Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Upstream Oil and Gas Technology

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/upstream-oil-and-gas-technology

Use of phyto-based polymeric material as chemical admixture in well

cement slurry formulation
Samwel Daud Lupyana a, b, Mtabazi Geofrey Sahini c, Saada Msafiri Kattiba d, Jun Gu a, *
a
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
b
Department of Mining and Mineral Processing Engineering, College of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 11090, Dodoma, Tanzania
c
Department of Chemistry, College Natural and Mathematical Sciences, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
d
Department of Petroleum and Energy Engineering, College of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 11090, Dodoma, Tanzania

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Plants extracts contain a wide range of organic components and have been used as admixtures in modifying
Bio-admixture different cement properties. In this study, aqueous extract of Euphorbia Tirucalli (ET) as bio-admixture was
Well cement characterized and tested for potential use in the preparation of well cement slurry. Several tests such as setting
Cement hydration
time tests, fluid loss tests, rheological properties of well cement slurries incorporating different proportions of the
Plant extracts
Euphorbia Tirucalli
ET and the reference slurries without ET were conducted and evaluated. Phytochemical composition of ET was
investigated by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) analytical technique. Interactions be­
tween the bio-admixture and cement components during hydration were also characterized by Fourier
Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic technique. GC–MS analysis indicates the presence of the palmitic acid
groups such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-Hexadecanoic acid and 9-Hexadecanoilc acid and the fatty
acid components commonly known as linoleic acid. Incorporation of the bio-admixture shows to enhance fluid
loss properties and slurry rheology. Also, the bio-admixture indicates promoting retardation of cement hydration
due to increase in setting times with increase in mix proportions. These properties indicated to be dependent to
the bio-admixture concentration. FT-IR spectroscopic investigations suggests possible interaction between bio-
admixture and the ionic species in the cement slurry.

Introduction cement slurries, including viscosity, thickening time, density and

compressive strength development, all of which are affected by the
Fluid loss behavior of cement slurries governs estimation of bridging amount of water on the cement slurry [17,25].
potential and ability of the final cement job to provide good zonal Due to recent increase in environmental consciousness and strict
isolation. Lack of fluid loss control is reported to be among factors environmental regulations in many countries, there is an increasingly
responsible for primary cementing failures. This is attributed to exces­ more use of biodegradable and environmentally friendly cement addi­
sive density increase or bridging of the annulus and detrimental effects tives including cement fluid loss agents [4,20]. The need for biode­
to production performance as a result of cement filtrate invading the gradable oilwell cement additives is also due to the fact that many of this
formation [6,7,9,10,31]. admixtures offer some unique properties that make them much more
To control water loss from the cement slurry and thus, prevent useful [28]. To improve sustainability in oil well cementing materials
bridging in the annulus, fluid-loss agents have been in play in preparing consumption, the oil industry must promote reuse of biodegradable in­
cement slurries for many years. Fluid-loss admixes assist in maintaining dustrial byproducts and renewable materials in cementing.
a uniform water-to-solids ratio suspension downhole by decreasing Presently, there has been increasingly growing interest in research­
cement filtrate invading permeable formation through suitable viscosi­ ing potential use of biomaterials as cement replacement agents to
fication [5,8]. Preventing fluid loss offers several advantages including improve cement performance including cement fluid loss properties
protecting water-sensitive formations and preventing gas migration [4, [20]. Studies span from usage of plant-based natural fibers [1,19,24,30]
27]. Fluid loss additive must also retain the key characteristics of the to usage of plant extracts and powder as cement admixtures [18,22] in

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S.D. Lupyana), [email protected] (J. Gu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.upstre.2021.100060
Received 28 October 2020; Received in revised form 23 May 2021; Accepted 17 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
2666-2604/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

of Euphorbia Tirucalli is selected as a potential candidate for retardation

and fluid loss control. The inspiration came from it bearing a milky
natural latex. Euphorbia Tirucalli L (ET) (Fig. 1) belongs to genus
Euphorbia, one of the 8000 species within family Euphorbiaceous. It is a
shrub or a small tree endemic to tropical areas with pencil-like branches
from which it derives its vernacular name, the pencil-tree. ET is gener­
ally evergreen since its stems and branches remain green all year round.
ET is reported to have been used in medicines [11,15,16] and having
potential of producing biofuel [12].
Extracts of ET obtained by aqueous extraction could be used as a
cement additive by replacing the percentage of mixing water. Tests on
cement samples with added ET extract are to be carried including slurry
rheology, fluid loss measurements and consistency and setting time to
observe alteration of various cement properties and to confirm whether
the admixture is an accelerator or a retarder.

