CTBUH “In Detail” Series

CTBUH “深入解读”系列

Ping An Finance Center:

In Detail
平安国际金融中心: 深入解读
Editors (编者): Antony Wood, Wai Ming Tsang (曾伟明) & Daniel Safarik

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Bibliographic Reference:
Wood, A., Tsang, W.M. & Safarik, D. (eds.) (2014) Ping An Finance Center: In Detail. A publication in the CTBUH “In Detail” Series.
Addendum to the Proceedings of the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, China, 16–19 September 2014. Council on Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat: Chicago.

Editors: Antony Wood, Wai Ming Tsang & Daniel Safarik

Layout, Coordination & Design: Steven Henry, Kristen Dobbins & Marty Carver

First published 2014 by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in conjunction with the College of Architecture and
Urban Planning at Tongji University, Shanghai, and the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.

© 2014 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Printed and bound in China by Shanghai Zero Ad. Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN13 978-0-939493-39-5

This publication was produced in conjunction with the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, Future Cities: Towards
Sustainable Vertical Urbanism, as an additional supplement to the Main Proceedings book (ISBN 978-0-939493-38-8). A
digital PDF of “Ping An Finance Center: In Detail” is included on the DVD that is part of that proceeding, which can be
obtained at: http://store.ctbuh.org

参考文献：
Wood, A., 曾伟明 & Safarik, D. (eds.) (2014) 《平安国际金融中心: 深入解读》。CTBUH “深入解读”系列出版物之一。作为
CTBUH 2014年上海国际会议论文集的补充（会议于2014年9月16日至19日在中国召开）。世界高层建筑与都市人居学会
(CTBUH)：芝加哥。

编者：Antony Wood, 曾伟明 & Daniel Safarik

版面协调与装帧设计：Steven Henry, Kristen Dobbins & Marty Carver

2014年由世界高层建筑与都市人居学会、同济大学建筑与城市规划学院和伊利诺伊理工大学建筑学院首次联合出版。

©2014世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

由上海卓濡广告有限公司在中国印刷装订

保留所有权利。未经出版商书面许可，不得对本书的任何部分进行重印、复制或运用于任何形式，或由任何电子、机
械或其它途径，目前已知或之后将有的，对本书进行复印、记录或任何信息储存或检索系统。

知识产权声明：产品或公司名称可能是商标或注册商标，且只用于无侵害目的鉴别与说明。

ISBN13 978-0-939493-39-5

此书的出版是主题为“未来城市：迈向可持续的垂直城市主义” 的CTBUH 2014年上海会议的一部分，并作为主论文集(ISBN

978-0-939493-38-8)的补充。这本《平安国际金融中心: 深入解读》的PDF电子档也被收录在主论文集附带的DVD中，也可
以网上购买：http://store.ctbuh.org

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

S.R. Crown Hall

Illinois Institute of Technology
3360 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616
Phone (电话): +1 (312) 567-3487
Fax (传真): +1 (312) 567-3820
Email (电子邮箱): [email protected]
http://www.ctbuh.org

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Front Cover: Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen, China. © Ping An
封面：平安金融中心，中国深圳 © 平安
Contents | 目录

About the CTBUH | 世界高层建筑与都市人居学会 (CTBUH) 简介 4

About the Editors | 编者简介 5

1.0 Introduction | 概述 6

2.0 Conception, Design and Costing | 概念、设计与成本

2.1 Designing China’s Tallest: DNA of the Ping An Finance Center  12
设计中国最高之巅：平安金融中心的DNA
2.2 Cost Planning and Control 24
成本规划与控制
2.3 Designing a High-Performance Sustainable Megatall 34
设计高性能可持续巨型高层建筑

3.0 Structure | 结构
3.1 Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions 44
经济高效的结构解决方案
3.2 The Structural Health Monitoring System 52
结构健康监测系统

4.0 Enclosure | 外围护结构

4.1 A Balancing Act for the Curtain-Wall Design 66
幕墙设计的平衡之道
4.2 Stainless-Steel Cladding 76
不锈钢幕墙

5.0 Building Services | 建筑服务

5.1 Power, Elevator and Customer-Oriented Sustainability Strategies 84
以电力，电梯与客户为导向的可持续策略
5.2 Engineering Contractor Management  94
工程总承包管理

6.0 Construction and Project Management | 施工与项目管理

6.1 The Application and Management of BIM 106
BIM应用与管理
6.2 Project Management Outline and Challenges  114
超高层项目管理要点及难点
6.3 Key Aspects of Construction Management  120
施工管理中的关键方面
6.4 Key Construction Technologies  126
结构施工关键技术
6.5 Advantages of Early Design Consultant and Contractor Coordination 136
设计方与承包商于项目初期合作的益处

7.0 References | 参考书目

7.1 About the Contributors | 作者简介 144
7.2 CTBUH Height Criteria | CTBUH高度评判标准 150
7.3 100 Tallest Buildings in the World | 世界最高的100座建筑 154

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7.4 CTBUH Organization & Members | CTBUH组织结构和会员级别 159

3
   
About the CTBUH
世界高层建筑与都市人居学会 (CTBUH) 简介
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the world’s leading resource for professionals
focused on the inception, design, construction, and operation of tall buildings and future
cities. A not-for-profit organization based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, with
an Asian office at Tongji University, Shanghai, the group facilitates the exchange of the latest
knowledge available on tall buildings around the world through events, publications, research,
working groups, web resources, and its extensive network of international representatives. At
the same time, the Council’s research department is spearheading the investigation of the next
generation of tall buildings by aiding original research on sustainability and key development
issues. Its free database on tall buildings, The Skyscraper Center, is updated daily with detailed
information, images, data, and news. The CTBUH also developed the international standards for
measuring tall building height and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing such designations
as “The World’s Tallest Building.”

世界高层建筑与都市人居学会是专注于高层建筑和未来城市的概念、设计、建设与运营
的全球领先机构。学会是成立于1969年的非营利性组织，总部位于芝加哥伊利诺伊理工
大学，同时在上海同济大学设有亚洲办公室，学会的团队通过活动、出版、研究、工作
组、网络资源和其在国际代表中广泛的网络促进全球高层建筑最新资讯的交流。同时，
学会的研究部门通过开展在可持续性和关键性发展问题上的原创性研究来引领新一代高
层建筑的调查研究。学会建立了免费的高层建筑数据库——摩天大楼中心，对全球高层
建筑的细节信息、图片及新闻进行每日即时更新。此外，学会还开发出测量高层建筑高
度的国际标准，同时也是授予诸如“世界最高建筑”这样头衔的公认仲裁机构。

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4
About the Editors
编者简介
Dr. Antony Wood, 安东尼·伍德 博士
Executive Director, CTBUH | 执行理事，世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)
Research Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology | 研究教授，伊利诺伊理工大学
Visiting Professor of Tall Buildings, Tongji University | 高层建筑研究客座教授，同济大学

Dr. Antony Wood has been Executive Director of the CTBUH since 2006, responsible for the day-to-day running of
the Council. Based at the Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Antony is also a Research Professor in the College of
Architecture there and a visiting professor of tall buildings at Tongji University Shanghai. His field of speciality is the
design, and in particular the sustainable design, of tall buildings. Prior to moving to Chicago, he worked as an architect in Hong Kong, Bangkok,
Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur and London. His PhD explored the multi-disciplinary aspects of skybridge connections between tall buildings.

安东尼•伍德博士，自2006年起担任CTBUH执行理事，负责学会的日常运作。他同时也是芝加哥伊利诺理工大学建筑学院研究副教授
和上海同济大学的客座教授，其专业领域是高层建筑设计，尤精于可持续设计。到芝加哥工作前，他曾在香港、曼谷、雅加达、吉
隆坡及伦敦等地任建筑师，他的博士论文从多个学科的角度探讨了摩天大楼之间的空中桥廊连接问题。

Wai Ming (Thomas) Tsang, 曾伟明

CEO, Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
首席执行官，深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司

Mr. Wai Ming Tsang joined Ping An Real Estate as the CEO of Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center Construction &
Development Co., Ltd. in April 2012. Before this he worked in Sun Hung Kai Properties, one of the largest global real
estate developers, headquartered in Hong Kong. He acted as the Project Director in charge of the Shanghai IFC &
Suzhou ICC projects. He is a registered architect in Hong Kong, an accredited mediator of the Hong Kong International
Arbitration Center, and a Corporate Member of the Australian Institute of Building. He has over twenty five years of building construction and
design management experience in Hong Kong and mainland China for many large scale projects, particularly in mega towers.

曾伟明，于2012年4月加入平安不动产，担任深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司首席执行官。在此之前，曾在大型房地产发展企
业香港新鸿基担任项目总监，期间主管项目包括上海国际金融中心及苏州环贸中心等。他是香港注册建筑师，持有香港国际仲裁
中心总调解员资格，也是澳大利亚建造师学会会员。在香港和内地从事建筑行业工作超过25年，拥有丰富的大型项目管理经验。

Daniel Safarik, M. Arch.

Editor, CTBUH | 编辑，世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

Daniel Safarik is Editor of Publications at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, including editor of the CTBUH
Journal. A technical and marketing writer who also trained as an architect, he was the director of marketing for Brooks
+ Scarpa Architects (formerly Pugh + Scarpa Architects) from 2008 to 2011. Safarik has covered technology for business
publications for 16 years, including Waters Magazine, Advanced Trading, Individual Investor, Fast Company, The Economist
Group, and others. He was a web editor for The Wall Street Journal. In addition, he was a contributing writer and researcher on Green Studio
Handbook, A. Kwok, W. Grondzik. Architectural Press, 2006.

Daniel Safarik是世界高层建筑与都市人居学会的出版编辑和CTBUH期刊编辑。他受过正统的建筑师教育，同时也是一位技术类与
市场类文章的撰稿人，他曾在2008年至2011年间担任Brooks + Scarpa建筑设计事务所(原Pugh + Scarpa建筑设计事务所)的市场部
总监。Safarik曾为多个商业出版物撰写过16年的技术类文章，包括Waters Magazine、Advanced Trading、Individual Investor、Fast
Company和The Economist Group等书籍杂志。他曾是华尔街日报的网络撰稿人。此外，他还与A•Kwok和W•Grondzik共同担任《Green

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Studio Handbook》(Architectural Press，2006)的作者以及研究员。
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5
   
Introduction
概述

Ping An Finance Center 平安国际金融中心

Shenzhen, China 中国深圳

Shenzhen, a coastal city near Hong Kong, has expanded in population from 300,000 to 10 深圳——一座毗邻香港的海滨城市，自
million in the 35 years since it was declared a Special Economic Zone by the government in 1979年被政府设立为经济特区以来人口已
1979. It is mainland China’s 10th most-populous city, and has received more than $30 billion in 从三十五年前的三十万增加到了一千万。
foreign investment, making it one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. 作为大陆人口数量第十大城市，深圳已收
The Ping An Group of financial services companies has also undergone rapid growth in recent 获超过三百亿的海外投资，是全球发展最
years. It now has more than 200,000 staff, and office space is very much in demand. In an effort 快的城市之一。
to consolidate functions in a single headquarters building, Ping An began construction of the 中国平安保险(集团)近年来也发展迅速。
Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center (PAFC) in 2009, which is targeted for completion in 2016. 现在平安集团已有超过二十万员工，因此
Located at the center of Shenzhen, PAFC is a “transit-integrated tall building” that will occupy a 亟需办公空间。为了将主要功能集中到一
major node in the increasingly connected mega-city of Hong Kong / Shenzhen / Guangzhou: 座总部大楼中，平安集团于2009年开始建
home to 120 million people and one-third of China’s trade value. By 2017, Hong Kong 设深圳平安金融中心（PAFC），并预计于
and Shenzhen will be only 15 minutes from each other by train, and in Shenzhen, PAFC is 2016年竣工。
strategically located at the terminus of the under-construction XRL line to Hong Kong, as well 地处深圳的核心地带，平安金融中心是一
as Shenzhen Metro lines 1 and 3. 座“枢纽型高层建筑”，位于正逐渐连接起
PAFC will be 660 meters tall, comprising 460,665 square meters of floor area across 115 levels, 来的新特大城市群（香港 / 深圳 / 广州）的
with a daytime population of 17,000. And yet, despite its size, it will also have significant 重要节点，这个特大城市群坐拥了一亿两
sustainability credentials. With an extremely dense program and well-chosen materials and 千万人口，并占据中国三分之一的贸易
mechanical engineering strategies, PAFC is predicted to sustain an 18.25 percent energy 值。到2017年，火车来往香港和深圳之间
savings beyond ASHRAE standards, and a 46 percent annual savings in energy costs over a 将只需十五分钟，而深圳平安金融中心就
conventionally constructed commercial office building of the same scale. 战略性地坐落于正在建设中的广深港高铁
终点站上方，同时也是深圳地铁1号和3号
As a design, PAFC is meant to symbolize its owner’s image and title – “Ping An” is the 线的枢纽站。
combination of the Chinese characters for “peaceful” and “safety” – while evoking the
entrepreneurial spirit of Shenzhen. The design also epitomizes efficiency. Its stretched, 平安金融中心高660米、115层，建筑面积
needle-like shape is streamlined and notched with continuously tapering corners, for both
aerodynamic performance and visual effect, as well as returning the maximum possible
number of square, functional floor plates on a compact site. Overall, PAFC achieves a 32% Right: The Ping An Finance Center under construction
reduction in overturning moment and 35% reduction in wind load compared to China code, mid-2014. (Source: Ping An)
due to the shape of the tower.
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右图： 正在施工中的平安金融中心，于2014年夏（来
源：平安）

6 | Introduction
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概述 | 7
 达460,665平方米，建成后会有17,000人在
这里办公。除了超大的体量，平安金融中
心还拥有值得注意的可持续认证。凭借紧
凑的功能设置，精心的材料选择和机械工
程设计，平安金融中心的能耗预计将比
ASHRAE标准节省18.25%，比以传统方式
建造的相同体量建筑的年能耗节省46%。
平安金融中心的设计意图在象征业主公
司的名称和形象——“平安”（汉字中“平”和“
安”的组合）的同时展现深圳的企业文化。
该设计还是效率的代名词。它的针状外形
向上延展，四角被削切成流线型，满足空
气动力学和视觉效果需要，并在紧凑的地
块上最大限度地增加了可用楼层面积。总
体上，相比中国的建筑标准，平安金融中
心依靠外形减少了32%的倾覆力矩和35%
的风荷载。
设计的方方面面都考虑高性能表现，从开
始的场地规划延伸到最微小的细节，从结
构上的健康监控系统到七十七个独立电梯
轿厢的同步运行，再到塔尖最佳的洁净冷
空气供整座大厦使用。所有这些设计元素
都经过了性能化评估的验证，而不是仅仅
依照现行规范做出设计假设，也通过复杂
的BIM对其进行优化和比对。
平安金融中心是一个卓越而独特的项目，
但是它带给我们的启示却能普遍适用于一
般的高层建筑。从第一个设计方案开始，
这一点就非常明确，即竞争目标将为设计
Above: Like a steel cable, the PAFC is pulled into the sky rather than being pushed up from the ground. (Source: KPF)
上图：就如同钢缆，平安经融中心更像是被拉向天空，而不是从地面堆砌起来的。（来源：KPF） 过程提供进度指示，并且没有空间会被浪
费。同时，为建造一座功能高效并能带给
使用者灵感的摩天大楼，初期阶段的合作
和一系列严谨的操作框架也是必需的。通
High performance is incorporated into every aspect of the design, beginning with site planning
过近十年的努力，平安金融中心即将实现
and extending to the smallest of details, from its structural health-monitoring system to its
这些目标，并为未来可预见的巨型高层项
synchronized movement of 77 independent elevator car and the optimization of cleaner, cooler
目提供了模板。只有经过高度协调的设计
air at the pinnacle for use throughout the tower. All of these design elements were validated
过程和切实的沟通交流才能将平安金融中
with performance-based evaluations rather than design assumptions made on current code,
心的高度变成现实——本书记录了这一过
and further optimized and compared through sophisticated use of Building Information
程中最重要的部分。
Modeling (BIM).
The Ping An Finance Center is an extraordinary project, but the lessons it can teach the
tall-building community are universal. From the first iterations of the design, it was clear that
competing objectives would provide the guideposts of the design process, and that no space
could be wasted. It was also clear that early collaboration and a strict set of hierarchies would
be needed in order to deliver a functional building that also inspired those who come into
contact with it. Nearly 10 years into the process, PAFC is edging closer to meeting those goals,
providing a template from which future megatall projects can draw. Only through a highly
coordinated design effort and through robust dialogue could a project of PAFC’s stature come

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to life – this book chronicles some of the highlights of that process.
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8 | Introduction
Project Data
项目数据
Height:* 高度:*
  Architectural: 660 meters (2,165 feet)   建筑高度: 660米 (2,165英尺)
   To Tip: 660 meters (2,165 feet)   顶端高度: 660米 (2,165英尺)
   To Occupied Floor: 555 meters (1,821 feet)   最高使用楼层高度: 555米 (1,821英尺)
*See CTBUH Height Criteria on page 150 *详见CTBUH高度准则第150页

Floors Above Ground: 115 地上层数: 115

Floors Below Ground: 5 地下层数: 5
Area: 459,525 m2 (4,153,987 ft2) 面积: 459,525 m2 (4,153,987 ft2)
Use: Office 功能: 办公
Structural Material: Composite 结构材料: 复合结构

Proposed: 2008 项目规划日期: 2008

Start of Construction: 2010 施工起始日期: 2010
Completion Date: 2016 (expected) 建成日期: 2016 (预计)

Number of Elevators: 80 电梯数量: 80

Top Elevator Speed: 10 m/s 电梯最大速度: 10 m/s
Number of Parking Spaces: 1,174 停车位数量: 1,174

Owner/Developer: Ping An Life Insurance Company of China 业主/开发商: 中国平安人寿保险公司

Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (design); China Construction 建筑设计: KPF建筑设计事务所 (设计方); 悉地国际 (执行建筑设计
Design International (architect of record) 方)
Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti 结构工程: 宋腾添玛沙帝
MEP Engineer: J. Roger Preston Group 设备工程：J. Roger Preston Group
Main Contractor: China Construction First Group Construction & 主承建商：中建一局集团建设发展有限公司
Development Co., Ltd. 其它咨询公司：ALT公司(外墙)； 奥雅纳（消防、可持续性及LEED认
Other Consultants: ALT Cladding (façade); Arup (fire, sustainability & 证）；MVA（交通）；利比有限公司（造价）；RWDI（风工程）
LEED); MVA (traffic); Rider Levett Bucknall, Ltd. (cost); RWDI (wind) 材料供应商：奥托昆普（外墙镀层）
Material Suppliers: Outokumpu EMEA GmbH (cladding)

Below: Skyline view of Ping An Finance Center on the Shenzhen skyline mid-2014 (Source: Ping An)
下图: 深圳天际线中的平安金融中心远景，于2014年夏（来源：平安）

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概述 | 9
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2.0 Conception, Design and Costing
概念、设计与成本

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Designing China’s Tallest: DNA of the
Ping An Finance Center
设计中国最高之巅：平安金融中心的DNA

David Malott, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates

The Ping An Finance Center is the next generation of the prototypical Asian skyscraper: megatall, hyper-dense, and highly connected.
Encoded in the design of PAFC are the evolutionary building blocks of a modern megatall building. Ping An Insurance Company of China
envisioned a tower which could represent stability, befitting the company’s image and title (Ping An is the combination of the Chinese
characters for “peaceful” and “safety”), while evoking the entrepreneurial spirit of Shenzhen. Also, the tower was to be intelligently designed to
the highest international specifications: efficient, elegant, yet evocative. PAFC will symbolize a city which has witnessed unprecedented urban
growth – from 300,000 people to approximately 10 million – in the 35 years since becoming China’s first Special Economic Zone. This chapter
outlines key architectural concepts centered on the Ping An Finance Center, relative to larger issues concerning supertall building design and
the formation of tall building clusters, as a means to achieve sustainable vertical urbanism.

平安金融中心是新一代的亚洲摩天大楼的典型代表：超高层，高密度，以及高度的通达性。平安金融中心的设计体现了现代超高
层建筑体块的演变。本演讲将围绕平安金融中心讨论其主要的建筑构思，以及有关超高层建筑设计和高层建筑集群形成的问题，
实现可持续的垂直城市化发展。平安金融中心是新一代的亚洲摩天大楼的典型代表：超高层，高密度，以及高度的通达性。平安
金融中心的设计体现了现代超高层建筑体块的演变。本演讲将围绕平安金融中心讨论其主要的建筑构思，以及有关超高层建筑设
计和高层建筑集群形成的问题，实现可持续的垂直城市化发展。平安金融中心是新一代的亚洲摩天大楼的典型代表：超高层，高
密度，以及高度的通达性。平安金融中心的设计体现了现代超高层建筑体块的演变。本演讲将围绕平安金融中心讨论其主要的建
筑构思，以及有关超高层建筑设计和高层建筑集群形成的问题，实现可持续的垂直城市化发展。

Introduction 前言
In line with Ping An’s commitment to quality, safety, and sustainability, the project team made 根据平安做出的质量、安全和可持续发展
a strategic decision to begin with a proven prototype for a megatall tower, and pull it to an 的承诺，项目组制定了一个战略决策，从
unprecedented height. The design was less about a radical alteration of the tall building, but 经过验证的超高层塔楼原型开始逐渐将它
one of continuous refinement. The techniques in up-scaling were nonetheless challenging, 拉高到前所未有的高度。这一设计不是高
and led to key innovations in the building’s form, structure, and other systems. 层建筑的彻底改变，而是不断的完善。随
A key challenge was addressing the tower’s high population density. PAFC has a floor area to site 着建筑尺度的扩大，其中使用的技术毋庸
area ratio exceeding 20, with nearly 350,000 square meters contained within the tower footprint 置疑具有挑战性，并且能引起建筑形态、
alone. Compounding the issue is that the PAFC tower is almost exclusively an office tower, with a 结构和其他系统的关键创新。
high design occupancy requirement, averaging 11 square meters per person (see Figure 2.1a). 一个关键挑战是要解决塔楼中的高人口密
To put this in perspective, PAFC’s entire office population of 15,500 workers is stacked on 度。 平安金融中心楼层面积与基地面积
a 72-meter by 72-meter footprint constrained by the tower’s irregular piano-shape site. At 比超过20，仅塔楼投影面积上就有近35万
this density, our entire global workforce, estimated at 3 billion workers, could be housed in a 平方米建筑面积。使问题更复杂的是，平
land area less than 1,000 square kilometers. That is two planets full of workers, fitting within the 安金融中心几乎完全是办公楼，具有极高
borders of Shenzhen (see Figure 2.1b). 的人口入驻要求，平均每人占有11平方米
（见图2.1a）。
从另一个角度看，平安金融中心内将有
Which Leads to the First Question: Why Build Such a Tower Here? 15500名办公楼员工叠加在一个72×72米范
PAFC is what can be described as a Transit Integrated Tall Building. It speaks to the promise of 围的平面上，同时还受塔楼基地不规则钢
the tall building as a sustainable paradigm, in which individual buildings form part of a larger 琴形状的限制。按照这个密度，我们全球
ecosystem of dense vertical centers linked by horizontal networks of public transportation. 预计三十亿的员工可以安置在一个面积不
到1000平方千米的平面上。也就是说两倍
Increasing density in city centers is more effective in preserving land resources and reducing
于地球上现有工作人员的人数可安置在深
energy usage than the alternative of urban sprawl. The relationship between density, land use,
圳市辖区内 （见图2.1b）。
and energy use is well documented. Amongst high-income societies, the dense city-state of
Hong Kong ranks as the most energy-efficient in annual energy use per capita. The average
Hong Kong resident uses less than a third as much energy as the average American, while
enjoying the same purchasing power (World Bank 2012, IMF 2013). And, while Hong Kong is

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associated with images of tall buildings, less than 25% of its land area is urban or built-up;
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12 | Conception, Design and Costing
 SHENZHEN CBD
(B )

SHENZHEN CBD
3 BILLION WORKERS

(B )
3 BILLION WORKERS SHENZHEN, CN

15,500 WORKERS

15,500 WORKERS

(A )
72M X 72M

(A )
72M X 72M

Figure 2.1. (a) PAFC offers 11 square meters per person for 15,500 workers,
(b) at this density twice the current global workforce could fit within the borders of Shenzhen. (Source: KPF)
图 2.1a作为一座绝无仅有的办公建筑，平安金融中心为15,500工人提供11平方米的空间。
图 2.1b两倍于地球上现有工作人员的人数可安置在深圳市辖区内 。 （来源：KPF建筑事务所）

nearly half of the remaining land area is 那么就引出了第一个问题：为什么要在此建造这样一个塔楼？

reserved as park and nature preserve (Hong 平安金融中心可以被描述为一个“在高层建筑内的交通中转站”。它证实了高层建筑作为
Kong Planning Department, 2008). 可持续发展典范的承诺，其中单个建筑是更大的高密度垂直生态系统的一部分，由公共
Hong Kong was home to the densest 交通组成的横向网络相连。
habitation in human history, the Kowloon 城市中心密度增加比城市扩张更能有效地保护土地资源及减少能源消耗。密度、土地利
Walled City (KWC), an ungoverned 用和能源使用之间的关系是有据可查的。在高收入的社会中，高密度城市香港是年人均
settlement of 30,000 residents packed into 能源使用效率最高的城市。虽然香港居民平均使用的能源不到美国人的三分之一，但他
4 square meters per person. Known in 们却拥有相同的购买力（世界银行2012年，国际货币基金组织2013年）。而且香港到处
Cantonese as the “chaotic city of darkness,” 高楼林立，其城市土地使用面积不到25％，近一半的剩余土地被保留为公园和自然保护
the Kowloon Walled City has enjoyed 区（香港规划署，2008年）。
nostalgia as of late. As an urban model,
it is fascinating: an agglomeration of 香港九龙寨城曾经是人类历史上居住最密集的地方。30,000居民不受约束地挤在人均4平
individual buildings into one giant entity 方米的地方。在广东话中称为“黑暗混乱之城”，当时的状况近来对九龙寨城来说就只是
with skybridges, roof gardens, interwoven 可追忆之往事了。作为城市的模型，现在它令人着迷：单个楼宇由天桥、屋顶花园、交
mechanical systems, and public space infill. 织机电系统以及公共空间连接，集聚成一个巨大的实体。从本质上讲，并带有一丝讽刺
Essentially, and with a touch of irony, it is a 意味的是，它是一个我们今天正在努力设计的建筑和城市的先例。
precedent for the buildings and cities we are 现在，想象一个相互联系的建筑实体，如九龙寨城，并逐步将它延伸拆开。随着楼间距
trying to design today. 的增加，其间的连接组织也需要扩张。为了保持原有连接的有效性，它必须变得更加迅
Now, imagine taking an interconnected 速。维持时间不变，但速度增加，由此我们对空间的感受也得到了压缩（见图2.2）。
building entity such as KWC, and gradually 传统的城市关系网建立于空间接近性之上：可步行、视线以及各类有形的联系。纽约的
stretching it apart. As the distance between 帝国大厦以及克莱斯勒大厦，就是这样的例子，它们距离彼此仅有15分钟的步行距离。
buildings grows, so must the connective 曼哈顿的市中心和市区商业中心之间的距离同样也只有15分钟，虽然它们离得更远些。
tissue holding the entity together. For the 科技–如纽约地铁和轨道系统–使城市得以覆盖更远的距离。如今城市仍然被视作一个物
connection to remain effective, it must 理上连续的实体。
become faster. Hold time constant, but
在不久的将来，就像从纽约市中心坐15分钟的地铁到达市区商业中心一样，你位于香港
increase our speed, and our perception of
的同事也可以离开他位于ICC的办公室，通过位于山川和森林之下的隧道，穿越深圳中
space is contracted (see Figure 2.2).
心的中国大陆边境，直达平安金融中心的基地。

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到2017年，你和你的同事就可以乘坐连接珠三角三大城市的XRL地下高速铁路线。这就
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概念、设计与成本 | 13
   
 EMPI RE STATE BUI LDI NG
EMPI RE STATE BUI LDI NG

CHRYSLER BUI LDI NG

ICC HONG KONG

CHRYSLER BUI LDI NG

PAFC SHENZHEN
ICC HONG KONG

PAFC SHENZHEN

15 MINS ON XRL 15 MINS WALKING

15 MINS ON XRL 15 MINS WALKING

Figure 2.2. Perceptions of space contract as speed increases and time is held constant. (Source: KPF)
图2.2 增加的速度与恒定的时间使人产生空间被压缩的感受。 （来源：KPF）

Traditional urban relationships are based on spatial proximity: walkability, line-of-sight, and 是香港 - 深圳 - 广州三位一体的交通超级
tangible connections. New York’s Empire State and Chrysler buildings, for example, are built 城市的愿景–广州是1亿两千万人口的城
within 15 minutes’ walking distance of each other. Manhattan’s Midtown and Downtown 市，生产世界百分之五的商品，占全中国
business centers are connected within the same 15-minute boundary, but further apart. 贸易价值的三分之一。尤其对于香港和深
Technology – in this case the New York City subway and rail systems – allows the urban 圳来说，在交通、通勤以及金融纽带的连
experience to span a greater distance. Still, the city is perceived as one physically 接下，其传统的边境正变得日益模糊：这
contiguous entity. 本质上正是一种城市体验。
In the near future, within the same 15 minutes it takes to ride a train ride from Midtown to 这是平安主席马明哲针对为什么决定在此
Downtown, your colleague in Hong Kong can leave his office at the International Commerce 建造塔楼做出的回答。
Center (ICC), travel under mountains and forests, to emerge across the mainland Chinese
border in the center of Shenzhen, at the base of the Ping An Finance Center. The urban 然后他问到：
experience is no longer one of physical contiguity.
The year is 2017, and your colleague rode the XRL subterranean high-speed rail line linking the 如何设计这样的塔楼？
three major cities of the Pearl River Delta. This is the promise of the transportation supercity 可持续垂直城市化立足于每栋楼都能实现
of Hong Kong – Shenzhen – Guangzhou: home to 120 million people, five percent of the 其最佳功能。平安金融中心是原型演变而
world’s manufactured goods, and one-third of China’s trade value. Hong Kong and Shenzhen, 来的新生代：更高、更密和更高的性能。
in particular, will become so interlinked by transportation, commuter, and financial ties that
traditional boundaries will be blurred: it is, in essence, one urban experience. 在一些方面，平安金融中心继承了KPF建
筑设计用于上海环球金融中心（2008年）及
This is the answer given by Ping An’s chairman Ma Mingzhe, as to why they decided to build 香港环球贸易广场（2011年）设计上的创新
a tower here. 元素。上海环球金融中心的一个主要特征
Then he asked: 是它有针对性的减少了能源的使用。上海
环球金融中心的造型小巧，仿佛不必要的
材料都省去了，只需满足室内的功能。上
How Will You Design Such a Tower? 海环球金融中心的锥形轮廓和标志性的光
The promise of sustainable vertical urbanism is based on each building performing to the best 圈有助于其空气动力学性能，并随后增
of its capabilities. PAFC is the next generation in the evolution of a prototype: taller, denser, and 加结构效率。一个重量较轻的模数化的
higher performance. 结构非常简练地包裹在一个贴身的玻璃

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外壳内。

14 | Conception, Design and Costing

 H / 333
RATIO OF DEFLECTION TO HEIGHT

平安金融中心表现出相似的特征，但它具
有紧凑性而不是压缩性。打个比方来说，
它并非坚硬的金刚石，而是承受着超凡拉
H / 500 力的钢丝绳。由于采用了将塔向天空的方
向拉伸（而不是把它从地上推起来）的概
念，因此平安金融中心才得以具备流线型
的设计外形。
0 由于客户要求建筑要配有方形和功能性
的楼板，因此平安金融中心外形设计的
理念借鉴了香港ICC的设计理念。用于提
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 升抗风性能的技术更为精妙，其对内部
DEGREES 使用区域的整齐性影响极小，但却更为
有效 。在ICC建造之前，曾进行了风洞测
Figure 2.3. Notches effectively round the square tower in the wind. (Source: KPF) 试，并将简单的挤压几何图形（正方形、
图 2.3 四角凹口的方形塔楼在在风中有高效的表现。（来源：KPF） 长方形、圆形和三角形）与每种形状的凹
凸角衍生图形相比较。测试结果表明，
带有凹口的正方形，或带有凹角的正方
In several aspects, PAFC inherits its DNA from KPF’s innovative Shanghai World Financial Center
形具有与圆形塔式建筑相同的优异属性（
(SWFC) (2008) and the ICC (2011). A primary trait of SWFC is its targeted reduction of embodied
见图2.3）。
energy. SWFC’s compact shape – as if unnecessary material were chiseled away – is tailored to
suit the functions housed within. SWFC’s tapering silhouette and iconic aperture contribute 除此之外，在设计ICC时使用的其他技
to its aerodynamic performance, and subsequently, structural efficiency. A lightweight and 术，如倾斜基座也对平安金融中心的设计
modular structure fits neatly within its minimal glass sheath. 产生了影响，这种技术能够提升建筑物的
结构姿态，并形成微微的锥形尖顶。由于
PAFC exhibits similar traits, although its compactness is one of tautness, rather than
平安金融中心与ICC有建筑高度差（最高上
compression. Metaphorically, it is not so much a hardened diamond, but a steel cable pulled in
人楼层间的高差约为100米），所以需要进
incredible tension. The concept of “pulling” the tower skyward, rather than “pushing” it up from
行额外的空气动力学定型实验。特别是由
the ground, drove the design of PAFC’s streamlined form.
于塔楼的大部分外表面都是垂直的，使得
Given the client’s requirement for square, functional floor plates, the formal strategies used 平安金融中心拥有连续的渐变角。实验证
to shape PAFC were derived largely from ICC. The techniques to improve wind performance 明，渐变角能够极为有效地降低作用在结
were more subtle, having less impact on the regularity of the interior tenant space, but were 构物上的风力载荷，尤其能够降低侧风的
nonetheless effective. Preliminary wind tunnel testing done in advance of ICC compared 影响。平安金融中心高层部位的轮廓变换
the response of simple extruded geometries (a perfect square, rectangle, circle, and triangle) 更为显著，而这一区域受侧风的影响最
along with notched-corner derivatives of each shape. The results indicated that a square with 大。主立面的渐变式锥形轮廓以及倾斜角
notches, or re-entrant corners, had similar beneficial properties as the circular tower. Effectively, 有效地使塔楼外形变得更为圆滑，且在顶
the notches “round” the square tower in the eyes of the wind (see Figure 2.3). 端形成了圆顶（见图2.4）。
Other techniques deployed in the design of ICC which influenced the design of PAFC were 流线型的塔楼形状提高了塔结构的P结构
the splayed base, to improve structural stance, and a slightly tapered top. Given PAFC’s height 和防风性能。在对外形进行审核的过程
differential above ICC, however, (approximately 100 meters between highest occupied floors) 中，以及将塔形通告客户之前，我们咨询
additional aerodynamic shaping was necessary. Notably, while the main façades are vertical 了Thornton Tommasetti 和 RWDI这两家顾
for most of the tower’s height, PAFC features continuously tapering corners. Corner tapering 问。这次对话使倾向于传统设计的客户了
proved enormously effective in reducing wind loading on the structure, in particular the cross 解了空气动力学外形的优点。在进行了综
wind impact. PAFC’s profile transforms even more significant at the upper registers of the tower, 合设计之后，得益于塔楼的独特外形，与
where the wind loads are greatest. Here, the progressive tapering of the main façades and 中国的设计规范相比，平安金融中心降低
beveling of the corners effectively “round” the tower and “dome” the top (see Figure 2.4) 了32％的倾覆力矩和35％的风力载荷。
The streamlining of the tower shape had measurable practical benefits in improving structural 由Thornton Tomasetti设计的典型结构方法
and wind performance. Thornton Tommasetti and RWDI were consulted early in the process to 也在平安金融中心的综合巨型结构中得到
critique and inform the tower’s shape. This dialogue aided the client, predisposed to traditional 了验证。与ICC以及TT的先驱作品台北101
stepped-back forms, to realize the benefit of aerodynamic shaping. In all, PAFC achieves a 32% 大楼相似，该建筑的主要结构系统为钢筋
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概念、设计与成本 | 15
   
 1 4

2
6

72M X 72M EXTRUSION STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION WIND OPTIMIZATION

TAPERING THE TOP DOMING THE TOP

600 METERS TALL

STRAIGHTENING THE BODY ROUNDING THE CORNERS

WIDENING THE BASE CONTINUOUS TAPERED CORNERS

Figure 2.4. The splayed base and tapered top along with tapered corners reduce wind load. (Source: KPF)
图 2.4 向外敞开的底座与具有锥形拐角的锥形顶部减小了风荷载。（来源：KPF）

reduction in overturning moment and 35% reduction in wind load compared to China code, Figure 2.5. Designed by Thornton Tomasetti, the
due to the shape of the tower. primary structural system works in combination with an
exterior mega frame. (Source: KPF)
The prototypical approach is also evidenced in PAFC’s composite mega-structure, designed 图 2.5 由宋腾添玛沙帝设计的主结构系统与外部巨型
by Thornton Tomasetti. Similar to ICC, and TT’s pioneering work on Taipei 101, the primary 结构相互协作。（来源：KPF）
structural system is a steel-reinforced concrete core connected to eight composite super-
columns by four double-story outrigger trusses. To meet mainland China’s stringent seismic 混凝土核心筒，使用四套双层外伸臂桁架
code, which requires the perimeter structure to contribute a large percentage of the overall 与八套综合超级立柱相连接。中国的抗震
lateral load resistance, the primary system works in combination with an exterior mega frame 规范十分严格，其要求建筑物的周边结构
consisting of seven levels of belt trusses connected to the super columns at each mechanical 需要具备抵御大部分整体横向载荷的能
floor (see Figure 2.5). 力。本建筑的主要系统与外部巨大的框架
Initial structural proposals utilized a vertical vierendeel truss, aligned with every other façade 一起组成了七层的带状桁架，并在每一设
pier, to provide additional lateral stiffness. Subsequently in the seismic review process, 备层与超级立柱相连接（见图2.5）。
diagonal bracing proved to be a more efficient and acceptable means to address the stiffness 初始结构设计使用垂直的空腹桁架，与每
requirement. The composite mega-structure bears similarities to SWFC, Hong Kong’s Bank 个外立面支撑梁相对齐，以提供额外的横
of China, and of course Chicago’s John Hancock Center – the first to adopt a braced exterior 向刚性。而在接下来的抗震评估阶段，对
frame. However, the distinctive cut-back corners provided the unique opportunity to introduce 角支撑设计被证明是一种更为有效也更为
a chevron brace system, which increased the stiffness of the tower while allowing greater 实用的方法，完全能够满足刚性要求。综
transparency at the corners. 合巨型结构类似于上海环球金融中心、香
Another distinctive feature of PAFC is the expression of the super-columns, which project 港中国银行大厦以及位于芝加哥的约翰汉
beyond the plane of the façade. The outward push of the columns allowed the perimeter 考克大厦——该大厦首次采用了外部支撑
bracing to move proportionally closer to the façade. This subtle refinement both increased 框架设计。但是，独特的退角设计为塔楼
structural stance, and minimized distance of structure protruding into the interior leasing space 提供了采用人字支撑系统的极为难得的机
(see Figure 2.6). 会，使用这一系统可以在增加塔楼刚性的
同时，提高楼角处的透明度。
Architecturally, the exposed columns provided the opportunity to articulate structural elements
on the façade. Linen-finish stainless steel was selected for the column finish to enhance the 平安金融中心的另一项独特之处在于其超
ductility of the overall form. Eight stainless columns trace the edges of the tower and converge 级立柱的外形，其投影超出了建筑物立面
into the spire in one continuous gesture. Each column is clasped by a stone buttress, stylized like 的平面图。立柱外推使得建筑的周边支撑
the talons of some great bird gripping the earth before taking flight. Vertical strands of stainless 结构得以成比例地靠近建筑立面。这一设
steel are drawn tightly along the full height of the tower to express the underlying tension. 计上的微妙改进不仅增加了建筑物的结构
态势，同时也缩小了建筑结构所占用的内
Essentially, the tower is pulled taught by opposing forces of gravity and lift. It is uniquely
部租赁空间的面积（见图2.6）。
neither heavy nor light, but poised in equilibrium.
从建筑学角度来看，外露的立柱有助于连
接建筑物外立面的结构部件。在进行立柱
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16 | Conception, Design and Costing
Now, Give it an Engine. 装饰的过程中，选用了布纹不锈钢材料，
“Core” is a static word. It conveys a stationary object and does nothing to express the 用于增强整体结构的延展性。八根不锈钢
dynamism of the machine that drives today’s megatall buildings. Borrowing a cue from the 立柱以同样的姿态沿着塔楼的边缘汇集于
automotive industry, PAFC does not have a “core”. It has a high-performance engine: 8 cylinders, 塔尖的一点。每根立柱都由一座石质支架
twin-turbo, and 0–500 meters in less than 60 seconds.* 支撑，支架的形状犹如一只即将展翅高飞
的巨鸟抓入泥土中的爪子一样。不锈钢立
[*Translation: eight elevator zones, two office shuttle banks serving two sky lobbies, and high- 柱上雕刻着严密的垂直线，直达塔楼的顶
speed observation shuttles] 端，这表现了建筑物潜在的张力。
Car manufacturers have succeeded in making engines that are lighter, more fuel-efficient, with 本质上，这座塔楼克服了重力和提升力拔
fewer cylinders, yet more powerful, and very glamorous. Comparing the new Audi A6-C7 with 地而起。它既不轻浮也不压抑，而是泰然
its C6 predecessor, horsepower increased 34%, 0–to–100 acceleration improved by 2.0 seconds, 自若地保持着和谐的平衡。
and fuel economy improved 31%. Weight reduction (–2%) and reduced drag coefficient
(–10%) contribute to performance. But according to Audi, the main contributor is in direct fuel
injection and forced induction technology, which “makes it possible to achieve a seemingly
improbable combination of lower fuel consumption and enhanced power and performance.”
Likewise, it is time to “turbo up” our towers.
To improve core performance, PAFC features an all-“4xD”elevator system: double-deck (2-story)
elevators with destination-dispatch controls. As is standard with tall buildings today, each
elevator is equipped with regenerative lift drive technology which, similar to a hybrid car,
produces electricity during braking.
COLUMNS PUSHED OUT

COLUMNS PUSHED OUT

STRUCTUAL PLAN DIAGRAM

STRUCTUAL DIAGRAM

Figure 2.6. The outward push of columns allows the perimeter bracing to move proportionally closer to the façade. (Source: KPF)
图2.6 立柱外推使得建筑周边支撑结构得以成比例的靠近建筑立面。 （来源：KPF）
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概念、设计与成本 | 17
   
Upper local elevators were stacked in the same shaft atop mid-zone elevators, which in turn are 现在，给它一个引擎
stacked above low zone elevators, to save space in the core. Two banks of six shuttle elevators
each provide access to one of two double-deck sky lobbies, where occupants can transfer to “核心筒”是一个静态的词，它表达的只是
the mid-and-upper local elevators. To improve flow at the entrance levels, double-deck access 一个静止的物体，而无法描述机器的动态
is staggered across three entry floors: shuttles serve lobbies located at the B1 and L1 levels, and 特性–快速驱动今天的超级高层建筑。借
low-zone local elevators serve lobbies located at the L1 and L2 levels. Single-story escalators 用一句汽车工业里的术语，平安金融中心
and double-story express escalators connect from the subway link located at the B1 lobby to 不具有核心。它具有高性能发动机：8缸，
the L1 and L2 lobbies. 双涡轮，并在60秒内从0加速到500米。
[*注：8个电梯分区，两组办公穿梭电梯
服务于空中大厅，以及高速景观电梯]
汽车制造商们已经成功地使发动机的重量
更轻，更省油，用较少的汽缸，但功能更
强大，而且非常迷人。新奥迪A6-C7与C6
的前身相比，马力增加了34％，0到100加
速改进了2.0秒，燃油经济性提高了31％
。重量的减少（-2％）和风阻系数的降低
（-10％）提升了整体性能。但对于奥迪
来说，主要贡献者是直接燃油喷射和压力
感应技术，这「使得它可以实现一个看似
不可能的组合，即低油耗和高动力性能。
HIGH ZONE TYPICAL OFFICE
」换句话说，现在是时候用涡轮增压启动
我们的塔楼了。
为了提高核心筒性能，平安金融中心采用
了一套“4×D”电梯系统：双层轿箱电梯，
并配备目的地派送控制系统。如今，作为
高层建筑物的标准配置，每部电梯都配备
有再生电梯驱动技术，这种技术就像混合
动力汽车一样，在刹车时产生电能。
高区的区间电梯位于中区电梯的电梯井之
MID ZONE TYPICAL OFFICE
上，共用一个电梯井，因而节省了核心筒
的空间。两组六部短程穿梭电梯，每组
都能够直达两个双层空中大厅中的任意一
个，在空中大厅，住户可以转乘中区或高
区的区间升降电梯。为了提升入口层的人
流量，在三个入口楼层错落布置了双层
进入通道：大厅的短程穿梭电梯位于B1和
L1层，大厅的低层区间升降电梯位于L1和
L2层。单层自动扶梯和双层特快自动扶梯
LOW ZONE TYPICAL OFFICE
位于B1大堂的地铁入口处，能够直通L1和
L2大厅。
核心筒的最高处是三部超高速电梯，直达
塔楼顶部的多层观景台。为了缓解由于高
速的高度变化导致的“耳鸣效应”，电梯采
用了加压设计。设计的电梯每日运输能力
为单趟550米高度运送8,000人——这是目
前主流电梯的运载极限。这一数据是根
据“目前”的情况推断的，而Kone的碳纤维
Figure 2.7. The core develops parallel with the tower’s form. (Source: KPF)
超级绳索技术设计将有望打破这一极限。
图 2.7 核心筒与塔体造型一致。（来源：KPF）
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18 | Conception, Design and Costing
 无论性能如何，任何发动机都需要适应其
所在的建筑。核心筒必然要与塔楼的形态
发展相匹配。从字面上看，这意味着，内
部几何形状的理想配置都应该与外部几何
形状平行，并应与办公室室内有效布局设
计相一致（见图2.7）。
在平安金融中心， 核心筒被设计为嵌入
正方形内的十字，四周有12.5米的租赁深
度。外部形状逐渐变细，在高处呈现倾
角，结构墙在角落逐渐变低，造成凸缘形
状的十字形结构，与上层的八角形几何形
状相呼应。租赁深度的收缩通过在墙角处
打开45度的角得到了补偿，这与塔楼外部
的美观造型相互呼应（见图2.8）。
此外，核心筒的造型变化与塔楼下部楼层
的造型变化是一致的，其向外开展的基座
能提供更大的内部跨度。低层电梯和基层
建筑系统在核心筒主体的外部相连。这些
像“增压器”的次核心筒将主要核心筒的垂
直部件承受的压力向楼体进行传导释放，
并提供了额外的结构支撑，减小了基层部
位的结构跨度。当主塔收拢至更加紧凑的
垂直部位时，“增压器”就此退出。
这些充分节省空间的措施将核心筒内部
投影面积降低至30×30米——考虑到塔楼
的高度和密度，应认为核心筒是极为紧
凑的。
Figure 2.8. Typical high zone floor plan showing pinched corners. (Source: KPF)
图 2.8 高层区典型办公平面图展示了收缩的四角 （来源：KPF）

1％在塔尖内，还是99%来自塔尖？
Completing the core is a trio of super-high-speed elevators serving the multi-level observatory
平安金融中心的外形线条聚拢于引人注目
at the tower’s crown. Pressurized to alleviate the “popping ear effect” due to high-speed
的塔尖，从585米开始直至660米塔尖。这
altitude adjustment, the elevators are designed to move a daily capacity of 8,000 visitors in a
无疑是塔楼的标志性特征，而这也是在其
single run up to a height of 550 meters – the current limit of prevailing elevator technology.
建造过程中遇到的最有趣的技术挑战之
The inference here is “prevailing,” as KONE’s carbon-fiber UltraRope technology is designed to
一。 作为位于塔楼顶部的独立尖塔，为
outperform current limitations.
了在塔楼的顶部建立一处公共空间，设计
Notwithstanding performance, any engine needs to fit within its housing. The core should 师设计了一座“拔起式”的尖塔，跨立于玻
necessarily develop in parallel with the tower’s form, literally. The ideal configuration of the 璃观景穹顶之上（见图2.9）。
inner geometry should be a parallel offset of the outer geometry, with a consistent dimension
虽然塔尖似乎有理由成为塔楼结束的形
between, for efficient layout of the office interiors (see Figure 2.7).
式，但是为其存在找出一个可持续发展
In PAFC, the core is designed as a cruciform embedded within a square, with a target 的理由确实伤脑筋。最初模拟的塔尖基
12.5-meter leasing depth all around. As the exterior form tapers and bevels at the upper floors, 础部位的风力涡轮机经预测仅发电2100千
the structural walls drop off at the corners, resulting in a flange-shape cruciform structure 瓦时/年。
which responds to the octagonal geometry of the upper floors. The pinching of the primary
出于类似目的，设计团队测试了每个V形
leasing depth is compensated by opening up the corners in the 45-degree orientation, which
外墙支柱内浮力空气的利用，用于发动位
coincides with the best views out from the tower (see Figure 2.8).
于支撑梁上的微型涡轮或将它们聚集在一
Again, transformation of the core occurs in parallel with the formal transformation at the tower’s 起发动分布于各设备层的较大型涡轮。预

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lower floors, where the splayed-out base provides larger internal spans. Low zone elevators and
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base-level building systems are strapped outside the main body of the core. These “booster”
计后者更积极可行。最终，由于抗震评审

概念、设计与成本 | 19
   
cores alleviate the pressure to house all the
vertical elements within the main core and
provide additional structural support to
reduce the deeper spans at the base. The
boosters drop off by the time the tower tucks
into its more compact, vertical portion.
These space-saving measures reduced the
core internal footprint to 30 x 30 meters–
remarkably compact given the height and
density of the tower.

