled sleep mode, the

results are found to be improved in the new strategy.

Fig. 7. Network energy consumption with and without sleep

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It can be clearly observed in Fig. 8 that the network energy consumption is plotted against the number

of picocells with different schemes, including the reference scheme i.e., the small cell-controlled

scheme, and it is compared with the throughput scheme and the power distribution scheme. The

power distribution scheme provides the most favorable results.

V. CONCLUSION

In the concluding remarks of this document, it is emphasized that a comprehensive understanding of

the schemes described in the reference paper is essential to develop the framework for evaluating

communication systems. This understanding encompasses the examination of various system

parameters and the control mechanisms used to derive meaningful results.

Furthermore, the study introduces a sleep mode technique based on throughput measurements. This

technique involves adjusting the cell's operations when throughput conditions change. Additionally,

another strategy to enhance energy efficiency is implemented: power distribution based on the

intensity of traffic within the considered area.

The research findings, as illustrated in the accompanying graphs, clearly demonstrate a significant

enhancement in energy efficiency when applying the proposed scheme to both scenarios—normal

traffic and peak traffic hours. Notably, this technique outperforms the throughput-based scheme

results. It results in a remarkable 13-15% increase in energy efficiency compared to the results obtained

with the small cell-controlled sleep mode. In summary, the study underscores the importance of

understanding and implementing these schemes for evaluating and improving communication

systems, ultimately leading to substantial energy efficiency gains.

Acknowledgment

All authors have contributed equally to the conception, design, analysis, and writing of this manuscript.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

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