Materials and methods

Fig. 1. Euphorbia Tirucalli tree (Photo taken in Dodoma, Tanzania) (For inter­
Raw materials
pretation of the references to color in this figure, the reader is referred to the
web version of this article.).
Among the main materials used in this study included Class G oil-
well cement. The cement was sourced from the Jiaghan oilfield in
improving cement strength and performance.
China. It complies with both the American Petroleum Institute (API)
Plants extracts contain a wide range of organic components and have
Specification 10A and the Chinese standard GB/T10238–2015. The
been used as admixtures in modifying different cement properties. The
cement was used in the preparation of different cement-plant admixture
uses of naturally available and eco-friendly compounds are of growing
slurry systems used in this study. Table 1 presents the chemical and
interest owing to their low cost and abundance. On account of these
mineralogical compositions of the cement.
merits, Sathya et al. [22] reported the use of these phytochemical ex­
Another material was ET plant barks which were collected from areas
tracts as cement admixtures to maintain and impart strength on struc­
in Dodoma municipality, Tanzania.
tures began way back to ancient civilizations. Sathya et al. [22]
exemplifies that, in the middle age; the Chinese used rice paste, Lacquer,
tung oil, molasses and boiled bananas as admixtures; People of Meso Methods
America and Peru utilized cactus juice and latex; For Mayans, extracts of
barks were useful. Plant sample preparation
According to Uchikawa et al. [26], Ayoub et al. [3], Sathya et al. [22] The collected plant barks were thoroughly cleaned to get rid of im­
and Okwadha and Makomele [18], some plant-based organic admix­ purities. After cleaning, the plant samples were dried under shade for
tures could impart physical effects which modify the bonds linking four weeks to remove moisture content present. To easy powdering of
cement particles and could in principle affect crystal growth and the samples, the under shade dried samples were further dried in hot air
nucleation as cement hydration proceeds. In this study, the phyto extract oven at 50 ◦ C for 48 h (Fig. 2a) to completely remove any remaining
moisture content in the samples. The completely dried samples were

Table 1
Properties of Class G oilwell cement.
Compound (Mass%) Phase (Mass%)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 C3S C2S C4AF C3A
23.06 2.86 3.52 65.20 1.79 2.12 59.89 16.76 10.70 1.63

Fig. 2. Sample preparation (a) oven drying (b) filtration of powdered sample soaked in ethanol (c) concentration of the ethanoic filtrate in a rotary evaporator.

2
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Table 2
Slurry formulation schedule for different fluid loss, rheology and thickening time tests.
Slurry Batch Percentage Mix Biomaterial (ET) [%] Water [g] ET [g] *BWOW Cement [g] Total Liquid [g] Total Solid [g] W/C Ratio

ET-0 (Reference) 0 354.0 0 792 354 792 0.45

ET-1 1 350.46 3.54 792 354 792 0.45
ET-2 2 346.92 7.08 792 354 792 0.45
ET-3 3 343.38 10.62 792 354 792 0.45
ET-5 5 336.30 17.70 792 354 792 0.45
ET-10 10 318.60 35.40 792 354 792 0.45
ET-15 15 300.90 53.10 792 354 792 0.45
ET-20 20 283.20 70.80 792 354 792 0.45
ET-25 25 265.50 88.50 792 354 792 0.45

*BWOW – Weight of biomaterial is calculated as percent of weight of mixing water.

then powder-ground, using an electric blender.

Ethanoic extraction
One portion of the powdered sample was subjected to ethanoic
extraction at a ratio of 1 g of sample to 10 ml of ethanol. The soaked
sample was kept in stoppered container for 48 h and then the extract was
filtered (Fig. 2b). The filtrate was condensed by using a rotary evapo­
rator as shown in Fig. 2c and the concentrate was stored for GC–MS
analysis.