1% In-spire, 99% Per-spire?

The converging lines of PAFC resolve in an
emphatic spire, starting at 585 meters and
rising to the tower’s apex at 660 meters. It is
undoubtedly the tower’s signature feature,
and one of its most interesting technical
challenges to note. Starting as a stand-
alone mast atop the tower, the desire to
create public space atop the tower led to
the current design of a “pulled-up” spire
straddling a glass observation dome (see
Figure 2.9).
While the spire seems necessary to
conclude the tower’s form, finding its
raison d’etre on sustainable grounds proved Figure 2.9. The desire to create public space atop the tower led to the current design of a
vexing. Initial simulations for a wind turbine ”pulled up” spire. (Source: KPF)
at the spire’s base predicted only 2100 图 2.9 为了在塔楼的顶部建立公共空间，设计师设计了一座“拔起式”尖塔顶。（来源：KPF）

kilowatt-hours per year.

Of related interest, the design team
examined the utilization of buoyant air 需要额外增加带状桁架，各设备层缺乏空间，因而未能实施。然而，塔楼穹顶处仍有可
contained within each V-shaped façade pier 能实现这一设计，有可能最终在尖顶基础部位安置一个涡轮。
to drive either micro-turbines located at
TT 和RWDI预测塔尖的长度直径比需要在塔尖井道内加动力阻尼器（TMD），以抵消空
the piers, or gathered into larger centralized
气弹性振动，即快速振动。 RWDI设计了一个简练优雅的系统，由两个平板阻尼器组
turbines located at each mechanical floor.
成，一个在x轴方向，另一个在y轴方向，在两个阻尼器之间有一个校准的垂直距离，来
The latter was predicted to have positive
调整全方位的移动。
and viable results. Ultimately, it could not be
implemented, due to lack of space in each 为了检验这一假设，该小组进行了专门的尖顶风洞实验，分别测试了安装和没有安装附
mechanical floor following the addition of a 加阻尼的情况。 RWDI证明（用出色的视频效果）如果没有提供额外的阻尼，在预期的
redundant belt-truss layer requested during 风速范围内将发生漩涡脱落和快速震动。同样令人震惊的是，尖顶内的动力阻尼器只需
the seismic review period. However, it is still 提供百分之一的阻尼，就能稳定塔尖。
possible to implement the concept at the 鉴于平安对塔尖阻尼器的长期可使用性的担忧，设计团队的建议是运用空气动力学以
tower’s dome, possibly leading up to a turbine 减少塔尖的复杂性和自重。其它的方案还有增加竖向鳍片或增设横向尖顶轮廓等高
housed at the base of the spire. 线，RWDI提出塔尖穿孔，KPF解释为将四个独立的桅杆用一个结构网格连起来。截至本
Thornton Tomasetti and RWDI predicted the 文撰写之时，将进行另一个风洞实验以确认开放式塔尖设计作为空气动力阻尼的有效性
spire’s slenderness ratio would necessitate （见图2.10）。
a tuned mass damper (TMD) within the
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20 | Conception, Design and Costing
Figure 2.10. PAFC’s design team’s recommendation was to pursue an aerodynamic solution to reduce the spire’s
complexity and self-weight. (Source: KPF)
图 2.10 平安金融中心的设计团队建议以空气动力学方法降低塔顶的复杂性与自重。（来源：KPF）

spire shaft to counterbalance aeroelastic flutter, i.e., galloping. RWDI designed an elegant 总结
system comprised of two flat-plate dampers, one in the x-direction and the other acting in the 通过采取正确的DNA ，可更多地关注超
y-direction, with a calibrated vertical distance between the two dampers, to tune for the full range 高层建筑的基因规则变量之间的微妙关
of motion. 系。平安金融中心的过人之处是对互相
To test the hypothesis, the team conducted a spire-specific wind-tunnel test, with and without 矛盾的元素之间的相互作用及其平衡，例
additional damping. RWDI demonstrated (with spectacular video results) that vortex shedding 如，建筑外部形态和服务于内部的核心筒
and the onset of gallop would occur within anticipated wind speeds if no additional damping 之间的平衡。在节能方面，建筑系统之间
was provided. Equally spectacular, just one percent additional damping, as provided by the 的凝聚力对一个高层建筑固有的可持续性
in-spire TMD, stabilized the spire. 产生重大影响。当系统协同工作时，该解
Given Ping An’s concerns for long-term serviceability of the in-spire damper, the design team’s 决方案是简单高效的。当变量不协调时，
recommendation was to pursue an aerodynamic solution to reduce the spire’s complexity and 其结果是浪费空间和能量。
self-weight. Amongst other alternatives, such as adding fins or contouring the spire profile, 更加复杂的是，该解决方案不是一成不变
RWDI proposed to perforate the spire, which KPF re-interpreted as four individual masts 的，而是一个动态的平衡。当变量变得越
joined by a structural lattice. As of the time of this writing, another wind tunnel test will be 来越有限时，必然需要调整和努力解决问
conducted to determine the validity of the open-spire design as an aerodynamic damping 题。平安金融中心的设计过程在原先的基
solution (see Figure 2.10). 础上循序渐进，具有最佳实践性，每日从

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顾问处获得反馈信息。五年后，在平安金

概念、设计与成本 | 21
   
Figure 2.11. Night view of the tower under construction. (Source: Ping An)
图2.11. 正在建设中的平安金融中心夜景（来源：平安）

Conclusion 融中心的姐妹塔南塔的设计中，计算机在
Adopting a starting DNA allowed for greater focus on the nuanced relationship between 参数和BIM上的优势可运用成千上万的重
variables in the megatall building’s genetic algorithm. PAFC excels its balance of the interplay 复元素。
of competing objectives, for instance, in the external shaping of the form versus the internal 平安金融中心的设计是现代超高层建筑的
needs of the services core. In energy terms, cohesion between building systems has a major 进化 （见图2.11）。大部分原则都得到了世
effect on a tall building’s inherent sustainability. When the systems work together in tandem 界高层建筑与都市人居学会圈内的理解。
(in-phase), the solution is elegant and efficient. Where the variables are out-of-phase, the result 尽管如此，下面的列表以供将来参考：
is wasted space and wasted energy. 特征：
Adding to the complexity is the fact that the solution is not static, but rather a dynamic 加宽的基础，以提高结构的稳固性
equilibrium. The design necessarily needs to adjust and work towards resolution as the 锥形轮廓，以减少作用于结构的地震力
variables become more finite. In the design of PAFC, now well under construction (see Figure 和风力
2.11), the iterative process was incremental and based on precedent, best practice, and daily
feedback from consultants. Five years later, computing advances in parametrics and BIM have 特殊形状的转角，以提高空气动力特性
enabled thousands of iterations in the design of PAFC’s sister tower to the south. 大雨棚，以减轻下沉气流
巨型结构体系，经济结构弹性的手段

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22 | Conception, Design and Costing
Encoded in the design of PAFC are the evolutionary building blocks of the modern megatall 多级垂直运输，以减少服务核心区域的
building. Most of these principles have come to be well understood within the circles of 大小
CTBUH. Nonetheless, a list for future reference: 结构和幕墙系统的模数化设计
Traits: 与其它城市公共交通网络连接
Widened Base, to increase structural stance
位于塔楼冠部的公共空间，对城市的体验
Tapered Profile, to reduce seismic and wind forces acting on the structure 提升到新的高度
Shaped Corners, to improve aerodynamic performance 最终的特征是将必要性与浮华区分开来。
Large Canopies, to mitigate downdraft 虽然高塔的基础作用是增加居住人口密
Mega-structural System, as a means of economic structural resiliency 度，但是它也承担着重要的公民责任。在
我们不断增加建筑物高度的同时，心中始
Multi-stage Vertical Transport, to minimize the size of the services core 终坚持认为公众的参与和互动在高层塔楼
Modular Design of the structure and façade systems 的建设过程中极为重要。不断提升公众的
体验一直都是我们所坚持的目标。
Mass Transit Connectivity, to network with other urban clusters
Public Space at the Tower Crown, to lift the urban experience to new heights
致谢
It is this final trait that differentiates necessity from vanity. While the tall tower is fundamentally
about increasing density, it also bears civic responsibility. Public participation and interaction 笔者要感谢KPF的虞稚哲, Florence Chan,
with the tall tower is at the heart of the project team's interest in height. Elevating the human Angela Davis和Michael Bentley，感谢他们
experience is the goal. 的长期服务及对该项目的创新贡献，同时
也要感谢Ying Xu提供的大量插图。

Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Zhizhe Yu, Florence Chan, Angela Davis, and Michael Bentley
of KPF for their long service and innovative contributions to the project, and to Ying Xu for
providing many of the illustrations.

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概念、设计与成本 | 23
   
Cost Planning and Control
成本规划与控制

Kenneth Kwan, Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd.

This chapter looks at the major cost drivers of tall buildings such as the overall design planning, foundation and substructure, structure, façade,
architectural works, interior fitting out, elevator provision, building services, etc. With advanced construction technology and land scarcity, the
authors view is that, where there is a financially-justifiable business case, buildings will go higher, but there are hurdles, such as government
regulations and environmental issues. to overcome. As demonstrated in the Ping An case, it relies on establishing a realistic overall budget
through understanding of the common features of tall buildings, all the efforts in tracking the development of the designs, offering cost advice
and cost comparisons for various design options to make it successful.

我们探究了高层建筑中经费支出的主要方向，比如：总体的设计方案、基础、地下结构、结构、立面、建筑设计工作、内部装
修、电梯预算，物业服务等。在先进的建造技术与土地匮乏现状的驱使下，我们相信，只要所需预算在商业前提下是合理的，建
筑将会越建越高，但是这种设想也会遇到障碍，如政府规范，环境问题等等需要克服的因素。以平安国际金融大厦为例，整个项
目的成功依赖于基于对高层建筑一般规律的了解而建立的合理总预算、全程追踪设计进度所付出的努力、以及对多种设计方向所
需成本的评估及合理选择。

Introduction 前言
A “tall building,” citing CTBUH’s criteria, “does not have an absolute definition” and “it is a building 高层建筑，按CTBUH的标准，“没有一个
that exhibits some element of tallness.” In the context of this chapter, the authors regard tall 绝对的定义” 而是 “展現出一些高层元素的
buildings as those over 200 meters tall and 50 stories or more. 一个建筑物” 。 作為这篇论文的背景，我
Tall buildings are not just the aspiration of architects or engineers; they are also popular with 们定义為那些50 层以上及超过200米高的
developers. The following are seen as the commercial advantages brought about by the tallness 建筑物為高层建筑。
of buildings : 高层建筑并非仅属于建筑师或工程师的夢
• Only a small amount of land area is needed in exchange for a large amount of floor 想，对发展商來说他们也極具吸引力。
spaces and real estate values, which is particularly desirable in those already fully 以下被视为建筑物的高度所能带来的商
developed and prominent CBD areas in which land supply is limited 业优势：

• Tall buildings as iconic landmarks provide an excellent marketing image for the • 发展商只需少量的土地面积，便
developer 可换取大量的地面空间和房地产
价值。对于已被充分发展而出現
• With their prominent location, unobstructed and panoramic view of the city allowed
一地難求的CBD地区來说，是十分
by its height, and the quality working environment brought about by high-end interior
重要的 。
design and finishes and building services systems, tall buildings are generally more
attractive to top-tier customers like financial institutions • 高层建筑作為标志性建筑，可提
供予发展商一个最好的市场形象
With such height and large number of floors, and sometimes with different floor zones • 高层建筑一般处于市內优越的位
designated for different functional uses like offices and hotels, tall buildings are inevitably large in 置，其高度則可提供無遮擋的城
scale and complex in nature, and represent a major investment in most cases. Moreover, contrary 市全景，加上高端室内设计装饰
to the general perception that there would be economy of scale, the construction cost per square 和服务系统，所營造出的工作环
meter of floor area of a tall building tends to increase as the number of stories increases, and it is 境对一些顶级客户如金融机构將
important for developers to have proper cost planning for, and control of, the same. 更具吸引力

不論按高度或总体建筑面积來看，高层建
筑都屬於大规模的建筑体量，而在很多情
況下，不同的楼层区被设计為不同功能用
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24 | Conception, Design and Costing
Figure 2.12. The Ping An Finance Center being constructed within the Shenzhen skyline (Source: Ping An)
图 2.12 深圳天际线中的平安金融中心的施工场景（来源：平安）

Cost Planning 途，如办公室，酒店等，則构成其建造上的复杂性。因此，在大多数情况下，高层建筑

The cost planning and control process 都代表了一个相应龐大的投资。而有別于一般看法的，則是高层建筑往住不具备规模经
involved the following: 济，其单方建筑成本会隨著楼层数量的增加而上升。 因此，对发展商來说，适当的成
本规划和控制就有其重要性。
1. Establishing of an overall
construction budget based
on known design parameters 平安金融中心的成本規划和控制
together with the Client’s intended 成本规划与控制包括以下步骤：
quality/standard of the project.
Such overall construction budget 1. 根据已知设计参数，例如可建面积，可建高度限制等，結合业主方对项目要求
would be established at the end 的质量/标准，并按照设计团队在设计的不同阶段即概念设计，初步设计，扩初
of each stage of design and in line 设计和招投标图或施工图阶段所編制的图纸及其它的資料，制订出項目于不同
with the design team’s deliverables 阶段的整体建筑成本估算。
for each stage, i.e., the concept 2. 在设计过程的不同阶段，持续追踪不同的建筑元素和组件的设计开发。
design, the preliminary design, the 3. 在追踪不同的建筑元素和组件的设计开发过程中，确定所有與原有的假设不同
detailed design, and the tender 而且会对整体建筑成本有显著影响任何的设计，或选择的材料，或所採用的技
drawings stages. 术。
2. Continual tracking of the design 4. 联络客户和设计团队，探索这些建筑元件进行价值工程的可能性，以及研究在
development of different elements 楼宇设备中设计、材料和系统之间的各种可行方案。 在这些情况下，我们主要
and components at each respective 為不同的方案提供成本研究/比较，以便客户和设计小组进行审议和决策。
stage of the design process.
5. 在第（4）项經优选的各个方案将被纳入到整体工程预算，使得客户在设计过
3. Identify any element or component 程的每个阶段，都能夠有一个清晰的成本监测和控制的目标。
where, in the course of design
development, the intended design
在下文中，我将介绍一些高层建筑的特点，而这些特点是和其建筑成本有关的，以及我
or choice of materials or technology
们在平安中心項目所作出和这些特点有关的成本调研案例。
is found to be different from the

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Figure 2.13. Parking plans for basement levels three and four (Source: Ping An)
图 2.13 地下3、4层的停车场平面 （来源：平安）

original assumption upon which the overall construction budget was based, and 建筑规划
would have a significant impact on the overall construction budget. 以下是我们观察到高层建筑的一些常见的
4. Liaise with the Client and the design team to explore the possibility of value 建筑规划特点。
engineering, and to study and consider various options of designs or choice of 高层建筑通常位于一个城市的商业中心区
materials or systems in the case of building services. In these cases it is necessary to (CBD)。 除了地面层通常被用来作为主接
provide cost studies/comparisons amongst different options for the Client and the 待层外，其裙楼以至地下一层或地下二层
design team’s consideration and decision making. 仍然是極具商业价值的，能吸引到較高的
5. The outcome of (4) above would then be incorporated into the overall construction 售价或租金。 因此，除非其所在地附近
budget, such that the Client would have a clear target for the purpose of cost 有充足的停车设施，高层建筑往往亦设有
monitoring and control at every stage of the project. 多层地下室並把最低的几层作為停车场。
以平安中心來说，其一共有五层地下室，
In the following pages are discussed some cost-significant features of tall buildings, and 地下一层为零售而地下二层至五层則为装
exemplified by the various cost studies cases that were executed in the case of Ping An. 货/缷貨区及停车场（见图2.13）。
為符合有关消防安全法规或当地的消防规
范，高层建筑通常设有避难层，提供不同
Planning 的楼层区域之间的防火分隔。平安中心來
The following are some common architectural planning features that were observed from the 说，則总计有八个避难层。
tall building projects in which the authors have been involved.
不同于一般的建筑物 ，把建筑设备的主
Tall buildings are usually located in prominent sites or central business districts (CBDs) of a city. 要设备如冷却塔等，放置于裙楼顶或天
Apart from the ground-floor level, which usually is used as the main reception / circulation area, 台，对高层建筑來说，机电系统的主要设
the podium levels and even one or two levels of basement at these locations are usually very 备的总空间需求，加上相关管道系统所佔
valuable and attract a high selling price or rent. Therefore, unless there are ample parking facilities 用的空间，都令致其不能在单一的楼层上
nearby, a tall building tends to have deep basements, with the lowest few basement floors used 所能容納，而需耍分开配置于几个机电
as car parks. For Ping An, a total of 5 stories of basement is being constructed, with Basement 1 层，並且由每个机电层的设备去滿足部分
being Retail and Basement 2 to 5 as Loading/Unloading and car parks (see Figure 2.13).
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26 | Conception, Design and Costing

To cope with the relevant fire safety
requirements / local fire codes, tall buildings
usually have refuge floors to provide fire
separation between different floor zones. For
Ping An, a total of eight refuge floors have
been provided.
Unlike normal buildings, where the building
services main plant such as cooling towers
are either located on the podium roof or
rooftop, in tall buildings the total space
requirement and also the long distance of
circulation ductworks and pipeworks renders
it impractical to locate services on one single
floor to serve the whole building. Rather
they will be found in several MEP floors, each
serving a particular zone of functional floors.
These MEP floors also need to be of higher
story height than normal functional floors
in order to allow the building services main
plant to function properly and for transfer
of pipeworks. The floor loading requirement
may also be higher than for normal
functional floors.
The refuge and MEP floors are usually
non-accountable in gross floor area (GFA)
calculations. Therefore, we have to be
careful in the very initial stage of the
project, when high-level budget estimates
have to be prepared without drawings and
must be based on floor areas as indicated in
the land lease, to make allowances for these Figure 2.14. Elevator plan and the “sky lobby floors” (Source: Ping An)
extra floors. 图 2.14 电梯方案与空中大厅层（来源：平安）

To cater to the long vertical travelling

distance, some tall buildings are designed
to have multi-zone elevator systems, with
each zone served by different groups of
elevators. A shuttle elevator system will
一般需要比正常的功能层較高的楼层高度，以便机电设备的正常运作和管道转移。而机
also be adopted, taking the passengers to
电层的承重要求亦比正常的功能层更高。
intermediate zones for transfer to the top
zone, and therefore additional “sky lobby 避难层和机电层通常都不计算于按容积率计算的可建楼面面积（GFA）之內。 因此，在
floors” will be provided to allow passengers 一个項目的初始階段，图纸的编制尚未开展期間，我們对客戶所提供的，基于可建楼面
to be transferred among different zones (see 面积的初步预算時，必须仔细考慮並算入这些额外的楼层的成本。
Figure 2.14). 考慮到高层建筑內，垂直運输的路程遥远，一些高层建筑的设计具有多区电梯系统。而
The relatively deep basement and 穿梭电梯系统的采用，可以把乘客了由中层区迅速转移到顶层区，而因此高层建筑內亦
numerous floor layouts imply a longer 出現额外的“空中大堂“楼层，提供不同区域之间乘客转移共用之平台（见图2.14）。
construction period for tall buildings, which 高层建筑比较深的地下室和众多不同的楼层布局亦意味着较长的建设周期，导致建筑成
leads to both an increase in construction 本和风险的增加。 这些成本和风险，必须在項目开展階段已加以考虑並且需在整个建
costs and risks. These costs and risks must 设期加以監控，直到項目完成为止。
be contemplated at the beginning and
controlled until completion.
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 基础和地下结构
高层建筑的地基设计通常为桩基並且桩底
直接承載于地底岩层上（见图2.15）。理论
上，建筑层数越多，其基础的每单位成本
将越低。但如果地底岩层过深或不适合桩
底直接承載，而桩基需按摩擦桩设计，則
桩的长度將会按建筑物的高度增加，以抵
禦施加在高层建筑物的倾覆力、在建筑物
的顶部部分的风荷载、以及地震的抗力，
如此則基础成本將按建筑层数增多。
如上面所提到，大多数高层建筑亦有很深
的地下室（见图2.16）。如采用常规方法即
地面大开挖方式去建造这类深层地下室及
大深度的基础，通常需要較长的时间。
很多的時候，发展商或设计团隊都会考慮
替代方法或施工方案，像自上而下的施工
方案，以节省整体施工时间。 但这样的
替代施工方案会增加施工的复杂性。 此
外，对位于一个城市的商业中心区(CBD)
Figure 2.15. Construction process of the piles (Source: Ping An) 的高层建筑來说，很大可能是其附近会
图 2.15 桩施工过程（来源：平安）
有一个公共交通/地下铁路枢纽。為了防
止高层建筑的基礎或地下室的施工可能
干扰到上述公共/地下铁路枢纽的運作，
Foundations and Substructure 政府也会对有关的建筑活动作出非常严格
Tall buildings are usually designed to rest on bedrock with end-bearing piles (see Figure 2.15). 的的限制和要求大量的监测和预防措施。
Theoretically, the taller they are, the lower the per-square-meter foundation costs will be. 因此，深层地下室和地基建造的难度会更
However, if the bedrock level is too deep or not suitable for end-bearing, the pile lengths 大，而其建设成本亦变得更高。
may increase with the height of the building to account for the overturning moment of the 对高层建筑來说， 深层地下室和地基的
buildings, the wind load imposed on the top sections of the buildings, and the provisions 设计与施工因而值得认真规划和研究，以
against seismic load. These will all drive up the foundation costs. 尋找出在时间和成本方面上取得最佳平衡
As mentioned above, most tall buildings have deep basements (see Figure 2.16). The 的方案。
construction of deep basements and deep foundations using conventional approaches usually
takes a long time. Very often an alternative methodology or construction sequence, to save
overall construction time, like top-down construction, will be considered. Such alternative 结构
methodologies, however, would increase the complexity of construction. In addition, if the 高层建筑的结构必须满足自身載重，风荷
tall building is located near a public transportation / underground subway hub, which is 载和/或抗震的设计要求， 但另一方面必
not uncommon for prominent CBD sites, one would also expect very stringent control and 须是有效率而不影响功能楼层的布局/规
restrictions on construction activities so as to prevent possible disturbance to public facilities 划。 它並且是高层建筑的一个非常显著
and neighbors, many monitoring and precautionary measures will also be imposed. The 的元件。
difficulty of construction will be even greater, and so will be the construction cost of the deep 高层建筑结构的设计 ，不仅是考虑结构
basement and foundation. 本身的成本高低和施工所需時間的長短，
The design and method of construction of the deep basement and foundation thus deserves 对于结构尺寸以至所占据了楼面面积比例
careful planning and study in order to arrive at the optimum solution in terms of time and cost. 的多少，以及其是否阻挡了建筑物的景觀
等，也是设计考虑的因素。
综合了上述这些因素的考慮，当今高层建
Structure 筑的结构设计大部分都採用綜合的结构系
Tall building’s structure has to overcome heavy wind loads and/or meet seismic design 统，如钢筋混凝土核心筒，钢结构框架或
requirements, while being efficient enough not to affect the layout / planning of the functional 型钢结构框架，预应力的楼板和/或樑，
floors. Structure is always a very significant element of a tall building. 和钢结构桁架，以减少垂直结构元件的尺
寸並最大化提升楼面使用面积的效率。
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28 | Conception, Design and Costing
One must consider not only the time and 这样的结构组合比传统的钢筋混凝土结构的建造成本更高。 此外，高层建筑施工过程
cost of the structure itself. For tall buildings, 中的限制，即垂直運输物料和劳工需時較長，高空工作难度及危險度增加等，都令到结
one must also consider the proportion of a 构成本的增加。
floor occupied by the structure, and whether 单是作為其中一个显著的元件的规模，已使高层建筑的结构成为一个值得研究的建筑元
the structural components like peripheral 件。 在平安中心项目，我们进行了下面一些方案的成本研究/比较：
columns or cross-bracing would obstruct the
prestige views from the building. • Verendeel与带状桁架(Belt Truss)方案
• 钢筋混凝土结构与型钢结构于裙楼結构方案
As a result of these considerations, it is
almost the norm today that a tall building • 标准层採用标準钢梁和非标準钢梁方案
structure will be designed as a combination • 标准层楼板採用型钢装饰板和非型钢装饰板方案
of structural systems such as reinforced
concrete core wall, structural steel frame 在以上所述的方案的成本研究/比较中，最终的选择都并非按其成本的高低，反倒是其
or composite frame, prestressed works 他方面，如建筑施工的相对快慢，及那些方案具备结构尺寸较小优势等，成为业主和设
and trusses to reduce the sizes of the 计团队的主要考虑因素。
vertical structural elements and maximize
the efficiency in usable floor area. Such a
combination invariably results in higher 外立面
structural costs than conventional reinforced 除了作为建筑物的”外套”，并需能承受强风的影响外，外立面也是高层建筑最受到注目
concrete structure. In addition, the physical 的元素。 大多数的情况下，客户和设计师将依靠外立面的外观设计，来营造高层建筑
constraints during construction, i.e., the longer 突出于周围的建筑物的标志性形象（见图2.17）。 因此，外立面最有可能被设计成具有某
travelling time for vertical transportation of 些特色的或独特的特征，构成外立面的造价成本上升。
materials and labor, the increased difficulty of 以下是外立面不同的部件，需要在成本规划时特别注意：
working at high levels etc., also contribute to
the high cost of the structure. • 外立面如幕牆系统
• 外立面照明，使高层建筑在夜间在很远的距离仍可见
The sheer scale of the structure makes it an
element for which it is worth studying and • 擦窗机系统，需要有足够的安全设备以便在强风下运作。此外，标志性的建筑
comparing different options. The following 物的形状可能需要不同的擦窗机系统来提供不同部分的清潔。例如，在平安中
are some of the cost studies /comparisons 心项目，总共有十个擦窗机系统被提供。
that were carried out on Ping An:
• Vierendeel vs belt truss scheme
• Reinforced concrete vs composite
reinforced concrete / steel structure
scheme for podium floors
• Typical floor framing with and
without built-up beams
• Typical floor slab with and without
profile steel decking

The final selection in the above had not

been on their order of costs, but on other
aspects, such as the comparative speed
of construction, the advantage of smaller
member sizes, etc.

Façade
In addition to being the envelope of the
Figure 2.16. Construction of the deep basement (Source: Ping An)
building and its main defense against high 图 2.16 深地下室施工（来源：平安）
wind impact, the façade is also the most
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概念、设计与成本 | 29
   
perceivable element of tall buildings. In most cases, the client and the designer rely on the 下面是一些我们在平安中心项目所进行的
façade design to create an iconic image of the building, especially where the tall building 成本研究/比较 ：
stands out from the surrounding buildings in the city’s skyline (see Figures 2.17). In such an • 不同类型的幕墙玻璃方案
application, the façade would most likely be designed with some special or unique features,
• 外墙照明方案，包括功耗对比
which constitute the higher unit cost of the façade.
The following are the various façade components that require special attention in cost planning:
我们的角色是专注于在设计的每个阶段对
• The façade system itself 外立面总成本费用估算的检查。
• Façade lighting, which allows the tall building to be visible from a distance at night 在平安中心项目中，有一个比较有趣的案
• Window-cleaning system, which has to account for a high wind speed, and necessitates 例，是关于尖顶方案的：
cast-in anchors to secure it to the façade. The iconic form or shape of the tall building • 方案1 尖顶的高度增加12米
may also necessitate different types of window cleaning systems. For the Ping An
• 方案2 -尖顶的高度为原设计
project, a total of 10 window-cleaning systems have been provided.
• 方案3 -尖顶的高度减少28米
The following are some of the cost studies/comparisons that were carried out on Ping An :
• Different types of glass
• Different façade lighting schemes including the power consumption

Figure 2.17. Installation of the façade (Source: Ping An)

图 2.17 独特外墙的安装（来源：平安）

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30 | Conception, Design and Costing
The author's role was focused on checking the 尽管方案1的建造成本显然是最高的，其次是方案2，然后为方案3，但3个方案则有不同
total façade cost at each stage of the design. 的时间影响。 对方案1来说，塔尖结构包括底座和桅杆需重新设计，并且要重新检查塔
One interesting feature of Ping An upon 顶的主结构，将需要7周的时间包括重新设计和重新评估。至于方案3，则仅塔尖结构需
which cost comparisons were carried out 要重新设计，而需时为5周。
was the spire. The following were considered:
• Option 1 – Spire reaching 660m high 建筑装饰和公共区域装修
• Option 2 – Spire reaching 648m high 虽然以上元素的成本造价，一般是和其所占的面积和质量相关，而并不是和建筑物的高
度相关的，但因为高层建筑的内部装修一般都为档次较高，以切合项目的高端形象，所
• Option 3 – Spire reaching 636m high
以高层建筑这方面的成本造价亦较一般的建筑物普遍为高。

Notwithstanding that the construction cost of 我们另一个观察所得是，高层建筑的地面层高度通常是相对一般的建筑物为高。据一些

Option 1 is obviously the highest, followed by 设计师的说法，高层建筑的地面层较高能提供整幢建筑更好的比例，并在同一时间为高
Option 2 and then Option 3, the three options 层建筑提供了一个宏伟的接待厅，以平安中心项目来说，其地面层高为12米而净空高度
had different implications on the structure. 为9米。 所以，相比一般的建筑物，假设其地面层大堂为4 - 5米的净空高度，平安中心
For Option 1, redesign of the spire structure 项目的地面层大堂的装修成本就相对较高。
including both the base and the mast, and
recheck of the main structure would have 电梯配置
been necessary, which would take seven 由于有更多数量的电梯而电梯普遍较为高速，高层建筑的电梯成本造价相比一般的建筑
weeks for re-design and re-evaluation. 物要高。高层建筑通常采用多区电梯系统，以减少乘坐和等待的时间。此外，高层建筑
Whereas for Option 3, re-design of the spire 有时会配置双层电梯系统来增加载客容量而不增加电梯升降槽所占用的面积。
structure is required only, and would take five
weeks for re-design and re-evaluation. 对不同的电梯配置方案作成本研究/比较，在高层建筑是很普遍的做法。但除了不同的
电梯配置方案间的成本差额外，大家亦必须考慮不同的电梯配置方案对电梯升降槽的空
间需求（即其对楼层有效面积率的影响），以及不同方案的电梯等候时间等，综合考
Architectural Works, Finishes and Fitting- 慮。
out of Public Areas 关于平安中心项目，其最终采用了的电梯方案包括有7个办公楼层区，2个空中大堂楼层
Although these elements are area-and- 和1个观景楼层，整体是透过3台高速电梯（超过1 0米/秒），12台高速穿梭电梯（7-9M
quality related rather than height-related, /秒），36台双层客运升降机（3.5 - 11米/秒）， 4台高速服务升降机（10米/秒）和另外
one would expect the unit cost to be 2台电梯来提供服务。
generally marginally higher than that of
typical buildings, since internal finishes of tall
buildings are generally at the uppermost end 建筑设备
of the cost range to project the prestigious 和电梯系统相类似的，高层建筑的高度意味著系统长距离的运行，而这正是机电系统设
image of their occupants. 计的主要考虑。对于与水有关的机电系统，这也意味着为供应和接收排放系统带来较高
Another observation is that for tall buildings, 的水压。而若所有的楼层的供给或者所有楼层的污水都是通过一个单一的系统来收集，
the ground-floor story height is usually 则该供给或收集的管道尺寸也将是极为巨大且会占用一定的楼面面积的。 因此，在大
comparatively higher than that of typical 多数情况下，高层建筑的机电系统会分为不同的区域，每个区域有自己的机电层放置主
buildings, which, according to some 要的机电设备等。 由于这种安排所需要的作为转移和分发每个区域内的泵和机械设备
designers, provides a better proportion for 的额外数目，导致更高的成本造价。
the whole building and at the same time 高层建筑机电系统的分区域配置安排，往往带来了很多不同的设备组合方案，供进行研
offers the grandness of the reception lobby 究和考虑。 下面是两个出现在平安中心项目的个案。
of a prestigious tall building. For Ping An, the
冷冻水系统配置方案比较
ground-floor story height is 12 meters and the
这个案是为ACMV系统下的冷冻水系统不同设备配置方案的比较。冷冻水系统所需的最
clear headroom is 9 meters. The fitting-out
大瞬时冷负荷约为17,000 RT而紧急冷冻水冷负荷约为1400 RT。共有6个不同的设备配置
cost of the ground-floor lobby is therefore
方案如下(见表2.1）：
comparatively much higher than normal
lobbies of 4 – 5 meters clear headroom. 尽管成本相对最高， 方案(2) 因能够提供了最具弹性的冷却水供应以及最低水压而在技
术考虑下被最终采用。

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概念、设计与成本 | 31
   
 Option For total cooling load For emergency cooling Order of Total Cost
方案 最大瞬时冷负荷配置 紧急冷冻水冷负荷配置 成本高低排序 (1为
最高)
Water-cool chillers at 3 air-cooled chillers at
basement, 5 heat exchangers different refuge/M&E
at different refuge/M&E floors floors
1 6
水冷式制冷机组在地下室，5 3组风冷式冷水机组在不
组换热器在不同的避难所/ 同的避难所/机电层
机电层
Similar to (1) but 10 heat 7 air-cooled chillers at
exchangers different refuge/M&E
2 floors 1
类似于（1），但共10组换
热器 7组风冷式冷水机组在不
同的避难所/机电层
Similar to (2) but different Same as (2)
Elevator Provision arrangements of the 同（2）
The cost of elevators in tall building is much 3 equipment 4
higher than other standard buildings due to 类似于（2），但设备的不
同安排
the fact that there are more elevators and
the elevators are high speed. Multi-zone Water-cooled chillers at 4 air-cooled chillers at
basement level, air-cooled different refuge/M&E
elevator systems are usually adopted for tall chiller at 4th M&E floor, 6 floors
buildings to reduce both the time of travel heat exchangers at different 4组风冷式冷水机组在不
and waiting time related to the number of 4 refuge/M&E floors 同的避难所/机电层 5
stops. In addition, to increase capacity while 水冷式制冷机组在地下室，
limiting the space taken up by the elevator 风冷式冷水机在第四层机电
层，6组换热器在不同的避难
shafts, sometimes double-deck elevators 所/机电层
are employed. Similar to (4) but 8 heat 7 air-cooled chillers at
exchangers different refuge/M&E
Cost studies of different elevator
5 floors 2
arrangement options are common for 类似（4），但8组换热器
7组风冷式冷水机组在不
tall buildings, but the difference in cost 同的避难所/机电层
of different elevator provisions have to Similar to (4) but 7 heat Same as (5)
be weighted against the consumption of 6 exchangers 同（5） 3
floor space by the elevator shafts / elevator 类似（4），但7组换热器
circulation spaces (i.e., the impact on the Table 2.1. The six equipment arrangement options for chilled-water schemes.
efficiency of floor plans), the waiting time of 表2.1.为冷却水方案准备的六套设备布置预案。
different elevator arrangements etc.
For the Ping An project, the elevator scheme
Option Equipment Order of Total Cost
finally adopted comprises seven zones of 方案 设备 成本高低排序 (1为最高)
office floors, two sky lobby floors and one
6 10KV, 2000KW gensets interchange with
observation floor, and served by three high city supply at HV supply
speed elevators (over 10m/s), 12 high speed 1 2
6组10KV，2000KW发电机组备用电源，和
shuttle elevators (7 – 9m/s), 36 double deck 10KV 电可互相切换
passenger elevators (3.5 – 10m/s), 4 high 6 No. 10KV, 2000KW gensets with own
speed service elevators (10m/s) and 2 other transformers to provide LV supply directly
2 1
elevators. 6组10KV，2000KW的发电机组经由自己的
变压器直接提供低压电源
6 No. 0.4KV, 2000KW gensets to provide LV
Building Services supply directly
3 4
The height of tall buildings means long 6组0.4KV，2000KW发电机组直接提供低压
service run distances, and this has been the 电源
main consideration in the design of building 4 No. 10KV, 2000KW gensets with own
services systems. For water-related systems, transformers and 2 No. 0.4KV, 2000KW
gensets to provide LV supply directly
it also means higher water pressure, for both 4 3
the supply and discharge systems. The size 4组10KV，2000KW的发电机组经由自己的
变压器和2组0.4KV，2000KW发电机组直接
of the pipeworks would also be enormous 提供低压电源
if all the floors were to be supplied, or Table 2.2. The four equipment arrangement options for emergency power supply.
if all effluent from all floors were to be 表2.2.为应急电源准备的四套设备布置预案。
collected by a single system. Hence, in
most cases, the building services systems
of tall buildings are divided into separate
zones, each with its own plant located
on intermediate plant floors. With this
arrangement, an extra number of pumps
and major plant are required for transfering
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32 | Conception, Design and Costing
and distributing services within each zone, resulting in higher costs. 应急(备用)供电模式方案
The subdivision of the building services systems into different zones allows different 这个案是作为应急(备用)供电系统的设备
combinations of equipment to be studied and considered. The following are two systems 布置4个不同的设备布置方案的比较 (见
studied for the Ping An project. 表2.2）：

Chilled-Water Schemes 方案4，提供高压电源以减少功率损耗供

This case is for the equipment arrangement for chilled water production under the HVAC 应高区，和低压电源供应低区，在技术和
system. The total cooling load required is 17,000 RT and the emergency cooling load required is 财务方面的考虑下而最终被采用。
1400 RT. Six different options of equipment arrangement were studied (see Table 2.1). 以上案例说明了高层的建筑设备设计是一
Although the cost is comparatively the highest, Option 2, which offers the most scalable chilled 项复杂的项目，其中的许多方面都存在多
water supply with the lowest water pressure, was finally adopted out of technical considerations. 个选项。最合适的选项一定要通过仔细的
研究才能选出。
Emergency Power Supply Schemes
This case is for the equipment arrangement for emergency power supply systems. Four 结论
different options of equipment arrangement were studied (see Table 2.2): 随着建筑技术的进步，和市中心区可供发
Option 4, which offers high-voltage supply to high zones to minimize power loss, and low- 展土地资源的越来越稀有，我的看法是，
voltage supply to low zones is, finally adopted out of technical and financial considerations. 只要是一个经济上可行的方案，开展商
都希望他们的项目能建设得越来越高，
The above cases demonstrate that building services design of tall buildings is a complex 但当然需顾及政府的法规和限制，以及
undertaking, and there are many areas for which one can consider different options. The most 环境问题等。 因此，成本规划和建设成
appropriate option must be selected through careful studies. 本的控制是任何高层建筑项目的财务可行
性评估的重要组成部分。在平安中心项目
上，有关的成本规划和建设成本的控制体
Conclusion
现在，对高层建筑的成本的特点有深刻认
With the advancement in construction technology and scarcity of land resources, the author's 识和了解，从而建立了一个现实及全面的
view is that, where there is a financially justifiable business case, it is envisaged that developers 成本预算，并在追踪设计开发和提供造价
would like their buildings to go higher, but there are hurdles like government regulations 建议和成本比较方面不遗余力，才能达至
and environmental issues to be observed and overcome. Cost planning and control of the 成功的。
construction cost is therefore an essential part in the assessment of the financial viability
of any tall building project. As demonstrated in the Ping An case, cost assessment relies on
establishing a realistic overall budget through awareness and understanding of the cost-
significant features of tall buildings, and significant efforts in tracking the design developments
and offering cost advice and cost comparisons for various design options to make it successful.

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概念、设计与成本 | 33
   
Designing a High-Performance Sustainable Megatall
设计高性能可持续巨型高层建筑

Sai Yau (Vincent) Cheng, Chun Kuen (Jimmy) Tong & Wai Ho Leung, Arup
郑世有, 汤振权 & 梁伟豪, 奥雅纳工程顾问

This chapter summarizes the characteristics of high-rise development and related considerations on building energy during design. The
chapter introduces the Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center as a showcase of how a high-performance sustainable building can be achieved.
Starting from local energy code compliance, and proceeding to adoption of passive strategies and an active energy-efficient system, the overall
annual building energy cost savings is about 18% compared with the baseline of ASHRAE Standard 90.1.