Aqueous extraction
Another portion of the powdered sample was used for aqueous
extraction. The aqueous extract was prepared as follows; 100 g of
powdered plant material was added to 1000 mL of deionized water (1 g/
10 mL) in a beaker. The mixture was blended in an electric blender for
homogeneous mixing and kept in stoppered containers at room tem­
perature. After 24 h, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter
membrane. The filtrate of aqueous plant extract was then stored in air-
tight plastic container and kept in a refrigerator at 4 ◦ C until the time of
use for preparing cement paste using Class G well cement.

Phytochemical characterization
The chemical structures of individual components of the condensed
phyto-extract were separated and characterized by Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analytical technique. The
instrument used for this purpose is the GC–MS analyzer (Shimadzu,
GCMS-QP2020, Japan).
Fig. 3. Sample specimens of plane simulated cement pore solution (CPS) and
Cement slurry mix design simulated CPS mixed with aqueous solution of ET with a concentration of 0.1 g/
Cement slurry design and preparation was done in accordance with ml (CET110) and 0.2 g/ml (CET105) for FT-IR analysis.
the American Petroleum Institute standards [2]. Different oil cement
slurry batches were prepared at different mixing proportions of ( )
Vt
plant-based additives (biomaterial) by weight of water (BWOW) and at CalculatedAPIFluidLoss = 10.954 √̅ (1)
t
constant water-to-cement (W/C) ratio of 0.45 for all mixes as indicated
in Table 2. Three batches were prepared for each mix proportion and Where; Vt is the volume of filtrate collected in time, t = 30 min.
each batch was tested and the average of the three tests was taken.
Rheology of cement slurry
Determination of setting time and fluid loss properties A six-speed (600, 300, 200, 100, 6, and 3 rpm) rotational viscometer
Setting time and filtration properties of various batches of Class G model ZNN-D6, manufactured by Qingdao Hengtaida Mechanical Co.
well cement slurries admixed with aqueous extracts of plant biomaterial Ltd, China was used to measure slurry properties as recommended by
were examined following API procedures [2]. The testing temperatures API standard procedure. Plugging the obtained dial viscometer readings,
were 60, 80, and 90 ◦ C. For setting time tests, an atmospheric con­ θ in Eqs. (2) and (3), the flow behavior index (n) and the coefficient of
sistometer was used and for fluid loss tests, the batched cement slurries consistency (k) were calculated.
were conditioned to the test temperatures using the atmospheric con­ ( )
sistometer before putting the individual mix into the fluid loss testing θ300
n = 2.096log (2)
apparatus. Three mixes were prepared for each bio-extract mix pro­ θ100
portion and the average of the obtained three values was taken to perfect
the obtained results. Statistical analysis techniques such as standard k=
0.511θ300
(3)
deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) were determined to 511n
qualify the obtained data. The 30 min API static fluid-loss model, given
in Eq. (1), for examining well cements filtration properties was then Characterization of cement pore solution and aqueous bio-extract
adopted to obtain the calculated API fluid loss values. FT-IR spectroscopic technique was used to characterize chemical

3
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Table 3 in the transmission mode for recording FT-IR.