本文总结了高层建筑发展的特点和对建筑设计上的节能考虑。文中还介绍了施工中的项目——深圳平安金融中心，展示了实现高
性能可持续建筑的典范。从当地能源规范设计，到采用被动策略，以至利用主动式节能系统，与ASHRAE标准90.1基线相比，整体年
建筑能耗成本大约节省18％。

Introduction 引言
China is a country containing a high proportion of the world’s high-rise building developments. 中国是全球拥有较多高层建筑开发项目的
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat states that “Asia now contains 56.8% (342) 国家。CTBUH1指出，亚洲现在拥有全球
of the world’s 200-meter-plus buildings and 57.5% of the global population. China, with 200 56.8％（342所）200米以上的建筑和全球
buildings at the 200-meter-plus level, has nearly seven million citizens for every 200-meter-plus 人口的57.5％。以中国拥有200所200米以
building.”1 In this circumstance, cities grow towards the sustainable vertical urbanism model. 上的建筑大楼计算，平均每700万居民对
However, that model causes another issue: greater energy demands and energy use intensity in 应一座高层。在这种情况下，城市发展将
the development due to the transportation and resource needs of its occupants. 朝向可持续性垂直城市化模式。然而，这
As members of a sustainability design consultancy, that has built over 70 successful high-rise 种模式会导致另一个问题：垂直交通与居
developments world wide, the authors have proposed various energy conservation strategies 民对资源的需求会导致更大的能源采用和
and innovative ideas for high-performance sustainable buildings with the object of reducing 能源开发需要。
carbon emissions and mitigating global warming impact. This chapter provides a definition for 作为一个可持续发展的设计顾问公
a “high-performance sustainable building” and demonstrates how a high-performance building 司，Arup在世界各地建造了超过70所成功
was achieved for the Ping An Finance Center (Figure 2.18). 的高层建筑，积极提出各种节能减排的策
略和创新理念以减少碳排放并减缓全球变
暖的步伐。本文提出对“高性能可持续建
Defining “High-Performance Sustainable Building” 筑” 的定义，并演示了如何在深圳市最高
The United States Department of Energy defines the principles of High-Performance and 的综合性商业建筑——平安金融中心实现
Sustainable Buildings (HPSB)2 as follows: 高效能建筑（见图2.18）。
• Employ integrated design principles with aesthetic, sustainability and comfort;
• Optimize energy performance 界定“高性能可持续建筑”
• Protect and conserve water 美国能源部2 界定高性能和可持续建筑
• Enhance indoor environmental quality （HPSB）的原则规定如下：
• Reduce the environmental impact of materials • 与审美性，可持续性和舒适性运
用一体化设计原则；
1
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (2011), Tall & Urban – An Analysis of Global Population and Tall Buildings. • 优化能源运用;
2
United States Department of Energy (2011), High Performance Sustainable Building, technical guideline, DOE G
413.3-6A
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34 | Conception, Design and Costing

To achieve exemplary levels of sustainability
addressing these green initiatives is critical,
since no single discipline alone or any green
building certification system can apply
sufficient measures to deliver this level of
sustainability. As illustrated in Figure 2.19,
the three primary characteristics of High-
Performance Sustainable Buildings are:
• Quantifiable – Every aspect of
environmental performance
is monitored throughout the
building life-cycle. This ranges from
computational modeling during
the concept and design stages, the
specifications and implementation
during the construction stages, and
measurement and verification during
the operation stage.
• Integral – No single discipline can
provide all aspects of exemplary
environmental performance. Hence
the design of High-Performance
Buildings is an integrated design
process, where the performance
goals are agreed upon and all
the teams are aware of their Figure 2.18 Rendering of Ping An Finance Center (source: KPF)
responsibilities during each stage of 图2.18 平安金融中心效果图（来源：KPF）

the building life cycle.

• Visual – To achieve the cross-team
exemplary performance described • 提高室内环境质量；
above, it is necessary to develop
• 降低材料对环境的影响。
effective means of communication
to achieve environmental
performance. This is achieved 没有单一技术或任何绿色建筑认证体系能直接地体现高性能和可持续建筑，为了实现可
through Building Environmental 持续发展的模范项目，这些环保措施是非常重要的。如图2.19所示，高性能可持续建筑
Modeling, which analyzes the 的三个主要特征为：
various aspects, and then presents • 量化——在整个建筑生命周期监控各个方面的环保性能。这包括从设计概念阶
them a three-dimensional visual 段中的计算模型，到施工阶段中对设计的详述与实施，以至在运营阶段上利用
platform using computer modeling 计算机建模进行量化计算。
tools.
• 完整性——没有单一技术能直接在所有环境影响方面体现及保证高效能表现。
因此，高性能建筑设计需要一个综合性的设计流程，令所有团队意识到自己在
Sustainability Plan for the PAFC 建筑生命周期各个阶段上的责任。

The design and planning of the project • 视觉——实现上述的高效能表现，有效建立团队间良好沟通是必要的。通过三

commenced in 2008, and the construction 维建筑模型作为可视化平台，分析各个方面环境影响。
work began in 2010. The design of the
building has included various sustainability
strategies, which are described in this

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概念、设计与成本 | 35
   
 平安金融中心的可持续化方案
该项目的设计和规划于2008年开始，，并
于2010年7月开始动工兴建。该建筑从选
址规划，建筑设计，机电设计，景观和灯
光设计上整合各种可持续性设计。平安
金融中心旨在达到美国绿色建筑认证体
Figure 2.19 High performance sustainable building concept (Source: Arup) 系——能源与环境设计（LEED）3金级认
图 2.19 高性能可持续建筑概念(来源：奥雅纳) 证，并将成为中国第一个获得这个奖项的
超高层商业建筑。

chapter and have been incorporated into the site planning, architectural design, M&E design,
landscape, and lighting design. PAFC aims to achieve the US Green Building Certification 平安金融中心可持续化方案的主要设计考
System – Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)3 Gold rating, making it the first 虑与挑战
megatall building to obtain this certification in China. 要实现高性能可持续性的超高层塔楼主要
针对以下几个设计考虑和挑战:

Key Considerations and Challenges of PAFC’s Sustainability Planning 巨型高层建筑的极端设计条件

平安金融中心超高层建筑项目中其中一个
Several design considerations and challenges have been faced by achieving a high-
较关键的问题在与垂直距离超过600米长
performance sustainable building level in this megatall tower:
的垂直运输系统设计。甲级写字楼需要在
Extreme Design Conditions for Megatall Buildings 正常垂直运输系统运行时间保持理想的垂
One of the most critical issues for a megatall building is the design of a vertical transportation 直运输运载能力和时隔。同时，超高层建
system with a vertical distance over 600 meters long. The optimized handling capacity and 筑项目因不受周围环境及建築物的遮挡而
interval period during normal operation should be maintained for a Grade A office building. 导致办公室高楼层区域有较高的太阳辐射
Another design consideration for megatall buildings is the high sun exposure on higher floors. 量。在这方面，应考虑设计高性能的围护
In this respect, high-performance building envelope design should be considered to minimize 结构以尽量减少建筑物的制冷量。
the solar gain to the building.
独特及标志性的建筑设计
Unique and Iconic Architectural Design 在以石材和玻璃为材料的标志性的塔楼
The iconic stone and glass tower with a large central atrium forming a large amphitheatre- 中，建筑师提出了一个庞大的圆形剧场般
like sun-lit space has been proposed by the architect (Figure 2.20). It will improve daylight 的大型中央中庭设计概念，可以为中庭空
penetration in the tower’s office and retail areas. However, it will also increase the solar heat 间提供充足的采光（见图2.20）。这将改善
gain. With the well integrated architectural design features, the tower’s chevron-shaped stone 写字楼及零售区的日光射入量。但中庭设
will act as vertical shading to reduce the solar heat gain. Proper glazing selection and façade 计概念也同时增加了太阳光热量的获得。
design, for the podium terrace, will aid in maintaining an optimum balance between solar heat 随着建筑一体化的设计——独特形状的石
gain and daylight penetration in PAFC. 材将作为垂直遮阳，以减少室内太阳得热
量。适当的玻璃选择和裙楼幕墙立面设计
将平衡室内太阳得热和日光渗透量。
Advanced Vertical Transportation System
One major challenge for a megatall building is to achieve a vertical transportation system
that is able to effectively provide for the demands of the many thousands of random journeys 先进的垂直运输系统
required by the building’s occupants. This is in addition to performing on a daily basis within 超高层建筑其中一个主要挑战在于实现良
a supertall building with a vertical distance of over 600 meters. The key objective of PAFC is to 好的垂直运输系统，并能够有效地满足数
provide the most efficient vertical transportation system with an optimized handling capacity 千使用者在超过600米高的超高层建筑中
and interval period during normal operation. Planning of lift zoning at PAFC was the key 每天所需的随机行程的要求。平安金融中
initial step for the lift system. The client, architect and the system design team were involved 心项目的主要目标是为使用者在正常运行
in the decision process for the lift planning. The tower’s multi-zone layout was conductive 情况下提供最高效的垂直运输系统，以达
to separating the passengers into multiple destination groups (Figure 2.21). A more efficient 到理想的垂直运输运载能力和时隔。良好
的电梯分区是在平安金融中心的电梯系统
3
U.S. Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED), reference guide for Core and 规划中的关键一步。业主、建筑师和系统
Shell Version 2.0
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@Seismicisolation 设计团队都参与电梯规划及分区的决策过

36 | Conception, Design and Costing

Figure 2.20 Rendering of amphitheatre-like sun-lit podium atrium (Source: KPF)
图2.20 裙楼内充满阳光的圆形大型中庭效果图（来源：KPF）

route is obtained by avoiding frequent 程。本项目共划分7个约有8 到14层的电梯服务区，连同一个观景台，通过分区可以有

stopping, which causes long waiting 效地识别并划分不同乘客（见图2.21），从而设计一个更有效的垂直运输系统，避免系统
periods for the lift system. Each sub-zone 过频繁地停车，造成较长的时隔。每个子区域将由4到6台双层升降机以每秒3.5到6 米的
is served by four to six double-deck lifts 移动速度服务各区域层。使用高速双层升降机有效提升处理能力，缩短行车时间。同时
with traveling speed of 3.5 to 6m/s. Use 本项目提供两台每秒10米的高速升降机，以服务观景台，这足以在660米的垂直距离中
of high speed double-deck lifts enhances 满足高密度乘客的运输量。每个区域的时隔保持在30秒范围内，即符合电梯设计的国际
the handling capacity and shortens 标准。
the travelling time for each journey. In
particular, two high-speed lifts of 10m/s
are provided to serve the observation 高性能一立面设计
deck, which is sufficient to cater to the 标志性的石材设计和玻璃塔的独特设计有助增强建筑物的透光度和建筑内的日光利用。
transportation of high visitor densities 然而，世界高层建筑与都市人居学会4 指出，高透度的幕墙设计减少维护结构的隔热功
running over the 660-meter vertical 能，并增加了热损失和得热量。平安金融中心项目具有良好的可持续发展设计一体化的
distance. The overall interval period for 概念，每个外立面的特色垂直石材（见图2.22）不仅提供了一个独特的建筑外形，同时也
each zone is maintained within 30 seconds, 达到外遮阳的效果。本项目利用动态热模型计算评估外遮阳一年四季的性能（见图2.23）
which complies with the international 。项目显著减少太阳得热量后，所需的空调系统能耗也随之减少。再者，在裙楼内庞大
standards of lift design. 的圆形大型中庭设计中选择具有良好热工性能的玻璃类型及不透明墙体，在太阳得热和
中庭采光效果上取得平衡。整体围护结构的热工性能比当地节能标准要求高出约20％。

High-Performance Integrated Façade

Design 改善室内环境质量
The iconic stone and glass tower has 平安金融中心具有较高的人员密度。随着进一步考虑到深圳市的空气污染情况，作为中
a unique design which enhances the 国高性能可持续建筑的典范，良好的室内环境质量十分重要。在过渡季节，平安金融中
transparency and daylight harvesting for the 心高层区域有较低的室外环境温度，空调系统十分适合采用全新风供应，提供最大限度
building. However, CTBUH4 has noted that 的干净和新鲜的室外空气量到办公空间，同时减少回风量作室内循环。这有效减少室内
the increased façade transparency causes a 交叉污染，并提高了室内空气质量。本项目采用流体动力学模拟计算根据幕墙上不同
reduction in the envelope insulation, which 的风压分布，分析适当的新风位置（见图2.24及2.25）。本项目的空调系统新风量设计与
increases the heat loss and heat gain. With 当地的设计标准相比增加了30％，这增加了室内空间的氧含量，并提高使用者的工作效
the integration of sustainable concepts 率。空调系统亦使用较高性能的过滤器有助过滤室外空气的颗粒。
into the architectural design in PAFC, the
chevron-shaped stone verticals (Figure 2.22)
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4
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, (2008) Tall Buildings in Numbers – An Overview of Historical Factors
Affecting Tall Building Energy Consumption, CTBUH Journal, Issue III

概念、设计与成本 | 37
   
Figure 2.21 Zoning of vertical transportation system (Source: KPF)
图2.21 平安金融中心竖向交通系统区域划分（来源：KPF）

are introduced in each elevation, which not only provide a unique architectural feature to the
building, but also provide functional external shading. The dynamic thermal model is applied 其他低能耗建筑节能设计策略
to evaluate the performance of external shading throughout the year (Figure 2.23). A significant
reduction in solar heat gain of the tower is obtained, which reduces the energy consumption 符合当地环境设计和节能标准
required for the air conditioning systems. Further, for the large amphitheatre-like, sun-lit space at 本项目主要根据两个建筑节能标准，包
the podium’s atrium, the selection of the glazing system was optimized. This achieved excellent 括 （1）中国建筑节能设计规范GB50189-
thermal properties in external opaque elements and fenestrations, which balance the solar heat 20055和（2）深圳市建筑节能设计标准
gain and daylight penetration in the atrium. The overall façade performance is approximately 20% SZJG 29-20096。这两个节能标准都考虑了
higher than the local code requires. 围护结构性能、空调系统、电器及照明
系统的效能。同时平安金融中心需要达
到美国LEED认证体系金级认证，并符合
Indoor Environmental Quality Improvement ASHRAE标准90.1——建筑物能源标准（除
PAFC has a high occupancy density. With further consideration of air pollution in Shenzhen 低层住宅建筑）7。
city, good indoor environmental quality should be maintained as an exemplar of a high- 被动式设计策略
performance sustainable building in China. With suitable lower ambient temperatures in 高反射材料和屋顶绿化
the higher zones of PAFC during the transition period, full outdoor fresh air supply has been 高层建筑屋面部分的太阳得热量较高，
integrated into the air conditioning system, which maximizes the clean and fresh outside 屋面保温使用非常重要。使用高太阳辐
air volume, serving office spaces with limited recirculation. It also minimizes the cross- 射能反射的材料（SRI> 78）可反射大部分
contamination and enhances the indoor air quality effectively. Computational fluid dynamic 太阳辐射到室外。安装约2500平方米的绿
(CFD) analysis has been applied to evaluate the appropriate location for full fresh air supply 化屋顶也可减少吸收太阳辐射量，尽量
under different wind pressures acting on the building envelope (Figure 2.24 & 2.25). A 30% 降低屋顶表面温度以减少空调空间的冷负
increase in fresh air rate compared with the local design standard is provided, which increases 荷，同时亦减少城市热岛效应对周围环境
the oxygen content to the indoor space and enhances occupant productivity. Higher- 的影响。
performance filtration systems have also been adopted into the air conditioning system, which

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38 | Conception, Design and Costing
 主动式节能和节约能源成本的系统
自然采光与日照传感器的应用
利用周围建筑物和场地地形的三维模型，
通过日光模拟计算，分析超高层建筑与周
围建筑物的遮挡的影响。利用低热透射率
和高可见光透射率的玻璃将提供足够的可
见光进入建筑物，同时减少太阳得热负
Figure 2.22 Façade model – chevron-shaped stone verticals (Source: KPF) 荷。在足够日光的前提下，使用光电传
图2.22 平安金融中心立面模型——特色垂直石材（来源：KPF）
感器加上可调光的照明设备减少人工照
明能耗。
Other Low-Energy Design Strategies 低照明功率密度
Compliance with local context and best practices 在指定的照明功能区采用独立工作台灯照
There are two building energy efficiency local standards applicable to this work. (1) China 明。保持相对较低的工作照度有效降低照
Energy Efficient Building Design Code – GB50189-20055 and (2) the local design standard for 明能耗而不影响室内照明表现。应用简洁
energy efficiency code in Shenzhen – SZJG 29-2009.6 Both local codes consider the energy 而高效的室外照明设计有助于进一步降低
performance of the building envelope, air conditioning system and the electrical and lighting 照明能耗。
system. This is in addition to the goal of obtaining the US LEED Certification System Gold rating, 热回收系统
and complying with the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 – Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise 预冷新风机组（PAUS）配置热回收轮有助
Residential Buildings.7 回收排气作预冷新风作用，从而减少建筑
物冷却负荷。
通风量控制
在办公室及商业区应用二氧化碳监控系
统。空气处理设备（AHU）和预冷新风机组
（PAUS）能够根据二氧化碳浓度调节室外
新风量。这显著减少通风风机和处理新风
的能耗。
冰蓄冷系统
考虑到节省能源成本，本项目利用40000
冷吨的冰蓄冷系统，利用深圳市较大的日
夜电价差节约电费成本。

结论 : 整体节能成果
利用建筑能耗模拟计算，平安金融中心的
总年能耗与典型的商业建筑相比节约约46
％。与ASHRAE / IESNA标准90.1-2004的附
录G评定的基准建筑性能进行比较，每年
的建筑能耗节省约18％。平安金融中心的
能耗流程图见图2.26。其中有27％的节能
Figure 2.23 Dynamic thermal model for envelope shading study. (Source: Arup) 百分比都来自于满足当地能源规范设计，
图2.23 外围护结构遮阳研究 动态热模型（来源：奥雅纳） 这意味着现有建筑节能规范在节能策略上
已提供了一个清晰和优秀的设计方向。另

5
Ministry of Construction, Design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings, Beijing, China Architecture and Building Press, GB50189 (2005)
6
Construction Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, Design standard for energy efficiency of public buildings, Design Guideline for Shenzhen – SZJG 29-2009
7

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ASHRAE Standard, “Energy Standard for building Except Low-rise Residential buildings,” 90.1-2004

概念、设计与成本 | 39
   
Passive Design Strategies
High Solar Reflectance Materials and Green
Roof Space
With high solar heat gain at the building roof
level, the roof insulation of PAFC is important
for reduction envelope heat gain. Podium
roofs covered by high solar reflectance
materials (of SRI >78) can reflect a large
portion of solar radiation. Also, applying
2,500 m2 of greenery at podium roof level
can also reduce the solar absorption and
roof surface temperature, minimizing the
Figure 2.24 Computational fluid dynamic analysis – wind pressure at building façade (Source: Arup)
cooling load in conditioned spaces, thus to 图2.24 平安金融中心 电脑模拟流线动态分析——建筑立面风压（来源：奥雅纳）
reducing the urban heat island effect on the
surroundings.
Active Energy Efficient and Energy Cost
Saving System
Use of Natural Lighting with daylight sensors
application
By the adoption of a daylight simulation
tool, with a three-dimensional model at the
surrounding buildings and site topography
model, it is evaluated that few shadowing
impacts are obtained for this ultra high-rise
development, thereby enabling daylight
penetration into the building. Low-emissivity
and high-visibility light transmittance
glazing is applied to allow sufficient visible
light entering the building, reducing the
unwanted heat gain at the same time.
Photo-sensor and dimmable lighting devices
are used to reduce energy consumption
when there is sufficient daylight.
Low Lighting Power Density
The task lighting approach has been
adopted to provide specified illumination Figure 2.25 Wind velocity streamline diagram at podium (Source: Arup)
to electric functional areas. Relatively low 图2.25 平安金融中心裙房风速流线分析图（来源：奥雅纳）
background illumination levels reduce
the lighting energy consumption without
degrading the functional performance of
interior lighting. A concise external lighting
design with a high-efficiency lighting
application is used, helping to further lower
the lighting energy use.

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40 | Conception, Design and Costing
Figure 2.26 Energy flow diagram (Source: Sai Yau Cheng)
图2.26 平安金融中心能源流分析图（来源： 郑世有）

Heat Recovery Systems 有6％的节能是来自于被动式设计策略，

Primary Air Units (PAUs) are fitted with total enthalpy recovery wheels. The unused energy 包括高性能外墙和绿化方案。建筑节能预
stored in the exhaust air is recovered to pre-cool the incoming fresh air, so as to reduce the 算节省的其余13％则由主动式节能系统提
building’s cooling load. 供，包括外气通风，低照明功率密度设
Demand Control Ventilation 计，采光利用，热回收，通风量控制和冰
A CO2 monitoring system is applied in office and retail floor spaces. The Air Handling Units 蓄冷系统。
(AHUs) and PAUs are able to adjust the outdoor air flow according to CO2 concentration. These
provide significant energy savings in both ventilation-fan systems and fresh air-conditioning
treatment.
Ice Storage System
Considering the annual energy cost savings, the ice storage system with a capacity of 40,000
tons/hr is applied in the AC system, obtaining higher electricity cost savings from the large
variation in electricity tariffs between day and night time.

Conclusion: Overall Energy Savings Achievement

A whole-building energy simulation has been conducted, resulting in around 46% annual
building energy savings, compared with a typical commercial building. In addition, an annual
building energy cost savings of 18% has been achieved compared with the baseline building
performance rating method in Appendix G of ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (without
addenda). The energy flow diagram of PAFC is shown in Figure 2.26. It is estimated that 27%
of the energy reduction achieved, compared with a typical commercial building, has come
from compliance with the local energy code design. This means that the local building
energy efficiency code already provides a clear and excellent design direction on the energy
conservation approach. A further 6% energy savings was achieved from the adoption of passive
design strategies, including a high-performance façade and greenery solutions. The remaining
13% of building energy budget savings achieved are provided by active systems, including
free cooling, lower lighting power density design, daylight penetration, heat recovery, demand
control ventilation and thermal storage design.

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概念、设计与成本 | 41
   
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 3.0 Structure
结构

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Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions
经济高效的结构解决方案

Dennis Poon (潘子强), Yi Zhu (朱毅), Steve Pacitto & Steve Zuo (左晴), Thornton Tomasetti Inc. (宋腾添玛沙帝)

With the completion of the Ping An Finance Center (PAFC) in 2016, one of the tallest towers in China and the world will be unveiled. As more
and more tall buildings exceeding 500 meters are designed, we are entering a new age of megatall buildings and embracing a new level
of design challenges. This era presents the question of whether traditional structural systems and design approaches are still applicable, or
whether new design tools can improve the performance and sustainability of these structures. This chapter will touch on building shape
optimization and how a refined and comprehensive structural analysis leads to a more sustainable building.

平安国际金融中心（PAFC）在2015年建成后，将成为中国乃至世界最高塔楼之一。在这个超过500米高层建筑不断涌现的年代，
我们进入了超高层建筑发展的新时代，同时也面临着新一轮设计上的挑战：我们所熟知的传统的结构体系和设计方法是否仍然适
用，还是需要开发新的设计工具去保证结构的性能和可持续性？这篇文章将涉及到建筑形态优化，并探讨如何通过精细全面的结
构分析从而设计出更有可持续发展性的建筑。

Structural System 结构体系

PAFC’s structural system consists of a reinforced composite concrete core with steel outriggers 所选结构体系包括钢混组合核心筒和从四
connecting to eight composite super-columns at four levels. 层竖起的八根组合巨柱，并用钢伸臂桁架
The exterior frame is composed of seven double-layer belt trusses located at the mechanical 把二者联系起来。
and refuge floors as shown in Figure 3.1 , Figure 3.2, and Figure 3.3. The exterior belt trusses are 如图3.1，图3.2，图3.3所示， 外部框架由
connected to a super-diagonal at each exterior face of the building (Figure 3.2). 位于机电层和避难层的七个双层带状桁架
Core wall thicknesses range from 1500 mm at the base to 400 mm at the top. Supercolumn 组成。外围的带状桁架在建筑的每个外表
plan dimensions range from 6.0 meters by 3.2 meters at the base to 2.9 meters by 1.4 meters 面由大型斜杆相连（见图3.2）。
at the top. The main lateral-force resisting system is designed for a 100-year return period 核心筒墙的厚度从底部1500毫米递减到
wind (strength limit state) and 50-year return period wind (serviceability limit state) based on 顶部400毫米。巨柱的平面尺寸从底部的
wind loads determined by wind tunnel testing. 6米X 3.2米递减到顶部的2.9米x1.4米。主
要抗侧力系统的设计依据的是由风洞实验
得到的100年一遇的风荷载（强度极限状
The Importance of Wind Optimization for the PAFC 态）和50年一遇的风荷载（正常使用极限
Shenzhen is located close to the South China Sea; a building of 660 meters will be exposed to 状态）。
typhoon wind speeds of up to 60m/s or more. This emphasizes how important it is to refine the
massing to reduce the wind impact on the structure. With the support of RWDI’s wind tunnel,
studies were conducted to investigate various exterior shapes of the tower. Small adjustments PAFC风优化的重要性
such as chamfered corners and recesses in the façade contributed to a reduction in the wind 深圳靠近中国南海，660米的建筑将暴露
load. These alterations to the exterior façade positively reduced the effect of cross winds 在风速超过60米每秒的台风下，这更突显
relating to the horizontal movement perceived by humans. 出优化结构从而降低风对其影响的重要
A final comparison of the various exterior tower studies was not made, however, a 32% 性。在RWDI风洞实验室的帮助下，不同
reduction in overturning moment and 35% reduction in wind load compared to China code 的建筑外形方案被研究。一些小的调整例
were achieved due to the optimization of the tower shape. 如改变建筑拐角处的倒角和幕墙上的凹陷
等都有助于减少风荷载。这些幕墙系统的
A building enhanced for wind usually exhibits improved seismic behavior as well since core 方案大大减小了横风造成的能被人感知的
walls and column sizes can be smaller, and the number of outriggers and their size are smaller. 结构横向位移。
All of these points contribute favorably to a reduced overall mass of the structure which

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44 | Structure
Figure 3.1. 3D view of a floor. Figure 3.2. Plan view of a mechanical floor. (Source: KPF)
Figure 3.1. 楼板3D视图 Figure 3.2. 机电层平面图（KPF提供）

determines, in combination with the ground 最终的结构外形方案还没有决定。但是相比于中国规范，现阶段结构形状优化已经实现

acceleration, the seismic load. 了32%倾覆力矩和35%风荷载的缩减。
Shenzhen is located in a medium seismic 结构抗风性能提升通常也会带来结构抗震性能的提升，这是因为核心筒墙壁和柱子尺寸
zone, with a return period of 50 years and 都会减小，伸臂桁架的尺寸和数量也会减少。这些变化都有助于减少结构的总质量，进
10% probability the peak ground motion of 而减少由重力加速度共同决定的地震荷载。
0.1g falls into the design category 7 per China 依据中国地震规范分级，深圳位于中型地震区，回归期是50年，并且在0.1g的加速度下
seismic code classification. The numbers 有10%的概率,地表运动峰值会落到7级抗震设防烈度内。表3.1中的数据显示风和地震荷
in Table 3.1 show that wind and seismic 载控制建筑的不同设计需求。
parameters were controlling the building
design for different design requirements.
PAFC侧向结构优化的重要性

The Importance of Lateral Structural Thornton Tomasetti提供了不同的结构设计方案。比如用来表达建筑方面竖直上升的幕墙

Optimization for PAFC 线条的空腹桁架方案，以及其他几种混合方案。每种方案都通过比较材料的可持续性和
实用性、施工预算和施工进度进而作出评估。
Various structural solutions were developed
by Thornton Tomasetti. Examples include 最终的抗侧力体系选择的是组合混凝土结构，并且用双层伸臂桁架在25，48，79，95层
a Vierendeel truss scheme, to express the 与巨柱相连。 增加七个双层带状桁架来主要提供两个主要功能，第一个功能是模拟伸
architectural vertical rising façade lines, as 臂桁架来提供侧向刚度，第二个功能是通过传递每个区的重力荷载来保证巨柱处于受压
well as various hybrid solutions. Each scheme 状态。为缩小核心筒的墙厚，宽翼缘钢柱被嵌入墙内最高应力的边界区域，这些柱子有
was evaluated by comparing it to material 以下两个作用，一是加固核心筒，二是为伸臂桁架的荷载传递到墙内提供清晰传力路
sustainability and availability, construction 径。由于核心筒墙是主要承载重力荷载和抵抗侧向荷载构件，为了防止其在高剪切应力
budget, and construction schedule. 和轴向应力共同作用下出现脆性剪切破坏，核心筒墙从基础到12层加入内埋钢板， 来
提升结构延性并进一步减小墙的厚度。
The final lateral load resisting system
chosen was a composite concrete, which 为了减小外侧墙的重量，第六区域以上的核心筒从9个32mX32m的单元格中去除外围4个
is connected to the supercolumns by 单元格的面积，减小到5个单元格（见图3.3）。这样可以增加塔楼上层区域更有价值的外
two-story outriggers located on Levels 25, 围办公区域的面积。这是当下超高层建筑设计方案的普遍做法。
48, 79 and 95. Seven double belt trusses 然而，所形成的独特的内缩角为在带状桁架中的两个角柱间引入V型撑系统提供了很好
were added to serve a double role. The first 的机会，从而很可观的提升了外围框架的刚度。这样Thornton Tomasetti可以大大地减少

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伸臂桁架和带状桁架上的钢材，并且简化这些构件与核心筒墙和巨柱间的连接。

结构 | 45
Figure 3.3. 3D View of floor above Zone 6.
Figure 3.3. 6区以上3D视图

function is to act as “virtual outriggers,” contributing to the lateral stiffness of the structure. The 新的抗震设计规范在2010年被引入，相应
second is to ensure that the supercolumns stay under compression by transferring the gravity 的设计也应当作出调整。其中一条是：外
load at each zone. To keep the core wall thickness to a minimum, wide flange steel column 围框架不仅要如国际规范中规定的那样承
shapes were embedded within the boundary zones, which are the most highly stressed areas 载20%总的地震力，并且每层按刚度也要
of the walls. These columns serve two purposes. They strengthen the core and they provide a 抵抗至少6%的底部剪力。提供第二个内
cleaner load path for the outrigger forces into the wall. Due to the fact that core walls play a 层带状桁架（双层带状桁架）和一个链接
critical role in resisting most of the gravity load and lateral load, and to eliminate any concern 各个内层带状桁架的外部大型斜撑可以很
about brittle shear failure when subject to a combination of high shear stress and axial stress, 有效的实现这些要求。这些改变可以平滑
embedded steel plates were used to reinforce the walls from foundation to level 12. These 无缝的利用到建筑和结构设计中，从而提
plates both enhance ductility and permit a reduced wall thickness. 高外围框架的容错冗余量和刚度。
In addition to reducing the weight of the exterior walls, the nine-cell, 32 meter by 32 meter 典型的楼板骨架是传统的组合钢梁再加上
square core was reduced to a five-cell core above zone six by eliminating the exterior four 浇注于金属板上的125毫米厚混凝土板。
corner cells (Figure 3.3). This wall reduction increased the valuable office floor space at the 只有在机电层和避难层是特殊的水平钢
upper zones. This is a common solution in the design of megatall buildings today. 隔板将伸臂桁架和带状桁架连接到核心
However, distinctive cut-back corners provided a unique opportunity to introduce a chevron 筒，防止混凝土隔板在剧烈的地震作用
brace system, which connects the two corner columns between the belt trusses, increasing the 下开裂。
exterior frame stiffness of the tower perceptibly. As a result, the engineers were able to deplete 考虑到这座建筑的重要性和体量，更加复
the steel material on the outriggers and belt trusses considerably and was able to simplify 杂的分析方法被采用来理解结构的抗震性
connections to the core wall and supercolumns. 能。在中高地震区域内，基于性能的设计

Base Reaction of PAFC 平安国际金融中心 基座反应

Load direction 荷载方向 X Y

Base Shear(kN) 基座剪力 68,919 70,213

Frequent
频繁 19,862,018 19,844,231
Base Moment(kN-m) 基座弯矩

Base Shear(kN) 基座剪力 189,451 192,914

Seismic Medium
地震 中度 Base Moment(kN-m) 基座弯矩 55,499,627 55,447,930

Base Shear(kN) 基座剪力 348,928 351,195

Rare
罕见 Base Moment(kN-m) 基座弯矩 104,134,022 104,070,056

Base Shear(kN) 基座剪力 98,641 98,957

100 year design wind
Base Moment(kN-m) 基座弯矩 36,978,739 36,797,355
100年 设计风强

Table 3.1. Link beam performance.

表3.1.耗能梁段的性能
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46 | Structure
New seismic design requirements were introduced in 2010 and needed to be incorporated PBD成为越来越重要和普遍的超高层设计
into the design. One of them was that the exterior frame must not only be designed to take 分析方法，它使设计者更好的理解结构在
20% of the total seismic load, as usually required by international standards, but it had to resist 特殊地震作用下的非线性响应，PBD的结
6% of the total base shear at every floor based on its stiffness as well. A very efficient way to 果之后再根据ASCE 41-06与不同的性能水
do that was to provide a second inner layer of belt truss (double belt truss) and an exterior 平（直接占用（IO），生命安全（LS），
superdiagonal that was connected with all belt trusses. These changes were seamlessly 防倒塌（CP））相比较.
incorporated into the architectural and structural design to achieve additional redundancy and PAFC还需对在2475年一遇的地震下的结构
a higher stiffness contribution of the exterior frame system. 反应作出评估，使用的是两条人工合成的
The typical floor framing is a traditional composite steel beam design with a 125 mm-thick 和五条现实记录的地震波。这些时程曲线
concrete slab on metal deck. Only at the mechanical and refuge floors was a special horizontal 之后被应用于一种考虑材料非线性性能的
steel diaphragm introduced to tie the outrigger and belt trusses back to the core, in case the 复杂3D计算机模型中。
concrete slab diaphragm experienced cracks under severe earthquake conditions. 图3.4以耗能梁段为基础，展示了重要结
Considering the importance and scale of this building, more sophisticated analysis approach 构部件的性能是如何被评估的。只有2%
was performed to understand the seismic behavior. Performance based design (PBD) becomes 的耗能梁段在一组地震波（US787）下超过
more and more important and common in the design of supertall buildings in medium 了生命安全性能水平，其他耗能梁段均在
and high seismic zones. It gives the designer a better understanding of how the building 生命安全性能水平以内或者更好。
behaves non-linearly during unique seismic events. The results are then compared to different PBD的分析结果给设计团队提供了非常有
performance levels (immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS) and collapse prevention (CP), 用的结构性能信息，从而可以保证在达到
which are based on the ASCE 41-06. 需要的安全等级的同时保持建筑设计的
The PAFC was evaluated for a rare earthquake, defined as a quake that occurs every 2,475 经济性。
years, by using two synthetic (man-made) and five recorded ground motions. These time- 获得的信息之后可以被用来设计很多复杂
history curves were then applied to a very complex 3D computer simulation, which took into 的钢结构连接件。国际规范和中国规范对
consideration the non-linearity performance of material. 常遇地震下的结构强度设计都有着硬性的
Figure 3.4 shows how the performance of important structural elements was evaluated for the 要求。但是对于中震和罕遇地震，还需要
PAFC on the basis of the link beam. As can be seen, only 2% of link beams exceed the life-safety 用有限元模型来进行连接设计。
performance level for one of the sets of ground motions (US787), while all other link beams 下图是用来展示巨柱，伸臂桁架，双层带
perform within the life safety performance level or better. 状桁架（一个在内一个在外），和两个巨型

Figure 3.4. Link beam performance level

Figure 3.4. 耗能梁段性能水平
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结构 | 47
Figure 3.5. Connection of super column and outrigger
Figure 3.5. 巨柱和伸臂桁架的连接

The analytical results of the PBD provided the design team with very useful information on 斜撑间的连接构件是如何建模和分析的。
building performance ensuring the desired level of safety while maintaining an economical 连接设计详图如图3.5、图3.6所示。
building design. 除了在图3.6中的详细信息以外，焊接和
The information obtained was then used to design many of the complicated steel connections. 螺栓被假定为不会在连接件破坏前被破
International and China building codes have rigid requirements related to strength design for 坏，所以它们没有被特别建模出来。这样
the frequent seismic level. However, to evaluate medium or rare seismic events, a finite element 的假定与传统设计理论（焊接和螺栓的承
analysis (FEA) was used to perform the connection design. 载力至少与连接构件相同）相符。相应的
The following is an example of how a connection of a super-composite column (SC), an 有限元模型（FEM）如图3.7，3.8所示。 这
outrigger truss (RT), a double-belt truss (DBT) (one interior truss and one exterior truss), and two 个模型也保守的忽略所有钢筋的影响，因
diagonal megabraces (MB) were modeled and analyzed. Design details of the connection are 为这些钢筋大多数在节点处被连接钢板打
shown in Figure 3.5 & Figure 3.6. 断。包括重力，风荷载，地震荷载的所有
荷载组合都在分析中被考虑。连接模型之
In addition to the detailing information shown in Figure 3.6, it was assumed that welds and 间的内力则从基于时程分析和中国规范反
bolts would not fail before connection elements, so they were not specifically modeled. This 应谱分析的塔楼模型中提取出来。
assumption is consistent with the traditional design philosophy where welds and bolts have
capacities at least equal to the capacities of the members connected. The corresponding finite
element model (FEM) is shown in Figure 3.7 and Figure 3.8. The model also conservatively
ignores any contribution of typical reinforcing bars, since many of them are potentially subject to

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being interrupted at the joint by steel connection plates. All load combinations gravity, wind and
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48 | Structure
Figure 3.6. Connection of super column, belt truss and super diagonal
Figure 3.6. 巨柱，带状桁架和大型斜撑的连接

seismic loads are considered in the analyses. Member forces applied to the connection model PAFC可持续性的重要性
were extracted from the tower study based on both time-history analyses and China code 通常而言，施工，结构，以及建筑围
spectrum analyses. 护结构占用了超过50%的建筑固化能耗
（Embodied Energy）,如图3.9所示。固化能
The Importance of Sustainability 耗 在Thornton Tomasetti的设计中占据了重
要的地位，其被定义为产品或服务全生命
Usually the construction, structure, and the envelope of a building consume more than 50% of 周期内所有间接和直接的流程所消耗的一
the overall Embodied Energy (EE) Figure 3.9. EE played an important role in the tower design, and 次能源总量。
is defined as the total primary energy consumed from direct and indirect processes associated
with a product or service and with the boundaries of cradle-to-grave. PAFC上全面的结构分析和优化可以大大改
进结构的使用效率，从而也在建筑固化能
The very comprehensive structural analysis and optimization of the PAFC led to a substantial 耗（EE）的减少上反映了出来。
increase in efficiency of the structure, which is again reflected in the reduction of the EE.
从材料的角度来说，为了节省能源，以下
On the material side of energy savings, the following items were implemented in the structural 几条被应用于结构设计中，从而显著地减
design, allowing for significant savings in steel and concrete. 少了钢材和混凝土的用量：
1. A reduction in wind load led to smaller structural sizes, which in turn reduced the 1. 风荷载的减少使得结构体量减
seismic forces. 小，从而也减小了地震荷载
2. The use of an outrigger system to engage the entire footprint of the building (to 2. 整个建筑的设计都融入了伸臂桁
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increase lateral stiffness by creating a larger lever arm to resist the overturning
moment) reduced the concrete core wall sizes.

结构 | 49
Figure 3.7. Finite element model of connection Figure 3.8. Right: Stress contour of connection under severe seismic
Figure 3.7. 连接构件的有限元模型 Figure 3.8. 右侧：连接构件在大震下应力图

3. The use of recycled material, such as concrete and steel, was specified in the project 架的设计理念（通过构建大的杠
documents. 杆臂来抵抗倾覆力矩，从而增加
4. Cement substitutes such as fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag was 侧向刚度），这样就减小了混凝
recommended. 土核心筒墙的尺寸。
5. Mainly local materials were used to reduce manufacturing and transportation energy 3. 例如混凝土和钢材等可回收材料
costs. 的使用都在项目文件里详细规定
4. 建议使用如粉煤灰和粒化高炉矿
In addition to the construction items mentioned above, the long-term sustainability of the 渣等水泥替代品
building was taken into consideration as well. 5. 主要采用当地的建筑材料，从而
1. A center-core option was chosen to maximize the daylight exposure, and main 减少制造和运输上的能量损耗
structural components have been located on levels with low occupancy.
2. The use of a recycled-water cooling tower bleeds off grey water, which reduces 除了上面提到的施工方面的条款，建筑的
potable water use by 30%, but required the structural design to provide additional 长期可持续性也被列入考虑范围。
openings in floors and structural walls, which needed to be coordinated closely within 1. 采用核心筒的结构形式来使得日
the design team from the beginning of the design. 照最大化，并且主要的结构组件
3. To achieve natural ventilation by taking in cooler, drier air from a higher altitude, 位于占用率低的楼层
special attention needed to be paid to the design of the supercolumns. 2. 使用循环冷却塔来放水可以减少
4. The use of an Ice storage system in the basement levels provided a savings of 4% of 30%的用水量，但这需要结构设
the total annual energy consumption. The structural design was adjusted to provide 计在楼板和承重墙上提供额外的
support for multiple heavy ice tanks in these areas. 预留孔，并且需要和整个设计团
队在设计初期就紧密合作。
5. The structural integration of mechanical openings and shafts for lighting control
in areas that cannot use natural daylight saves about 4% of the annual energy 3. 为了能从高处吸入干冷空气从而
consumption. 实现自然通风，在设计巨柱时需
要特别注意。
6. The roofs of the podium have been structurally designed to incorporate special
rainwater collectors to reduce the consumption and operation of the green roofs. That 4. 在地下室的冰蓄冷系统可以使全
led to 100% water savings during the summer irrigation needs. 年能耗减少4%。结构设计也相应
地调整使得这些楼层可以承载多
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The items listed above will contribute to PAFC’s pending LEED certification.
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50 | Structure
 5. 对于不能利用天然日光的区域，
把机电开口和照明控制井洞进行
合理的结构整合，从而节省大约
4%的全年能耗。
6. 裙房屋顶的结构设计与特殊的雨
水收集器相协调，从而减少绿色
屋顶的能耗和运营。这样也节省
了100%的夏季灌溉用水。
以上列出的条款都有助于PAFC的LEED 认
证。

结论
为了严格地追求建筑形式和结构的改进提
Figure 3.9. Embodied Energy Chart of a typical high-rise by Cole & Kernan 1996 升，设计团队使用了先进的分析工具，从
Figure 3.9. 固化能耗（EE）图（ Cole & Kernan 1996）
而使设计精度达到了一个新的高度。
通过提升PAFC塔楼的结构形式和空气动力
特性， Thornton Tomasetti 在不牺牲大楼
结构完整性的情况下使用更少材料的设计
出了更高效的结构体系。这些努力，为实
Conclusion 现低炭的绿色世界作出了巨大的贡献。
In the relentless pursuit to improve architectural form and structure, the design team used new, 因此要点总结如下：
advanced analysis tools, enabling them to improve and achieve a new level of precision in design.
• 在风洞实验室的帮助下，通过调
By enhancing the form and aerodynamic properties of the PAFC tower, the engineers were 整建筑体量可以大大减少建筑荷
able to achieve a more efficient structural system, which reduced the overall material without 载。
comprising the structural integrity of the edifice. These efforts made a big contribution towards
• 通过使用更先进的分析工具，结
a smaller carbon footprint for a greener world.
构组建可以进一步优化以减少其
Therefore it can be noted that: 重量和材料用量。
• By architecturally adjusting the massing of the building with the support of wind • 结构的复杂性被降低，取而代之
tunnel tests, structural loading can be reduced considerably when compared to code 的是更简洁的且可被重复使用的
design loads. 结构形式。同时，建筑材料的用
• With the help of more advanced analysis tools, structural elements can be further 量减少，施工时间也会缩短。这
optimized to reduce weight and material. 些都会使结构的固化能耗进一步
降低（EE）。
• Repetition, cleaner forms and reduction in complexity, in combination with using less
material and designing shorter construction times, will lead to less embodied energy
consumption.

References (参考书目):
ASCE-41 (2006), Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
GB50011-2001 (2008 version), Code For Seismic Design of Buildings
JGJ3 (2002), Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Buildings

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结构 | 51
The Structural Health Monitoring System
结构健康监测系统

Qiusheng Li & Yinghou He, City University of Hong Kong; Wang Hui & Kailin Ju, Hunan University
李秋胜 & 贺映候, 香港城市大学; 汪辉 & 鞠开林, 湖南大学

A sophisticated and comprehensive structural health monitoring (SHM) system was designed to monitor the Ping An Finance Center (PAFC)’s
continuous static and dynamic response to conditions in real time. This chapter outlines all seven subsets of the whole SHM system, including
their components, function and the relationships between them. It then offers a perspective on the research and application in other relative
fields based on the PAFC SHM system as an international benchmark platform with the use of field measurement data. Finally the chapter
illustrates some monitoring results for the under-construction project.