Compositional analysis of E. Tirucalli using GC–MS.
Peak Name Molecular Molecular Retention Peak Results and discussion
Formula Weight Time Area
(amu) (Min) (%) Phytochemical analysis
Isocholesteryl methyl ether C28H48O 400 3.214 0.556
n-Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256 19.164 0.352 The recorded compounds in the ET GC–MS analysis belong to ke­
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl C18H36O2 284 19.452 0.146
tones, aldehydes, alcohols and fatty acids. In these there are compound
ester
Oleic Acid C18H34O2 282 20.858 0.124 under the palmitic acid groups such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester,
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 280 21.05 0.128 n-Hexadecanoic acid and 9-Hexadecanoilc acid as shown in Table 3. The
(Z,Z) fatty acid components commonly known as linoleic acid were also
Ethyl Oleate C20H38O2 310 21.091 0.111 identified. The total ion current chromatogram is presented in Fig. 4.
4,8,12,16- C21H40O2 324 22.762 0.121
Tetramethylheptadecan-
4-olide Setting time
Hexanedioic acid, bis(2- C22H42O4 370 23.076 2.535
ethylhexyl) ester
Tetratetracontane C44H90 618 25.394 0.135 Results for the tests incorporating the ET extract are presented in
9-Octadecenal, (Z)- C18H34O 266 25.603 0.274 Fig. 5. Fig. 5 indicates that thickening time progressively increased at all
2-Methylhexacosane C27H56 380 27.245 0.356 proportions and at all simulation temperatures. This suggests that, the
9-Tetradecenal, (Z)- C14H26O 210 27.575 0.134 incorporation of plant-based bio-extracts increased the setting time
2H-1-Benzopyran-6-ol, 3,4- C28H48O2 416 29.212 0.289
dihydro-2,5,8-trimethyl-
relative to the reference cement sample. This may be attributed to the
2-(4,8,12- presence of fatty acids such as oleic acid whose insolubility in water may
trimethyltridecyl)- contribute to the retardation of cement hydration [14]. This may also be
Cholesterol C27H46O 386 30.647 2.038 due to the formation of a protective layer of polymeric nature that
Lanosterol C30H50O 426 33.796 92.701
resulted from the addition of the bio-extracts. This protective layer af­
fects hydration reaction. It is well-known that many organic compounds
structures of simulated neat Class G cement pore solution and mixtures act as cement retarders [32] but the performance of the organic poly­
of cement pore solution and the ET concentrated aqueous solutions. mers in early cement hydration retardation is dependent on their sta­
Simulated cement pore solution (CPS) was derived by preparing a bility in the highly alkaline conditions [21]. It was also observed that at
cement water suspension. In preparing this suspension, 50 g of Class G 80 ◦ C simulation temperature, setting time values were relatively low as
well cement was added to 500 mL of deionized water in a constant speed compared to those at 60 ◦ C. This agrees with the well-known phenom­
blender and the mixture was blended to obtain a homogeneous sus­ enon that high temperature promotes cement hydration reaction.
pension. This suspension was then stirred for 3 h using an electronic
stirrer at a constant speed. The stirred suspension was thereafter filtered Fluid loss test
and the filtrate was stored in an air-tight stoppered plastic container to
simulate the pore solution. The final sample specimen for FT-IR analysis Fig. 6 presents the results on fluid loss behavior of Class G well
were prepared by separately mixing 20 mL of simulated CPS with 50 mL cement slurry admixed with ET aqueous extract at different dosages and
of stock solutions of plant extracts with concentrations of 0.2 g/ml for temperatures of 60, 80, and 90 ◦ C. It is generally observed that addition
CET105 and 0.1 g/ml for CET110. The mixtures were kept in air-tight of the plant bio-extract exhibits improved fluid loss trends at all simu­
plastic containers for FT-IR analysis as shown in Fig. 3. lation temperatures. Also, increase in the extract concentrations showed
The instrument used is the Nicolet 6700 FT-IR, Thermo Fisher Sci­ to increasingly improve fluid loss trends. At 1% addition of extract, the
entific, USA. The solution phase samples in one part were homoge­ decrease in fluid loss of 16%, 14%, and 15% at 60 ◦ C, 80 ◦ C, and 90 ◦ C,
neously mixed with three parts of spectroscopic KBr salt, completely respectively, were observed. Increasing to 5% addition, the percentage
dried in vacuum and pressed into pallets. The pallets were then scanned decrease in fluid loss from reference slurry further improved to 19%,

Fig. 4. GC–MS chromatogram of ET extract.

4
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Fig. 5. Effect of E. Tirucalli extract on well cement slurry thickening properties at 60 and 80 ◦ C.

Fig. 6. Effect of E. Tirucalli extract on well cement slurry fluid loss properties at 60, 80 and 90 ◦ C.

20%, and 25% at the respective temperatures of 60 ◦ C, 80 ◦ C, and 90 ◦ C. Rheological analysis

However, increasing temperature at a constant dosage indicated dete­
rioration of the extract performance. This may be attributed to the Fig. 7 presents rheological test results of well cement slurry as
known behavior of most fluid loss agents of polymeric nature to influenced by different ET extract concentration. The nature of the
decompose at some higher temperatures and suffer deterioration of their curves indicates shear thinning behavior. Also, the results show a pro­
normal performance exhibited at low temperatures [25,28,29]. gressive decrease in shear stress with increasing ET dosage as indicated
in the inset in Fig. 7. It was also found that with the increase in ET extract

5
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Fig. 7. Rheological curves for ET additivated cement slurry at different mix proportions. The inset indicates the variation of shear stress with dosage of ET.

suggests hydrophilic characteristic property of the ET extract indicating

Table 4
the capability of bounding moisture to the polymeric bio-extract com­
Rheological properties of well cement slurry admixed with E. Tirucalli extract at
ponents of the additives [13]. The weak absorption peaks observed at
room temperature.
around 2950–2920 cm-1 correspond to the C–H symmetric stretching
Dosage (%BWOW) N K (Pa • sn )
of the methylene group [23]. The broad absorption peaks around
0 0.387 3.420
1 0.485 1.856
1640–1600 cm-1 with a broad band around 1420–1410 cm-1 suggests
2 0.392 2.658 the presence of carboxylate ions hydroxamic acids present in the plant
3 0.407 2.460 extract [13,23]. Band at the range of 1770–1500 cm-1 can be assigned to
4 0.393 2.506 amides I and II bands. The appearance of this band with absorption peak
5 0.378 2.569
minimum at around 1639–1637 cm-1 and 1417–1413 cm-1 indicates the
10 0.420 1.713
15 0.515 0.908 presence of protein as one of the major chemical components of the
20 0.587 0.527 plant extracts. The intense peak absorption at around 1060–1045 cm-1
25 0.516 0.759 is assigned to C–H stretching of amines. This also suggests the presence
of protein in the plant admixtures.
FT-IR spectral patterns of cement-plant extract mixture systems
dosage, the coefficient of consistency (k) declined while the fluidity
appear to be similar to aqueous plant extract pattern as shown in Fig. 8.
index (n) increased as shown in Table 4. This suggested that addition of
Some slightly noticeable differences such as shifting of some absorption
ET extract induced the dispersive effect in the well cement slurry where
peaks to lower wave numbers for example shifting peak from 3477 to
by cement flocculated structures are dismantled and consequently
3446 cm− 1 and disappearance of a weak peak at 3694 cm− 1 as the
releasing more water that was entrapped in the structures [33]. Addi­
concentration of the plant extract admixture is increased in the mixture.
tionally, this may be associated with the neutralization of the fatty acids
Such differences suggest the possible chemical interaction between the
present in the bio-admixture by calcium hydroxide in the hydrating
ionic species present in the cement pore solution such as Ca2+ and the
cement slurry and the hydrophilic end of the molecule which makes the
acidic components in the aqueous plant extract.
acid group strongly coordinating to calcium at the surface of the cement
particles. The fatty acids can therefore easily form hydrogen bonds
Conclusions
associative with the aqueous phase. This causes stronger repulsion be­
tween cement particles and is stronger than the force of attraction be­
A study has been conducted to evaluate the potential use of plant-
tween water molecules [14]. Consequently, the formed layer acts as
based extract of Euphorbia Tirucalli as a fluid loss controller and
lubricating film that increases fluidity of the cement slurry.
retarder. The major findings of this study are listed as follow;

FT-IR characterization 1 GC–MS analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of ketones,
aldehydes, alcohols and fatty acids. These include compounds under
The FT-IR spectra of mixtures of cement pore solution and aqueous the palmitic acid groups such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-
ET extract are presented in Fig. 8. The assignments of the important Hexadecanoic acid and 9-Hexadecanoilc and the fatty acid compo­
bands are shown in Table 5. The broad peaks with the minimum at nents commonly known as linoleic acid.
around 3446 cm-1 is assigned to the O–H stretching band. This peak

6
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

Fig. 8. FT-IR spectra of cement pore solution (CPS) and mixtures of ET extract and cement pore solution CET105 and CET110.