一套复杂全面的健康监测系统用于对平安金融中心塔楼施工阶段和使用阶段的静力和动力响应信息进行连续、实时的监测。本文
概述了平安金融中心健康监测系统的子结构系统的构成、功能及各个子结构系统之间的相互关系。然后以平安金融中心健康监测
系统为基准试验平台，展望了可在相关领域进行的部分研究与应用。最后介绍了塔楼在施工阶段所取得的部分监测结果。

Introduction 前言
Housner defined a SHM system as “an effective method that obtains the inherent information of Housner 等将结构健康监测系统定义为：
the structure under operation from field measurement data to judge and estimate the change 用现场监测方式从营运状态的结构中获取
of main property index caused by structure damage or material deterioration (Housner et. al., 其内部信息，来判断和评估结构因损伤或
1997).” Since 1993, John Brown and colleagues created a long-term monitoring system about 退化导致的主要性能指标改变的有效方
the change of dynamic responses and structural properties for a 128 meter 65-story office 法[Housner et. al., 1997]。超高层建筑中的
tower (Brown et. al., 1998 and 2007). Later, many investigators carried out high-rise building 监测源于1993年，Brown john等人对一栋
wind-induced response and seismic vibration monitoring. Li made full-scale measurements on 65层，高280m的办公塔楼的动力响应和
high-rise structures to identify their wind-induced response properties under strong wind 结构性能的变化实施了长期的监测[Brown
conditions (Li et. al., 2000, 2004 and 2007). It is reported that in the USA, Japan, and Taiwan et. al., 1998 and 2007]。后来，许多研究者
there are more than 150, 100, and 40 buildings (respectively) with strong motion monitoring 开展了对于超高层结构在风荷载作用下的
systems for seismic excitation/response measurement and post-earthquake damage 风致响应和地震作用下的动力响应监测。
assessment (Ni et. al., 2009). 李秋胜和他的研究团队对大量的高层建筑
PAFC is a tube-in-tube super high-rise building. The external tube consists of eight steel- 进行了在强风作用下的全尺寸观测，以识
reinforced concrete columns while the internal tube was constituted by reinforced concrete 别结构的风致响应特性[Li et. al., 2000, 2004
shear wall. There are five outriggers connecting the two tubes acting as a reinforcing band. The and 2007]。据报道，在美国、日本和中国
total height of this 123-stories (5 floors underground) building is 660 meters and its structural 台湾，分别有超过150栋、100栋和40栋的
height is 597 meters. The outline of the structure shows a flat curve due to the slight differences 高层建筑安装了强震仪监测系统，用于测
of the changing rectangular plane size of different stories. The plane dimensions of the first floor 量地震激励和结构地震响应，并进行震后
are 56 meters long and 56 meters wide, shrinking to 46 meters long and 46 meters wide up to 损伤评估[Ni et. al., 2009]。
the 100th floor. But the plane dimensions of the internal tube remain at 36 meters long and 36 深圳平安国际金融中心的主体结构由钢筋
meters wide, including all vertical circulation facilities (see Figure 3.10). 混凝土核心筒(内含型钢柱)与8根巨型外
Eleven types of equipment, including 428 sensors deployed on the tower, conduct full 框架柱组成，并由外伸臂桁架联系核心筒
life-cycle monitoring of the structural static and dynamic performance (see Table 3.2). This 与巨型型钢混凝土柱，地上118层，地下5
chapter describes the constitution, implementation and some applications in the relative 层，塔尖高度660m，结构高度597m。塔
research field of SHM. 楼外形呈曲线变化，各层轮廓尺寸略有不
同。大楼首层平面尺寸约56m×56m，随

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52 | Structure
Modular Design of SHM System
The SHM system of PAFC use the megatall
building as a platform, integrating
multidisciplinary research together including
the web of sensors, signal transmission
and procession, computer calculation and
analysis, software development and structure
detection and diagnosis. This system consists
of seven sub-system modules: sensor
measurement system (SMS), data acquisition
and transmission system (DATS), data
processing and estimation system (DPES),
data management system (DMS), support
and protection system (SPS), structure health
assessment system (SHSS), software system Figure 3.10. Structure visible during construction.
(SS) (see Figure 3.11). 图 3.10. 深圳平安金融中心： 施工图景

Sensor Measurement System

This sub-system is mainly composed of
11 types of equipment (see Figure 3.12
and 3.13). The monitoring content for in-
construction stage including:
1. Climate monitoring: Temperature,
humidity, rain, air pressure
2. Load monitoring: Earthquake
motion, wind speed and direction,
temperature
3. Horizontal displacement of the top
of the tower
4. The inclination of the tower
5. Vertical deformation (the shrinkage
and creep of the shear wall and
column)
6. The stress, strain and pressure of a
typical location
7. The settlement of the overall tower

Except the above items, the additional

monitoring content for the in-service stage Figure 3.11. Function relation of the sub-systems
图3.11. 健康监测系统功能框图
includes:
1. The dynamic property: the modal,
mode shape and damping of the
structure. 着塔体向上收细，楼层平面同时从两边向内收缩而成，100层以上的楼面逐渐收进至约
2. The dynamic response, such as 46m×46m。中央核心筒平面尺寸约30m×30m的矩形，内含所有垂直交通设备。平安金
wind-induced response. 融中心效果图和结构施工图如图3.10所示。
11种共计428个传感器和监测设备安装于结构上，用于结构全寿命周期内的结构静力及
动力响应监测。本文描述了整个健康监测系统的组成、实施以及在相关研究领域的部分
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应用。在施工阶段及使用阶段安装的传感器数量和类型汇总如表3.2所示。

结构 | 53
 Number of sensors
传感器数目
Monitoring In- In-service Manufacturer/
No. Sensor type
items construction monitoring model
编号 传感器类型 monitoring
监测项目 使用阶段 厂家/型号
施工阶段 监测
监测
1 Weather station Temperature,
humidity, rain,
气象站
air pressure 1 1 GMEC/WP3103
温度, 湿度, 雨
量, 大气压
2 Anemometer Wind speed
and direction GILL/Windmaster
风速仪 1 1
pro
风速和风向
3 Wind pressure Wind pressure
sensor - 40 Setra/ Setra 268
风压
风压计
4 Total station Displacement
1 - Leica/Leica TS30
全站仪 位移
5 Optical fiber Inclination
inclinometer Fibersensing/
倾斜 32 32
FS6400
光纤倾斜仪
6 Digital Whole
electronic level settlement Leica/Leica
1 1
DNA03
电子水准仪 整体沉降
健康监测系统的模块化设计
7 GPS Displacement,
inclination Leica/Leica
2 2
GMX902 GG 深圳平安国际金融中心结构健康监测系统
位移，倾斜 是一个以超高层建筑结构为平台，集传感
8 FBG strain Strain, stress 器网络、信号传输与处理、计算机计算分
sensor NSCSMCN/CB-
应力、应变 300 300 FBG-EGE-100 CB-
析、软件开发、结构检测与诊断等为一体
光纤光栅应变 FBG-GFRP-W01 的多学科相互交叉的监测系统。本健康监
传感器
测系统由7大子系统模块组成：传感测试系
9 FBG Temperature 统、数据采集和传输系统、数据处理与评
temperature
sensor
温度 NSCSMCN/ 估系统、数据管理系统、支持保护系统、
40 40
FBG-T-01 结构健康评估系统、软件系统。各个模块
光纤光栅温度
传感器 之间的功能关系如图3.11所示。
10 Seismograph Earthquake 传感测试系统
motion 1 1 IEMCEA/GDQJ 塔楼的监测系统包括了11种428个传感器
强震仪
地震 设备和监测仪器。传感器空间布设位置如
11 Accelerometer Acceleration 图3.12、3.13所示。在施工阶段，监测的
- 10 Jewell/LSMP-2
加速度计 加速度 内容主要为7项：
Total 1. 气候环境监测： 气温、湿度、雨
378 428
总计 量、气压监测；
Table 3.2. The number and type of sensors deployed for in-construction and in- service monitoring. 2. 结构荷载监测： 地震、风速风
表3.2.施工阶段和使用阶段传感器数量和类型汇总
向、温度；
3. 塔楼水平位移测量；
In the light of FEM simulation results, choosing the most adverse position where the stress is 4. 塔楼倾斜测量；
maximum under general ambient loading or extreme loading condition, or the weak location 5. 竖向变形监测( 巨柱、混凝土核
where the cross stiffness of structure mutates under external loads. Then install proper sensors 心筒收缩徐变) ；
at those selected positions to measure the important responses. For example, the distribution
6. 关键部位应变和压力监测。
of story shearing force between the core tube and external frame under frequent earthquakes
7. 塔楼整体沉降
could be obtained by establishing the model with ETABS software (see Figure 3.14). It can be
seen that the shearing force mutations appear at the floors where there exist the belt truss. So
these floors have sensors naturally (Fu et. al., 2012). 在使用阶段，在上述施工阶段监测内容的
基础上，增加2项监测内容：
It is worth noting that, such equipment as weather stations, anemometers, and global
positioning systems (GPS) are fixed to the top of the structure in the construction stage, rising 1. 结构动力特性，如结构模态、
with the building until the end of the construction stage. They will be installed at the top of the 振型；
tower at the final service stage. 2. 结构动力响应，如风致响应。
Data Acquisition and Transmission System
This sub-system could be divided into three aspects according the different type of sensor 根据有限元分析结果，选择结构在一般

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signal, including the fiber Bragg grating sensor, the analog signal sensor, and the digital signal 环境荷载或极端荷载作用下应力最大的

54 | Structure
Figure 3.12. (a) Deployment of sensors and sub-stations (data acquisition units) for in-construction monitoring Figure 3.12. (b) sensor construction
图 3.12. (a) 施工阶段监控传感器布置图 图 3.12. (b) 传感器施工

sensor. Different sensors are processed by 结构受力最不利位置，或者在外力作用下结构横向刚度产生突变的结构薄弱位置以及典

corresponding signal processing modules, 型楼层位置，如塔尖，布置相应类型的传感器，以期得到重要的结构响应信息。如运用
switched to become a uniform digital signal ETABS软件建立的结构有限元仿真模型，在小震作用下，内筒、外框结构楼层剪力分配
with data acquisition modules, and finally 如图3.14所示。从图中可以看出，剪力发生突变的地方为带状桁架所在层，所以带状桁
transferred to the remote control center 架所在楼层均有布置传感器[8]。
through the data transmission module. 值得注意的是，气象站、风速仪、GPS在施工阶段就已经临时安装于塔楼顶部，并随施
To ensure the synchronizing of the data 工进度升高，待结构主体结构施工完成后，再将他们永久固定于塔楼顶部。
analysis, it is required that all measurement 数据采集和传输系统
begins at the same time. The NTS-71 time 根据传感器信号的不同，相应地分成光纤光栅传感器、模拟信号传感器和数字信号传感
server is adopted, the time is calibrated 器的数据采集与传输三个部分。不同类型的传感器采用不同的信号调理模块，调理后的
precisely by the built-in GPS, and the 信号经过数据采集模块的处理与转换，形成统一的数字信号，最后利用数据传输模块将
network time protocol (NTP) provides the 统一的数据信号传输到远程控制中心。
time-synchronization services for other
embedded acquisition devices. The return 为了保证分析数据的同步性，即要求各种仪器能够在同一时刻开始采集。本系统中采用
time is the sum of the GPS and LAN (local NTS-71型时间服务器来实现采集时间的同步，先通过系统中的GPS精确校准时间服务器
area network), more than 1ms. 的时间，再通过监测网络时间协议（NTP）为其它嵌入式采集设备提供时间同步服务。
这样系统总的时间精度能够高于1ms，是GPS时间精度和局域网时间精度之和。
In the construction stage, it is difficult to
place and protect the signal transmission 在施工阶段，信号传输线缆的布设和保护有较大的困难，为保障现场采集数据的实时传
cable. To achieve the real-time transfer 输，拟采用无线数据传输方案，通过无线局域网和3G电信网络传输数据。选择5个典型
for the site-measured data, a wireless 桁架楼层建立临时采集站，并在施工现场建立临时监测中心，临时采集站和临时监测中
transmission scheme is determined. Data is 心之间通过无线局域网进行通讯，临时监测中心的数据通过3G电信网络传输到远端监
transferred through combined wireless LAN 控中心。施工阶段数据采集和传输系统集成图如图3.15所示。
and 3G telecommunication networks. Five 在使用阶段，利用MOXAEDS 308型工业以太网交换机和多芯光缆组成环形光纤网，取代
sub-stations are built on ordinary truss floors 无线局域网，将各个数据采集站将所采集的数据发送到监测中心。使用阶段数据采集和
and a temporary monitoring center is built 传输系统集成图如图3.16所示。
at the construction site. The communication
数据处理与评估系统
between the sub-stations and temporary
数据处理与数据库子系统负责对数据采集与传输模块采集的数据进行处理，并提交给后
monitoring center is through wireless
续各子系统使用，同时对数据采集与传输模块的工作进行操作控制。数据处理分析模块
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结构 | 55
LAN, while the communication between
the temporary monitoring center and the
remote control center is through a 3G
telecommunication network (see Figure 3.15).
In the service stage, a ring optical fiber
web composed of MOXAEDS 308 industrial
Ethernet switches and multifiber cable
constitutes the wireless LAN, which transmits
data between the sub-stations and the
monitoring center (see Figure 3.16).
Data Processing and Estimation System
This sub-system is aimed at processing
the acquired data for the subsequent
use in other sub-systems. It also controls
Figure 3.13. Deployment of additional sensors and instruments for in-service monitoring
the process in the data acquisition and 图 3.13. 使用阶段增加的传感器布置图
transmission system in turn. This module
consists of pre-processing and post-
processing aspects (see Figure 3.17). 由前处理与后处理两部分组成，如图3.17所示。
Data pre-processing focuses on real-time 数据前处理侧重于数据的实时信息提取。数据前处理首先对原始数据进行清洗、整理，
information extraction. The original data 去除错误的信息，根据需要对“干净”数据进行预处理，然后计算目标监测量，统计特征
was “cleared up” in the first step to remove 参数。
the useless data. In the second step, we
calculated the targets detection and 数据后处理侧重于数据的长期信息提取。对经过前处理的数据进行离线分析，通过统计
statistical characteristic parameters based on 分析、特征提取、数据挖掘的手段来获取模型参数、隐含特征和长期规律。
the “clean” data-processing results. 数据管理系统
Data post-processing focuses on long- 数据管理系统的主要功能是实现对结构监测过程中所获取数据的存储和管理，通过该系
term information extraction. This involves 统可进行数据的修改、删除、查询和打印输出等操作。
conducting off-line analysis of the data 平安金融中心健康监测系统中心数据库由大型关系数据库和GIS数据库来建立，它是由
after pre-processing to obtain the model 动态数据库、静态数据库和分析结果数据库组成的建立在服务器端的数据库。对于那些
parameters, implied information and long-
term regularities by way of statistical analysis,
characteristic extraction and data mining.
Data Management System
This sub-system stores and manages data.
Data modification, deletion, query and
printout are implemented in this stage.
The PAFC SHM system central database
consists of a large-scaled relational database
and a geographic information system (GIS)
database, including the dynamic database,
static database and analysis result database
built upon the server. The invariable, or rarely
variable static chart information is sent to the
static database. The processed original data
is developed in the dynamic database. The
analysis results are printed out directly, and
stored in the analysis result database. Figure 3.14. The distribution of the shearing force between core tube and columns: (a) X-direction (b)Y-direction

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图3.14. 内筒、外框结构楼层剪力分配曲线: (a) X方向 (b)Y方向

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56 | Structure
Support and Protection System 不变或很少变化的静态图形信息，利用
This sub-system provides stable power supply, suitable construction environment, lightning and GIS软件建立静态数据库。来自监测系统
protection for the various devices. 的原始监测数据，经过预处理后建立动态
The power supply system mainly works for the data acquisition station and sensors. The power 数据库。对分析结果直接输出，存贮到数
supplied for stations is 220V AC; meanwhile the power for sensors is supplied by the station, 据库中，形成分析结果数据库。
with an electric pressure converter to ensure uninterrupted power supply for sensors. 支持保护系统
This sub-system has lightning protections optimized for different destruction patterns, 为其他设备提供稳定的电源供应和适宜的
including direct lightning strikes, lightning surge invasions, lightning electromagnetic pulse 工作环境，并提供防雷、防浪涌保护。
jamming and lightning ground potential counterattack. 供电系统包括数据采集站供电系统和传感
Structure Health Assessment System 器供电系统。数据采集站采用220V交流电
This sub-system is the core of the whole SHM system, containing three modules: structural 压供电，传感器系统由采集站通过电压转
security alarm module (SSAM), structural condition and damage identification module (SCDIM), 换器不间断供电。
and structural comprehensive assessment module (SCAM). 本监测系统将针对直接雷击的侵袭、雷电
The SSAM adopts the graded warning mechanism. According to the force state, there are 波侵入、雷击电磁脉冲干扰、地电位反击
three grades: first grade (yellow), second grade (orange) and third grade (red). If the red 等几个侵害途径分别建立防雷系统。
alarm activates, it indicates that situations in which load effects exceed the ultimate bearing 结构健康评估系统
capacity happen frequently. 结构健康评估子系统是深圳平安国际金融
中心健康监测系统的核心，由三个子模块
构成：结构安全预警模块、结构状态及损
伤识别模块、结构综合评估模块。
结构安全预警模块对结构出现的危险状态
进行分级预警。根据结构的受力状态，建
筑危险状态通常采用三级预警机制:一级
（黄色）预警、二级（橙色）预警和三级
（红色）预警。若红色预警启动，说明
建筑结构长期出现超过承载力极限状态
的情况。
结构状态及损伤识别模块对结构重要构件
的状态参数及损伤情况进行识别。首先要
建立结构初始健康状态样本集，然后利用
监测数据建立使用阶段结构状态样本集，
再把这两类样本集的数据作为损伤识别算
法的输入，经计算分析得到结构构件的损
伤情况。
结构综合评估模块对结构的安全性、耐久
性及适用性进行综合评估。深圳平安国际
金融中心健康监测评估层次共分为4 层，
分别是：目标层、准则层、大指标层、小
指标层。目标层为建筑整体健康状态评
估，准则层为各区段建筑性能状态评估，
大指标层为每一监测区段的安全性、耐久
性及适用性各分项性能评估，小指标层为
各检测项目评估指标。

Figure 3.15. Sensor integrated system in construction stage

图 3.15. 施工监控传感器集成图
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结构 | 57
The SCDIM identifies the structural
damage and the important component
state parameter. It first, sets up the initial
undamaged state sample, then builds the
samples in different operation stages and
makes the conjoined analysis between the
two kinds of samples, using the damage
identification algorithm to judge the
component state.
The structural comprehensive assessment
module makes an overall performance
assessment for the structure, aiming for
structural safety, durability and serviceability.
The PAFC SHM system is divided into an
object layer, a criterion layer, a big index
layer and a small index layer. The four layers
correspond to the overall state assessment,
the segment state assessment, the itemized
index assessment of the safety, durability
Figure 3.16. Sensor integrated system in service stage
and serviceability and the monitoring item 图 3.16. 健康监测传感器集成图
assessment, respectively.
Software System
This sub-system is made up of data 软件系统
processing software (B/S architecture) and 软件系统可划分为2个子系统，即数据处理软件子系统（B/S架构）和用户界面软件子系统
user interface software (C/S architecture). It （C/S架构）。通过该系统实现将各种数据实时按需求向用户展示，并且接受用户对系统
shows real-time data to the users on demand 的控制与输入。作为一个完整的系统人机交互子系统进行设计，系统在具有技术先进、
through the system and accepts control and 操作方便、直观易懂的前提下，具备向用户提供操作及管理界面、数据表示、报告等满
input from the users. As a design of person- 足未来网络发展办公的需求。
machine mutual system, on the premise of
advanced technology, convenient operation
以平安金融中心健康监测系统为试验基准平台的研究与应用
and visual understanding, this system should
meet the requirements of management 建立有限元基准模型
interface, data description and reports for the 许多结构损伤识别的算法，都需要建立较为精准的无损有限元基准模型。研究者们根据
future network office. 结构设计资料建立了初始的有限元分析模型，然后根据结构在多个不同的施工阶段和使
用阶段的现场实测静力、动力响应数据，对初始结构模型进行动态的模型修正，建立不
同阶段的动态修正基准模型，进行结构受力状态分析并预测结构的未来状态特征信息。
Using the PAFC SHM System as a 使用结构模态特性去诊断大尺度结构的局部损伤是很困难的，于是研究者们提出了一种
Benchmark 将整体模态数据和局部应变信息相融合的多层次数据融合结构健康评估方法来进行结构
Establishment of the Finite Element 局部损伤的准确诊断。此种方法实际是一种考虑结构长期服役状态中结构的参数和荷载
Model 不确定性的结构损伤概率统计识别方法。它已经运用于广州塔的结构单元和截面的局部
Generally, the accurate finite element 损伤诊断[Ni et. al., 2006 and 2008]。通过根据实测结构应变数据获得结构局部单元或截面
models are the basis for the structural 的效应概率密度函数，而相应的结构抗力概率密度函数通过结构设计参数或者材料测试
damage identification. The initial PAFC finite 来确定，然后利用一阶可靠度方法来建立结构局部安全指标，进行损伤识别。鉴于平安
element model has been established by the 金融中心整合的施工阶段和使用阶段的传感器系统，能够对结构的静态应变、动态应变
investigators according to the original design 和长期累积应变进行监测，便可建立结构动态统计有限元基准模型，进行塔楼整体状态
information about the material parameters, 和局部单元、截面的概率损伤识别。
load condition and other essential structure 多种基于动力特性的结构损伤识别方法比较分析
data. This would be updated step-by-step 基于动力响应的损伤监测已经在国内外得到了广泛的应用，研究学者们提出了大量基于
with the real-word measurement data in
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动力特性的损伤监测方法和结构损伤动力检测算法。监测方法包括固有频率的变化、
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58 | Structure
different construction stages and in the completed stage, so as to obtain the dynamically 振型的变化、振型曲率的变化、残余
updated benchmark model in different critical stages. With the model, the estimation of 力向量、结构刚度矩阵及柔度矩阵、损
instant structural state analysis, and even the prediction of future service conditions, could be 伤指标法、单元模态应变能变化率、频
done. However, it could be difficult to diagnose the damage of the local structure member 响函数变化等损伤检测技术。结构损伤
or cross-sections with the intrinsic modal properties only. So a multilevel data fusion SHM 动力检测算法包括神经网路法、遗传算
assessment method which combines the global modal properties and local strain information 法、动力反演法、灰色系统理论等智能
was proposed by the interested researchers. In fact, it is a kind of statistical probability method 算法[Zhu et. al., 2011]。如Salawu 对利用频
for structural damage identification, which had been pioneered in the Guangzhou New TV 率的变化进行损伤检测作了全面的综述
Tower SHM system for local detection (Ni et. al., 2006 and 2008). In this method, two types of [Salawu, 1997]。Salawu 对一实际桥梁修复
probability density functions (PDFs) should be determined. The PDF of the load effect in an 前后进行了修复位置的判别，利用 MAC
element or a cross-section is obtained directly from measured strain data, while the PDF of the (modal assurance criteria，模态保证准则 )
resistance of the structure or materials is derived from the prescribed structure information or 能够判别出结构修复前后的动态特性发
material tests, then employ the first-order reliability method to identify the most vulnerable 生了变化，利用 CMAC (coordinate modal
structural elements and quantify real the safety reserve of each component. The remarkably assurance criteria，坐标模态保证准则)判
integrated PAFC SHM system could monitor the static strain, dynamic strain and cumulative 别了修复位置[Salawu, 1995]。周先雁等运
strain constantly. This enables engineers to construct the dynamic statistically finite element 用残余力法对钢筋混凝土试验钢架模型的
benchmark model for the probability estimation of the integral structure state, as well as local- 损伤进行了准确定位[Zhou, 1998]。Pandey
element or cross-section performance. 和 Biswas 利用结构损伤前后近似柔度矩
The Comparative Analysis of Multiple Dynamic Characteristics-Based Structural Damage 阵差的变化规律，研究了悬臂梁、简支梁
Identification Methods 和自由梁的损伤检测，结果表明柔度矩阵
The dynamic characteristic-based damage identification methods have been applied widely 差是良好的损伤检测指标，特别是当损伤
in China and abroad. A large amount of relevant methods and corresponding algorithms 位于高应力区域的时候，效果十分明显
have been undertaken by researchers. The monitoring methods mainly cover the change [Pandey and Biswas, 1994]。特别地，一些
of frequency, the change of mode shape, the change of mode shape curvature, the residual 学者提出了一些专门针对超高层结构的损
force vector, the stiffness matrix and flexibility matrix, the damage criterion, the change rate 伤识别方法。包括Hilbert-Huang变换和异
of element modal strain energy and the change of frequency-response function. The highly 常诊断技术[Zhou, 2002]、小波变换诊断技
effective intelligent algorithms include the neural network method, genetic algorithm, dynamic 术[Zhou, 2004]和基于主成分分析的神经网
络技术[Ni et. al., 2006]等。

Figure 3.17. The flow chart of the DPES

图 3.17. 数据处理与评估系统工作流程图
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结构 | 59
 LIM FEM CAM LIM FEM LIM CAM FEM CAM
线性插值法 有限元分析法 综合分析法 线性插值法 有限元分析法 综合分析法
20 20 20
18 18 18
16 16 16
14 14 14
story ᾬ

story ᾬ
12 12 12

story
10 10 10
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0 2 4 6 8 101214161820222426
deformation/mm deformation/mmdeformation/mm
/mm

(a) (b)
Figure 3.19. Relative vertical deformation between core-tube and external
columns
图3.19 塔楼核心筒与巨柱相对竖向变形图
M LIM FEM CAM
法 线性插值法 有限元分析法 综合分析法
20
18
16
14
story ᾬ

12
10 这些方法都有其相应的优势，但是这些方
8 法在实际结构中应用的可行性，特别是在
6 大尺度结构中运用的可行性很少被验证，
4 所以研究者们将运用这些方法，以平安金
2 融中心为试验基准平台，对结构施工阶段
0 和使用阶段的状态特征进行综合分析评
14 16 0 2 4 6 8 101214161820222426 价，并借助结构全面的实测数据，交叉校
deformation/mm 核验证这些方法在超高层结构运用中的有
效性和局限性，可为超高层结构的损伤识
别方法研究提供一定的参考。
(b)
传感器的优化布置
Figure 3.18. Vertical deformation: (a) external columns, (b) core-tube
图 3.18 结构竖向变形：（a）巨柱 （b）核心筒 结构健康监测系统主要通过布置在结构上
的多种传感器采集到的数据和信号进行损
伤识别和健康状况评估。由于大型复杂
inversion method and grey system theory(Zhu et. al., 2011). For example, Salawu summarized 结构的节点和构件过多以及自由度数量巨
the method based on the change of frequency (Salawu, 1997), Salawu judged the damage 大,必须对传感器进行优化布置，以期用
location of a practical bridge with MAC (modal assurance criteria) and CMAC (coordinate modal 最少的监测传感器数量获得最有效的结构
assurance criteria) (Salawu, 1995). Zhou located the damage of a test reinforced concrete frame 状态信息。对传感器数量及位置进行优化
model accurately using the residual force method (Zhou, 1998). Pandey and Biswas studied the 理论研究,不但可以有效地降低监测成本,
cantilever beam, simply supported beam, and free beam damage identification through the 而且可以提高监测系统处理信息的效率,
change rules of the appropriate flexibility matrix difference, concluding that the flexibility matrix 因而具有重要的研究意义。平安金融中心
difference is an effective indicator, especially when the damage is in the high stress region 建立了一套复杂的传感器监测系统，对不
(Pandey and Biswas, 1994). Particularly, some damage identification methods for tall buildings 同阶段的结构状态进行实时连续测量。根
were developed by scholars, like Hilbert-Huang transform and a novelty detection technique 据此传感器系统在实际监测中的应用情
(Zhou, 2002), wavelet-based diagnosis technique (Zhou, 2004) and principal component 况，可为大尺度结构的传感器布置研究提
analysis-based neural network technique (Ni et. al., 2006). 供一定的参考。
Though the aforementioned methods have their inherent advantages respectively, the 验证结构TMD系统的有效性
feasibility in the practical engineering structure, especially for the large-scale structures, had RWDI风洞试验结果表明,考虑10年重现
rarely been examined. So it could be a beneficial chance to treat the PAFC as a test platform 期台风作用下，结构顶部风振加速度为
to estimate the operation state both in construction and service stages. Furthermore, the 0.259m/s2，超出舒适度要求，设计拟在塔
effectiveness and limitations of the above methods could be cross-verified and calibrated, 楼112层内筒两个对角处分别设置一个重
which could be a valuable reference for the future tall building damage identification. 400t的TMD 装置来控制和减小塔楼的风振
加速度。根据结构典型楼层布设的加速度

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传感器，可以监测结构在台风作用前后

60 | Structure
The Optimized Sensor Placement 的结构动力响应信息，然后将二者进行比
The measured data from the sensors deployed on the structure is the basis of the SHM system 较分析，判断TMD装置对于结构动力响应
for the assessment of the health condition. The larger the structure scale is, the more degree of 的影响，验证TMD系统的有效性并及时为
freedom needed, so the placement of sensors must be optimized to get the most serviceable TMD的服役状态提供反馈信息。
information using the smallest number of sensors. The optimal design of the number and
placement of sensors not only could reduce the monitoring cost, but also improve the data
processing. The sophisticated sensor placement in the PAFC SHM system could also be a 施工阶段监测成果
reference for the large-scale structure sensor layout in accordance with the real-time feedback 结构竖向变形
in the practical application. 核心筒施工至59层时塔楼巨柱与核心筒
Verifying the Function of the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) System 竖向变形结果及相对竖向变形如图3.18
The RWDI wind tunnel test results indicate that the wind-induced acceleration at the top of 、3.19所示。从以上分析可以看出，对于
PAFC is 0.259m/s2, which exceeds the requirement of the structure serviceability. So two TMDs, 绝对竖向变形，三种计算方法计算结构较
weighing 400t each, were deployed at the core tube diagonal in the 112th floor to reduce and 为接近。对于相对竖向变形，完全基于实
control the wind-induced acceleration. Based on the measured response information from 测的线性插值法计算的相对变形值偏大，
the sensors before and after the typhoon excitation, the effectiveness of the TMD system and 完全基于理论的有限元分析法得到的相对
feedback state of the TMD equipment was verified. 竖向变形值较小，结合实测及理论的综合
分析方法得到了较好的结果。
结构应力监测
Construction Monitoring Results 根据工程施工进展和数据采集条件，共进
Structure Vertical Deformation 行了6次数据采集工作，对应于塔楼核心
From the vertical deformation of the core tube and the external columns and their relative 筒施工至18层、30层、41层、50层、59层
vertical deformation curves when the core tube was constructed to the 59th floor (see 和65层。桩基础底部和典型上部楼层的应
Figure 3.18 and 3.19), was found in the analysis results that three kinds of methods yield 力计算结果如图3.20、3.21所示。现场实
consistent conclusions, with fine differences for the absolute vertical deformation. But for the 测数据较为清楚的描述了桩底和典型上部
relative vertical deformation, the linear interpolation method’s (LIM) result is the largest, while 楼层的应力变化趋势，现场实测数据与有
the FEM simulative analysis method’s result is the smallest, and the comprehensive analysis
method (CAM) has the in-between result with more reference.

N1 N4 N1 N13 N4 N13 actual measurement

actual measurement
N16 N21 N16 N24 N21 FEM simulaonFEM simulaon
floor

N24
floor
floor

floor

70 70 70 70
60 60 60 60
50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30
20 20 20 20
10 10 10 10
0 0 0 0
3000 4000
3000 5000 4000 6000 5000 60003000 40003000 50004000 6000 5000 6000
stress/Kpa stress/Kpa stress/Kpa stress/Kpa

(a) (a) (b) (b)

Figure 3.20. the stress of the pile bottom: (a)The measured stress of the pile bottom (b) the stress comparison of N24
图 3.20 桩底应力值比较 : （a）桩底应力实测值 （b）N24 桩底应力比较

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结构 | 61
 F1 F11 F1 F11 F18
70

floor
F1 F1F11 F11 F1 F1 F11 F11 F18 F18
60
70 70
floor
70 70

floor
floor

floor
50
60 60 60 60
40
50 50 50 50
30
40 40 40 40
20
30 30 30 30
10
20 20 20 20
0
2 4 10 6 10 8 0 2 4 10 6 10 8
stress/Mpa0 0 stress/Mpa0 0
0 02 24 46 68 8 0 02 24 46 68 8
stress/Mpa
stress/Mpa stress/Mpa
stress/Mpa
(a) (b)

(a) (a) (b) (b)

actual measurement
FEM simulaon
floor

actual measurement
actual measurement
70
FEM simulaon
floor

FEM simulaon
floor

60
50 70 70
40 60 60
30 50 50
20 40 40
10 30 30
0 20 20
0 2 4 10 6 10 8
stress/Mpa0 0
0 02 24 46 68 8
stress/Mpa
Figure 3.21. The stress of the above-ground floors : (a) core tube (b) external
stress/Mpa
columns (c) the comparison between the 限元分析之间的较小的区别说明了实测数
measurement and the FEM results of F11.
(c) 据的准确性和可靠性，反映了传感器监测
图 3.21 上部楼层应力值比较: (a) 核心筒 （b）巨柱 （c）F11层实测与有限元结果比较 系统的有效性。
(c) (c)
总结
The Stress of the Structure
平安金融中心健康监测系统，是国内继广
According to the construction progress and actual data acquisition condition, six data
州塔之后，健康监测技术在超高层建筑中
measurements were carried out when the core tube was constructed up to the 18th, 30th, 41st,
应用的又一个重大的突破。由结构施工阶
50th, 59th and 65th floor respectively, calculating the stress analysis results of the pile bottom
段及使用阶段集成而成的健康监测系统，
and representative above-ground floors (see Figure 3.20 and 3.21). The field-measured data
实现了对结构从施工伊始至未来服役阶段
describes the changing trend of the stress of the pile bottom and above-ground floors clearly,
的全生命周期内的状态特征信息进行连
and the fine distinction beween the actual measurement and FEM simulation results indicate
续、实时的监测，采用全面的结构健康评
the accuracy and reliability of the real-world measured data.
估系统正确指导结构的施工、检测和维
护，确保结构满足预定功能安全运行。结
Conclusion 构系统的模块化设计，保证了系统各个子
功能之间的高效独立性，同时，各个子系
The PAFC SHM system is a breakthrough for the application of health monitoring technology
统之间的相互协同工作，形成一个有机结
in tall buildings built after the Guangzhou New TV Tower. The integration of in-construction
合的整体。安装于结构上的11种总计428
monitoring and in-service monitoring achieved the whole-lifecycle monitoring of the
个传感器和监测仪器，能够对结构的结构
structural state in real time from the beginning of construction to the future service stage. The
响应信息进行全方位的监测，全面现场实
comprehensive assessment system conducts the construction, detection and maintenance
测数据使平安金融中心成为了一个全尺度
accurately and assures the structural safety operation. The modular design of the system
的基准实验平台，通过现场实测数据建立
ensures the effective independence of the sub-systems; meanwhile, the cooperative functions
结构统计动态有限元基准模型，可以用来
link them together as a whole. Eleven types of equipment, including 428 sensors, conduct
校核各种结构损伤识别技术和算法的有效
an all-around monitoring of the structural static and dynamic performance. The complete
性和局限性，为超高层结构监测系统的传
field-measured data make the PAFC become a full-scale test benchmark platform for the
感器优化布置提供参考，同时为结构TMD

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establishment of the dynamic statistical finite element benchmark model, the verification of
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62 | Structure
the effectiveness and limitation of various damage identification methods, the reference of the 系统的运营状态评估提供依据。总之，平
optimized sensor placement in high-rise structures and the assessment of the TMD operation 安金融中心健康监测系统是超高层建筑
state. In a word, this system is an important exploration for the health monitoring technology 健康监测应用的一个重要的有益的探索，
application in the tall structures, which promotes the development of health monitoring 推动健康监测技术在工程界的发展，为健
technology and creates a beneficial condition for technology innovation and perfection. 康监测技术的革新和完善创造了积极的条
Moreover, the system could monitor the structure information in real time and feed the data 件。更重要的是，此套监测系统可以通过
back to the engineers in time to take effective maintenance measures, which would enhance 实时监测结构服役信息并及时反馈结构服
the sense of comfort and safety in the building. 役状况以采取有效的维护措施，这将极大
地提高用户的舒适度和安全感。

References (参考书目):
Brown, J.M.W., Pan T C & Cheong H K. (1998) “Dynamic Response of Republic Plaza,” Structural Engineer, Singapore. vol. 76, pp. 221-226.
Brown, J.M.W. (2007) “Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical,
Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 365, no. 1851, pp. 589-622.
Fu, X., et.al. (2012) “Research on Structural Design of Ping An Finance Center,” Building structure, vol. 04, pp. 21-27.
Housner, G.W., Bergman, L.A., Caughey, T.K, et al. (1997) “Structural Control: Past, Present, and Future,” Journal of engineering mechanics, vol. 123,
no.9, pp. 897-971.
Li, Q.S., Fang, J.Q., Jeary, A.P., et al. (2000) “Evaluation of Wind Effects on a Supertall Building based on Full-Scale Measurements,” Earthquake
engineering & structural dynamics, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1845-1862.
Li, Q.S., Wu, J.R., Liang, S.G., et al. (2004) “Full-Scale Measurements and Numerical Evaluation of Wind-Induced Vibration of a 63-Story Reinforced
Concrete Tall Building,” Engineering structures, vol. 26, no.12, pp. 1779-1794.
Li, Q.S., Xiao, Y.Q., Fu, J.Y., et al. (2007) “Full-Scale Measurements of Wind Effects on the Jin Mao Building,” Journal of Wind Engineering and
Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 445-466.
Ni, Y.Q., Xia, Y., Liao, W. Y., et al. (2009) “Technology Innovation in Developing the Structural Health Monitoring System for Guangzhou New TV
Tower,” Structural Control and Health Monitoring, vol.16, no. 1, pp. 73-98.
Ni, Y.Q., Zhou, X.T. & Ko, J.M. (2006) “Experimental Investigation of Seismic Damage Identification using PCA-Compressed Frequency Response
Functions and Neural Networks,” Journal of sound and vibration, vol. 290, no. 1, pp. 242-263.
Ni, Y.Q., Hua, X.G. & Ko, J.M. (2006) “Reliability-Based Assessment of Bridges using Long-Term Monitoring Data,” Key Engineering Materials, vol.
321, pp. 217-222.
Ni, Y.Q., Xia, H.W. & Ko, J.M. (2008) “Structural Performance Evaluation of Tsing Ma Bridge Deck using Long-Term Monitoring Data,” Modern Physics
Letters B, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 875-880.
Pandey, A.K. & Biswas, M. (1994) “Damage Detection in Structures using Changes in Flexibility,” Journal of sound and vibration, vol. 169, no. 1, pp.
3-17.
Salawu, O.S. (1997) “Detection of Structural Damage Through Changes in Frequency: A Review,” Engineering structures, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 718-723.
Salawu, O.S. & Williams, C. (1995) “Bridge Assessment using Forced-Vibration Testing,” Journal of structural engineering, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 161-
173.
Zhao, M., He, T. & Li J. (2005) “The Application of the Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in the Temperature Monitoring of the Large Volume Concrete
Foundation,” Journal of Experimental Mechanics, vol. 01, pp. 23-29.
Zhou X., Shen P. & Cheng X. (1998) “Damage Assessment of Reinforced Doncretes Structures by Vibration Parameter Identification Technique,”
China Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 39 -45.
Zhou X.T., Ni, Y.Q. & Ko, J.M. (2002) “Seismic Damage Identification of a Tested Tall Building Model using Hilbert–Huang Transform and Novelty
Detection Technique,” Proceedings of the first European workshop on structural health monitoring, pp. 1091-8.
Zhou X. (2004) “Vibration-Based Damage Detection of Tall Building Structures.”

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Zhu H., Yu J. & Zhang J. (2011) “A Summary Review and Advantages of Vibration-Based Damage Identification Methods in Structural Health
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结构 | 63
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 4.0 Enclosure
外围护结构

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A Balancing Act for the Curtain-Wall Design
幕墙设计的平衡之道

Joe Theodore Khoury, ALT Limited

This chapter provides a general overview of designing the curtain wall system of a high-rise structure. The past years have borne witness to
the transformation of the construction industry - from conventional to modern and more importantly to vertical construction. With today’s
structures reaching for the skies, there are new challenges that need to be met, especially in terms of energy efficiency and structural integrity.
The same can be said for curtain-wall systems. Factors such as aesthetics, performance and integrity of the curtain wall are subjected to
meticulous tests and investigation so as to ensure building/curtain wall problems can be avoided in the future. This chapter tackles the
principles of different material selection, building codes and relevant requirements, as well as the working relations of the people responsible
for the curtain-wall design of the Ping An Finance Center (PAFC). Three arguments on the curtain-wall design of high-rise buildings, particularly
with respect to the PAFC, will be discussed with corresponding resolutions.