Declaration of Competing Interest

Table 5
FT-IR band assignments of mixtures of aqueous E. Tirucalli extract and cement The authors proclaim that no competing interests between them.
pore solution.
Wavenumber Characteristics Acknowledgment
(cm-1)

3446 (vs,b) O-H symmetric stretching, carboxyl group and -OH group; N–H This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation
symmetric stretching, amide of China (Grant Nos.51774258 and 41972326).
2946 (vw) C–H symmetric stretching of CH2
2311 (m) O-H stretching, solvent impurities
1637 (m) C=O stretching vibrations of carboxylate ion, C=O stretching
References
vibrations of amide (amide I), NH2 deformation, amines
1413 (s,b) C–H deformation of the CH2, C–N symmetric stretching; C=O [1] A.N. AlShaya, R. Alhomidan, S. Alromizan, W. Labib, The use of plant-based
symmetric stretching of carboxylate natural fibers in reinforced cement composites, Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 137
1049 (m, b) C-N stretching, amines (2018) 557–565. Open Science Index 137, 2018.
[2] API-RP-10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, American
vs-very strong, s-strong, m-medium, b-broad, w-weak, vw-very weak. Petroleum Institute, 2013.
[3] M.M.H. Ayoub, H.E. Nasr, H.H.M. Darweesh, Characterization and utilization of
polystyrene and polyacrylamide-graft-methoxypolyethylene as cement admixtures,
2 The progressive increase in setting times due to addition of ET at all Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 45 (12) (2006) 1307–1315.
mix proportions and simulation temperatures suggests that the plant- [4] D. Bach, P. Vijn, Environmentally acceptable cement fluid loss additive, in:
Proceedings of the SPE International Conference on Health, Kuala Lumpur,
based additive is a potential retarder. The bio-polymeric additive Malaysia, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002, p. 6. Safety and Environment in
increased setting time with increase in concentration due to the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production.
presence of fatty acids such as oleic acid whose insolubility in water [5] C.E. Bannister, Evaluation of cement fluid-loss behavior under dynamic conditions,
in: Proceedings of the SPE Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition,
may contribute to the retardation of cement hydration. Houston, Texas, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1978, p. 8.
3 The addition of plant-based admixture improves fluid loss behavior [6] C.E. Bannister, V.M. Lawson, Role of cement fluid loss in wellbore completion, in:
of the cement slurry which is also dependent on mix proportion and Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas,
Nevada, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985, p. 13.
temperature. Increasing temperature indicates deteriorating trends
[7] J.F. Baret, Why cement fluid loss additives are necessary, in: Proceedings of the
in the performance of the bio-admixture. International Meeting on Petroleum Engineering, Tianjin, China, Society of
4 Incorporation of bio-admixture improves slurry rheology which is Petroleum Engineers, 1988, p. 8.
[8] J. Bensted, 14 - special cements, in: P.C. Hewlett (Ed.), Lea’s Chemistry of Cement
also dependent on water replacement dosage. This suggests that the
and Concrete, 4th Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1998, pp. 783–840.
bio-admixture may cause potential dispersion of the cement slurry. [9] R. Bruckdorfer, A. Gleit, Static Fluid Loss Model, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
5 FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the simulated cement pore and the 1988, p. 20.
bio-admixture indicates the presence of acidic groups and suggests [10] C. Cook, W.C. Cunningham, Filtrate control - a key in successful cementing
practices, SPE 29 (08) (1977) 951–956. -1455-G.
some possible chemical interaction between the acidic groups and [11] Gupta, N., Vishnoi, G., Wal, A. and Wal, P., 2013. Medicinal value of Euphorbia
the ionic species present in the cement pore solution such as Ca2+. Tirucalli, 4, 40 pp.