本文对超高层建筑的幕墙系统设计提供全面的介绍。过去这些年来建筑业经历了重大的转折，由传统（常规）设计发展至现代设
计，以及在高层建筑方面取得突破。随着建筑物向天空延伸的发展趋势，高层建筑需要面对更多新挑战，尤其是能源效能及结构
完整性的要求。幕墙系统也正面临同样的挑战。为了预防建筑物/幕墙建成后可能产生的问题，设计师需要就美观性、性能及完整
性等因素进行精确的测试和调查。本文为平安金融中心（PAFC）进行个案研究，阐述物料选择的准则、建筑规范及相关要求和幕
墙设计人员的工作关系。总括而言，本文将以PAFC为例探讨三项有关超高层大楼幕墙设计的议题及其解决方法。

Introduction 前言
The curtain-wall industry is on a seemingly perpetual tightrope – balancing one issue with the 幕墙行业从业员的工作如同走钢索一样，
other. It must roll with the punches on a daily basis in the constant pursuit to innovate with 时刻需要平衡各项不同事项。每天在不断
better approaches to curtain-wall system efficiency and overall structural welfare/integrity. 追求创新的过程中保持灵活应对，以确保
The principle of curtain-wall stands in contrast to the adage, “Beauty is only skin deep” since 用更好的方式提高幕墙系统的效率/效益
the curtain-wall doesn’t just end with aesthetics, as many believe. There is so much more to 和整体结构的完整性。有句谚语说“美貌
it than meets the eye. This discussion aims to shed some light on some pertinent questions 不过一张皮”，设计幕墙的原则正好与之
in reference to the Ping An Finance Center, as well as discuss the design and analysis of the 相反，因为幕墙系统并不如普遍观念一样
curtain-wall system of the aforementioned. 只追求外观，同时也注重功能性。本文的
Leaving no stone unturned, a brief account on the basics of curtain-walls is provided for the 目的是透过讨论及分析平安金融中心的幕
benefit of those aspiring architects and engineers who may have not yet been acquainted with 墙设计，探讨有关建造巨型建筑的问题。
the finer details of construction, fabrication, and installation of curtain-walls. 为了让尚未熟悉幕墙工程的建筑师和工程
Curtain-wall (CW) is a term used to describe the exterior “skin” of a building. Curtain-walls can 师了解更多有关幕墙工程、加工和安装的
be made up of different materials such as glass, aluminum, stone, etc. It does not support any 知识，本文将提供幕墙工程的基本介绍。
dead load from the main structure. The CW only supports its own weight and the exterior 幕墙（CW）一词形容建筑物的 “皮肤” ，有
forces acting on it. These loads are then transferred to the main structure through anchors, 时亦被解作建筑物的“外墙围护”。幕墙可
brackets, and embedment. This chapter will focus on the most commonly used and applicable 由不同的建造材料建造，如玻璃、铝和石
CW systems of today’s high-rises. CWs started with the stick system, when all of the assembly 材等。幕墙不承受任何主体结构的荷载，
and construction was done onsite. This system is still being used to this day. However, the CW 只承受本身的自重和外力，而这些荷载会
system has evolved into what is commonly used and known as the unitized system. This type of 透过锚固件、支架及预埋件传递至建筑物
CW system was used at PAFC. 的主体结构。本文将针对当今超高层项目
常用的幕墙系统。早期的幕墙多为构件式
幕墙系统，此系统在工地进行幕墙组装和
PAFC CW System Overview 施工，至今仍在不同项目中被使用。但
The unitized curtain-wall of PAFC (see Figure 4.1) was generally designed for two main 是，近年单元式幕墙系统成为建筑幕墙普
purposes: First, to enhance the exterior architectural outlook of the structure while differentiating 遍使用的系统。平安金融中心项目亦采用
it from its surrounding structures and second, to withstand inevitable external environmental 单元式幕墙系统。
factors such as air and rainwater infiltration, wind forces, seismic activities and heat transfer. The
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66 | Enclosure
design of the PAFC was envisaged as another
balancing act between opposing elements.
There are five major wall types in the
building. These are Wall Type 1, 2, 3, 8 and
9. In addition to that, there are three feature
walls for the building. These are Wall Type 1.2,
2.2, and 7. Each wall type is discussed on the
following pages.
Wall type 1 – WT1 or the Pier Wall (see
Figure 4.2) is a unitized curtain-wall system
situated in the four faces of the structure. It
is a combination of transparent (vision) glass,
opaque (shadow box) glass, and metal panel
or stainless cladding. The wall has triangular
horizontal fins or bullnoses on the glass
walls that provide lighting pockets for the
structure. The unique feature of the pier wall
Figure 4.1. Architect’s renderings of the façade.
is the V-shaped metal panel wall that runs 图4.1. 平安金融中心建筑图
from the lower part of the structure up to the
roof level. With the wide variety of options for
material to be used for the metal panel, the 平安金融中心 (PAFC)幕墙系统总览
final choice was stainless steel sheet. 平安金融中心的单元式幕墙系统（见图4.1）有两个主要目的：第一，美化建筑物外表使其
WT2 or the Corner Wall (see Figure 4.3) is a 在周边建筑物中脱颖而出，第二是要承受/抵挡外来的环境因素，例如：空气及雨水渗
unitized glass curtain-wall, which is the same 透、风荷载、地震活动和热传导。平安金融中心的设计可以被设想成兼顾各种不同要
type as the Pier Wall. Its unique feature is its 素的平衡之道。幕墙设计包含五种主要墙型：墙型1、2、3、8和9；及三种装饰墙：墙型1.2
stainless steel sheet panel that runs vertically 、2.2和7。下文将对每种墙型进行介绍。
along the structure in a zig-zag (chevron) 墙型1或墩墙（见图4.2）为单元式幕墙系统，位于建筑物的四个表面。该墙型包含透明玻
direction as well as bullnoses, similar to that 璃（可视玻璃）、不透明玻璃（背衬箱） 和金属板或不锈钢覆板。玻璃墙身上有三角形横
of the pier wall. 向翅片或遮阳板，为建筑物的灯光装置提供支架。墩墙的设计特点为由建筑物底部伸延
WT3 or the Mechanical Refuge wall 至楼顶的V形金属板。在众多金属材料中，建筑师选择了不锈钢作为板材。
(see Figure 4.4) is another unitized CW 墙型2或转角墙（见图4.3）与墩墙同样为单元式幕墙系统。设计特点为在建筑物以锯齿形
system that encloses the mechanical 方向垂直向上延伸的不锈钢金属板（称为山形袖章），与墩墙的遮阳板设计相近。
floor where the Heating, Ventilation
墙型3或电机避难层（见图4.4）为另一个单元式幕墙系统，把置有暖通空调（HVAC）系统的
and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems of
电机层围起。此系统被应用于建筑物中的七个不同楼层。墙型3的外面由夹胶玻璃制成
the structure are located. This covers an
的百叶组成，而另一面由通风百叶组成。
entirety of seven different levels in the total
structure. The WT3 is a combination of glass 墙型8的不锈钢外墙（见图4.5A）和墙型9的石材外墙（见图4.5B）同为单元式幕墙系统。建
louver in laminated glass for the exterior, 筑师最初选择石材作为墙型8和墙型9的材料，但由于要符合规范JGJ133-2001的要求，最
and active louver on the interior. 终要把设计在26和27层分为2个墙型。墙型9为由建筑物底部一直向上伸延至123.8米高的
石墙，而墙型8为由墙型9以上开始至平安金融中心楼顶的不锈钢外墙。
WT8 Stainless Steel Cladding (see Figure
4.5A) and WT9 Stone Wall (see Figure 4.5B) 墙型1.2观景台（见图4.6A）和墙型2.2钻石墙（见图4.6B）两个装饰墙型皆为大楼顶部提供由
are both unitized CW system forming the 大面积玻璃组成的可视区域，而第三种装饰墙墙型7（见图4.6C）则为覆盖大楼最高的钢
opaque panel of the structure. The architect 框架的不锈钢板外墙。
initially meant for WT 8 & 9 to both be stone
wall cladding; however the final design
平安金融中心的设计考虑因素
output resulted in separating the two
WTs between level 26 and 27 due to code 幕墙设计需要考虑到各项为建筑物带来影响的外部因素，这些因素成为幕墙结构设计主
requirements (JGJ133-2001). WT9 is now a 要关注的重点，如结构可行性、建筑物位移、性能和玻璃。
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外围护结构 | 67
Figure 4.2. Wall Type 1 - Pier Wall Figure 4.3. Wall Type 2 - Corner Wall Figure 4.4. Wall Type 3 - Refuge Mechanical Wall
图4.2. 墙型1—墩墙 图4.3. 墙型2—转角墙 图4.4. 墙型3—避难和电机层墙

stone wall which runs from the base of the 结构可行性

structure up to 123.8 meters high, while WT8 如之前所述，幕墙设计最重要的因素是能够抵挡风荷载、地震荷载和热能。这些因素会
is stainless steel cladding, starting from the 影响物料的种类、尺寸和物理性质。结构破坏会给在幕墙附近生活的人们带来生命危
top part of WT9 all the way up to the roof. 险。
The two feature walls, WT 1.2 Observation 风荷载一词指由被框架构件支撑的玻璃和外墙物料承受的侧向荷载。风荷载是建筑幕墙
Deck (see Figure 4.6A) and WT2.2 Diamond 设计中的主要荷载，因过强的风速会为幕墙产生的压力甚至破坏。而为了抵抗高风压，
wall (see Figure 4.6B) both provide a wide 平安金融中心采用了双支幕墙框架。
vision glass area at the top of the structure, 温度为幕墙设计带来两个问题。第一是造成物料膨胀和收缩（热膨胀/位移）；第二是要控
while the third feature wall, WT7 (see Figure 制通过墙身传导的热力/能（热导率）。热膨胀已考虑在平安金融中心幕墙系统内。
4.6C) provides the topmost structural steel
frame; it is clad in stainless steel sheets. 与其他力不同，引力是静态与恒定的，是由自重引起的荷载。引力会导致横向承重构件
变形，特别是当构件须承受大块的重玻璃和金属板时。虽然相对其他因素，引力的影响
较少，但长远来说，引力对外墙有重要的影响，故设计师必须作出适当处理。
PAFC Design Considerations 建筑物位移
The curtain-wall design considers different 建筑物位移是其中一项最重要的考虑因素，但经常在设计铝外墙时被忽略。位移指当幕
external factors that act upon the building.
These external forces contribute to what
becomes the major concern in designing
the CW system of the structure, namely:
structural feasibility, building movement, and
performance of the glass.
Structural Feasibility
As previously mentioned, the ability to
withstand forces of nature such as wind
load, gravity load, seismic load and thermal
load is of utmost importance in a curtain-
wall. These factors dictate the material type,
thickness, size and physical property of the
CW system. Structural failure will endanger Figure 4.5. A. Wall Type 8 - Stainless Steel cladding, B. Wall Type 9 - Stone cladding
the lives of people near the curtain-wall. 图4.5.墙型8—不锈钢外墙和墙型9 - 石材外墙

“Wind load” is the term used to refer to the

lateral forces experienced by the glazing
and cladding material supported by framing
members. The wind load is regarded as
the main source of curtain-wall stress and
deflection. To resist the high wind load,
two supporting brackets were provided to
support the frames of the Ping An’s CW.
Temperature creates two issues in CW
design. First is the expansion and contraction
of materials (thermal expansions/
movement). Second is the necessity to
control the passage of heat through the wall
(thermal conductivity). Thermal expansion is
included in the tolerances provided for the
Ping An’s CW system.
Gravity, unlike the other forces, is static and Figure 4.6. Feature Walls (A. Wall Type 1.2, B. Wall Type 2.2, C. Wall Type 7)
constant, often considered as the load due
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图4.6. 装饰墙（A. 墙型1.2，B. 墙型2.2，C. 墙型7）

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68 | Enclosure
Figure 4.7. Thermal analysis result for the curtain wall system
图4.7. PAFC幕墙系统的热工分析结果

to self-weight. It causes deflections in horizontal load-carrying members, especially under the 墙挂上主结构后引起主结构、混凝土柱、
weight of large sheets of heavy glass and metal panels. Such deflections must be given proper 混凝土板之间的相对位移。位移一般由温
consideration, as they could be detrimental to the cladding material in the long run. 度变化、风力作用、引力、结构变形/挠
Building Movement 曲或结构框架的位移引起。故忽略位移因
Building movement is one of the most important considerations in designing any aluminum 素会为工程带来不良影响。建筑位移可透
CW, but is often neglected. It is a constant movement of the main structure, concrete columns, 过适当设计接缝使其能够容纳/承受垂直
relative movement between concrete slabs, and other structural components where the CW is 和横向位移。
attached. These are caused by thermal changes, wind action, gravity forces and deformations 性能
or displacements in the building frame. To disregard this potential is an invitation for trouble. 幕墙的性能及其耐候性需针对气候状况。
These can be addressed by proper designing of joints, where a provision for both vertical and 在不同国家需要考虑不同的环境因素，但
horizontal movement is factored in. 在中国南方热带地区，主要需要考量的因
Performance 素为日照、降水、湿度、温度和声音。
The performance of the CW pertains to weathertightness due to weather conditions. There 阳光为我们提供温暖、颜色、视觉分辨和
are a handful of environmental elements that need to be considered, but in countries such as 生命，但同时会为幕墙设计带来问题，因
China, specifically the southern tropical parts, sunlight, water and moisture, temperature and 为阳光会导致表面涂层/处理、聚合物和
sound are the major factors. 硅胶出现褪色。紫外线引起的化学作用会
Sunlight provides warmth, color, visual definition and life itself. However, it can also pose a 导致物料褪色或严重老化。当阳光穿透外
problem in CW design, such as its deteriorating effect on finishes, polymers, and sealants. 墙时会产生刺眼的光线，亦会令室内表面
Ultraviolet rays induce chemical reactions that cause fading or serious degradation of materials. 的涂层老化和褪色。因此在选用物料前必
When sunlight passes through the wall, it could bring discomfort from glare and degradation of 须对其耐用度进行彻底研究，如对硅胶必
interior furnishings. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that materials and finishes vulnerable to 须先进行有关温度变化和紫外线的测试。
light be thoroughly investigated before use. Sealants must be tested for resistance to changes 水是众多因素中最为重要的一项，当风把
in temperature and UV radiation. 雨水吹进幕墙内的小孔后，产生微细孔作
Water is probably the most tenacious problem of them all. Wind-driven rain can enter very 用，在温度高时蒸发成水蒸气，冷却时凝
small openings and may move within the wall. In the form of water vapor, water can penetrate 结成液体，故水可以长时间留在幕墙内而
microscopic pores and later condense upon cooling. If trapped within the wall, it may cause 不被察觉，并可能导致生锈，使幕墙受到
serious damage that could long remain undetected and could lead to corrosion. Some of the 破坏，部分水分穿过幕墙会导致漏水。
water may penetrate the wall, appearing as leaks on the interior. 热传导是另一个幕墙设计需要考虑的重要
Thermal conductivity or heat flow is another major design consideration. A system design to 因素，因幕墙设计是长远的投资，要能够
prevent condensation in cold weather or to minimize heat gain and air-conditioning costs 有效防止幕墙在寒冷天气下结露，并减少
in hot weather is usually a good long-term investment. Materials such as metals and glass all 炎热时大楼的空调费用。金属和玻璃等材
have high thermal conductivity. With proper attention to detail, aluminum curtain-walls can 料的热传导率十分高。要提升幕墙效能，
provide good thermal performance. This is accomplished by minimizing the proportion of 设计时需要对铝外墙的细节进行适当处
metal framing members exposed to the outdoors, eliminating short circuits by adding thermal 理，包括：减少使用暴露在室外的金属组
isolators and breaks, using double glazing or an insulating glass unit (IGU), and providing good 件，增加断热材料以阻隔热能，采用双层
insulation. Thermal analysis is done to check the Thermal conductivity of the curtain-wall 玻璃或中空玻璃（IGU）以提供良好的隔热
system (see Figure 4.7). 物料。同时，需要完成热工分析以检查幕
墙系统的传热性能（见图4.7）。
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Under normal conditions, even in densely built urban areas, CWs act as a barrier to airborne
sound and prevens sound transmission. Due increased concerns about noise pollution, the

外围护结构 | 69
 在建筑密度高的市区地带，幕墙有阻隔声
音和防止声音传播的作用。由于社会近来
对噪音污染的关注日益增加，幕墙的隔音
功能变得更为重要，若幕墙设计能关注隔
音性能就能有效阻隔噪音。

外墙物料的种类和选择
Figure 4.8. Glass curtain wall system (Shanghai World
Finance Center, China) 玻璃
图4.8. 玻璃幕墙系统（中国上海环球金融中心）
玻璃是单元式幕墙最常用的物料（见图4.8
），这种物料经过浮法工序制造而成。如
果需要强度或安全性更高的玻璃，可以选
择使用半钢化、钢化和夹胶玻璃。玻璃的
厚度范围为由6mm至22mm。幕墙的可视
玻璃一般为透明的单片玻璃或中空玻璃，
人们能透过玻璃看到建筑物的表面/外
部。中空玻璃能有效控制热传导，标准的
中空玻璃由两片玻璃及其之间的空气层组
成。建筑师或设计师一般会在可视区采用
Low-E膜以提高中空玻璃的性能。在平安
项目的设计中，使用外片为夹胶玻璃，内
片为单片玻璃的中空玻璃作窗间墙玻璃，
在中空玻璃后90mm设置铝背衬箱。
铝
铝的耐用度高，设计可塑性强且美观，故
经常被用于幕墙系统（见图4.9）。为了兼
Figure 4.9. Aluminum panels lining a high-rise structure (International Commerce Center, 顾铝材的功能性和美观性，铝材必须经表
Hong Kong) 面处理以提高其颜色和预防任何衬色、变
图4.9. 高层建筑上的铝板（香港环球贸易中心） 质、凹痕、瑕疵/缺口或提早老化。其中
最常用的两种表面涂层方法，分别是液体
喷涂和粉末喷涂。液体喷涂通常指PVDF（
氟碳喷涂），由70%的PVDF及30%的树脂
组成；而粉末喷涂则由聚脂树脂制造，粉
末喷涂为高规格喷涂料，坚固及损耗度
低，但容易因紫外线/阳光中的有害光线
导致褪色，一般在室内或不暴露在阳光下
的室外范围使用。平安金融中心的室外框
架使用PVDF作表面处理，在室内则采用
粉末喷涂。
不锈钢
不锈钢为由铬和铁组成的合金，其耐蚀
度和耐染度高，且在被刮和磨蚀时具有“
自愈”能力。不锈钢能进行不同的表面处
理，如镜面、亚光面、压花和抛光面处
理，但不会作漆涂处理。不锈钢可被使用
于建筑物室内和室外，作为栏杆、门、板
材、框架和楼顶的覆面板，并能为建筑物
带来不同寻常的视觉效果。平安项目使用
1.5mm厚的不锈钢板，虽然不锈钢的表面
Figure 4.10. Building stone cladding (Building near Xintiandi, Shanghai) 质量良好（见图4.11），但表面同时容易造
图4.10. 石材外墙（中国新天地项目）
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need for soundproofing the structure has become a major consideration in CW design. With
careful design and understanding, CWs can be crafted to provide good acoustical performance.

Cladding Material Options and Selections

Glass
Unitized CWs often use glass (See Figure 4.8). Glass produced through the float glass process is
annealed by its nature. If additional strength or safety is required, heat-strengthened, tempered,
or laminated glass may be used. It is available in various thicknesses between 6 mm and
22 mm. Vision glass for a CW may be a single glass panel or IGU. It is generally transparent and
often provides the vision on the exterior of the structure. It is usually assembled into an IGU
to provide thermal conductivity control and better performance. Typical IGUs consist of two
layers of glass with a spacer between the panes. The architect or designer usually specifies the
IGUs for the vision area with a low-e coating material to increase the performance of the vision
glass. On PAFC, the spandrel glass is an IGU with a laminated outer lite and a fully tempered
monolithic glass. An aluminum sheet, 90 mm behind the IGU, provides the Shadow Box.
Aluminum
Aluminum is used for CWs due to its durability, design versatility, and aesthetic potential (see
Figure 4.9). To be both functional and pleasing to the eye, it must be coated with a finish that
enhances color and resists any fading, chalking, pitting, chipping or premature aging. Thus
aluminum coating becomes necessary. There are two existing coatings that are widely used
for aluminum: liquid coating and powder coating. Liquid coating, often referred to as PVDF
(polyvinylidene flouride) coating, is formulated with 70% PVDF and 30% resin. Powder coating,
on the other hand, uses polyester resin. This produces a high specification coating which is
Figure 4.11. Stainless steel cladding for visual mock up
relatively hard, abrasion-resistant (depending on the specification) and tough, although it
图4.11. 视觉样板的不锈钢外墙
can easily fade due to the harmful rays coming from the sun. It is recommended that powder
coating be used in the interior or on the exterior visually exposed. At PAFC, aluminum is used
on framings with PVDF finishes on the exterior side, and powder coating on the interior and 成凹痕，故加工时需小心处理。在平安项
visually unexposed exterior framing. 目中使用的不锈钢材为ASTM A666或GB/T
Stainless Steel 1220钢板，表面为亚光面。
Stainless steel is a metallic alloy combination of chromium and iron. It is known for its high 石材
resistance to corrosion, stains, and rust. It also has a “self-healing” property, when it is scratched 石材是经过长时间的自然作用产生的天然
or experiences abrasions. Stainless steel can come in different finishes – mirror, linen, embossed, 建筑材料。石材外墙能为建筑物营造强烈
or polished but it will not come with paints. Stainless steel for wall cladding can be used for 的效果（见图4.10）。在选用石材作为幕墙
both the exterior and interior of the building, creating a striking architectural effect, as well as 物料时需考虑影响生产工序的不同因素。
for railings, door cladding, paneling, framing, and roof cladding. On PAFC, 1.5 mm-thick stainless 物理性质如地质分类、材质、纹理、正确
steel is used for metal panels. Although stainless steel has a good quality finish (see Figure 加工和生产规模都会对石材的美观度构成
4.11), it is very sensitive to denting. Fabricating a stainless steel panel requires intensive proper 影响；而机械性质则影响石材结构的承受
handling. At PAFC, ASTM A666 or GB/T 1220 stainless steel sheeting with linen finish was used. 能力。平安项目使用的石材来自同一个矿
Stone 场，使每块石材的连贯性得以保持。不同
Stone is a naturally occurring material and is good for architectural purposes. Stone cladding 的石材需使用不同的表面加工工序，以满
exhibits a classical yet strong expression (see Figure 4.10). When selecting stone for glazing 足建筑物的设计理念。石材的限制性因素
material, different factors that affect the production should be taken into consideration. Physical 是尺寸，尺寸越大，造价越高，故使用石
properties such as geological classification, texture, and fabrication soundness and production 材时须考虑其结构承受能力和价钱，平安
size mostly contribute to the aesthetic character, while the mechanical properties of the stone 项目的低层范围以石材为主要外墙物料。
contribute to the technical and structural capacity of the stone. In PAFC, a single quarry site 铝塑板（ACP）
was employed as the source of the stone to maintain the consistency of each stone produced. 铝塑板是能够融合视觉效果和结构要求的
Certain processing or finishing can only be done on certain types of stone. Stone surfaces can 建筑物料（见图4.12）。其主要好处是重量
be finished in a number of ways that may satisfy the design intent of a structure. Size is often 轻而且坚固，颜色选择多样化，甚至可以
the limiting factor when selecting stone. Increasing the size of stone is not always economically
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外围护结构 | 71
 料由两块铝板加上耐候性高的聚乙烯粘合
而成。平安项目原先选择铝塑板作物料之
一，但其后因铝板较符合要求而被弃用。
陶土板
陶土板，指以耐候土壤和沙或土壤粉末混
合，再经高温烧制和高压挤出成型的坚固
而轻巧的物料。陶土板通常为中空设计，
像盒子一样开在后方开口，内部装有轻巧
的加强肋承受荷载。陶土板可以根据不同
的建筑风格进行任意切割（见图4.13）。但
是，增加陶土板尺寸会影响结构承受能
力，需要为陶士板加上额外结构支撑。陶
Figure 4.12. Aluminum composite panel for curtain wall cladding (Sky City, Taiwan, China) 土板的颜色、材质和产品种类繁多，而且
图4.12. 铝塑板外墙（台湾天空之城） 其颜色为天然颜色，不易被环境影响。平
安项目并未采用陶土板，因不符合建筑师
feasible. It will always depend on the structural capacity and the economic value of the stone 的视觉要求，故未被使用。
type to be used. Stone is the primary cladding material of choice for the lower floors of PAFC. 玻璃纤维混凝土（GFRC）
Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP) 玻璃纤维混凝土是用水泥沙浆混合玻璃纤
Aluminum composite panels present an alternative building material that combines visual 维以增加其强度的混合材料。主要用于独
appearance and structural demands in the best possible way (see Figure 4.12). Its main 立结构上的薄板或锚固系统上。虽然玻璃
advantage is its light weight, rigidity and strength. The color variety of aluminum composite 纤维混凝土可以以灌注工艺涂上表面，但
panels is so extensive that even natural colors such as a wood and stone can be duplicated. The 常用做法是将配制好的玻璃纤维混凝土喷
material is composed of two aluminum sheets bonded by a polyethylene core that is resistant 射在模板上。在玻璃纤维混凝土中使用的
to weather. The ACP was included in the material selection process for PAFC, but was later 纤维必须是抗碱玻璃纤维，以抵抗混凝土
disregarded because a solid aluminum sheet was still preferred. 对玻璃纤维的侵蚀。GFRC的颜色取决于
其原料颜色，亦可通过加入少量色粉调整
Terra Cotta
颜色（见图4.14）。玻璃纤维混凝土主要材
Generally, the broadest definition of terra cotta refers to a high-grade weathered or aged
料为硅酸盐混凝土，混合碎石或硅砂，玻
clay which, when mixed with sand or with pulverized fired clay, can be molded and fired at
璃纤维和用来增加强度的聚合物制成。
high temperatures to a hardness and compactness not obtainable with brick. Terra cotta
与陶土板一样，玻璃纤维混凝土因不符
usually consists of hollow-cast blocks which are open at the back, like boxes, with internal
合建筑师的视觉要求，故未在平安项目
compartment-like stiffeners called “webbing,” which substantially strengthens the load-
中使用。
bearing capacity of the hollow terra-cotta block without greatly increasing its weight. For
walls with higher and longer modulation, terra cotta can be customized to fit the architectural
need (see Figure 4.13). However, increase in size will affect the structural performance of 建筑规范及要求
the terra cotta and additional structural support must be provided. Thus, the cost of several
国家标准局订立了一套建筑规范，简称
important components will rise. Also, the material should be tested if the size is customized to
国标，为中国各地提供建筑技术层面的
accommodate larger panels. Terra cotta provides a wide range of color, texture, and product.
要求。
Because of the natural color of the clay, the color is not commonly affected by the environment.
Terra cotta was removed from consideration for PAFC because stone cladding was still 风压值
preferred; terra cotta was not able to meet the architect’s visual intent. 一个地区的风压值特性是决定玻璃类型、
配置和框架尺寸的重要因素。风压的大小
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concretes (GFRCs)
取决于多项因素，如建筑物的高度、建
GFRCs are lightweight concrete compounds modified with additives and reinforced with glass
筑物的所在地及位置和建筑物周围的建筑
fibers. They are generally fabricated as thin-shelled panels and applied to a separate structural
物。中国建筑科学研究院进行了一系列的
frame or anchorage system. The GFRC is most commonly sprayed into shapes, although it can
测试、实验和收集数据以制订国标对风
be poured. The glass must be alkaline-resistant to avoid deteriorating effects caused by the
荷载的规范。国标利用建筑物的高度及
cement mix. The color is derived from natural aggregates, and if necessary, a small percentage
其所在地计算风荷载。由于平安金融中心
of added pigments (see Figure 4.14). The GFRC main ingredients are concrete Portland cement,
的高度达660米，故以国标得出的风压值
aggregates of selected crushed stone or silica sand, glass fibers, and polymers that improve
非常高。
toughness. Initially, GFRC was also considered in the material selection process but, stone
prevailed as the material of choice, as GFRC was not able to meet the architect’s visual intent. 根据国标玻璃幕墙工程技术规范JGJ102-
2003中的第5.3.3条，玻璃幕墙的风荷载
标准值可按风洞试验结果确定；玻璃幕墙
Building Codes and Requirements 高度大于200米或体型、风荷载环境复杂
The Chinese National Bureau of Standards created a hierarchical set of codes. These are often 时，宜进行风洞试验确定风荷载。风洞
referred to as “GB standards.” They are consistent across all of China and are developed for 试验能预测计算或规范不能测量到幕墙
technical requirements. The GB stands for Guobiao. 的热点。
Wind Load Value Consideration 平安项目委托Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin
One of the fundamentals of glass selection, glass computation, and frame sizing is to Inc.（RWDI）风洞试验室进行试验，RWDI
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72 | Enclosure
Figure 4.13. Curtain wall cladding with terra cotta (Beijing Huamao Center, China)
图4.13. 陶土板外墙（中国北京国贸中心）

Figure 4.14. Glass fiber reinforced concrete cladding material (Songdo, South Korea)
图4.14. 外墙物料玻璃纤维混凝土（南韩首尔Songdo项目）

identify the wind load characteristics existing within a region. The wind load condition 使用100年重现期进行试验（见图4.15）。
may vary depending on the height of the structure, the location of the structure, and by 风洞试验结果内以颜色区分不同风压值
existing barriers near. The China Academy of Building Research (CABR) conducted a series 使用的玻璃配置。国标建筑结构荷载规
of experiments to come up with the GB Code for wind load. GB Code for wind load is 范GB5009-2001说明中的第7.1.2条，可按
dependent on the height and area or location of the structure. Because PAFC is a 660-meter 照建筑物护围的结构采用50年一遇的风
tower, the wind load computed using the GB Code resulted to a high wind pressure. 压。RWDI建议把折减因子定为88%，以
Furthermore, GB Code for Glass Curtain-wall Engineering (JGJ102-2003), article 5.3.3 states the 把平安金融中心的风压减低至50年一遇
wind loading of the glass curtain-wall should coincide with the wind tunnel test result. If the 的风压。
curtain-wall height is more than 200 meters or the building shape and/or wind environment 金属和石材外墙工程
condition is too complex, the wind tunnel test is a better wind loading determinant. A 金属与石材幕墙工程技术规范JGJ133-2001
wind tunnel test can predict hot spots on a curtain-wall that cannot be detected through 中并没有明确指出石材和金属外墙的高度
calculations or codes. 限制。但是，规范只适用于高度低于150
For the PAFC project, Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI), the wind tunnel test provider, 米和位于抗震设防烈度小于第8级的建筑
used the 100-year return period (see Figure 4.15). The color indicated in the wind tunnel test 物，若建筑物超过前上述条件，则规范对
result illustrates the zoning done to identify the glass makeup that was used for the wind load 于石材外墙设计、安装和检查的指引将
value. GB Load Code for the Design of Building Structures - Article Explanation (GB5009-2001), 不再适用。因平安金融中心的高度达660
Article 7.1.2 states: with regards to the envelopment of the structure, the loading should be 米，故石材外墙只能限制于150米以下，
tested for a 50-year return period. RWDI recommend a reducing factor of 88% to safely reduce 以符合设计规范的要求又同时可以沿用
the wind load to a 50 year return for the PAFC. JGJ133-2001作设计指引（见图4.16）。

Metal and Stone Cladding Engineering 安全玻璃设计

The Technical Code for Metal and Stone CW Engineering, JGJ133-2001, did not specify the 在中国，国标要求所有幕墙设计必须使
height limitation of stone and metal cladding CW. However, it is stated that the code only 用安全玻璃。常见的安全玻璃种类有钢
applies to building heights of less than 150 meters, and it should be located at areas where the 化玻璃和夹胶玻璃。表格4.1为两种玻璃
seismic fortification intensity is less than level 8. If the building height exceeds the limitation, the 的对比。
code will not be applicable. The PAFC height extends 660 meters above the ground. Since the 钢化玻璃属于安全玻璃的其中一种，通常
stone cladding of the building is restricted to a height of 150 meters, JGJ133-2001 can be used as 使用在普通玻璃有潜在使用危险的地方被
a supporting design tool (see Figure 4.16).
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使用。钢化玻璃的冲击强度是普通玻璃的

外围护结构 | 73
Figure 4.15. Illustration from wind tunnel test study (RWDI, 2009) Figure 4.16. Stone Cladding and Stainless Steel Panel Interface
图4.15. 风洞试验研究图（RWDI，2009） 图4.16. 石材外墙和不锈钢板

Safety Glass Design 4至5倍，当玻璃受破坏时，碎片没有尖锐

In China, the GB Code curtain-wall design only allows the use of safety glass. It can be in a 棱角。钢化玻璃经过极端加热，再进行快
form of fully tempered glass or laminated glass. Table 4.1 tabulates the comparison between 速均匀的冷却而制成，使其抗冲击强度比
two safety glasses. 普通玻璃高。其特性使钢化玻璃受破坏
Tempered glass is one of two kinds of safety glass regularly used in applications in which 时，碎片会成类似蜂窝状的钝角碎小颗
standard glass could pose a potential danger. Tempered glass is four to five times stronger 粒。在建筑物采用钢化玻璃前应先检查各
than standard glass and does not break into sharp shards when it fails. Tempered glass is 项规格和要求。
manufactured through a process of extreme heating and rapid cooling, making it stronger than 传统上夹胶玻璃被定义为：1）由两片或以
normal glass. The brittle nature of tempered glass causes it to shatter into small oval-shaped 上的玻璃和一层或以上的聚乙烯醇缩丁
pebbles when broken. Check local codes before implementing. 醛胶膜（PVB），经过高温高压工序处理后
Laminated glass is traditionally defined as 1) Two or more lites of glass and one or more 粘合；2）由两片或以上的玻璃和聚碳酸酯
interlayers of plasticized polyvinyl butyral (PVB) permanently bonded together under heat and （PC）板，经脂肪族的聚氨酯二丙烯酸酯
pressure, 2) Two or more lites of glass and polycarbonate with an aliphatic urethane interlayers 夹胶层高温高压处理后粘合；3）由两片或
between glass and polycarbonate permanently bonded together under heat and pressure, 以上的玻璃和凝固树脂或其他物料粘合的
or 3) Two or more lites of glass bonded with one or more interlayer of cured resin or other 玻璃产品。在建筑应用上夹胶玻璃在性能
material. This union of materials provides a variety of performance benefits in architectural 方面有多种好处，其特性为玻璃碎裂后碎
applications. Laminated glass’ most important characteristic is the ability of the interlayer to 片会被粘在薄膜上，能防止玻璃坠落、渗
support and hold the glass when broken. This provides for increased protection against fall-out 水和其他好处如增加风荷载承载力、冲击
and penetration of the opening, affording additional benefits such as increased wind loading 阻力及抗热应力 (见表4.1)。
strength, impact resistance and resistance of thermal stress (see Table 4.1). 结论
作为本文的总结，以下为高层建筑的幕墙
Conclusion 设计需要考虑的各项因素之概要。

As a conclusion to this chapter, the following items are offered as a summary of a CW design 1. 识别各种可能存在的外力因素和
strategy for a high-rise structure. 环境因素，这些因素将影响幕墙
的技术可行性。
1. Identify the different external elements and environmental factors that may exist. This
2. 对幕墙使用的物料进行选择和评
will dictate the technical feasibility of the curtain-wall.
估，确保物料在不影响建筑物美
2. Select and evaluate the materials in the curtain-wall that can withstand the 观度的前提下抵挡周围的环境因
environment surrounding the building without sacrificing the aesthetics of the 素，因幕墙的美感帮助建筑物营
structure. The beauty of the curtain-wall creates a lasting statement for the building. 造永恒整体的印象。
3. See to it that all the criteria of the building codes and design requirements are 3. 确认设计符合所以有关的建筑物
achieved or exceeded. These requirements will establish the safety, the efficiency, and 规范和设计要求，使幕墙实现安
durability of the curtain-wall. 全、效能和耐用度方面的要求。

No aspect should ever be deemed negligible when it comes to ensuring the overall 当中每一项因素均不能被忽略以保证幕墙
performance and longevity of a building’s curtain-wall, since these structures, once erected, will 的整体性能和耐用度，因为建筑物幕墙的
stand to outlast the average human’s life span. 寿命/使用年限与人的平均寿命相当。
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74 | Enclosure
 Property and Fully Tempered Glass Laminated Glass
Requirements 钢化玻璃 夹胶玻璃
性质和要求
Conforming Standard GB/T 9963 – Tempered Glass GB 9962 – Laminated Glass
适用的规范 GB/T 9963 – 钢化玻璃 GB 9962 – 夹层玻璃
Tempered glass can be 3-5 times the bending and impact Laminated glass is generally 75% to 90% as strong as
Structural Performance strength of a normal annealed glass of the same thickness. annealed glass of same total thickness.
结构性能 钢化玻璃的抗弯强度比同等厚度的普通浮法/退火玻璃高 夹胶玻璃的强度比同等厚度的普通浮法/退火玻璃高75% –
3 – 5倍。 90%。
Coating can increase glass performance. Coating is applicable to increase glass performance with
Glass Performance
consideration of the PVB layer.
玻璃性能 可以通过涂层处理增强玻璃性能。
可以通过涂层处理和PVB夹胶层增强玻璃性能。
When fully tempered glass breaks, the glass fractures into The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when
small, relatively harmless fragments. This kind of breakage the glass is broken, and its strength prevents the glass from
can minimize injuries as there are no jagged edges or falling away from the frame. This produces a characteristic
sharp shards. Due to this property, along with its strength, “spider web” cracking pattern when the impact is not enough
Safety tempered glass is often referred to as safety glass (See to completely pierce the glass (See Figure 19).
安全性 Figure 18).
玻璃碎裂后夹胶膜碎片会被粘在薄膜上，防止玻璃由窗框
当钢化玻璃受破裂时，碎片为钝角碎小颗粒，这种碎片 坠下。若撞击力不足以击碎玻璃，玻璃将出现 “蜘蛛网” 状的
因其没有尖锐棱角而能减少玻璃对人体造成伤害（见图 碎裂形状（见图19）。
18）。
Tempered glass can exhibit a wavy pattern due to the Since annealed and heat strengthened glass doesn’t exhibit a
tempering process. But modern technology has helped in wavy characteristic, laminated glass can be flat.
Architectural Property reducing the wavy effect of tempered glass.
由于退火玻璃和半钢化玻璃不会出现波纹，故夹胶玻璃是
建筑性能
钢化玻璃可能会因加热工序出现波纹，但现代科技已可 平整的。
有效减少钢化玻璃出现波纹。
Main input for the cost for tempered glasses is the heat The application of the bonding layer or PVB of the laminated
Cost Analysis glass is the main cost for laminated glass.
treatment or tempering.
成本分析 成本主要来自夹胶玻璃的夹胶层或PVB。
成本主要来自加热处理工序。
Potential Problem Spontaneous breakage of tempered glass The sudden thinning of the PVB layer or delamination.

潜在问题 钢化玻璃有可能在无外力作用的情况下自爆。 PVB夹层变薄或出现脱胶。

Heat soak test or the destructive test applied for tempered Using PVB interlayer, the edge of the laminated glass should
glass to determine if glass is prone to spontaneous be covered and sealed.
breakage. Tempered glass is stored in a heating chamber
夹胶玻璃的边缘应作妥善的封边处理。
for 8 hours at 280 ºC to 300 ºC.
Precaution 为钢化玻璃进行均质处理，将钢化玻璃加热到280℃至
300℃，并保温8小时，以提前确认有可能自爆的玻璃。
预防措施
As for the spontaneous breakage concern, a 100% heat
soak for tempered glass is recommended.
为了预防钢化玻璃自爆，ALT建议为100%钢化玻璃进行
热浸处理。
Table. 4.1 Comparison between Fully Tempered Glass and Laminated Glass
表格4.1钢化玻璃和夹胶玻璃的比较

References (参考书目):
Aluminum Composite Panel, WWW Document (http://www.alucobond.com)
Aluminum, WWW Document, (http://www.bgs.ac.uk)
Annual Book of ASTM Standard, Vo. 04.07
Architectural Terra Cotta, WWW Document, (http://www.nbk.de/)
Curtain Wall for Building, GB/T 21086-2007
GFRC, WWW Document, (http://gfrccladding.com)
Glazing Manual, Glass Association of North America (GANA 2004)
Amhrein, J.E. & Merrigan, M.W. (1989) Marble and Stone Slab Veneer, Masonry Institute of America, CA
Laminated Glass, GB 9962-1999
Laminated Glazing Reference Manual, GANA 2004
Lewis, M.D. (2005) Modern Stone Cladding, Design and Installation of Exterior Dimension Stone System, Philadelphia, PA
Technical Code for Metal and Stone Curtain Wall Engineering, JGJ133-2001
Tempered Glass, GB/T 9963-1998
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外围护结构 | 75
Stainless-Steel Cladding
不锈钢幕墙

Dr. Jörn Teipel & Gert Weiss, Outokumpu EMEA GmbH (奥托昆普)

Especially during the last 20 years, stainless steel has become an approved and much-valued cladding material for sophisticated architecture.
This chapter introduces the embossed stainless steel applied within the façade supplied for PAFC by Outokumpu, and provides an overview of
the various façade projects that have been accomplished in the past, giving insight into current activities. Furthermore, the range of potential
surface finishes for façade applications is presented. Newschapter articles1a, 1b, 2 have recently reported on glare issues that were caused by new
buildings in London, Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Hong Kong. These incidents have led to restrictions in Singapore, which are being analyzed
and questioned. The consequences that these new regulations have on stainless steel as cladding material are also discussed too. The chapter
concludes with a look at current research activities at Outokumpu, which aim to develop duller surface finishes on patterned stainless steel for
façade applications.

不锈钢作为复杂建筑构造的外包覆层材料正日益得到认可，且备受重视，这一趋势在近 20 年来尤为明显。本文特别以正在建造的
平安金融大厦项目为例，介绍了奥托昆普提供的花纹不锈钢在此项目外立面上的应用及技术。从不锈钢的首例建筑应用（克莱斯勒
大厦）入手，本文概要介绍了奥托昆普此前已经完成的各项外立面工程，深入分析其当前活动，同时还介绍了高层建筑外立面应用
中的各种表层饰面。很多报纸文章1a,1b,2 最近报道了伦敦、洛杉矶、拉斯维加斯和香港新楼宇引起的眩光问题。这些事件导致新加坡
采取相应限制措施，本文对此做法进行了分析和质询。本文讨论了这些新法规将对不锈钢外包覆层材料造成哪些影响。在最后的
结论部分，我们介绍了奥托昆普当前的一些研究活动，希望针对外立面应用开发出花纹不锈钢的无光泽表层饰面。

PAFC Cladding Project 平安金融中心幕墙项目

The requirements of the cladding at PAFC were that it be aesthetic, long-lasting, and 平安金融中心对外立面选用的材料提出了
environment-friendly. After a long bidding process, Outokumpu material was chosen for the 非常高的要求，主要体现在：美观，外观
cladding. Upon completion, the building will be adorned by the largest stainless steel façade in 的持久性，对环境的友好及后期的维护保
the world to date, with a total of 1,700 tons of 316L stainless steel material. 养方面。经过长期的竞标，奥托昆普的
As the material supplier, Outokumpu commited to meet the following requirements from the 材料最终被选为幕墙材料。摩天大楼落
outset of this project: 成后，将会是迄今为止，全世界最大的
不锈钢外立面。共计将使用约1700吨316L
1. Minimize color difference in large areas using stainless steel through strict process 不锈钢。
controlling in production.
奥托昆普作为材料供应商，致力于满足项
2. Create the feeling of “low-profile luxury” by using specially designed “Linen” pattern.
目的要求：
3. Preserve the appearance of PAFC more than 100 years in the salty coastal atmospheric
1. 通过精湛的生产过程工艺控制，
conditions of Shenzhen by using the highly corrosion-resistant and high-performance
使大面积不锈钢的色差问题降至
316L Aluminum
最小；
4. Minimize light pollution from the building and be environmentally friendly by using
2. 特别设计的不锈钢布纹面传递给
specially designed patterns with controlled refractive indexes
人高贵而低调的视觉效果；
5. Keep the façade clean and reduce maintenance requests and costs by using material
3. 具有高耐腐蚀性能的316L不锈钢
that can be easily cleaned by rain.
可以使平安大厦在深圳的海洋空
6. Stick to the project schedule and provide detailed production plan to ensure on-time 气环境中，保持幕墙外观一百年
delivery. 不发生变化；
7. Provide solutions and be available for consultancy and guidance throughout the 4. 特别设计的花纹及反光效果，最
whole process, from materials section to fabrication to implementation and service. 大程度地减少幕墙的光污染，保
持对环境的友好；
5. 雨水的冲刷即可保持不锈钢外立
面的清洁，最大程度上减少了
1a
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/shortcuts/2013/sep/03/walkie-talkie-death-ray-buildings-heat 后期的维护和保养工作及相应
1b
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-05/london-s-walkie-talkie-fryscraper-draws-crowds-in-heat.html 费用。
2

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www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201301/23/P201301230412.htm

76 | Enclosure
Figure 4.17. Rendering of the building's stainless-steel façade. (Source: KPF)
图4.17 平安金融中心不锈钢立面效果图（来源：KPF）

Stainless Steel in Architecture: Background 6. 紧贴项目进度，提供详细的供应方案，确保项目如期完成；

Shorty after its invention in the early 20th 7. 从选材到后期材料加工，奥托昆普提供完善的技术咨询及解决方案。确保幕墙
century, stainless steel was discovered by 公司和加工商在加工和安装过程中正确使用及保护不锈钢。
architects as a cladding material. The first
impressive example of stainless steel for
不锈钢在建筑领域的应用：背景综述
high-rise architecture is on the 56-meter-
high spire of the 319-meter-tall Chrysler 不锈钢发明于 20 世纪早期，建筑师很快便发现它适合用作外覆层材料。直至今天，不
Building in New York City in 1930. The 锈钢在高层建筑上的首次应用依然令人印象极其深刻：即位于纽约市，建于 1930 年，
German company Friedrich Krupp AG 高达 319 米的克莱斯勒大厦上 56 米高的巨型尖顶。德国弗里德里希•克虏伯股份公司
in 1911 licensed some V2A austenitic (German Friedrich Krupp AG) 于 1911 年发明了 V2A 级奥氏体不锈钢（当今所称 304/1.4301
stainless steel (a precursor of today’s Grade 的前身），首次授权在克莱斯勒大厦上使用。在这一艺术装饰杰作完工 80 多年后，其尖
304/1.4301) for the use on the Chrysler 顶仍在纽约上空熠熠生辉（见图 4.17）。仅针对不锈钢尖顶进行过两次必要的保养，尚无
Building. 80 years after the completion of 任何元件需要更换。该建筑案例深刻展示了不锈钢的三个代表性特征：耐用性、功能性
this art deco masterpiece, the spire sparkles 和美观性。如果有人问建筑师，他们为什么要在视觉建筑应用中使用不锈钢，得到的答
preciously in the New York skyline (see Figure 案通常是这种材料“可靠”、“纯粹”。其主要吸引人的特点还是反光及耐用。
4.17). Maintenance of the stainless steel 我们相信，再过几十年甚至几百年， 平安国际金融中心依然以其时尚、光洁、美观的
spire was only necessary twice, and none of 外观俯视深圳的美丽夜景。
the elements have needed to be replaced
此外，当前绿色建筑的趋势也有利于不锈钢的发展。2013 年，奥托昆普不锈钢产品的
yet. On the basis of this building example,
回收原料使用率超过了 85%。100% 可回收加上低维护要求，这种可持续建筑应用的绿
one can demonstrate the three qualities
色材料具有碳足迹整体较低的鲜明特点。
that characterize stainless steel: durability,
functionality and beauty. If architects are 通过使用奥托昆普的不锈钢材料，平安金融中心进一步降低了碳排放，“以可持续的实
asked why they are using stainless steel 例彰显深圳的开创精神”。
in visual architectural applications, they 与此项目相隔时间不远的案例包括：1991 年，奥托昆普采用高抗腐蚀含钼316L，为美
commonly refer to the “honesty” and 国加州科斯塔梅萨的广场大厦 (Plaza Tower) 生产了约 200 吨的亚麻花纹材料。所交付
“pureness” of the material. Its main draw 的板材厚度为 1.8 毫米，宽度为 1500 毫米，包含各种长度。广为人知的另一杰作是世
remains its sparkle and durability. 界知名的摩天大楼吉隆坡双子塔。双子塔竣工于 1999 年，高 450 米，奥托昆普为其
提供了 83,500 平方米的不锈钢覆层。就在同一时期，奥托昆普负责为德国杜塞尔多夫

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
(Düsseldorf )3 的 Neuer Zollhof大楼制造了经退火处理的光亮材料，这栋大楼的设计师是

外围护结构 | 77
We believe that after decades or even hundreds of years, PAFC will still be a primary example of Frank O. Gehry。完成不锈钢的这一重要
stainless steel’s resiliency and durability; shining beautifully in the night sky of Shenzhen. 代表性工程后，奥托昆普在新世纪的外
Moreover, stainless steel is beneficial for the current green building trend. In 2013, stainless steel 立面应用中，不锈钢的订单数量显著增
products by Outokumpu had an average recycling content of over 85%. Its 100% recyclability, 加。2010 年，又一座采用奥托昆普不锈
together with its low maintenance and consequently small carbon footprint, give stainless steel 钢覆层的重要代表建筑竣工：位于阿联酋
to play an integral role in the green building industry. 迪拜的迪拜塔。

By using stainless steel, PAFC further reduces its carbon footprint and reflects its dedication to 美国纽约市拥有明亮突出边缘的新世贸
providing a sustainable testament to the pioneering spirit of Shenzhen. 中心一号楼是奥托昆普的另一项重要代
表工程。从2008年到2009年，我们共为新
Recent reference buildings for this project include the following. In 1991, Outokumpu produced 世贸中心一号楼提供了175吨316L花纹材
approximately 200 metric tons of Linen-patterned material in highly corrosion resistant 料。Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM)4
molybdenum containing Grade 316L for the Plaza Tower in Costa Mesa, California, USA. The 的建筑师要求采用具有随机结构，且较
delivered sheets had a thickness of 1.8 mm, a width of 1500 mm and diverse lengths. Another 广为接受的“亚麻”花纹更为光亮的表层饰
skyscraper utilizing an 83.500 m² stainless steel cladding was the 450-meter-tall Petronas Twin 面。为满足建筑师的要求，我们为此应
Towers in Kuala Lumpur, which were completed in 1999. In the same period, Outokumpu 用专门开发出新的花纹，称为“激光”。“激
produced the bright annealed material for the “Neuer Zollhof” in Düsseldorf, Germany3 which, 光”是首款具有真正随机结构的不锈钢表
was designed by Frank O. Gehry. In 2010, another key reference building with a stainless steel 层，不会出现重复花纹（见图4.18）。在所
cladding was completed – the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE. 有观看角度和光线条件下，都可以观察
The bright accentuated edges on the One World Trade Center in New York City, USA were 到均匀的表层。为了比较，图5也展示了
another key reference project. In total, 175 metric tons of patterned material of Grade 316L 具有规则和大小凹凸纹路的普通“亚麻”花
were produced between 2008 and 2009 for this building. The architects of Skidmore, Owings 纹。光泽和亮度与观察角度有关，因而
& Merrill LLP (SOM)4 requested a surface finish with a random structure, and brighter than the 在建筑外立面幕墙按装时需要考虑花纹
well-established “Linen” pattern. The new pattern, called “Laser,” was specifically developed for 的方向。
this application to comply with the architect’s requirements. “Laser” consists of digitized micro- 现有外立面工程还包括位于英国伦敦的新
patterns which are irregularly arranged, i.e. without pattern repetition (see Figure 4.18). This 瑞银集团总部（布罗德盖特 5 号）。建筑师
results in a stainless steel surface with a genuine random structure. Under all viewing angles 希望让整栋建筑看上去像一个大型发动机
and light conditions, a homogeneous surface is observed. For comparison, Figure 5 also shows 块5。为了实现这个想法，他们采用玻璃
the standard Linen pattern, with its regularly arranged alternating large and small ovals. Gloss 以及长达 6 米的 316L 亚麻花纹不锈钢板
and brightness vary according to the viewing angle. Therefore, the process flow direction during 材外包装建筑表面。用于此建筑物的不锈
embossing needs to be considered when placing the façade elements onto the building. 钢比例非常高，这种材料将有望成为周边
Current façade projects include the new UBS Headquarters (5 Broadgate) in London, UK. The 未来建筑工程的外墙典范。
architects wanted to give the building the appearance of a large motor block5. This idea is 位于马来西亚吉隆坡的伊巴鲁塔 (IB) 由
implemented by covering the building with either glass or up to 6-meter-long Linen-patterned Foster + Partners6 设计。Alcoa Architectural
stainless steel sheets of Grade 316L. The fraction of stainless steel that is utilized for covering Products 公司针对该外立面项目生产出不
this building is extraordinarily high, and this material will hopefully serve as a role model for the 锈钢复合板材。该产品称为铝塑复合板
cladding of future building projects in the neighborhood. (Reynobond)，外板材是 0.4 毫米的 316L
For the Ilham Baru (IB) Tower in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, designed by Foster + Partners6, Alcoa 亚麻花纹，核心为 3 毫米的塑性材料，
Architectural Products produced stainless steel composite panels for the façade. The product 内板材是 0.4 毫米具有标准光亮退火表层
is called Reynobond and consists of a 0.4-mm outer sheet in 316L with Linen pattern, a core of 的 316L 材料。这种复合材料既轻便又坚
3-mm plastic material and a 0.4-mm inner sheet in 316L with standard bright annealed surface. 固，使用起来非常高效。
The composite has the advantage of being light and stiff, making it very efficient. 布莱恩公园 1号7 建筑位于美国纽约市的
One Bryant Park7, placed in a prime location of New York City, USA and designed by Pei Cobb 黄金地段，由 Pei Cobb Freed & Partners 设
Freed & Partners, focuses on a sharp-edged optical effect derived from of Linen-patterned 计，重点突显出亚麻花纹 316L 外立面元
316L façade elements. 素的锋利光芒。
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuer_Zollhof 新的亚马逊总部位于美国西雅图，由
4
www.som.com/projects/one_world_trade_center nbbj 8设计，我们为其提供因抛丸处理而
5
www.makearchitects.com/projects/5-broadgate 显出无光泽的表层（称为“超哑光”）和 2B（
6
www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/ilham-baru
退火和酸洗）表层。“超哑光”表层饰面常
7
http://7bryantpark.com
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78 | Enclosure
 见于屋顶应用，本案是其首次应用于外立
面。另外，两种表层饰面通过电解方式着
色为红色、绿色和香槟色，采用不同的宽
度和长度，置于外立面的垂直方向和水平
方向上。

不同建筑应用表面的钢种和产品
覆层材料必须满足最高的质量标准，因此
Figure 4.18. Visual comparison of Linen versus Laser pattern (Source: Outokumpu) 需要在生产过程中给予额外关注。外观尤
图4.18. 亚麻表层与激光表层的视觉对比（来源：奥托昆普）
其需被重视，即使不同的生产批次也要通
过保持恒定的生产参数。材料的平面度也
For the new Amazon Headquarters in Seattle, USA, designed by NBBJ8,a shot-blasted, dull 同样重要。为了保证幕墙表面的整体统一
surface (called “supermatt”), together with a 2B (annealed and pickled) surface was delivered. 和均匀，所有的覆层材料都需要具有完美
The “supermatt” surface finish is commonly used for roofing applications and was here 的平面度。拉伸矫直可以实现两个目的：
introduced on a façade, for the first time. Additionally, both surface finishes are electrolytically 第一使残余应力平衡，第二使钢带完全平
colored in red, green “champagne” and are placed with different widths and lengths, vertically 整。由于不锈钢在压花过程中会发生硬化
and horizontally on the façade. 效应，所以需要对钢带进行退火处理加以
恢复，以确保良好的成型性能。

The Delivery Range of Different Grades and Surfaces for Architectural Applications 另一组饰面由抛光表层来表示。抛光技术
（干式、湿式、双工或美光）和所选粒度会
Façade material must meet the highest quality standards. Consequently, special effort is vital 影响表面粗糙度和光泽度，进而在很大程
when this material passes through the production process. Particular attention is drawn to the 度上决定了材料的最终外观。
visual appearance because the façade needs to be as homogeneous as possible, requiring
constant oversight of production parameters. Equally important is the flatness of the product. 奥托昆普还可提供称为“2R²”的表面，具
In order to achieve an overall uniform, accurate and even appearance of the cladding, all the 有特别高的光泽度（20°角时最高可达 60%
façade elements need to have an exquisite flatness, obtained by tension leveling. The tension ）。该表面不是镜面抛光，其高光泽度的
leveling process serves two purposes. Firstly, residual stresses are equalized. Secondly, the strip 实现完全是通过直接应用在常规轧机设备
becomes completely flat. The stainless steel experiences a hardening effect during embossing, 上生产带钢的工艺步骤。在光泽度频谱的
therefore, a final recovery annealing needs to be performed on the strip in order to ensure 另一端，奥托昆普可生产前文所述的无光
appropriate formability. 泽饰面，称为“超哑光”。这种表面经过抛
丸处理，在 20°角时光泽度仅为 0.2%，60°
Another group of finishes is represented by polished surfaces. The polishing technique (dry, 角时为 1.5%。这种近似无光泽的饰面显
wet, duplo or microlon), together with the selected grit size influences, surface roughness and 示了奥托昆普的“装饰哑光”能力。它表面
gloss and therefore strongly determines the final visual appearance of the material. 粗糙，装饰性极强，通过组合运用装饰轧
Another surface, 2R2, has a particularly high gloss that can be as high as 60% at a 20° angle. The 制、酸洗和刷磨来实现此效果。
surface is not mirror polished and achieves its high gloss only by process steps directly applied 在牌号的选择上，316L是最为普遍的一种
to the coil on the regular mill facilities. On the other side of the gloss spectrum the dull finish 牌号。316L同时具有很好的成型性和焊
“supermatt” is a shot-blasted surface and has a gloss of just 0.2% at 20° and 1.5% at 60° angle. 接性。316L含有17%的铬、2%的钼，以及
A “Deco Matt’s” decorative rough surface is achieved by a combination of deco rolling, pickling 10%的镍。其中的钼使得316L比304具有
and brushing. 更好的抵御海洋气候环境的能力。对于
Concerning the selection of grades for façade applications, in the vast majority of cases Grade 316L, 我们建议可以根据距海边的距离、
316L is utilized, as it features both good formability and weldability. It contains approximately 雨水量、空气湿度以及污染物总量，每
17% chromium, 2% molybdenum and 10% nickel. The addition of molybdenum makes it more 年进行一到两次的清洗。 目前世界上有
resistant in marine aerosol containing environments compared to the standard Grade 304. 一个地区，其腐蚀程度之高，连316L都不
Nevertheless, a cleaning interval of once to twice a year is recommended for 316L depending 能适应外立面应用。这个地方就是波斯
湾地区。几种腐蚀条件的共同存在造成

8
http://www.nbbj.com/work/amazon

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外围护结构 | 79
on the proximity to the sea, amount of rain,
air humidity and contamination with air
pollutants. There is one particular region
in the world where the corrosion load is
so high that even Grade 316L is no longer
recommended for outside applications:
the bordering territory around the Persian
Gulf. Several corrosion-inducing factors
come together here, generating this severe
environment. First is the the lack of rain. It
leads to a fast accumulation of dust, sand
and salt, which form an adherent deposit
on the stainless-steel surface. This deposit
contains small crevices, in which condensed
humidity can act as an electrolyte to induce
corrosion. The high temperatures during
daytime even accelerate the corrosion
process. In these harsh conditions the author
recommends the utilization of the Duplex
Grade 2205 (1.4462) for outside applications.
The 2205 contains approximately 22%
chromium, 3% molybdenum and 6% nickel.

Statutory Regulations on the Reflectivity

of Façades Figure 4.19. The stainless-steel façade being installed on the building. (Source: Ping An)
图4.19. 平安金融中心已安装不锈钢立面 （来源：平安）
To protect neighboring buildings and
their residents from glare due to direct
sunlight reflection, cities such as Sydney and
Singapore have imposed regulations to limit 了这种严苛的环境。首先，由于缺乏降雨，不锈钢表面很快就聚集了大量的盐和沙尘。
the “daylight reflectance” of façades to a total 在沙尘缝隙中浓缩的水汽作为电解质而引发腐蚀。而白天的高温环境， 则加剧了腐蚀
of 20%9,10,11. In this content, the term “daylight 的过程。在这种严苛的环境下，奥托昆普会建议外立面使用双相不锈钢等级牌号2205
reflectance” refers to the sum of both the (1.4462)。 2205含有22%的铬、3%的钼和6%的镍。
specular and diffuse reflection of the façade
material. The drive to regulate the reflectance
of buildings intensified after the rumors 有关外立面反射率的法律规定
spread that the reflected sunlight beam of 为保护邻近建筑物及其中的居民避免受到阳光直射造成的眩光，悉尼、新加坡等城市已
the London skyscraper nicknamed “Walkie 经实施监管，将外立面的“日光反射率”限定为总计不超过 20% 9,10,11。此处提到的术语“日
Talkie” had melted parts of a vehicle1a. Due 光反射率”是指外立面材料的镜面反射和漫反射之和。英国伦敦有一栋俗称“对讲机”的摩
to the concave shape of the southern glass 天大楼，它的反射阳光束竟然将车辆零件融化了！在这则谣言流传开来之后，推动监管
façade of this building, the reflected sunlight 建筑物的反射率一下成为现实1a。这栋楼的南面玻璃外立面呈凹形，所反射的太阳光几
was virtually concentrated into a beam 乎都聚焦到光线指向的对面街道和人行道上。在新加坡国家发展部的一则公告中，提到
aimed at the street opposite the building. In a 了伦敦的这一事件和香港高层建筑的眩光问题（环球贸易广场 ICC），并将其作为更新反
射率法规的引发契机12。然而，这个 20% “日光反射率”限制的后果是，使合适覆层材料
9
http://www.bca.gov.sg/BuildingControlAct/others/ 的选择变得十分有限。如果依据此规定，无论制造材料是不锈钢还是铝，任何一种无涂
Building_Control_Regulations.pdf 层的金属覆层都无法满足要求。将表层涂成黑色或许是走出此困境的一个方法，但这不
10
http://www.corenet.gov.sg/einfo/Uploads/Circular/
CBCA131028.pdf
是一个合适的解决方案，尤其是对于不锈钢，因为这会破坏材料的主要视觉特性。
11
http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/ 减少金属表层镜面反射率的常用方法是增加其粗糙度。通过应用这种技术，上述“超哑
assets/pdf_file/0020/128018/4_WEB_Section3_
光”表层在 20°角时的镜面反射率仅为 0.2%。另一方面，粗糙会导致漫反射显著增加。因
DCP2012_130213.pdf
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80 | Enclosure
posting by the Ministry of National Development of Singapore this incident in London, together 此，无论调整外立面材料的何种粗糙度/
with the glare problem of the tallest building in Hong Kong (International Commerce Centre, ICC), 光泽度，镜面反射和漫反射之和（等于“
was mentioned as a trigger for updating the reflectivity regulations12. However this restriction to 日光反射率”）将大体上保持不变。
20% “daylight reflectance” does have a bearing on the selection of suitable cladding material for 总之，金属板材的问题在于，“日光反射
a tall building. No uncoated metal cladding (regardless of whether it consists of stainless steel or 率”还包括漫反射。不幸的是，这项监管
aluminum) fulfills this regulation anymore. Painting the surface black could be a loophole out of 规定导致由于物理限制，无涂层的金属板
this dilemma, but especially for stainless steel, this would not be an appropriate solution, as this 材材料绝对无法满足所要求的 20%“日光
would destroy the material’s characteristics. 反射率”，因而在外立面应用中再也不能
A common method for reducing the specular reflection of a metallic surface is to increase its 考虑使用它。
roughness. By applying this technique, the above-mentioned supermatt surface has a specular 同样值得一提的是，新加坡国家发展部公
reflectance at 20° angle of just 0.2%. On the other hand, roughening leads to a dramatic increase of 告中提到的这两个眩光问题都是由于玻
diffuse reflection. Therefore, no matter which roughness/gloss level is applied to the façade material, 璃和外立面的凹形共同导致的。这种情
the sum of specular and diffuse reflection (“daylight reflectance”) will remain approximately constant. 况同样适用于拉斯维加斯的月牙形 Vdara
In conclusion, it is problematic for metallic sheets that the “daylight reflectance” does also include Hotel and Spa 酒店以及它的大片玻璃前立
the diffuse reflection. Unfortunately the result of this regulation is that due to physical limitations, 面1b。在同一篇报纸文章1b中还提到，洛
uncoated metallic sheet material can never fulfill the required 20% “daylight reflectance” requirement 杉矶市中心 Frank O. Gehry 的沃尔特•迪斯
and therefore can no longer come into consideration for façade applications in jurisdictions with this 尼音乐厅采用的不锈钢板材也会导致眩光
requirement. 问题。在这个例子中，小比例眩光覆层区
域同样是凹形或月牙形，原有的表层饰面
It is also worth mentioning that the two glare problems to which the posting of the Ministry of
为抛光。将金属表面进行打磨之后，解决
National Development refers were in both cases provoked by glass and additionally by the concave
了眩光问题，但同时也导致了建筑外观的
shaping of the façade. The same applies to the crescent-shaped Vdara Hotel and Spa in Las Vegas,
平淡乏味。
with its large glass front1b. The newschapter article1b also mentions glare problems caused by stainless-
steel panels Frank O. Gehry’s Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles. Once again, in this 此外，从上述极端情形不难看出，这些眩
example the small percentage of glaring cladding area was concave or crescent-shaped, and the 光问题主要是由镜面反射造成。因此，法
initial surface finish was burnished. The glare problems were solved after sanding down the metal 规的重点应始终放在镜面反射问题上。非
surface, which led to a duller appearance. 常幸运，新加坡建设局开明地听取了奥托
昆普的意见，表示将采取个案决定方式，
Furthermore, as the above-mentioned exemplary cases impressively demonstrate, it is the specular
并就镜面反射可接受的最大百分比发表
reflection that predominantly causes these glare problems. Hence the main focus for regulations
了声明。
should always be put on the specular reflection. Luckily it seems that the Building and Construction
Authority in Singapore has an open ear for industry concerns and a case by case approach was
indicated, together with an accommodating statement concerning the maximum acceptable 结论 : 幕墙领域的新发展
percentage value for the specular reflection.
鉴于新加坡当局所作的让步，奥托昆普开
始开发新的无光泽表层饰面，实现较低镜
Conclusion: New Developments 面反射率。由于常用花纹表层用于外立面
应用，因此重点也将是开发这种类型的饰
Due to the concession of the Singapore authorities, Outokumpu started the development of new
面。无光泽表层的早期发展表明，那些饰
duller surface finishes with a lower specular reflection. As commonly patterned surfaces are used
面容易会显得有点“死气沉沉”。因此，这
for façade applications the focus will also be on these types of finishes. Earlier developments of
次开发工作的挑战在于，在维持不锈钢与
dull surfaces have shown that those finishes easily tend to appear somewhat “lifeless”. Therefore
生俱来的上述活泼与闪耀感的同时稍加抑
the challenge in this development is to maintain the initially mentioned liveliness and sparkle that
制，使板材外观整体上减少光泽。
characterizes stainless steel, but simply to apply it in a damped down, overall duller-appearing sheet.

12

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 5.0 Building Services
建筑服务

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Power, Elevator and Customer-Oriented
Sustainability Strategies
以电力，电梯与客户为导向的可持续策略
Tony Lau, J. Roger Preston Limited
刘志辉, 澧信工程顾问有限公司

Being a world-class skyscraper with international corporate tenants, reliable power supply, expedient elevatoring service and customer-oriented
sustainability pose formidable challenges on a building like PAFC. Some of the engineering solutions to bring these about include N+1 power
supply, high speed double-deck lifts with predictive control, strategically planned chilled water hydraulic zoning, etc. This chapter outlines the
solutions from the perspectives of engineering design strategies, which are driven towards satisfying occupants’ needs for years to come.

作为一个有国际租户的世界级摩天大楼，可靠的电力供应，便捷的电梯，以及以客户为主导对可持续性的的要求，给工程师们带
来了严峻的挑战。有效的工程解决方案，包含如N+1模式供电，有预测控制功能的高速双层电梯，冷冻水水力分区规划等等。本文
从工程设计策略的角度出发，概述了为满足未来多年这些客户们的需求所作出的解决方案。

Introduction 介绍
After PAFC’s completion, there will be a total of 49 0.8MVA -2.0MVA cast-resin dry-type 建成后整个项目共装载49台0.8MVA-
transformers installed on plantroom floors to meet an overall demand of 55 MVA. A total 2.0MVA的干式变压器，以满足55MVA的设
of 77 elevators, including 45 double-deck elevators will be installed to provide vertical 计容量。垂直运输方面，共设有77部电
transportation for a total population of over 17,000 people. A secure and reliable power 梯，其中包括45部双层轿厢电梯，载客总
supply and a flexible and expedient elevator service, along with customer-oriented 量超过17,000人。随着以客户为主导的可
sustainable design, play an important role in sustaining the operation of the skyscraper in 持续设计，一个安全、可靠的电力供应和
good condition and meeting the needs of Class A tenancy at all times. 灵活便捷的电梯服务，对于超高层摩天大
厦在维持良好的运营状态，，满足各种租
赁客户的需求方面，发挥了重大作用。
Main Power System
Service Strategy
Reliability, resiliency and redundancy of the power supply system are of paramount importance 主电源系统
to keeping a world-class skyscraper operating in good condition all year round. The following 服务策略
strategies have been adopted for PAFC facilitate this: 对一个全年经营状况良好的世界级摩天大
• Multiple high-voltage (HV) Infeed – The power company will provide power to the 楼而言，提供可靠的，灵活的和有富余的
PAFC from different sub-stations with 10kV feeders running in diversified routes to 供电方案是必不可少的。下面是平安金融
secure the availability of HV supply at all times. 中心所采用的策略：

• Duty-standby feeders – A total of nine of 10kV feeders will be provided by the power • 多路高压进线 - 电力公司从不同的
company. Three will be dedicated standby feeders to back up the duty feeders 电力变电所引来多路10kV的供电
whenever required. 线路供给大厦用电，确保平安金
融中心运行。
• Dual HV risers – The 10kV feeders will be running in two independent HV risers rising
through the core of the building, to eliminate the risk of total blackout in case of fire or • 适当的备用 –电力公司共提供9条
accident in one of the risers. 10kV的电源进线，其中3条作为备
用线路在必要时候使用。
• Dual tenant risers – Each tenant floor will be served by dual low-voltage (LV) busduct
risers feeding from different transformer sources. In case of power failure, it will be • 双高压电缆井-在大厦的核心区
possible to change over the tenant loads the functioning busduct riser. 域设两处独立的高压电缆井敷设

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84 | Building Services
 • Segregation of Services – Within the
building core, dry and wet trades
will be segregated from each other,
thus minimizing the risk of flooding
impact.

Above-Ground Transformer Substation

Due to the sheer height of PAFC, siting the
transformer substations on above-ground
mechanical floors where the major M&E
plant is located, is the best way to contain
voltage drops and distribute electricity to
the plant and tenants.
To facilitate transportation of power
transformers for future maintenance, a Figure 5.1. Simplified HV supply schematic (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
4500kg service elevator, tailor-made for 图5.1. 高压电源示意图 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）

vertical transportation of the transformers

and their associated switchgear within
PAFC will be provided. In addition to
transportation of transformers for future
expansion, the service elevator could also
10KV高压电缆，当发生火灾或意外事故时，可保证其中一个可继续运行，以消
be utilized to transport large furniture for
除停电带来的风险。
fitting-out of Class A offices for international
corporate tenants. • 双租客用电竖井-在每个租户区，敷设两条低压供电线槽，并由不同的变压器的
出线回路引来，当一路断电时，可进行切换，由另一路进行供电。
N+1 Power Supply
An N+1 power supply arrangement is an • 管井隔离 – 在建筑物的核心筒，干、湿工作管井相隔开，以减低水浸的风险。
effective way to enhance the resilience of
a power supply, in which standby reserves 楼层变电站
could be available at all times to back up the 由于平安金融中心相当高，需要在机电层设楼层变电站。这是降低低压配电的电压降，
power supply whenever required. 优化供配电的最好方式。
In PAFC, there will be nine dedicated 10kV 为了便于变压器的运输及日后的维护，在平安金融中心内专设了一部4500KG的服务电
electricity feeders to be supplied from 梯，这台电梯不仅考虑到日后变压器增容运输的需要，还可以用来为甲级办公的国际公
different substations in the Shenzhen region 司租户装修时运送大型的家具等。
(see Figure 5.1). Out of the nine feeders, N+1供电
six of them will be duty feeders, while the N+1的供电模式，提高了供电的恢复能力，从而在任何需要的时候都有备用电源。
other three will be standby feeders. In case
a duty feeder fails, its supported loads could 平安金融中心共有9条专门的10KV线路从深圳不同地区的供电变电站提供（见图5.1）。9
be easily transferred to a standby feeder by 条电力馈线当中，6条馈线作日常运行，其余3条则作为备用。若运行中的馈线出现故
means of change-over switchgear specifically 障，则可由平安金融中心专设的切换装置，很方便的将其负载切换至备用馈线，从而保
designed for PAFC, thus ensuring a continual 证了所有租户持续正常的供电
normal power supply to all tenants. 应急供电
Emergency Power Supply 在中国内地，由于场地限制应急发电机一般都设于地面层或地下层。这就造成主要的负
In China, emergency generators are generally 载中心远离发电机，导致电压下降，尤其对于超高层建筑更明显。
located at the ground or basement floors due 平安金融中心有6台 2,000kW的柴油发电机，为租户提供必备/生命安全保证的负荷（如安
to site constraints. As a result, the major load 全疏散电梯，消防设备等），以及租户的重要负荷（如电信和数据设备）。6台发电机被分
centers will be far away from the generators 成3组2× 2,000kW的发电机，每组分别服务于建筑物的低区，中区和高区。为了避免电
and voltage drop will be an issue, especially 压下降的问题，中区和高区采用10kV的高压发电机组作为应急电源。每个区的两台高压
for megatall buildings.
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建筑服务 | 85
In PAFC, six 2000kW diesel generators will be
provided to back up the landlord essential/
life safety loads (e.g. security, evacuation
elevators, fire services installation, etc.) and
tenants’ mission-critical loads (e.g. telecom
and data equipment). The generators will
be divided into three groups of two 2000kW
generators, with each group serving the
loads at low, middle and high-zones of the
building. In order to overcome the problem
of voltage drop, 10kV HV generators will be
adopted to supply emergency power to the
essential loads at middle and high zones. The
two HV generators for each of the zones will
be paralleled in order to further enhance the
Figure 5.2. Simplified HV generator supply schematic (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
resilience of the emergency power supply. 图5.2. 高压发电器电源示意图 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）
The emergency power supplied at 10kV
will be transmitted via HV riser inside the
building core (see Figure 5.2). A number of
step-down transformers will be provided
on high-level mechanical floors to step
down the voltage to 400V and distribute the
emergency power to LV switchboards via
automatic changeover switches.

Vertical Transportation System

Overview
Designing a vertical transportation system
for a megatall building is a challenging
task for all engineers. In order to come up
with an optimal and holistic design, due
consideration should be paid to striking
a balance between core efficiency and
elevator shaft spaces. Collaboration among
design team members at the onset of a
project is crucial to achieving the goal.
After exhaustive co-ordination among
design team members, PAFC was designed
with seven elevator zones for the office
floors and a dedicated elevator zone for
the observation deck/F&B levels at the top
of the skyscraper (see Figure 5.3). There are
altogether 77 elevators providing vertical
transportation for working population of
more than 17,000 people. The capacities and
speeds of the elevators range from 900kg to
4500kg and 1.75m/s to 10m/s.
Figure 5.3. Floor plans and traffic circulation of the elevator zones (Source: Ping An)

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图5.3. 楼层平面图和电梯间的交通流线 （来源：平安）

86 | Building Services
A good elevator design plays an important role in achieving a flexible and expedient elevator 发电机并列运行 ，以进一步提高应急电
service. The key features adopted for PAFC are outlined in the following section. 源的恢复力。10kV应急电源线路在管井内
Sky Lobby Approach for Office 进行敷设。（见图5.2）。设在高区机电层
With a floor area of 300,000m2 and 91 office floors, direct transportation between the main 的多个10/0.4kV降压变压器将供电电压变
elevator lobbies and all the local elevator zones will waste a lot of elevator shaft spaces and 到400V，并通过低压配电盘的自动转换开
reduce the efficiency of the building core drastically. The sky lobby approach is the best way to 关器进行应急配电。
overcome such inefficiency.
The office floors of PAFC are divided into seven elevator zones with two sky lobbies: 垂直运输系统
L10-L24 Zone 1 L53-L64 Zone 4 概述
L25-L34 Zone 2 L65-L80 Zone 5 对所有工程师而言，超高层建筑的垂直运
输系统设计是一个富有挑战性的工作。为
L35-L48 Zone 3 Sky-lobby 2
Sky lobby 1 L85-L96 Zone 6
L53-L64 Zone 4 L97-L112 Zone 7

The first sky lobby and second sky lobby will both be served by six 1800kg-capacity high-speed
double-deck shuttle elevators (see Figure 5.4). Both of the shuttle elevators will terminate at B1/
L1 as terminal floors for transportation of passengers directly to/from sky lobbies.
In order to tackle the difference in floor-to-floor height of the terminal floors and the sky lobbies,
the shuttle elevators will use super double-deck elevators, whereby the distance between the
lower car deck and the upper car deck could be adjusted automatically during trips, thus ensuring
both car decks land on the upper/lower sky lobbies or the L1/B1 floors at the same time.
With the introduction of sky lobbies, elevator shaft spaces are saved in the low zones, the size
of the building core is substantially reduced, and more usable floor area is available for the
low-zone floors.
Crowd Sensor Control
Crowd sensor control function, which prevents passengers from crowding into sky lobby
areas that have elevators of different capacities arriving and departing, is essential to elevator
installations that use the with sky-lobby approach.
Under the crowd sensor control, passengers arriving and leaving the sky lobbies can be closely
monitored by the call destination control system and crowd detectors. If there are more people
arriving than people leaving, the departure trips will be prioritized over trips that bring people
to sky lobbies. Thus the transportation of passengers to the sky lobbies will be reduced until the
lobbies are no longer overcrowded.
Double-deck Elevators
There will be a total of 45 double-deck elevators provided for office floors:
Local Passenger Elevators – 33 elevators of 1600kg/1600kg, 3.5-7m/s
Shuttle Passenger Elevators – 12 elevators of 1800kg/1800kg, 7-9m/s
In order to get the maximum efficiency from the double-deck elevators, the following
considerations have been taken during the design phase of the project.
• For upward travel from main lobbies or sky lobbies, the lower car deck will serve even
floors and the upper car deck will serve odd floors. Adequate signage shall be provided
to guide tenants/visitors to the correct lobbies.
Figure 5.4. Super double-deck elevator (Source: J. Roger
Preston Limited)

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建筑服务 | 87
Figure 5.5. Double-deck lift traffic concept (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
图5.5. 双层电梯的交通运行概念 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）

了做出一个最佳、最全面的设计，平衡电
梯核心筒效率和电梯井道空间应适当地考
虑。在项目开始时，设计团队成员之间的
合作对于完成整个项目目标是非常重要
的一环。
经过设计团队成员之间尽心尽力的协调，
平安金融中心办公楼层被规划出7个电梯
服务区域，以及直达顶楼观景台或餐厅食
肆使用之专用电梯 （见图5.3）。电梯数量
共有77部，为超过17,000人提供垂直运输
服务。电梯的容量和速度范围从900kg到
4,500kg和1.75米/秒至10米/秒。
一个好的电梯设计在实现灵活及便利的电
梯服务方面是重要的一环。以下部分概述
平安金融中心主要采用特点。
通向办公楼层的空中大堂
对于办公用房91层，建筑面积30万平方米
的建筑来说，主要电梯大堂至各区域之间
采用直达电梯将浪费很多电梯井空间，并
Figure 5.6. Building sway effect (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
降低建筑物核心筒使用效率。应用空中大
图5.6. 建筑物摇摆的影响 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）
堂的方式是弥补此种低效率的最佳方法。
平安金融中心的办公楼层划分为7个电梯
• Selection of elevator control system should best suit the operation of double-deck 分区，设置两个空中大堂：
elevators.
L10 – L24 1区
The double-deck elevator traffic concept is explained as follows (see Figure 5.5):
L25 – L34 2区
The compact size of the building core of PAFC is attributed to the adoption of double deck local
passenger elevators and shuttle elevators. L35 – L48 3区

Building Sway 空中大堂1

PAFC will be subject to strong wind effects during typhoon seasons, which create a complex L53 – L64 4区
oscillation and torsional movement of the building i.e., building sway. The sway might
L65 – L80 5区
be barely perceptible to occupants, but its profound impact on the safe operation of the
vertical transportation system must not be underestimated. The roping systems inside 空中大堂2
elevator shafts could be excited to oscillate under the influence of building sway, and in L85 – L96 6区
extreme circumstances match the resonance of the sway, resulting in severe damages to the
L97 – L112 7区
installations inside elevator shafts (see Figure 5.6).
第一、第二空中大堂均有六台
As elevators with long roping systems are more susceptible to building sway effects, those
1,800kg/1,800kg高速双层穿梭电梯（见图
elevators in PAFC with long roping systems, such as shuttle elevators, will be under the control
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88 | Building Services
 5.4）。两组电梯均以B1/L1层为地面层，直
达空中大堂。
为了解决在地面层及空中大堂层高之间的
差别，该项目将采用超级双层电梯，电梯
的上层轿厢和下层轿厢之间的距离可以自
动调节，从而两个轿厢可同时在地面层及
上/下区空中大堂位置停靠。
空中大堂的使用，可以节省低区电梯井空
间，减少建筑物核心筒尺寸，为低区楼层
提供更多有效使用建筑面积。
人群感应器控制
为了避免因各电梯到达或离开空中大堂时
间不一情况下引致人群挤拥，在采用空中
大堂的电梯系统中设置人群感应器控制功
能是必要的。
在人群感应器控制协助下，空中大堂内进
入和离开的乘客可通过目的层控制系统和
Figure 5.7. Conceptual illustration of elevation evacuation (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited) 人群探测器紧密监测。如果进入大堂的乘
图5.7. 电梯疏散概念说明 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）
客比离开的乘客多，各电梯控制会根据穿
of a building sway sensor. When building sway is detected, the speed of the elevators will slow 梭空中大堂之需求制定电梯出发优先次
down progressively and ultimately stop and park at “non-resonance” floors if the sway is severe. 序。这样的话，可降低到达空中大堂之乘
客交通量，直到空中大堂不再过分拥挤。
Evacuation Mode Operation
For a skyscraper of 115 stories with an envisaged population of over 17,000 people, safely and 双层电梯
orderly evacuating occupants under emergency situations is no easy task. With the two sky 以下是提供办公楼层共45台双层电梯：
lobbies located near to the refuge floors, three shuttle passenger elevators for each of the 本区载客电梯 –33部3.5-7米/秒,
sky lobbies are assigned as evacuation elevators to assist evacuation of the occupants when 1,600kg/1,600kg的电梯
required (see Figure 5.7). During emergencies, the assigned shuttle elevators will be switched
往返直达穿梭电梯 - 12部7-9米/秒,
to evacuation mode and manually controlled by fire wardens. The lower deck of the shuttle
1,800kg/1,800kg的电梯
elevators could then be parked on the refuge floors and transport the occupants from refuge
floors to the ground floor directly. 为了使双层电梯使用达到最大效率，在项
目设计阶段中需考虑如下事项：
To provide continuous and safe operation of the evacuation elevators under emergencies, a
highly secured electricity backup for the elevators and a dedicated environmental control for the • 在主大堂与空中大堂上行行程
elevator machine rooms are essential. Those elevators are therefore designed to standards on a 中，下层轿厢将服务双数楼层，
par with the stringent requirements of a fireman’s elevator, and the elevator machine rooms are 上层轿厢将服务单数楼层。充足
provided with dedicated VRV cooling systems to ensure that the elevator machine will not be 的指示牌将会提供给租户/访客引
overheated during emergencies. 导到正确大堂。
• 选择最适合双层电梯的运行之电
梯控制系统。
Customer-Oriented Sustainability Strategies
双层电梯的交通运行概念解释如下图（见
Customer-oriented sustainability strategies aim at providing comfortable, safe, trouble free and 图5.5）
reliable operation to all occupants for years to come. 通过采用双层本区电梯及穿梭电梯，平安
Hydraulic Zoning 金融中心的建筑核心筒尺寸得以紧凑。
Given the PAFC’s height, a single chilled water hydraulic zone is adopted, the pressure rating of 建筑物摇晃
low-zone equipment and chillers will be higher than 600 meters head working pressure, which 600米高的平安金融中心在台风季节的强
is beyond the common commercially available product range. The addition of heat exchanges 风影响下将会出现振荡和扭动，即建筑物
can provide hydraulic breaks, but the overall system pumping pressure and the chilled water 摇晃。这种摇晃可能几乎无人察觉，但对
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supply temperature (viz. the pump power and the chiller power) will be increased.

建筑服务 | 89
To minimize the pump power requirement, large chilled water delta-T as 7 oC to 8 oC is adopted 垂直运输系统的安全运行所产生深远的影
for office-zone terminal units. The chilled water supply temperature of the chiller is 5.6 oC with 响是不可低估的。建筑物电梯井内的绳索
7 oC delta-T, further reducing the energy consumption compared to the 5.6 oC with 5.9 oC delta-T 系统可能在猛烈摇晃影响下振荡，在极端
chillers. Utilizing heat exchangers with less than 1 oC temperature rise, the top office zone 的情况下对电梯井的安装设备造成严重损
chilled water supply temperature is limited to 8.5 oC in order to provide supply air at appropriate 害（见图5.6）。
temperature in summer. The large delta-T design can achieve an estimated annual energy saving 由于电梯长绳索系统更易受到建筑物晃动
of around 5% comparing all the airside and waterside equipment to the 5 oC delta-T system. 影响，这些设在平安金融中心电梯内长
Through such optimization exercises, minimal heat exchangers are placed at respective 绳索系统，如穿梭电梯，均安装建筑物
mechanical floors to form the three hydraulic zones (see Figure 5.8). 摇摆传感器来监控。当检测到建筑物摇
晃，电梯速度会逐渐减慢。在更严重晃动
情况下，电梯最终停止并停泊在“非共振”
楼层内。
疏散模式操作
对于115层高及预计容纳超过17,000人的摩
天大厦来说，在紧急情况下能安全有秩序
地疏散所有人并非容易的任务。靠近避难
层的两个空中大堂均指定三台穿梭电梯为
疏散模式电梯，有需要时可协助人们进行
疏散（见图5.7）。在紧急情况下，被指定
的穿梭电梯将被切换到疏散模式，由消防
纠察手动方式操作。下层轿厢将停泊在避
难层上，直接从避难层运送人员到地面。
为了保障疏散电梯在紧急情况下连续及安
全运行，高度可靠的备用电力供给电梯和
其专用电梯机房内环境控系统用电非常重
要。在设计这些电梯时，其设计标准严格
上与消防电梯要求看齐。电梯机房设有专
用VRV冷却系统，以确保电梯机器在紧急
情况下不会过热运行。

以客户为主导的可持续策略

以客户需求为主导的可持续设计方案，在
长远的将来，为租户提供一个舒适、安
全、稳定和可靠的工作环境。
水压分区
由于平安金融中心的特殊高度，如果采用
单一水压分区，低区设备和冷水机组的额
定压力将超过600米压头，超出了通常设
备限定（或者设计）范围。若增设热交换
器提供水压分区，则整个系统的输送扬程
和冷冻水供水温度（即水泵的能耗和制冷
机能耗）也将会相对地增加。
为减少水泵能耗，办公区末端设备冷冻
水温采用7oC至8oC的大温差设计。冷水机
Figure 5.8. Simplified chilled water schematic (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
组出水温度为5.6oC，并采用7oC大温差设
图5.8. 简化的冷冻水示意图 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）
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计，相对于5.9oC温差设计，能进一步降

90 | Building Services
With the above-mentioned hydraulic breaks, 低能耗。采用温升小于1oC的换热板换，顶部办公区冷冻水供水温度能保持最高8.5 oC，
the following benefits can be realized: 以保证炎夏时均能提供适当的送风温度。考虑到所有空气末端设备及水设备的总用电
• The maximum working pressure 量，相较较5oC温差系统，冷水机组的大温差以及所有空气侧和水侧设备电源设计预计
of the tenant airside terminal unit 可每年节约5％用电量。
is limited to a 60-meter head, a 通过设计优化，在各个机电层设置最少量的换热板换，以形成三个水压分区（见图5.8）
commercially common equipment 上述水压分区可达到：
pressure rating that facilitates
procurement for tenant fit-out work. • 租户区末端设备的最大工作压力限制于160米，，有利于租户装修工程时设备采
购。
• The maximum working pressure
of the heat exchanger is limited to • 除了第6及第7区外，其它办公区的热交换器的最大工作压力限定于250米。
a 250-meter head for most of the • 因办公6区及7区采取270米压力（相当于400psi）热交换器，可减少所需水压分
office zones, except zones 6 and 7. 区及因而降低制冷机冷冻水出水温度。
• Further adding hydraulic zones
and lowering the chilled water 风冷式冷水机系统与租客发电机组系统
supply temperature in chiller can be 为核心的营运设备提供后备紧急冷源是商业租户的基本要求。除中央主冷水机组所提供
avoided as the heat exchanger for 的平时冷冻水外，设在多个机电楼层中的风冷式冷水机组通过备用发电机电源供电，服
top office zones 6 and 7 is designed 务各办公区租户。
at a 270-meter head. 同样地，地下2层预留机房空间，供租户安装专用的备用发电机，支持他们的核心设
施，如数据中心。
Air-Cooled Chiller System & Tenant Gen-
三管同程系统
Set System
应租户要求而增设某些冷负荷需求密集的楼层，如大型金融租户的交易层或IT服务器
Emergency cooling for mission critical
层。在现有运行中的冷冻水主管上增加分支水管，同时减少影响其它租户，这对物业管
equipment is regarded as a minimum
理团队来说总是一个挑战。
requirement from the commercial tenant
point of view. In addition to the chilled water 因此，冷冻水立管采用三管同程兼备用设计，使增加管道分支期间也能保持100%冷冻
supply from the central main chiller plant, an 水供应到其它楼层。每增加一个分支时需要暂停三根主立管中的一根立管供水（见图5.9
air-cooled chiller with generator back-up is ）。由于每层分支管上设两对隔离阀及一个动态流量平衡阀，当系统由同程供水改为异
designated at the intermediate mechanical 程供水时，水泵能保持持续运行，提供冷冻水至各层。其后分支同样需要物业营运商配
floors to serve each office-zone tenant. 合系统转换，以减少对其他租户之影响。

Likewise, plant room space is reserved at 全空气变风量系统

Basement 2 for anchor tenants to install their 本项目采用全空气变风量系统，适应不同设计的吊顶和写字楼灵活布局的需要。在租户
dedicated generators to back up critical 装修期间，送风口可按新的布局和分区很容易地重新布置，全空气变风量系统可达到更
facilities such as data centers. 好的室内空气品质和能源优化控制。

Three-Pipe Reverse Return 鉴于交易层所需要空调24小时运行，其送风设备的可靠性十分必要。安装在每个办公楼

In view of the demand to provide cooling- 层的两个空调机组，可以通过共享一条环形主送风管设计，以达到送风设备互补备用效
load-intensive floors, such as trading floors 果。如果其中一台调机组停止运作，整个办公楼层中的部分制冷仍可维持。
or IT server floors for large financial office 建筑能源和能源成本
tenants, tapping of additional chilled water 深圳低谷时电价为峰时段电价60％，因而本项目利用这一优点采用冰蓄冷系统。这样冰
from the existing and operating chilled water 蓄冷系统估计每年节省的能源比不设蓄冰系统高达15％。
riser system with minimal interruption of
以下措施能进一步降低建筑总耗能﹕-
chilled water supply to tenants always poses a
challenge to the property management team. • 高效率冷水机组，COP>=5.6，

A three-pipe reverse return with standby • 变速驱动器，

chilled water riser is therefore introduced to • CO2传感器优化新风控制，
allow pipework tee-off from the main riser • 高效率马达，
while maintaining 100% chilled water supply
to other floors. Each tee-off is achieved by

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shutting down one of the three main risers at

建筑服务 | 91
a time (see Figure 5.9). Two pairs of isolation
valves are to be installed with a dynamic flow
balance valve at each floor. In operation, the
reverse-return system will be changed to a
direct return system with the chilled water
pump in continuous operation. Subsequent
changeover of isolation valves at individual
floors will be conducted by the building
operators to minimize the interruption
during pipework modification.
All-Air VAV System
An all-air VAV system is proposed to support
the flexibility of different ceiling designs
and internal layout amongst office tenants.
During tenant fitting-out, the supply air
plenum can be relocated easily to suit the
new layout. Better indoor air quality and
energy optimization control can be achieved
by the VAV system.
In view of the 24-hour air-conditioning
requirement for trading office, reliability of Figure 5.9. Three-pipe reverse return system with standby pipe (Source: J. Roger Preston Limited)
the airside system is essential. The two air- 图5.9. 三管同程兼备用系统 （来源： 澧信工程顾问有限公司）
handling units installed at each office floor
can enhance resilience by providing cross-
backup through the main supply air duct, • 高效能灯具，
which is purposely connected in a ring duct • 高速电梯再生蓄电系统。
design. If one of the AHUs is out of service,
partial cooling to the whole office floor can
结论
still be maintained.
本项目设计目标是为入主平安金融中心的所有客人提供一个舒适，安全，无故障及可靠
Building Energy Cost
的服务。为满足这些客户的需求，从工程设计策略的角度出发，设计所需解决的方案包
Taking advantage of a 60% tariff policy
括：
discount for using off-peak electricity in
Shenzhen, an ice storage system has been 电力
designed for PAFC. The annual energy • 电源供应策略，以提高供电的可靠性，并控制电压下降;
cost saving for a chiller plant with an ice
• N+1的正常供电，以最大限度地减少停机时间;
storage system is estimated to be up to 15%
compared to a chiller plant without an ice • 提供中央后备发电机供应大厦及租户的关键设备用电，增强供电有效可用性;
storage system. • 发电机组并联，以提高供应恢复力;
The following designs are considered with a 电梯系统
view to reducing the total building energy • 空中大堂方法，以提高建筑核心筒效率。
consumption:
• 高速双层电梯来优化电梯服务;
• High efficiency chillers with COP >= • 预测电梯人流控制系统，最大限度地提高旅客吞吐能力;
5.6,
• 人群传感器控制，以避免在空中大堂过度拥挤;
• Variable-speed drives,
• 建筑摇摆控制，以保障在台风季节电梯的正常运行;
• CO2 sensor for optimizing fresh air
• 必要时电梯疏散功能，提供协助人们疏散
control,

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92 | Building Services
 • High-efficiency motors, 以客户为主导的可持续性
• High-efficacy luminaires, • 有策略的规划液压分区，方便租
• Regenerative power from high-speed elevators. 户选择;
• 风冷式冷水机和租户发电机组系
Conclusion 统，支持租户的关键设备;
The design goal is to provide comfortable, safe, trouble-free and reliable services to all • 3管反向恢复冷却水立管系统，最
occupants of PAFC. The design solutions from the perspective of engineering design strategies, 大限度地减少冷冻水供应中断对
which are driven towards satisfying these customer’s needs, include: 租户的影响;

Power • 全空气变风量系统，方便租户装
修设计;
• Power supply strategies to enhance supply reliability and contain voltage drop;
• 安装冰蓄冷系统和高效率制冷机
• N+1 normal supply to minimize downtime; 等，最大限度地减少建筑能耗和
• Centralized generator back-up for building and tenant’s critical services to enhance 能源成本。
supply availability;
• Paralleled gensets to improve supply resilience;
Elevator system
• Sky lobby approach to improve building core efficiency.
• High-speed double-deck elevators to optimize elevator provisions;
• Predictive elevator control system to maximize passenger handling capacity;
• Crowd sensor controls to avoid overcrowding in sky-lobbies during exceptional
circumstances;
• Building sway control to safeguard elevator operation during typhoon seasons;
• evacuation elevator provision to assist evacuation of occupants when required
Customer oriented sustainability
• Strategically planned hydraulic zoning to facilitate tenants selection of terminal units ;
• Air-cooled chiller and tenant genset systems to support tenants mission critical
equipment;
• 3-pipe reverse return chilled water riser system to minimize interruption of chilled water
supply to tenants;
• All air VAV system to facilitate tenants fit-out design;
• Installations such as ice storage system and high efficiency chillers etc to minimize
building energy and energy cost.