7
S.D. Lupyana et al. Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (2021) 100060

[12] B.R. Hastilestari, et al., Euphorbia Tirucalli L.-comprehensive characterization of a [22] A. Sathya, P. Bhuvaneshwari, G. Niranjan, M. Vishveswaran, Influence of bio
drought tolerant plant with a potential as biofuel source, PLOS ONE 8 (5) (2013) admixture on mechanical properties of cement and concrete, Asian J. Appl. Sci. 7
e63501. -e63501. (4) (2014) 205–214.
[13] A. Hazarika, et al., Use of a plant based polymeric material as a low cost chemical [23] R.M. Silverstein, F.X. Webster, D. Kiemle, Spectrometric Identification of Organic
admixture in cement mortar and concrete preparations, J. Build. Eng. 15 (2018) Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2005.
194–202. [24] D.G. Soltan, P. das Neves, A. Olvera, H. Savastano Junior, V.C. Li, Introducing a
[14] B. Ma, J. Wang, X. Li, C. He, H. Yang, The influence of oleic acid on the hydration curauá fiber reinforced cement-based composite with strain-hardening behavior,
and mechanical properties of Portland cement, J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ind. Crop. Prod. 103 (2017) 1–12.
Ed. 28 (6) (2013) 1177–1180. [25] C.M. Stout, W.W. Wahl, A new organic fluid-loss-control additive for oilwell
[15] P.Y. Mali, S.S. Panchal, Euphorbia Tirucalli L.: review on morphology, medicinal cements, SPE 12 (09) (1960) 20–24. -1455-G.
uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities, Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 7 [26] H. Uchikawa, S. Hanehara, D. Sawaki, The role of steric repulsive force in the
(7) (2017) 603–613. dispersion of cement particles in fresh paste prepared with organic admixture,
[16] J. Mwine, P. Van Damme, B.R. Hastilestari, J. Papenbrock, Euphorbia Tirucalli L. Cem. Concr. Res. 27 (1) (1997) 37–50.
(euphorbiaceae) – the miracle tree: current status of knowledge. African Natural [27] A. Vázquez, T.M. Pique, Biobased additives in oilwell cement. Industrial
Plant Products Volume II: Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry, Health, and Applications of Renewable Biomass Products, Springer, 2017, pp. 178–198.
Nutrition, ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2013, pp. 3–17. [28] M.A. Vorderbruggen, S. Bryant, A. Bottiglieri, Reducing cementing blend
[17] R.C. Navarrete, R.E. Himes, J.M. Seheult, Applications of xanthan gum in fluid-loss complexity: a single biopolymer capable of replacing multiple cement additives, in:
control and related formation damage, in: Proceedings of the SPE Permian Basin Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, UAE,
Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, Texas, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016, p. 13.
2000, p. 21. [29] Q. Xiao, P. Rao, W. Xiao, X. Liu, W. Zhang, Preparation of a novel forpolymer as
[18] G.D.O. Okwadha, D.M. Makomele, Evaluation of water hyacinth extract as an fluid loss additive for high temperature oil well cementing, Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 87
admixture in concrete production, J. Build. Eng. 16 (2018) 129–133. (9) (2014) 1377–1381.
[19] O. Onuaguluchi, N. Banthia, Plant-based natural fibre reinforced cement [30] X. Xie, Z. Zhou, Y. Yan, Flexural properties and impact behavior analysis of
composites: a review, Cem. Concr. Compos. 68 (2016) 96–108. bamboo cellulosic fibers filled cement based composites, Constr. Build. Mater. 220
[20] J. Plank, Applications of biopolymers and other biotechnological products in (2019) 403–414.
building materials, Appl.. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66 (1) (2004) 1–9. [31] X.M. Yang, M.M. Sharma, Formation damage caused by cement filtrates in
[21] J. Pourchez, et al., Alkaline stability of cellulose ethers and impact of their sandstone cores, SPE 6 (04) (1991) 399–405. -18971-PA.
degradation products on cement hydration, Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (7) (2006) [32] J.F. Young, A review of the mechanisms of set-retardation in Portland cement
1252–1256. pastes containing organic admixtures, Cem. Concr. Res. 2 (4) (1972) 415–433.
[33] Y. Zhang, X. Kong, S. Hou, Y. Liu, S. Han, Study on the rheological properties of
fresh cement asphalt paste, Constr. Build. Mater. 27 (1) (2012) 534–544.