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建筑服务 | 93
Engineering Contractor Management
工程总承包管理

Jian Zhong & Zhengkai Huang, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Second Installation Company
钟剑 & 黄正凯, 中建三局二公司安装公司

Megatall high-rise projects face difficulties that require innovative solutions in terms of material coordination, allocation of labor resources,
large massing, complex multi-system engineering, noise control, net height control, multi-process coordinated construction, processing venue
restriction, and more. To explore these solutions, a unique organizational management approach was adopted. Firstly, it established progressive
management concepts that relied on new technologies (e.g. logistics shipping management, factory based pre-manufacturing, on-site
assembly, BIM modeling, cloud network coordination, CFD data simulation, etc.). Furthermore, advanced technical approaches were used,
along with the establishment of a lean construction method that utilized technological solutions. This chapter addresses the difficulties faced
by project administrators for the Ping An Finance Center and provides an overview of the identified solutions from a project management
perspective.

平安金融中心是具有独特建筑结构的超高层国际甲级写字楼，目前国内超高层建筑物工程施工的特点和遭遇的实际困难具有共性
问题，在工程施工中都面临物料的垂直运输统筹，劳动力资源的调配，复杂的大体量、多系统的机电工程深化设计，噪音控制，
净高控制，多工序协调施工，加工场地限制等需要解决的难题。在超高层建筑工程施工项目管理和技术创新应用方面进行一些尝
试性的实践和探索，采用独特的组织管理、创立新颖的管理理念及新科技的结合应用（如物流化运输管理、工厂化预制—现场装
配化施工、BIM模型、云网络协同、CFD数值模拟等），应用先进科技手段和措施以及竖立精益建造、技术建造的思想，来解决超
高层建筑项目施工管理面临的难题，形成示范作用并提升项目管理品质和施工技术水平，实现项目的管理目标。

Project Scale 项目规模

The scope of engineering contracting for the Ping An Finance Center includes: advanced 机电总承包包括：强电工程（变配电系统、
electric engineering (substation and distribution system, dynamic lighting power 动力照明配电、防雷及接地、人防电气）
distribution, lightning protection and grounding, civil defense and electrics), electronic 、弱电工程、通风空调工程。
engineering, and HVAC engineering. 技术协调：消防专业、弱电类专业、泛光
Technical coordination includes disciplines such as fire protection, electronics, floodlighting, 照明专业、给排水等分包工程。
plumbing, and other sub-contracting projects. 工期进度
MEP Construction Schedule • 2013年2月27日进场
• February 27, 2013 comes into play • 2016年3月12日完成机电联合调试
• completed in March 12, 2016 the combined mechanical and electrical debugging • 2016年4月16日完工并通过验收
• completed in April 16, 2016 and passed the acceptance • 2016年6月23日竣工
• completed in June 23, 2016 项目管理模式
Project Management Pattern 总承包+自营+分包+技术协调 （请详见表
General contract + self operation + sub-contract + technical coordination (see Table 5.1) 5.1）

Project Organization Structure and Team Setup 项目组织架构与团队设置

Project Organizational Structure 项目管理架构
Figure 5.10 shows the adopted four-tier management structure that includes a corporate 设置四级管理机构（包括企业保障监督
assurance monitoring section, an engineering general contract management section, a 层、机电总包管理层、施工管理层、施工
construction administration section, and a construction section. 作业层）（请详见附图5.10）。
Setup of Engineering General Contract Management Section 机电总承包管理层设置
There are 11 departments in total that comprise the general contract management system: 机电总包协调部、计划管理部、深化设计
Engineering General Contract Coordination Department, Planning & Management Department, 中心、BIM工作站、科技研发部、物资管
理部、商务管理部、工程管理部、质量管
理部、安全管理部、综合办等11个部门。

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Design Development Center, BIM 确定主要管理部门即机电分包管理团队负责人、分段分区域统筹协调管理团队负责人、
Workstation, Technical R&D Department, 深化设计负责人、BIM管理负责人、机电调试负责人、安全环境管理负责人的职责。
Material Management Department, 项目组织机构图及管理职责
Business Management Department, 为保障项目管理目标的实现，机电总承包部确立了如下管理职责 ：
Construction Administration Department,
Quality Management Department, Safety • 负责机电工程总体安全、质量、进度的控制和管理
Management Department, and the • 负责机电各专业深化设计进度计划审核、深化设计图纸质量审核、牵头组织机
General Office. To identify the duties of 电综合管线深化设计、运用BIM 模型辅助深化设计
personnel in charge of major management • 负责其管理范围内的施工组织设计审核、专业施工方案审核
departments, an engineering sub-contract
• 负责机电各专业工程的组织协调工作
management department, a phased and
regional coordination management team, • 负责组织、参加机电工程各类生产会议，定期组织召开机电工程总承包协调例
a design development, a BIM management, 会
an engineering and commissioning
department, and a safe environment 超高层项目的建造理念
management department were established.
在加强管理明确责任的同时竖立精益建造、技术建造技术建造的理念，充分发掘科技应
Project Organizational Structure Diagram 用新思路，应用BIM技术的创新手段提升建筑业项目的管理品质。
and Management Duties
从项目的管理实践中总结和探索建筑行业发展的新途径，行业要发展首先应当起源于理
In order to ensure the achievement of
念的创新，即新思路、新思维、新概念；然后推进到项目的管理生产活动中，产生新的
the project's management goals, the
管理组织流程；再者推动行业新技术的应用和发展。
Engineering General Contract Department
has identified the following management 通过BIM模型的建立，运用项目的预可视化。运用进度模拟、碰撞报告、工厂化预制等
duties: 手段，减少物料的消耗，提高质量、提高工艺效率、减少浪费。
• To be responsible for the control and 发展技术建造，运用各种新科技服务于项目施工，例如机器人全站仪与BIM模型的结合
management of the overall safety, 应用、二维码的物流管理系统、BIM模型的多种模拟应用等。
quality, and progress of engineering
projects
创新机电施工管理
• To be responsible for the review
of design development progress 由于超高层机电系统复杂、设备及管道规格大（或容量大）、机房数量众多，对施工组
including the planning of all 织能力和工艺操作能力要求高。机房和主干管道较为集中，系统分级清楚，建筑功能分
engineering related disciplines. 区很明确。根据施工流程和施工工艺的要求，采取分段施工的办法组织施工，以满足总
Furthermore, to review design
development drawing quality,
initiate and organize comprehensive Progress target Project completion by June 23, 2016
1
engineering piping design, and 工期目标 竣工日期为2016年6月23日
to promote design development Quality target To win National Quality Project Award, Lu Ban Award, Zhan
2 Tianyou Award
utilizing BIM models. 质量目标
获得国家优质工程奖、鲁班奖、詹天佑奖
• To be responsible for organizing Shenzhen-Guangdong dual level safe and civilized quality
Safe and civilized
construction design review 3 construction construction site
and specialized construction 安全文明施工 深圳市、广东省两级安全文明双优工地
program review within its scope of Sustainable LEED Gold certification
management 4 development target 美国绿色建筑协会LEED金级认证
• To be responsible for the 可持续性发展目标
organization and coordination of all Service target Whole course construction management, 100% coordinated
5 service coverage
engineering related disciplines 服务目标
工程施工全过程管理、协调服务履盖100%
• To be responsible for organizing and Information target Delivery of complete BIM completion model
participating in various engineering 6
信息目标 完整BIM竣工模型的交付
production meetings and to
Table 5.1. Project management objective(Source: Tiejun Tang)
convene regular engineering general 表 5.1.项目的管理目标（出自：唐铁军）
contractor coordination sessions
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 体施工进度计划的需要，并且不断创新和
完善管理组织流程以及科技创新，达到专

建立专业的运输团队，统筹组织安排，做
始终贯彻统筹组织、协调服务 、集成管

超高层设备材料的垂直运输的组织管理

到专业、统一、高效、有序管理，及时
General Office

理的管理思路 （请详见附图5.11）。
HVAC Self-operated HVAC Self-operated
Construction Material Project Department Construction Team

业化、高效率的施工目的。
Measurement Consultant Safety Management
Director

Department
Safety

Plumbing Project Plumbing Construction Team

Engineering Consultant Department
Quality Management
Director
Quality

的配送。
Technology and Project Department Electronics Specific
Electronics Specific
Expert Consultant Sub-Contract Construction

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Sub-Contract Project
Team

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Project Secretary

Materials Management
Department Electronics General Electronics General Contract
Project Vice

China Construction Third

(Business)

Contract Project
Manager

Construction Team
Engineering Bureau Ping

innovative concepts, i.e., new mindsets, new ideas, new concepts; and incorporate them into
management and production activities, generating new management processes, and using
An Finance Center Business Management

Concepts supporting lean and technological construction are established in order to fully
Engineering General Contract

from the project management practice. The development of any industry should identify
Engineering Management
Owner/Construction Institution

New development methods for the construction industry are summarized and explored
architectural projects by applying innovative approaches incorporating BIM technology.
Departmnet
Committee

explore new ideas for technological application and raise the management quality of

them to drive the application and development of new technologies in the industry.
Diesel Power Generation
Command Center

Diesel Power Generation

Machine Room Machine Room Construction
Design Development

Figure 5.10. Ping An financial center electrical contracting organization chart. (Source: Tiejun Tang)
Center
(Chief Engineer)
Technical
Director
Cooling Engineering
Technology R&D Department
Project Department Cooling Engineering
Design Institution, Design Construction Team
Consultants
BIM Workstation
Kitchen Equipment Kitchen Equipment
Project Manager
Project Departmnet

(Production)
Construction Team

Project Vice
Manager
Construction
Civil Engineering General Administration Department
Contract

图5.10. 平安金融中心机电总承包组织机构图（出自：唐铁军）
Substation and

Construction Concept of Supertall Projects

Substration and
Distribution Departmnet Distribution Team
Supervision Institution Planning Management
Department

(Coordination)
Project Vice
Manager
Government Supervising Electricity Project
General Contract Department Electricity Construction Team
Department
Coordination Department

96 | Building Services
Assurance Monitoring Tier Engineering General Contract Management Tier Consrtuction Construction Work Tier
Administration Tier
Figure 5.11. Overall Strategic Thinking (Source: Jian Zhong)
图5.11. 总体策划思路（出自：钟剑）

For instance, Ping An Center utilized pre-visualization through the establishment of BIM models. 统计并分析了各类机电材料的重量，结合
Using simulations, collision test reports, and factory based pre-manufacturing, the goals of 现场状况选择运输方式、运输次数，并结
reducing material consumption, increasing quality, and raising process efficiency are achieved. 合总进度编制了各类材料的运输时间段。
Innovation also lies in developing technological construction methods. Various new technical 引进二维码和RFID技术进行物流化运输管
services need to be incorporated into construction, (e.g. combined application of robot 理，方便追踪查询。通过设置在通风管道
total station and BIM models, two-dimensional code logistics management system, multiple 井的双轨式吊笼进行局部垂直转运，可以
simulated applications of BIM models, etc.). 分担15%小件材料的垂直运输工作。
超高层劳动力的作业形态安排

Innovative Engineering Construction Administration 1. 施工班组在施工高峰和抢工期间

有组织、有计划地合理安排作业
Considering the complexity of the engineering systems in super high-rise buildings, the large 班组，进行二班制或三班制，缓
specifications (or large capacity) of equipment and piping, and the large quantity of machine 解人员运输和材料运输困难的
rooms, a higher requirement is set for construction organization and process operation 问题。
capacity. The machine room and main piping are comparatively concentrated, system
2. 超高层施工由于电梯运力紧张，
hierarchies are clear, and the building’s functional zoning is well defined. Construction should
上下行程时间长，上下班高峰拥
be organized by adopting a phased approach based on the requirements for construction
挤，不利于工人的午间休息以及
processes and techniques so as to meet the requirements of the construction schedule.
用餐。统一安排按时送餐和送水
Moreover, continued improvement of management processes and technological innovations
到施工班组的所在楼层。
are required to achieve highly efficient construction.
机电先行的管理理念
The management concept of coordinated organization, coordinated service, and integrated
management should be consistently implemented (see Figure 5.11). • 机房优先：设备机房是整个机电
系统的心脏，对机电的调试和交
Organization and Management of Vertical Shipping for Supertall Equipment and
验起决定作用
Material
Professional shipping teams should be put in place to achieve professional, efficient, orderly, • 管井优先：管井是整个建筑工程
and timely deliveries. 的脉络，是机电的主干线，直接
影响机电系统的形成和调试
Our team also gathered data and analyzed the weight of various engineering materials,
• 调试优先：在机电某些局部系统
selected shipping methods and numbers of shipping trips based on site conditions, and
基本完成设备安装后，在设备安
prepared the shipping timeframes of various materials based on overall progress. Two-
装后竣工验收之前，即进行优先
dimensional codes and RFID technologies are introduced for logistics management to facilitate
的单机或局部系统的调试，及早
tracing and inquiry. 15% of vertical shipping for small-sized materials can be shared by localized
消除缺陷，为下道工序做好准备
vertical transit shipping through dual-track suspended cage set up at ventilation shafts.
工作
Work Method Arrangement of Megatall Operation
1. Difficulties in personnel and materials transport can be alleviated with organized, well
创新科技的运用
planned, and reasonable arrangements of two-shift or three-shift work teams during
construction rush hours. 科技创新是企业持续发展的必由之路，产
生更多的新标准、新专利，提高企业发展
2. The limited capacity of elevators in super high-rise building construction results
的核心竞争力。
in prolonged journeys and over-crowded rides during rush hours, which is not
conducive to workers' lunch breaks and can cause difficulties with dining. To 二维码与物流化配送

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 organize synchronized meal and
water delivery to the floors, the
construction team operates at set
hours.
Figure 5.12. (a) Two-dimensional code equipment accessories (Source: Tiejun Tang)
Management Concept of Prioritized 图5.12. （a）设备配件的二维码（出自：唐铁军）
Engineering
• Prioritized machine room concept:
the machine room is the heart of
the entire engineering system,
which has a deciding effect on
the commissioning, delivery, and
acceptance
• Prioritized shaft concept: shafts are
the veins of the overall construction
and the backbone of engineering,
which directly affects the formation
and commissioning of engineering
systems
• Prioritized commissioning concept:
prioritized single machine or
local system commissioning is to
be conducted after substantial
completion of equipment
installation on certain local
engineering systems while prior to
final acceptance of construction, so
Figure 5.12. (b) Two-dimensional code equipment accessories (Source: Tiejun Tang)
as to eliminate defects at the very 图5.12. （b）设备配件的二维码（出自：唐铁军）
beginning, laying a solid groundwork
for subsequent procedures

场材料，在BIM生成风管、水管预制加工图的同时分配给每节管道、每个部件一个二维
Application of Innovative Technology 码，建立包含了这节管道及部件的位置、尺寸、所在系统及用途等信息数据库平台，保
Technological innovation is inevitable in 证所有可读取二维码的设备随时读取信息。预制成品出厂、运输、现场验收、安装等环
the sustainable development of a company, 节，项目部可通过物联网管理系统对管道进行全程的跟踪与统计。建立数据库，以方便
which generates new standards and patents, 后期建立物业的运维管理系统 （请详见附图5.12a、b、c及d）。
further increasing the core competitiveness 机器人全站仪与BIM模型的结合
of a company. 应用Trimble VISION强大的可视化工具，在控制器屏幕上用户可以通过点击屏幕的方式快
Two-Dimensional and Logistics Delivery 速容易地识别和捕获相关数据。设立专门的测量人员和机构，用全站仪对基准定位点及
To adopt digital information management 轴线进行必要复核，根据测量成果反馈编制机电安装测量竣工图及真实BIM竣工模型。
technology to efficiently manage the 经计算机处理可获得BIM模型与现场实际施工的准确误差。高效放样，精确施工。
materials on site, a two-dimensional code is BIM云网络协同设计工作室
allocated to each section of piping and each 目前我司携手网络科技公司联合打造平安金融中心BIM云平台。
component while BIM generates wind and
water piping pre-manufacturing drawings. • 通过云计算技术解决因为模型信息量大而导致运行缓慢或无法运行的问题，提
This establishes an information database 高模型深化设计效率
platform containing the location, dimension, • 保证信息存储的安全性，便于信息的统筹管理
system location, and purpose of each section • 减少BIM对计算机硬件设备的依赖
of piping and component. Consequently,

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98 | Building Services
this ensures that all equipments are able
to read two-dimensional codes and have
access to information at any time. For
stages including dispatch, shipping, on-
site acceptance and installation of pre- Figure 5.12. (c) Two-dimensional code equipment accessories (Source: Tiejun Tang)
manufactured finished products; the project 图5.12. （c）设备配件的二维码（出自：唐铁军）
department can carry out whole course
follow-ups and accounting through a “LOT”
management system. A database is built to
facilitate the operation and maintenance
management system of future properties
(see Figure 5.12a, b, c and d).
Combination of Robotic Total Stations
and BIM Models
The powerful Trimble VISION visualization
tool can be used to rapidly and easily
capture relevant data by clicking the
screen. Dedicated measuring personnel
and institutions are put in place to carry out
necessary reviews of the benchmark anchor
spots and axes by using a total station.
Engineering, installation, measurement
completion drawing, and BIM completion
models are prepared based on measurement
results. The specific deviation between the
Figure 5.12. (d) Two-dimensional code equipment accessories (Source: Tiejun Tang)
BIM model and the on-site construction 图5.12. （d）设备配件的二维码（出自：唐铁军）
can be obtained through computerized
processing. Efficient lofting and accurate
construction can be guaranteed.
通过建立BIM云计算网络形成一个完整的、高性能、安全建筑设计系统，各专业间形成
BIM Cloud Network Coordinated Design
互联互通、协同高效的工作模式，能及时优化和维护模型 （请详见附图5.13a及b）。
Studio
Currently, our company is joining forces with BIM工作站在项目的应用
internet technology companies to create 族库与建模（Revit）
a BIM cloud platform for Ping An Finance 结合厂家产品信息库，运用3ds Max、Revit、Inventor等三维模型软件为本工程的机电系
Center for the following reasons: 统建立完整的三维数字模型，并配置参数信息全面的各类产品族库，进行专业和综合管
线的优化设计，净高标高分析，解决空间碰撞问题。
• to solve the problem of slow or failed
operations due to large volumes 进度模拟与碰撞报告
of information through cloud 应用Navisworks软件，结合现场各项进度计划安排，进行本工程进度计划的模拟和综合
computing technology increasing 管线碰撞。优化施工流程和工期安排，优化综合管线的排布。模拟建造过程，以达到对
the design development efficiency 整个施工过程全程监控的目的。对BIM模型进行二次深化，包括模型构建、碰撞处理措
of models; 施及最终绘制可施工图纸。
• to ensure the safety of information 同时将机电工程施工方案及工艺模拟的方法和最优化施工方案以案例形式进行了演示。
storage and facilitating the
运用三维软件绘制系统装配图
coordinated management of
利用软件的高精度和自动编码功能，将构件的BIM模型结合数字化构件加工设备，实现
information;
预制、预加工构件的数字化精确加工，以保证相应部位的工程质量。
• to reduce dependence of BIM on
1. 实现工厂化预制、物流化运输、装配化施工
computer hardware equipments.
2. 比较预制加工施工与传统施工方法的优缺点，形成成本分析

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 Figure 5.13. (a) Cloud Network System Illustration (Source: Shenzhen xiechuang Tiancheng Technology Co. Ltd.)
图5.13. （a）云网络系统示意图（出自：深圳携创天成科技有限公司）

To create a complete, high performance,

and safe architectural design system
by establishing a BIM cloud computing
network, an inter-connected, coordinated,
and efficient work pattern is formed among
disciplines, realizing timely optimization and
model maintenance (see Figure 5.13a and b).
Application of BIM workstation In
Projects
Revit Modeling
In combination with the manufacturer's
product information base, we have
established a complete 3-D digital model
for the engineering system of this project
using 3-D modeling software including
3ds Max, Revit, and Inventor. Through the
configuration of various products’ Revit
files, parameters carried out optimized
coordination of disciplines and integrated
piping and net/standard height analysis,
solving spatial collision problems. Figure 5.13. (b) Cloud Network System Illustration (Source: Shenzhen xiechuang Tiancheng Technology Co. Ltd.)
图5.13. （b）云网络系统示意图（出自：深圳携创天成科技有限公司）
Progress Simulation and Collision Report
The simulation of this project's progress
plan and integrated piping collision are
carried out by using Navisworks software
3. 通过装配化方案策划，优化施工方法，提升工作效率，如：降低现场焊接作
in combination with the various on-site
业，推行卡箍式装配方案等
progress schedules. Navisworks organizes
the construction process and progress BIM模型的物流管理系统
arrangements as well as, optimally organizes 运用二维码编码系统结合物流管理系统对机电系统的物料和设备等物资的可控管理，增
the integrated piping systems. The 强了物流的及时性和可追溯性。将信息参数录入BIM模型及竣工模型的交付，为后期物
construction process is simulated to achieve 业的交接和管理提供便利。
the purpose of monitoring of the entirety CFD气流组织模拟
of the construction process. The second 运用Fluent软件对塔楼6-9层冷却塔群，L26、50、82层等设备层的风冷机组群和办公区
development of BIM models is then carried 大空间，进行气流组织模拟研究与优化方案设计。包括：①模拟冷却塔群周围气流组
out including model construction, collision 织，获得冷却塔周围气流流场分布、温度场分布与气流流动阻力特性；②对方案的合
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Figure 5.14. (a) Air Flow Organization Simulation (Source: Changsha University of Science & Technology)
图5.14. （a）气流组织模拟（出自：长沙理工大学）

handling measures, and the final preparation

of construction drawings.
The engineering construction program
and simulation methods as well as the
most optimized construction program, are
demonstrated as an example.
Preparing System Assembly Drawing
Using 3-D Software
Through combining the components'
BIM model with digital components using
the high precision and automatic coding
functions of the software, it was possible
to digitalize the precise processing for
the pre-manufactured and pre-processed
components; ensuring the construction
quality of relevant portions. This process
enabled 3 factors:
1. The realization of factory pre-
manufacturing, logistic shipping,
and assembly construction;
2. The ability to compare the pros
and cons of pre-manufactured
processing construction with the
traditional construction approach,
thus creating a tool of cost analysis;
3. It increased work efficiency
through assembly program Figure 5.14. (b) Air Flow Organization Simulation (Source: Changsha University of Science & Technology)
图5.14. （b）气流组织模拟（出自：长沙理工大学）
planning and optimized the
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Figure 5.14. (c) Air Flow Organization Simulation (Source: Changsha University of Science & Technology)
图5.14. （c）气流组织模拟（出自：长沙理工大学）

Figure 5.14. (d) Air Flow Organization Simulation (Source: Changsha University of Science & Technology)
图5.14. （d）气流组织模拟（出自：长沙理工大学）

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102 | Building Services
 construction approach, such as reducing in-situ welding work and the promotion of 理性进行综合评价；③对原设计方案进
a clamping assembly program. 行改进与优化，确定冷却塔群施工的最
Logistics Management System of BIM Model 优方案。
The controlled management of the materials and equipment of engineering systems is carried 气流组织模拟
out using a two-dimensional coding system in combination with the logistics management 总之，通过设立独特的项目组织机构和新
system. This increased the timeliness and traceability of logistics. The parameters are 颖的管理理念，使超高层机电总承包项目
programmed into the BIM model and the completion model facilitated the handover and 管理获得高效率的工作流程和强大的执行
management of the property at later stages. 力（见图5.14a、b、c及d）；应用高科技的
CFD Air Stream Organization Simulation 软件与创新手段的集成，辅助于设计和施
Fluent software is used to carry out air stream organization simulation research and program 工，达到精确的施工，建立完善的管理系
optimization design for the cooling tower cluster on floors 6-9 of the building. Also, the wind 统以及密切协同的工作平台，是机电工程
cooling units on equipment levels including L26, L50 and L82 and large office areas were 施工水平的一次科技突破，未来在机电施
organized in this fashion. This includes: (1) simulation of cooling tower peripheral air stream 工方面的科技应用还需要更多的创新和开
organization to obtain information on the traits of peripheral air stream field distributions, 拓，使科技集成的深度应用改变未来的超
thermal field distribution and air stream flow resistance; (2) to comprehensively evaluate the 高层机电施工的新模式 。
feasibility of the program; (3) to improve and optimize the original design program, deciding on
the optimal program of cooling tower cluster construction.
Air Flow Organization Simulation
In summary, a highly efficient work flow and powerful execution capacity can be achieved
for supertall engineering and general contract project management by setting up unique
organizational structures and novel management concepts (see Figure 5.14a, b, c and d). The
application of high-tech software and innovative approaches in the design and construction
support enables the achievement of precise construction. The establishment of a well-
developed management system and closely coordinated work platform are technological
breakthroughs in terms of engineering construction competency and more innovations and
developments in the field are needed for further technological applications in engineering
construction. In-depth application of integrated technologies shall change the pattern of
future super high-rise engineering and construction.

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建筑服务 | 103
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6.0 Construction and Project
Management
施工与项目管理

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The Application and Management of BIM
BIM应用与管理

Fang Xie & Jiang Qian, CCDI Group

谢芳 & 钱江, 悉地国际

BIM is increasingly being used in the architecture and engineering industries. Its three-dimensional representation, digital information
management, as well as the platform model-sharing mode, brings fresh opportunities to the entire industry, domestically and internationally.
The PAFC project uses BIM as an important approach to its project technology and management. In the process of project practice, PAFC
conducted a series of BIM application explorations, and effectively formed a set of BIM management systems.

BIM（Building Information Modeling 建筑信息模型）作为一项新技术与方法，越来越多地被用于建筑工程领域，其三维化、信息数

据化、平台共享化的优势，给建筑工程尤其是以超高层为代表的复杂高难建筑工程，带来了不同以往的建设全程新变化。平安金
融中心在借鉴国内外经验的基础上，将BIM技术作为项目技术和管理的一个重要手段。在项目实践过程中，进行了一系列的BIM应
用探索，并形成了一套BIM管理的有效体系。

Drivers of BIM Implementation 使用BIM应用原因

Overall Control of a Complex, Difficult Project 复杂高难项目的整体管控
Like many high-rise projects, PAFC faces both project management and technical difficulties. 平安金融中心作为超高层工程项目，其技
On a basic level, BIM is a great approach to help engineers solve these problems in a better way. 术和管理难点，具有超高层项目的普遍特
Space Utilization and Layout 性，而BIM技术的特点，与超高层项目的
It is hard to express complex spatial sections in a high-rise building with traditional two- 这些难点，在基本层面具有很高的吻合
dimensional floor plans. By using BIM technology, “what you see is what you get.” The 性，能够有助于更好地解决这些问题。
three-dimensional model can help engineers improve the space usage effectively. Collision 空间利用与布局
detection and comprehensive pipeline layout are typical engineering problems that can be 利用BIM技术的三维方式，通过所见即所
solved using BIM. 得的优势，借助计算机的帮助，可以充分
Project Technical Control Assistance 提高空间使用的有效性和合理性。在BIM
Because of several excellent features of BIM technology, (ie. high levels of accuracy and 应用中常见的碰撞检测和管线综合，即属
recognition, data sharing within the project schedule, etc.), items such as construction technical 于借助BIM解决此类问题的典型方式。
disclosure, preparation of scheduling, technical data archives allowing search and analysis of 辅助项目技术管控
quantities, can be manipulated within the BIM application and finalized while still in the technical 借助BIM的高精准度和良好辨识性，以及
proposal phase. BIM can help the participants reach their goals more accurately and efficiently 与进度计划（WBS）之间的共享等特性，
through developing a project management and project delivery plan more effectively. 将BIM应用于技术方案的讨论定案、施工
Coordination of Multi-Disciplinary Professionals 技术交底、进度计划的编制、技术资料的
Regardless of design or construction, the disciplines are becoming more specialized. This 存档追溯、工程量计量辅助等方面。这些
degree of specialization is beneficial to the professional to improve his technical level; but at BIM应用，能够帮助参与方在制定项目管
the same time, it raises the overall need for coordination and management of professionals. 理方案、进行工程信息传递时，更清晰准
As a collaborative technical tool between the various disciplines, BIM fulfills its role as an 确地达成目标。
information sharing platform, which makes each project player put forth their own requirements 多专业协调配合
independently, while also fully learning the needs and requests of the other project players in all BIM作为一种协同各专业之间关系的技术
stages of project implementation. For the owner or general contractor, information transmission 工具，能够充分发挥其共享平台的作用，
and management can be much more reasonable and effective through BIM. 在确保专业分工深度和精度的同时，使各
参与方在项目实施的各个阶段，既能充分

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The Application of BIM Contents and
Requirements
BIM application in the PAFC project mainly
concentrated in the following areas:
1. Assisted the pipeline layout
comprehensive design, in the late
construction drawing design stage
2. Provided a deeper and more
detailed design for the main steel
structure, as well as the MEP and
curtain wall drawings
3. Assisted construction engineering
measurements, civil engineering
quantities used for the construction
scheme compilation, electrical and
mechanical quantities used for
collecting equipment statistics, and
steel structure quantities used for
the component process
4. Simulated the construction
schedule and the overall project
schedule used for site and roads at
different stages of planning, and
different sector schedule simulation
and schedule adjustments
Figure 6.1. Detailed section rendering (Source: Ping An)
5. Simulated clash detection for 图6.1 平安金融中心局部的精细渲染（来源：平安）
complicated areas or technology
difficulties in the project, by helping
explore construction schemes and
technical disclosures
6. Delivered the completed model, 提出自身的要求，也充分满足其他人对自己的要求。作为统筹全局的业主或总承包商，
which can be used for data 借助BIM可以更合理有效地进行信息传递和管理。
retention and further digital
operations
BIM应用内容与要求
平安金融中心的BIM应用，主要集中在以下几个方面：
The Basic Principles of BIM Management
1. 施工图后期，以管线综合为主的BIM设计辅助
Consistency Principle of Contract
2. BIM深化设计，主要为主体钢结构、机电、幕墙的深化设计
Correspondence
Consistent with the principles of the 3. 辅助工程量计量，土建工程量用于施工方案的编制、机电工程量用于设备统
contract, all kinds of project instructions 计、钢结构工程量用于构件加工
are issued by the owners or issued by 4. 施工进度计划模拟，整体进度计划模拟用于场地、道路不同阶段的策划，不同
the professional BIM consultants who 区段进度计划用于进度安排调度
have been authorized by the owners. All 5. 对于复杂区域或工艺的模拟，用于探讨、验证施工方案、进行技术交底
contractors shall be operate in accordance 6. 竣工模型交付，用于资料留存以及进一步的数字化运营
with the instructions.

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施工与项目管理 | 107
Principles of the Implementation Process Synchronization BIM管理基本原则
In the implementation process, the actual progress of the building project should keep pace 合同对应的一致原则
with the BIM project schedule. Also, the BIM model should be updated to ensure that it is 各参与方所负责的BIM工作内容，与其承
available to, and accurate for all of the project participants in a perfect state. 担的实体工作内容相一致。
Consistent with the Principles of Management Responsibilities 实施过程的同步原则
During the implementation process, the main contractor, sub-contractors and general 在实施过程中，工程的实际进度须与BIM
contractor should all be corresponding on project management responsibilities and are 工作保持同步。同样BIM模型和模型信息
obligated to the contractor. 应同步更新保证，确保模型处于完美可
用状态。
管理职责的一致原则
在实施过程中，总承包商、分包商和主承
包商应承担各自的项目管理责任，并对业
主负责。
可持续更新原则
根据实施过程中的反馈意见，并且随着
BIM技术的发展，进行更新。

BIM管理实例
BIM合同中约束的责任与权利针对BIM顾问
的合同约定
针对BIM顾问在设计过程中的角色
负责模型的建立以及模型与施工图之间的
互检、保证二维三维设计成果间的一致
性、保证设计成果的质量。BIM顾问在施
工过程中的角色:负责监督管理各参与方
的BIM应用、落实BIM在项目中的执行、审
核各参与方的BIM应用成果、提供相应的
技术支持。
针对承包商的合同约定
平安金融中心项目在施工过程中的模型
操作和BIM应用，是由承包商作为主控责
任人，因此对于承包商上BIM要求以及执
行管理就显得极为重要。为确保承包商在
这一过程中的执行效果，项目从一开始的
招标文件中就明确了相关的BIM要求，包
括技术要求和管理要求。进而在与承包商
的合同中，也明确了BIM的工作内容和成
果标准。
建立精细的管理结构
1. 业主：作为本项目的最终决策
者，推动在本项目中运用BIM技
术和管理手段，提高工程管理水
平和技术水准（见图6.3）。
2. BIM 咨询顾问：经业主授权，作为
Figure 6.2. The building under construction (Source: Ping An) 本项目BIM实施的管理者，同时
图6.2 平安金融中心正在施工（来源：平安） 也是BIM技术标准和实施规则的
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108 | Construction and Project Management
The Principles of Sustainable Updates
Keep sustainable updates based on the
feedback from the implementation process
and consistent with the development of
BIM technology.

Case Study for BIM Management

The Responsibilities, Rights, And
Constraints in the BIM Contract
For BIM Consultants
In the design process of a project, the BIM
consultant is responsible for modeling and
inspection checks between the construction
drawing and the model to achieve mutual
agreement and consistency between the
2D and 3D design plans. BIM consultants
make every effort to guarantee the quality
Figure 6.3. PAFC BIM Organization Structure Chart.
of design results during the whole process. 图6.3 组织架构图
In the construction process of a project, the
BIM consultant is in charge of supervision
and management of the BIM applications
for participants who are involved in the 制订者，负责项目BIM工作的整体规划、监督、指导和实施管理。
project. The consultant should also audit 3. 设计单位：负责及时向BIM顾问团队提供准确的图纸信息，对施工图及各级承
the BIM application results and provide 包商或和专项设计单位提交的深化设计、设计变更等进行相应的审核，并根据
technical support. 业主和BIM顾问的修改建议及时更新图纸。
For the General Contractor 4. 承包商：与业主签订合同（包括三方协议）并参与BIM工作的，需根据自身的工程
The general contractor takes charge of 内容建立模型直至竣工。模型的标准和使用，按照项目的BIM实施导则要求执
the model implementation and the BIM 行。总承包商应组织协调全体相关参建单位参与使用BIM进行综合技术和工艺
application. To ensure of the general 协调。总承包商完成的BIM成果及模型应提交给BIM咨询顾问和业主，且上传至
contractor’s executive efficiency, every BIM 共享平台供项目各方使用（见表6.1）。
requirement was provided in the contract,
including technical and management
优化模型操作流程
demands. Additionally, all BIM work content
and contractor’s output evaluation guidelines 模型操作与BIM应用的关联与区别
were also provided in the contract. 模型操作指针对模型及模型信息的建立、修改、完善、存储等一系列工作内容；模型操
作本身是BIM应用的基础，但模型操作并不能为项目带来业务上的直接帮助。BIM应用是
Establish a Sophisticated Management
指利用模型进行进一步的工作，通过计算机或者人工方式，获得对项目有直接帮助的成
System
果，用以解决业务问题或辅助项目管理。这二者之间的关系，模型操作是由管理体系规
1. Owners, as the ultimate decision- 定的参与方完成，而其完成的模型，可能会由多个参与方用于不同的BIM应用。而这些
makers for this project, should BIM应用，也对模型操作的标准提出了相应的要求。例如，钢结构、幕墙的模型操作分
promote the use of BIM technology 别由各自的承包商负责，而钢结构与幕墙的之间的碰撞检测这一BIM应用，以及进一步
in this project for improved 的协调指令下达，是由总承包商负责完成。
construction management quality
模型操作管理的难点
and technical standards, in order
在实际的模型操作过程中，有几个难点应与重视：
to better complete the project and
lay a good foundation for future • 非一次性交付：很多模型操作的成果并非一次性交付后就不再改动或变化，而
operations (see Figure 6.3). 是有可能由于业主需求变化和工程进展，有调整或有深化。
• 动态交付物：很多模型本身是作为项目管理辅助工具，用于项目某些决策过程

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施工与项目管理 | 109
 PAFC BIM Participator and Responsibilities Division Table (excerpt)
平安金融中心BIM主要参与方职责分工表 （节选）
MARK M = MODELING 模型操作

标注 A = APPLY 应用
C = CHECK 审核
R = RATIFY 审批
P = PARTAKE 参与辅助
BIM work Owner BIM Design General MEP
Consultant contractor Contractor
BIM工作 业主 施工图
BIM顾问 设计 工程总承包商 机电总承包商
Guideline Compiled
2. BIM consultants are authorized by 策划与导则编制
owners as the project managers
Comply BIM
to implement BIM technology, as Implementation
well as to set technical standards Guideline R M P P P
and rules. The BIM consultants are 编制实施导则
responsible for the overall planning Comply BIM
Implementation
of the project BIM work, supervision according to
and guidance, and implementation participants’ R M
requirements
management.
编制各参与方BIM
3. The design consultant is 实施要求
responsible for providing accurate Comply BIM Work
and timely drawings to the BIM Schedule
R M P P P
team. The design consultants are 编制项目BIM工作
流程
also responsible for auditing the
detailed design, construction Comply BIM
Evaluation
drawings and any design alterations R M
Regulation编制项
from the contractors, all the way 目BIM 评审标准
through to the owner’s modified Construction Drawing Design
proposal update drawing. 施工图设计阶段
4. Contractors who signed a contract Modeling
R M P
with the owners (including a 施工图模型
tripartite contract), and who are Update Model
involved in BIM work must continue
R M P
模型更新
to undertake corresponding BIM Design
modeling work till the model is R P A
BIM设计
completed. The model standard
Design
and usage should apply according Collaboration R P A
to the project BIM Implementation 设计协调
Guideline. The General Contractor Pipeline Layout
should organize and coordinate R A P
管线综合
the participation of all relevant
BIM Output
integrated construction units Drawing R A P
using BIM technology and BIM出图
process coordination. The general Construction
contractor should submit the BIM
施工阶段
model to the BIM consultants and
Deepen Design
owners. Also, it must be uploaded Modeling R C C M M
to the BIM platform for use of the 深化设计模型
various participants in the project.
Update Model
(see Table 6.1). R C C M M
模型更新
BIM Construction
Operating and Optimizing the Model Schedule
Stimulation R C C A A
Model Operations and Differences BIM施工进度模拟
Associated with the Application BIM Construction
“Model operations” refer to a series of work Technology
Stimulation BIM R C C A A
tasks which include modeling, model
施工工艺模拟
modification, optimization, storage, etc.
Table 6.1. PAFC BIM Responsibilities Division Chart
Although model operations are the basics
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表6.1. 平安金融中心BIM职责分工表

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110 | Construction and Project Management
of a BIM application, from a business aspect, 型是处于动态的状态，并不存在真正意义上的终版交付物。
they cannot be directly implemented • 对多参与方的影响：模型操作在多参与方的情况下，必须明确各参与方负责的
project. The user can achieve beneficial 部分，也必须考虑每各参与方对其他参与方的影响。
results from applying BIM through the
• 实时的意义：模型操作应及时，尤其是反映工程现状（实体已完工）的整体模
computer or manually, which help the
型和设计定案模型。如果无法保证实时更新，就有可能出现在错误的模型上讨
project by solving business issues and
论问题的情况，使得讨论变得无意义或增加错误。
assisting project management. The model
operation and model application are 优化模型操作流程
bound together by a mutual suppression 由于地区差异、项目特点的差异和业主管理差异，不同的项目有着不同的管理体系与架
agreement. For example, the model 构。在遵循BIM自身特点的基础上，根据现实的项目管理体系，优化和确定模型操作的
operation of the steel structure and the
curtain wall are provided by the respective
contractors. In the meantime, the general
contractor will be in charge of the collision
detection between the steel structure and
curtain wall, and also give participants
further coordinating instructions.further
coordinating instructions.
Difficulties in Model Operations
Management
There are several difficulties that should
be mentioned in the process of model
operation, as follows:
• Non-Disposable Delivery: Most
models will be changed frequently;
additionally, the results will be
alternated with the owner’s
changing demands or the project
progress.
• Dynamic Delivery: Many models
are simply considered an auxiliary
management tool, only to be
used to help professionals make
better decisions. Especially in the
construction stage, the 3-D model
expresses the construction plan
more understandably. As a result,
these models are always in the
dynamic state. In other words, there
is no “final version” of the BIM model.
• The Influence to All Participants: Since
model operation is a multi-lateral
activity, every participant should be
Figure 6.4. Typical office floor plan showing the location of the mega-columns (Source: Ping An)
clear on his/her responsibilities and
图6.4 办公标准层平面与巨型柱的位置（来源：平安）
should consider his/her impact on
others’ work.
• The Meaning of Real-Time Operation:
The model should be constantly
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施工与项目管理 | 111
Figure 6.5. Construction workers following management standards during construction (Source: Ping An)
图6.5 平安金融中心建造过程中工人依照管理规范施工（来源：平安）

updated, especially the portions which reflect real construction situations (or 流程极为重要。这一流程的设置是否合
completed parts) and the final design. If real-time updates cannot be guaranteed, the 理，直接影响到项目BIM实施的成效。
project discussion using an old model is a waste of time and is meaningless. CCDI作为项目BIM顾问，充分考虑了业主
The Process of Optimizing the Operation Model 的需求。依照平安金融中心的实际管理体
Due to regional disparity and project characteristics discrepancies, each project has its own 系，考虑到管理幅度、管理深度、合同关
management system and organization. It is important to optimize and finalize model operation 系和业务关联，也考虑到不同参与方的实
procedures that are dependent on the actual project management system and to follow BIM’s 际技术能力，针对不同的BIM应用，优化
own characteristics. The reasonability of the whole procedure affects BIM implementation results. 了项目的模型操作流程，确保了模型的质
CCDI, as the BIM consultant, fully considered the owner’s requirements. According to the 量、有效性和及时性。
management system of PAFC, the consultant considered the supervision range and depth, 提高BIM应用的效果
contract relationship and business associations, as well as the practical technical ability of BIM实施导则的编制。为确保平安金融中
all participants. Referring to different BIM applications, we optimized the model operation 心项目中BIM实施的效果，也为了确保BIM
procedure which ensures the quality, effectiveness, and timeliness of the model. 实施过程中多参与方的一致性，CCDI作为
The Improved Effects of Using the BIM Application BIM顾问，与业主一同编制了《平安金融
In order to ensure the BIM implementation effect of the PAFC and consistency of participants 中心BIM实施导则》。导则的主要内容包
in the BIM process, the BIM consultant compiled the ”BIM Implementation Guidelines of PAFC” 括三个部分。第一部分是管理标准，前述
with the proprietor. The main content of the guidelines is divided into three parts. The first 的组织架构、分工职责、模型操作流程等
part is the management standards, which includes the project organization and structure, 都是管理标准的一部分。这部分的目的是
division of responsibilities, and operation flow of the BIM model. The purpose of this part is 规定项目所有BIM参与者的行动准则。第
to build and define guidelines for all project participants. The second part is the technical 二部分是技术标准，包括BIM软件、模型
standards, including the BIM software, model and information files, etc. The purpose of this 文件、模型信息等。这部分的目的是规定
part is to stipulate all technology requirements and regulations of BIM. The third part is the 项目所有BIM实施的技术准则。第三部分
standards of BIM achievements evaluation, which concentrates on stipulating accuracy and 是BIM成果的标准，规定了不同的BIM应用
quality of output, as well as clarifying expected achievement from different BIM applications. 应达成的具体成果，以及这些成果的表达
“BIM Implementation Guidelines of PAFC”, as a programmatic document and unified standard, 方式和质量准则。《平安金融中心BIM实
requires participants to work under a common framework. More importantly, it ensures that the 施导则》作为纲领性文件和统一标准，
BIM model works as an allocating instrument of management methods. 使多参与方的工作能在共同的标准下进
行，确保了BIM作为统筹工具和管理方法
The process management under BIM. The process management at PAFC promotes the
的实现。
following three changes emphatically:

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 1. First two–dimensional, and then three-dimensional: BIM as a technical method should BIM应用的过程管理。在平安金融中心项
be used as a direct tool in the project instead as a two-dimensional inspection tool. 目的BIM应用的过程管理中，在工作过程
The BIM application is a vehicle which moves a traditional two-dimensional expression 中的实践中着重促进了以下三个转变：
into a three-dimensional condition. 1. 先三维后二维：BIM作为技术手
2. Move from comprehensive to individual: Multiple disciplines and many participants 段，本质上不应是做为二维的检
involved in a project will bring a variety of problems. After gathering the entire brief, 查手段，而是作为直接的工具进
use BIM as a direct tool to find a comprehensive solution. Get rid of the old mode, 行使用。BIM应用是基于三维条
which assigned in the order of points to total. Establish a new “total to points” mode. 件下的应用，传统的二维方式将
Only after determining an overall solution, extract a specific method that meets all of 转变为三维的特殊表达形式。
the participants' requirements. 2. 先综合后单项：多专业多参与方
3. Verify first, then finalize: BIM as an auxiliary project management tool should be used 的综合性的问题，在收集各方要
to validate and refine project management methods. Break beyond the limitation, in 求齐备后，直接先通过BIM方式
which BIM only used as a final expression model in the past. 进行整体考虑和解决。转变过去
从分到总的模式，树立从总到分
的模式，只有在确定了整体解决
Conclusions
方案后，再从中摘取对各专业各
The implementation of BIM in a project, especially when multiple disciplines are participating in 参与方各自的要求，分别予以表
the project, provides effective organization and management. 达和执行。
In a project, the organization management form should be kept consistent, whether it is 3. 先验证后定案：BIM作为项目管
applied in the model alone or in the overall project. 理辅助工具，应在进行管理方案
• A project contract is an effective and necessary tool that can guarantee that all 的过程中用于验证和推敲，转变
the participants apply BIM technology and make sure the BIM effect matches the 过去仅用来做最终表达的局限。
expectation.
• To sum up, a project should have its own complete and feasible BIM implementation 结论
guidelines as a common technical regulation, and management standards for each of
BIM在一个项目中的实施，尤其是负责多
the participants.
参与方参与时，其组织管理是使BIM技术
应用获得成效的必要保证。
BIM的在项目中组织管理形式，应与项目
总体的组织管理形式保持一致。
• 通过合同等方式，保证各参与方
在项目中应用BIM技术及效果，是
一种行之有效的手段，也是一种
必要的管理手段。
• 项目应有自身完整、可行的BIM实
施导则，作为各参与方工作的共
同技术规范和管理准则。

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Project Management Outline and Challenges
超高层项目管理要点及难点

Wing Kan (Ken) Wong, Wai Ming (Thomas) Tsang & Qi Ming (Andy) Liang, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
黄永勤, 曾伟明 & 梁启明, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司

Design requirements between skyscrapers of 600 meters and 300 meters high are different, including construction costs, construction speed,
construction technology, quality control and assurance, and safety precaution measures. Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center (PAFC) is one
of the only 600+ meter high skyscrapers being built in China. The core-wall steel structure exceeded 400 meters by the end of May 2014.
The construction of the tower structure will be completed in March 2015. The developer’s management team has faced and resolved many
difficulties. Some examples of management experiences are herein summarized.

高度超过600米的超高层项目在设计规范、建造成本、施工速度、技术难度、质量和安全管理要求等方面，与300米以下的建筑是有
明显区别的。深圳平安金融中心是国内在建的高度达到600+米的超高层之一，2014年5月塔楼主体钢结构高度已超过400米，计划
2015年3月土建结构封顶。建设方项目管理团队在各阶段已经面临并解决了诸多难题，总结了本项目部分管理经验。

Outline and Difficulties of Skyscraper Project Management 超高层项目管理要点及难点

Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center is 660 meters high. The duration of tower construction is 深圳平安金融中心高660米，塔楼主体计
from mid-2012 to mid-2016 and the site area is about 19,000 m2. The GFA is around 460,000 划工期为2012年中至2016年中，占地约1.9
m2. The foundation is mega piles with thick raft. The main tower structure is a hybrid system 万平方米，建筑面积约46万平方米。采用
composed of core walls, outrigger trusses and mega columns. The construction cycle of a 巨型桩筏基础，主体结构采用核芯筒、
typical floor was 4 days. In this chapter, the authors discuss the master control and construction 伸臂桁架加巨柱的钢混组合结构体系。
along with providing a critical path analysis and an analysis of challenges and risks. 塔楼主体结构的标准楼层已实现4天/层的
速度兴建。本文将从以下几方面展开探
讨：总控管理、施工关键路径分析、挑战
Master Control Management of Skyscraper Project 与风险。
By using information processing results, master control management will control the project
from the macro- and micro-scale. This requires a type of knowledge-intensive communication
and consists of management activities facing the decision maker. 超高层项目总控管理

Experience acquired from previous projects, the PAFC management company established a 项目总控管理从总体上和宏观上利用信息
master control management department to carry out the project management of the PAFC 处理成果对项目进行控制，项目总控是一
project. 种知识密集型、面向项目管理高层决策者
的沟通/管理活动。
The Necessity of Project Master Control Management
Because of the following main characteristics, PAFC developed the following master control 深圳平安金融中心管理公司由之前的专案
management practices, 经验中获取经验，建立一个总控部门开展
总控管理工作。
Tight Construction Period
Since April 2012, the intial construction of the tower structure commenced with the target 项目总控管理的必要性
completion date of April 2016. This required the construction cycle for a typical floor to be 4 days. 深圳平安金融中心项目之所以要采用项
目总控管理，是因为本项具有以下主要
Massive Investment 特征：
The total investment amount is about 9.5 billion RMB. In order to realize the return targets of
this investment, the project is to be completed in the mid-2016 as per the master program. 施工工期紧
本项目塔楼主体开工至竣工的计划工期为
2012年4月至2016年4月，要求各道主要工

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High Requirements on Construction Technology
The main constructor encountered
difficulties such as using climbing formwork
to work at extreme heights. Also, concrete
pumping to these heights required
enormous pressure. Additionally, the usage
of structural steel is near 10,000 tons and
every steel component weighed more than
90 tons complicating the control of different
elastic shortening between core-wall
and mega columns. Finally, the verticality
of the lift shaft of a height to over 550m
proved difficult. All these difficulties had to
be resolved in association with the main
contractor to determine risk in advance and
solve related design or construction schemes
and response measures.
High Standard of Project Handover Figure 6.6. PAFC is a hybrid structural system composed of core walls, outrigger trusses and mega columns.
To be considered a success by its developers, (Source: Ping An)
the Zhan Tianyou prize, the Luban prize of 图6.6. 平安金融中心属于混合结构体系，包含了核心筒、伸臂桁架和巨型桩（来源：平安）

Quality Standard and LEED Golden Level of

Energy Saving and Environment Protection
序在标准层按照4天/层的速度保持合理步距同步爬升。
are required for this project.
投资规模大
Busy Vertical Transportation
总投资约95亿人民币。业主项目管理团队和各参建团队，须按照总控计划目标于2016年
An expansize amount of structural steel
中竣工，方可实现投资回报目标。
members, curtain wall units, fitting
out materials, construction waste, 技术要求高
commercial equipment etc. will occupy the 土建面临高空爬模施工、高空/高压泵砼浇筑，钢结构总量约10万吨，钢构单件重超过
transportation of hoisting machines and 90吨，核芯筒与外框钢构件压缩变形差异控制复杂，约550米高速电梯井道垂直度要求
tower cranes. All the hoisting machines and 高等。需要提前预判风险，并编制相应设计/施工方案和应变措施。
tower cranes will be constantly occupied, 交楼标准高
therefore, transportation at night needed 质量标准要达到詹天佑奖和鲁班奖标准，节能及环保标准要达到LEED金级标准。
to be arranged accordingly. Some of the lift
shafts will be occupied by the temporary 繁忙的垂直运输
elevators. After the temporary elevators are 大量钢构件、大量幕墙单元板、大批精装材料、大量施工垃圾和大型机电设备等将占用
dismantled, the installation of a permanent 施工电梯及塔吊运输时间，导致塔吊和施工电梯运输非常繁忙，需要合理组织电梯夜间
lift would be installed. After dismantling 运输。部分电梯井道被临时施工电梯占用，施工电梯拆除后正式电梯安装工期长。地面
the temporary ground reinforced concrete 首道临时的加强混凝土支撑拆除之后，承包商在材料堆放/周转更加困难。
supports for hoisting machines, the main 安全风险大
contractor would confront the difficult task 项目周边地铁、公交、办公、酒吧人流量大。大型塔吊设备布置密集。超高层多楼层、
of material stacking and turning over. 多工序、多人员的繁忙交叉施工，导致临边防护、高空防坠风险大。
High Safety Risks 项目总控管理的具体工作
Surrounding metro stations created high 制定总控计划
pedestrian traffic for the bus stations 总控部门编制的总控目标计划，作为项目管理团队各部门及各参建单位的绩效考核依
and bars surrounding the project site. 据。
Consequently, there are serried tower cranes 实际进度监控
总控部门按月度、季度、年度将实际完成进度与目标计划进行对比跟踪，考核结果将作
为各部门工作绩效和参与单位的履约绩效的主要考核及奖罚依据。
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on site. Multiple trades worked simultaneously resulting in a protective barrier for floor edges and 平衡部门专项计划和施工计划
holes. Protective measures were also taken working at great heights. 总控部门收集汇总各专业部门专项年度工
Concrete Works of Project Master Control Management 作计划和施工单位的年度施工计划，与总
Master Planning 控目标计划进行平衡对比，确保其符合总
The master plan from the master control department included a target plan, and a KPI audit 控计划要求。
basis of the PAFC internal departments and the related contractors. 信息提炼分析
Progress Monitoring 透过文件、图纸、会议、邮件、现场巡
The master control department monitored the actual progress monthly, quarterly and 查、沟通等方式，全方位收集项目管理重
yearly in order to achieve the target plan. The monitoring results will become KPI’s for all 要信息，经过整理、分析，若发现问题
related departments. As a basis of award or penalty of all related contractors’ performance of 或潜在风险，及时报告并建议，供领导
contract analysis. 层决策。

Balance between the Master Plan and Department Work Plan 编制进度报告
The master control department collected the detailed plans from departments and contractors 总控部门定期按双周、月度、季度编制各
along with making sure the detailed plans would be consistent with the master plan. 部门、各参建单位的相关设计、招标、加
工、施工等工作进度报告，供各级领导审
Information Analysis 阅或决策。
By means of correspondences, (i.e. meetings, e-mail, site inspection, and liaison) all important
information collected will be analyzed to find any problems or risks. This information will then
be prepared in a report to inform and to suggest solutions for senior management’s review. 超高层施工关键路径分析

Progress Report 超高层项目选址通常都位于市中心繁华地

The master control department will report program and progress updates to senior 段，故施工场地受限，单体建筑的施工楼
management bi-weekly, monthly, and quarterly for their review and decision-making. This will 层向高空纵向提升，塔楼结构施工工序之
include information on design, tender, fabrication, construction etc. 间以及结构与幕墙、机电、精装、电梯等
专业施工需要保持合理步距，以便高效组
织交叉施工。该特点即是超高层建筑物有
Construction Critical Path Analysis of Skyscrapers 别于多个住宅项目或商业综合体项目的原
因，超高层的施工关键路径是随着塔楼主
Skyscrapers, usually located downtown, create a limited site area. Considering the construction
体施工进度而逐步转变的。
of the building structure and, working at height, reasonable construction sequences should
be kept to structures, curtain walls, decorations, and lifts, so that the effective overlapping 核芯筒钢结构安装到地面10层以前
construction processes can be organized between contractors. This characteristic of skyscrapers 10层以内的钢结构安装、其关键路径为塔
results in the difference between skyscrapers and residential projects or complex development 吊制造及安装、核芯筒爬模体系安装及测
projects. The critical path of skyscraper construction will gradually change as the main building 试（见图6.7）。需提前设计规划好塔吊选
construction progresses. 型及预埋安装方案，并确保塔吊按计划运
抵现场并完成安装。需根据塔楼结构体系
Installation of Steel Structure up to 10/F
选择高效安全的核芯筒爬模体系，按计划
For installation of steel structures up to 10/F, it is observed that the critical path of the tower
运抵现场并安装。
crane manufacture and installation, and climb formwork be both installed and tested (see
Figure 6.7). Model selection and associated installation of the appropriate tower crane needs 核芯筒钢结构安装到10至30层期间
to be planned and designed in advance to ensure the tower crane can be transported to site 10层到30层之間的钢结构安装、其关键路
as per plan for site installation. Highly efficient and safe climbing formwork systems need to 径为核芯筒钢构安装及墙体爬模施工。该
be selected according to the main structure system and be transported to the site for plan 阶段尽快为从上到下的核芯筒墙体钢结构
installation. 及爬模、外框钢结构安装、外框楼板砼浇
筑、核芯筒楼板和巨柱砼浇筑这几道工
Installation of Steel Structure between 10/F-30/F
序拉开合理的步距，以免各工序之间相
For installation of steel structures between 10/F-30/F, it is observed that the critical path of
互牵制。
steel construction and climbing formwork of core wall be planned. During this planning stage,
reasonable construction sequences should be kept between the construction sequences of core- 核芯筒钢结构安装到30层以上
wall steel and climb formwork from top to bottom. Steel structures of frames, slab concrete of 30层以上的钢结构安装、其关键路径为外
frames, slab concrete of core walls and concrete of mega columns should also be planned top to 框楼板和巨柱。该阶段各道工序的合理步
bottom in order to avoid restrictions between each other of the construction sequences. 距已拉开，钢结构安装已进入正常高效阶
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116 | Construction and Project Management
Figure 6.7. The goal of PAFC was to build one floor in four days, requiring appropriate tower cranes and climbing formwork (Source: Ping An)
图6.7. 平安金融中心的目标是一天建造四层楼，这需要合适的塔吊和爬模来实现（来源：平安）

Installation of Steel Structure 30/F and Above 段，外框楼板和巨柱的土建进度将可能限

For the installation of steel structures 30/F and above, it is observed that the critical path of the 制幕墙、机电、精装单位的进场时间。该
concrete works frame slabs and mega columns be sequenced. During this stage, reasonable 阶段需重点协调组织各道工序同步等效
construction sequences have been formed. Steel works enter the state of high efficiency, but 爬升施工，在标准层力争实现4天/层的速
the progress of frame slab and huge columns will possibly limit the commencement of the 度，为外幕墙按计划开始大面积安装创
curtain wall, M&E work, decoration etc. During this stage, the coordination and organization 造条件。
focus is to keep the same climbing speed of each construction sequence, and try to achieve 4 外墙玻璃安装到30层以上
days per floor. This creates conditions for curtain wall works to start in large areas as planned. 30层以上的外墙玻璃安装、其关键路径为
Installation of Curtain Wall Glass to 30/F and Above 各楼层区间合理组织墙体砌筑、机电、精
For installation of curtain walls 30/F and above, it is observed that the critical path is to organize 装等专业单位交叉依序施工。该阶段需要
reasonable overlap construction sequences for brick walls, M&E works, decorations, specialty 总包等各方充分发挥各自设计协调和施工
works, etc. During this stage, it’s necessary for the main contractors and other contractors 协调职能，确保各单位在各自的楼层区间
to make good use of design and construction coordination. Also, to ensure overlapping 内高效完成交叉依序施工。
construction sequencing of all specialties should be organized efficiently. 外框楼板和巨柱砼浇筑封顶后
After Complete Concreting of Frame Slab and Mega Columns 在封顶之后，关键路径为核芯筒内施工电
After topping up of the main structure, it is observed that the critical path is to remove the 梯与正式电梯分批交叉拆除和安装。超高
temporary elevators and install the permanent lifts simultaneously. As for lift installation in 层电梯安装因井道高、安装精度和測试标
skyscrapers, due to lift shaft height, high installation accuracy and high standards of testing 准高，导致电梯安装周期长，需要尽早策
installation duration is long. So, lift handover schemes and shaft partition installation schemes 划电梯井道移交方案和电梯井分段安装
need to be planned in advance. 等方案。
In order to independently start the critical path of the main tower structural works, the 为了确保塔楼主体结构的关键路径可以独
temporary lateral supporting systems for basement construction and the podium structures 立先行施工，需要在设计阶段将基坑临时
against the main tower structure were designed to be independent during design stage. 支撑、地下室结构、在设计时间时裙楼结
构与塔楼主结构分隔设计。

Challenges and Risks of Skyscraper Project Management

As described above, project characteristics in section necessitate project master control 超高层项目管理中的挑战与风险
management and skyscraper project management. Challenges and risks, planning, and analysis 如前“项目总控管理的必要性”部分所述项
in advance, considering related schemes and measures for facing the challenges and decreased 目特征，超高层项目管理面临以下几方面
the risks confronted in the project.
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施工与项目管理 | 117
 制定相应迎接挑战、降低风险的方案或
措施。
项目进度挑战
超高层塔楼主体结构施工速度大致如
下：50米以下因塔吊和爬模安装、钢筋密
集、钢结构焊接量大等原因，施工速度只
有10至15天/层。50米至150米区间因需要
逐步拉开各道工序的合理步距，施工速度
为6至8天/层。150米至400米区间，因各
道工序等步距依序作业，施工速度可以达
到4天/层。400米至550米区间因高区的塔
吊和施工电梯运输降效，导致施工速度预
计只有5天/层。550米以上的塔冠部分因
塔吊轮换拆除、爬模拆除等，导致施工速
度估计降低到7至10天/层。
上述各高度区间的施工速度能否实现，取
Figure 6.8. The highest risk in skyscraper construction is falling materials, meaning a large portion of resources needs
to go towards safety management (Source: Ping An) 决于天气条件、外界不可抗力、塔吊和施
图6.8. 高层建筑施工中风险最高的是坠落问题，意味着在安全管理上需给予足够的重视 （来源：平安） 工电梯的垂直运输能力、地面临时支撑结
构拆除对塔楼四周的堆载和运输的影响程
度等。还取决于核芯筒和巨柱爬模体系的
Project Progress Challenges 爬升效率，取决于优质混凝土、钢筋和钢
Construction speed of tower structures is controlled according to the installation of tower 材等材料的选择，取决于大型钢构件分段
cranes, the assembly of core-wall climbing formworks, fixing of dense rebar, welding of 加工及合理设置现场焊缝,取决于电梯井
steelwork etc. The construction speed was around 10 to 15 days per floor under 50 meters. 道隔墙的材料和施工方案，取决于进口石
After reasonable construction sequences were formed the construction speed was accelerated 材等的供货周期等。
to 6 to 8 days per floor between 50 and 150 meters. The construction speed was accelerated
平安金融中心是大型、复杂、高难度的项
to 4 days per floor between 150 and 400 meters. Due to the transportation distance increase,
目，设置了专项进度奖励资金，根据各自
it was expected that transportation efficiency of both tower crane and temporary elevators
里程碑节点目标，对各参建单位实施奖
was low. The construction speed was expected to be 5 days per floor between 400 and 550
励，以便各方共同高效完成项目任务。
meters. At the end, owing to the removal of the tower crane and the formwork of core wall the
construction speed was estimated between 7 to 10 days per floor above 550 meters. 合同招标及成本控制风险
平安金融中心项目涉及的专业众多，设计
Whether or not the above-mentioned construction speed could be achieved depended on
顾问、监理、施工单位和供货单位等总计
unavoidable forces of the outside environment, vertical transportation capacity of tower cranes
超过100家，需要按照项目总控计划要求
and temporary elevators. The influential degree of site storage and transportation during
编制详细的招标计划，并尽量简化招标
the demolition of the lateral supporting structure also affected speed. Additionally, speed
流程提高招标效率。当然也需要设计顾
depended on the efficiency of climbing framework of the core-wall and mega columns, choices
问按计划提交尽可能详细准确的招标图纸
of high quality concrete, rebar, steel, materials, welding, material choices, etc.
和技术资料，以便满足后续项目整体施
The PAFC was a large-scale, complicated and highly difficulty project with a special progress 工进度。
bonus set up for all related contractors and consultants. The bonus scheme was based on
目前在建的国内乃至国际超过660米的超
achieving milestone targets, creating an incentive to be as efficient as possible.
高层项目为数不多，项目管理团队难免遇
Contract Purchase and Cost Control Risks 到招标合同中有部分预估、暂定项目，或
The PAFC project involved many specialties that would total more than 100 companies. These 者出现合同中技术条款或规范不明确、专
included design consultants, supervising engineers, contractors, and material suppliers . It 业合同责任界定不明确等问题、专项方案
was necessary to work out a procurement plan according to the project master plan trying 不详细或不明确，将导致专业单位进场后
to simplify the procurement process and improve the procurement efficiency. Of course it was 提出变更申请或责任纠纷。需要项目管理
necessary for the design consultant to provide detailed and accurate drawings according to the 团队中配置足够相关经验的专业人员，同
master plan, so that the subsequent construction progress of the whole project could be fulfilled. 时提前与同行业类似项目进行交流学习，
尽可能减少合同定标后的成本控制风险。
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Currently in China, and even world-wide, there are only several skyscrapers being built which 这些还造成总包、专业施工单位和设备供
are more than 600 meters high. It is difficult for the project management teams to avoid 应商在招投标阶段容易形成垄断格局，建
estimate and provisional items in procurement, or undefined technical clauses or specifications, 设方可能因合格承包商数量有限，导致招
undefined contract responsibility definition, unclear or not so detailed special construction 标价格偏高或者合同执行效果不佳。需要
schemes and so on. This would result in request for responsibility disputes. Therefore, it 在招标阶段严格审查投标单位的项目业
is necessary to appoint enough experienced competent people. Meanwhile, experience 绩、人员配置及储备、实际履约表现等，
with each other or study from similar projects aids in decreasing the cost control risk after 严格制定合同条款并落实执行，必要时采
confirming the contractors. 取适当奖罚措施。
These results in the monopolization situation all related main contractors, specialty contractors 项目质量挑战
and providers during the procurement stage would result in developers passively accepting 平安金融中心考虑了抗震抗风性能、节能
higher purchasing prices or face bad contract execution effects. Consequently, it is necessary 环保指标、设计使用年限内的设备维修或
for developers to strictly review the project achievements and qualifications of bidders, 更换等因素。BIM技术的辅助设计和运营
personnel allocation and reservation, and actual contract execution performance. In addition it 管理，LEED体系的推行等有助于提高超高
is imperative to establish contract clauses for practical execution. 层项目的质量水平。
Project Quality Challenges 项目安全风险
The PAFC considered seismic and wind resistance capability, energy saving and environmental 超高层施工过程中最大的风险是高空坠
protection index, maintenance or replacement of equipments during operation stage. BIM 落，需要在设计阶段选择合理的核芯筒和
technology in design and operation management, and LEED system implementation will 外框结构体系，以便施工阶段配合选择安
benefit the project quality standard. 全高效的爬模体系（见图6.8）。全员安全
Project Safety Risk 意识、安全责任、安全培训是项目安全管
The highest risk during the skyscraper construction is from falling materials. Reasonable core 理的重要内容之一，需要配置足够的全职
wall and frame structure systems should be selected during the design stage. Selecting safe and 安全管理人员和资金。
highly efficient climbing formwork during construction stage is vital to the employee’s safety (see
Figure 6.8). Safety consciousness, responsibility and training were some important elements of
project safety management. Sufficient full-time safety managers and funds are necessary too.

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Key Aspects of Construction Management
施工管理中的关键方面

Tak Hung Yung, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
翁德雄, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司

In general, construction management embraces topics such as programs, progress, quality control, and construction methods, all of which
somehow correlate to each other. During the construction of the Ping An Finance Center, some experiences on construction management
are worth sharing. This chapter thus discusses some aspects of construction, including a comparative study on excavation and lateral support
(ELS), a study on improving tower crane performance, and a comparative study on the location of mega column construction joints. In the
study on ELS, a lateral supporting system with and without a phasing wall is discussed. In the study of tower crane location, cranes mounted
inside and outside the core-walls are discussed with their effects on construction effectiveness stated. For the mega columns, a discussion on
two different locations of construction joints which affects construction is also given.

一般而言，施工管理包括项目进程，质量控制，施工方式等方面，这些方面都互相关联。在PAFC的施工中，一些施工管理的经验
值得分享。本文介绍了施工中的几个方面，包括ELS的比较研究，塔式起重机改进的研究以及施工节点位置的对比研究。在ELS的研
究中，讨论了包含隔水墙和不包含隔水墙的侧向支撑体系。对于塔式起重机位置的研究，讨论了位于核心筒内部和核心筒外部两
种情况对于施工效率的影响。巨型柱方面，对于影响施工进度的两种不同方式的节点进行了讨论。

Introduction 简介
The main tower is a framed structure with composite concrete core-walls surrounded by 主体塔楼为框架结构，复合混凝土的核心
eight mega columns linking with steel beams and composite slabs / reinforced concrete 墙由8根巨型的柱子包围，两者之间通过
slabs. There are seven bell trusses and four outriggers. The bell trusses are located about 钢梁和复合/钢筋混凝土楼板连接。共有7
every thirteen stories and are spanning 1-2 stories-high each. The outriggers are typically 个带状桁架和4个悬臂。每隔13层有一个
spanning two stories. On the other hand, the podium structure is a reinforced concrete 高1-2层的带状桁架。悬臂则一般都是2层
framed structure at nine stories. 高。而9层高的基座采用的是钢筋混凝土
The construction of the sub-structure was to be completed in September 2014, since sub- 框架结构。
structure work began in November 2009. The sub-structure boundary was along the site 辅助结构的施工从2009年11月开始，于
boundary, namely the red line. The excavation over the sub-structure area was executed 2014年九月完工。辅助结构的边界紧贴基
at once (i.e. without phasing), thus a lateral support system was spanning over the whole 地边界，也就是基地红线。辅助部分的地
construction site. Over 350,000 m3 was excavated in eleven months, (i.e. the excavation was 基是全部整体开挖的（没有分阶段），
completed in October 2010). 因此整个施工场地内都布满侧向支撑系
The construction sequence of the super-structure was as follows; core-walls, mega columns, 统。11个月内开挖土方量超过350,000立方
steel beams, and then slabs in cycling. The construction of core-walls was five stories ahead of （开挖与2010年10月结束）。
the construction of mega columns. Both core-walls and mega columns were in a hybrid system, 巨型结构的施工次序是由核心筒墙体，巨
i.e. structural steel members inside reinforced concrete. Similarly, the construction of mega 型柱子，钢梁最后到楼板的循环。核心筒
columns was five stories leading from the installation of steel beams. Also, the installation of 墙体的施工比巨型柱子快5个楼层。核心
steel beams was five stories ahead from the installation of profiled sheeting in typical floors, and 筒墙体和巨型柱子都是由混凝土包裹结构
the installation of profiled sheeting was five stories leading from the construction of concrete 性钢构件的复合系统。同样的，巨型柱子
decking. Therefore, there are a total of twenty stories between the construction of the core- 的施工比钢梁快5个楼层。钢梁的施工又
walls and the construction of composite floors. 比标准层压型钢板快5个楼层，压型钢板
再比混凝土楼板快5个楼层。因此，施工
的最快的核心墙体就比复合楼板快了整整
ELS 20个楼层。
According to the specifications for estate surveying and mapping SZJG/T22-2006, basement
areas designated as below-grade car parking and mechanical are classified as non-GFA
accountable areas. Therefore, most of the complex developments have basement structures.
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Figure 6.9. Completion of excavation at the site. (Source: Ping An)
图6.9. PAFC地基开挖完工（来源：平安）

Unavoidably, excavation is needed and a 开挖和侧向支撑

lateral supporting system is required in order 根据深圳经济特区技术规范 SZJG/T22-2006，作为停车或是设备用房的地下室面积是不
to excavate safely. 计入建筑面积的。因此，大部分的综合体项目都会下挖地下室。为了保证开挖的安全
There are some factors affecting the design 性，就需要使用侧向支撑系统。
of ELS (Excavation and Lateral Support) that ELS（开挖和侧向支撑）的设计会受到很多因素的影响而决定相应的施工顺序。很显
will affect the subsequent construction 然，ELS的设计受到比如土壤类型、开挖深度和施工顺序等因素的影响。
sequences. Obviously, the design of ELS
significantly depends upon a number of 基于土壤调查报告，一般会在桩基墙体系统和隔水墙系统两种侧向支撑系统中选择一
factors, including the soil type, excavation 种。两者都有各自的优势和劣势。在比较研究后，考虑到当地施工条件和施工造价，岩
depth, and construction sequences, etc. 土工程顾问推荐使用桩基墙体系统。最终，整个基地同时进行开挖，如图6.9所示。

Based on the soil investigation report, two 此外，由于整个基地地基开挖是同期进行的，使得它也成为一个核心部分。如果在这个

common lateral supporting systems would 项目中评定那些部分是施工核心部分，我们发现塔楼的每一步都是核心，包括幕墙安
be adopted separately; the pile wall system 装、设备安装等等。因此塔楼的施工是最为关键的。根据已有经验，我们计划加速主体
and the diaphragm wall system. Each lateral 塔楼的施工速度。既然裙房不属于核心部分，我们在塔楼周边设置好定位墙体后就搁置
system has its advantages and disadvantages. 裙房的施工。这样就能减少核心部分的开挖时间。同时，也为主体塔楼的施工提供了一
After a comparative study, the geotechnical
consultant recommended adopting the
pile wall system with main consideration on
the local construction technique and the
construction costs. Finally, the excavation was
executed for the whole construction site area
at once as shown in Figure 6.9.
Additionally, since excavation of the whole
construction site was performed at once, this
was allocated to a critical path. Reviewing
the work done with reference to the critical
path, we found that all events in the tower
were critical, i.e. installation of the curtain
wall, installation of MEP, etc. Therefore,
completion of the main tower was the Figure 6.10. Early stages of foundation work. (Source: Ping An)
most critical. Having acquired experience,
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图6.10. 基础施工的早期阶段（来源：平安）

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施工与项目管理 | 121
Figure 6.11. The structural support for the parking garage and weather proofing to prevent water leakage. (Source: Ping An)
图6.11. 停车场的结构支撑以及防渗水的耐候件 （来源：平安）

we should have planned to accelerate the construction of the main tower. Since the podium 个储存空间。这样的缺点就是会增加施工
portion was not on the critical path, we should have discarded the construction of the podium 造价。在塔楼建设到10层以上，就可以开
portion by adding phasing wall surrounding the main tower footprint. The excavation period 始裙房部分的地基开挖。
occupied on the critical path could be reduced. Meanwhile, a storage area for the construction 在对侧向支撑体系的评估中发现，在桩基
of the main tower could be optimized. However, the construction costs could be increased. 之间存在渗漏现象。这是由于桩基墙体垂
The excavation of the podium portion should be executed while the main tower would be 直角度的不均匀导致的。墙体的垂直是非
constructed up to 10F. 常难控制的，例如一个桩基可能会朝着施
Reviewing the quality of the lateral support, the pile wall system was found to have leakage 工方向倾斜而另外一个桩基又向着反方向
between piles. This was because of the unevenness of the pile wall’s verticality. Their verticality 倾斜，这样就导致了不同桩基间的渗漏。
was difficult to control. For instance, one pile could be constructed to incline towards the 桩基墙体数目的增大会加重渗漏现象。为
construction site and the neighborhood piles could be constructed to incline outwards from 了阻止地下水渗漏，除了深渗透性水泥浆
the construction site, thus, leakage had occured between piles. The increased number of pile 之外在两个桩基之间再增加一个水泥砂浆
walls would increase the chances of leaking between pile walls. To prevent water leakage, 帘。据估算，如果使用了隔水墙系统的
a grout curtain was applied between two piles in addition to deep penetrating grout. It is 话，由于缝隙数量的减小，花在水泥灌浆
presumed that if the diaphragm wall system was adopted, the work done on grouting would 上的工程量也能够相应的减小。此外，修
be reduced accordingly, as the number of gaps were significantly reduced. On the one hand, 护渗漏的时间也能够节省下来。工程的整
this would reduce the time it takes to repair leakages. On the other hand, the total cost of 体造价比起桩基系统要更低。
construction would be less than that of using a pile wall system.

塔式起重机的位置
Location of Tower Cranes 塔式起重机一般要么位于核心筒内部要么
Tower cranes are normally mounted either inside the core-walls or outside the core-walls; both 核心筒外部，两种都有各自的优势和劣
scenarios have advantages and disadvantages. In the PAFC project, the tower is 660m high, 势。在PAFC项目中塔楼高达660m，不难
so it follows that the structural steel members could be very heavy. The maximum weight of a 想象很多结构钢构件都会非常的重。单个
single segment could weigh up to 90 tons, i.e. a segment from an outrigger, therefore, the main 构件（比如悬臂的构件）最大重量能够达到
contractor selected to adopt four tower cranes for material hoisting. Also, the main contractor 90吨，总承包商决定使用4个塔式起重机
decided to install four tower cranes at each side of the outer core-wall so that the loading 来吊装材料。同时选择将四个塔式起重机
capacity could be optimized (see Figure 6.12). As the tower cranes were sitting on supporting 分别放在核心筒外侧的四面，这样保证荷

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frames, the frames were mounted outside of the core-walls too. This meant that the installation
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122 | Construction and Project Management

of steel beams outside the core-walls must be three stories underneath the supporting frames; 重机放置在支撑框架上，框架在核心筒的
the construction of one story took a week. 外圈，这样就意味着核心筒外伸的钢桁架
We could observe that there were some advantages and disadvantages between mounting 施工要比支撑框架慢3个楼层。每个楼层
tower cranes among the inside and outside of the core-walls. For tower cranes mounted inside 的施工时间为1个星期。
the core-walls, the advantages include the following: 我们知道将塔式起重机放在核心筒内侧或
1. No obstacles outside the core-walls so that structures outside of the core-walls could 是外侧都有优势及相应的劣势。对于放在
be constructed earlier 内侧这种情况，优点包括：

Disadvantages include: 1. 核心筒外侧结构没有障碍物而能

够尽快施工
1. Loading capacity of the tower cranes are less than that those mounted outside the
core-walls, as the moment arm is longer 缺点包括：

2. It will be too late to construct the structures inside core-walls 1. 比起放在外侧的起重机，内侧的

起重机由于力臂更长而荷载能力
3. Similarly, it will be too late to install the MEP inside core-walls, i.e. the installation of lifts
较小。
4. Materials cannot be transported using the lift shaft, as the lift shaft will be occupied by
2. 核心筒内部结构的施工太滞后。
the tower cranes

Figure 6.12. The four tower cranes at each side of the outer core-wall. (Source: Ping An)
图6.12. 位于核心筒外墙每一侧的四个塔吊（来源：平安）
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For the tower cranes mounted outside
the core-walls, the advantages and
disadvantages are reversed.
Since construction of the basement already
took a very long period to complete, i.e.
five years, it occupied about half of the
total construction period. Therefore, it was
necessary to accelerate the construction
at the superstructure stage in order to
complete and handover the project as
planned. Generally, in the construction of
super-high rise buildings, the construction
cycle per story would be four days. Hence, the
first target was to accelerate the construction
cycle per story from seven to four days.
By comparing the four-day and seven-day
cycle, it was concluded that some extra time
was spent on raising the tower crane itself.
During the service status, a tower crane
was supported by two sets of supporting
frames, separately at toe level and at the Figure 6.13. Fixing of mega columns on site. (Source: Ping An)
middle level of the tower crane. When 图6.13. 现场巨型柱子的安装（来源：平安）

the tower crane was to rise up, one set of

supporting frames was to be mounted at
the top level of the tower crane. At this
moment, the tower crane had three sets of 3. 同理，核心筒内部的设备也就是电梯的安装会非常滞后。
supporting frames; the lowest set would 4. 材料不能通过电梯来运送，而只能由塔式起重机来运送。
be dismantled when the tower crane was 对于将塔式起重机放在核心筒内部的情况，优点和缺点与上面相反。
raised up to a certain height. It was designed
由于地基的施工已经花了长达5年的时间，占据了总施工工期 的一半。因此，为了按时
using the tower crane to dismantle the
完成和交付项目就必须加速超上层结构的施工。一般来说，超高层建筑的施工中每个楼
lowest supporting frame, so the tower crane
层的工期为4天。因此，第一个目标就是将每个楼层工期由7天缩至4天。
was occupied for few days. It was then
designed as a lifting system designated 对比4天工期和7天工期的流程，我们会发现多余的时间有的是花在抬升塔式起重机本
on dismantling the dummy supporting 身上。在施工状态下，一个塔式起重机由2组支撑框架支撑，分别位于起重机底部和中
frame so that some time was saved from 部。当起重机抬升之后，在起重机的顶部又会再有一组支撑框架，这时一个起重机就会
dismantling the lowest supporting frames 有三组支撑框架，但起重机上升到一定高度之后，最底部的支撑框架会被卸除。最底
by using the tower crane. It was analyzed 部框架的拆卸是由起重机来完成，因此起重机会被占用几天。然后我们设计了一个起吊
that the middle supporting frame would 系统来代替塔式起重机负责失效支撑框架的拆除。经过分析得知，中部的支撑框架承受
take the mass majority of the tower crane 塔式起重机的大部分重量，而上部的支撑框架主要负责在塔式起重机的上升中保持稳
and the top supporting frame would assist 定性。因此，上部框架还有富余的荷载容量。基于这些情况， 将起吊系统放在上部框
the stabilization of the tower crane during 架上，将每个楼层的施工周期从7天缩至4天。起吊系统的钢材安装承包商为此申请了专
the rising up. Hence, the top supporting 利。
frame had dummy capacities. Based on this
condition, the lifting system was designed
to mount on the top supporting frame and 巨型柱子施工节点的位置
therefore the construction cycle was reduced 巨型柱子作为重要的垂直结构元素，将竖向荷载传递到地基。当巨型柱子与梁相连形成
from a seven-day to four-day per story rate. 框架后还能保证建筑的稳定性。在设计阶段，所有的构件都是按照均匀等距来考虑的。
The steel installation contractor obtained a 然而现在的很多巨型钢材剖面已经无法通过热轧成型，他们只能由板材连接形成，一般
patent for the lifting system. 是通过焊接来保证结构整体性。
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Location of Construction Joints of Mega Columns 在施工开始阶段，巨型柱子的每一个构件
Mega columns are important vertical structural elements that transmit vertical loads to the 有3层楼高由两个部分构成。构件在现场
foundation. The mega columns also provide stability for buildings when they connect to 通过垂直节点来连接。这样的优点是每
beams acting as frames. In the design stage, all elements are considered to be homogenous 次支模能完成3个楼层；那么支模的总次数
and isometric. Nowadays, however, giant steel sections cannot be hot rolled; therefore, they 就能够减少。根据记录看来，这样每个
are unavoidably formed from plates in connections, e.g. commonly in welding to ensure 楼层平均工期为7天。由之前项目的经验
structural integration. 看来，每个楼层的平均工期是能够减少到
4天的。这需要将巨型柱子每次支模的完
At the beginning of construction, each segment of mega columns was three stories high in 成的高度控制在1-1.5层，不再进行垂直连
two pieces. The segments were connected with vertical joints on site. The advantage of this 接。这样施工速度从7天下降到了4天。此
was to complete three stories for each erection; hence, the total number of erections could be 外，水平焊接和垂直焊接比起来，更容易
minimized. It was recorded that the construction period was a seven-day cycle per story. With 控制焊接质量。同样，安全措施也更加易
reference to experience acquired from previous projects, in general, the construction period 于控制和保证。垂直焊接需要有一个高
could be as fast as a four-day cycle per story. This was based on the segment of mega columns 达3个楼层也就是15m的脚手架，而水平
in 1 or 1.5 stories per erection, without a vertical connection. It was then revised that the 焊接由于焊接 点都在同一个高度上，只
segment of mega columns were to be 1 to 1.5 stories, which was similar to other projects, so 需要在低于焊接的某一个高度有脚手架就
that the speed of construction had been decreased from seven to four days. On the other hand, 可以。根据经验，保持水平焊接脚手架的
the quality of welding was easier to achieve by comparing vertical welding against horizontal 稳定也比垂直焊接的要容易。此外，根据
welding. Also, the safety precautions were easier to control and assure. For the vertical welding, 危险性较大的分部分项工程安全管理办法
a working platform must be spanned over three stories high, i.e. about 15 m. For horizontal (2009)，跨度超过10m的脚手架都必须由
welding—since the welding joints were at the same level—the working platform just needs 专家审查小组进行审查，因此水平焊接不
to be provided at a certain height below the joints to be sufficient. Experience acquired shows 仅实际运作要好，审查流程也更为简单。
that the stabilization of working platforms for horizontal welding was easier than that of vertical 总而言之，使用水平节点比起垂直节点各
welding. Besides, based on the Safety Management Ordinance (2009), scaffolding spanning 方面表现都要更好。图6.13是现场巨型柱
over 10 m must be passed by an expert review panel. Therefore, it is not only actual work done, 子的安装。
but also makes the consent approval easier. Therefore, it could be concluded that the use of
horizontal joints achieves a better performance than the use of vertical joints. Figure 6.13 shows
the fixing of mega columns on site. 总结
基于现项目进程中ELS、塔式起重机位置
Concluding Remarks 和CJ巨型柱子的位置几个方面上获得经验
和理论理解的比较研究，我们知道：ELS
A comparative study has been presented here on the experience acquired from the current 方面，塔楼部分的施工是核心部分，因此
adoption and theoretical understanding of ELS, locations of tower cranes, and locations of the 推荐阶段性地进行地基开挖这样能早点开
construction joints of mega columns. For the ELS, it was concluded that the construction of a 始塔楼部分的施工。同时裙房部分能够为
tower portion was on the critical path, and it was recommended to proceed into the excavation 塔楼部分施工中结构钢材提供一个临时性
phase by phase so that the construction of the tower portion could be started earlier. Meanwhile, 储存空间；塔式起重机不论放在哪边都各
the retail portion could provide temporary storage for structural steel for the construction of the 有利弊。起重机的位置取决于哪一种选择
tower portion. It was concluded that there were some advantages and disadvantages no matter 能为项目带来更多的好处；而对于巨型柱
where the tower cranes were mounted. Locations of tower cranes are dependent upon project 子施工节点的位置，毫无疑问水平节点远
conditions. For the locations of the construction joints of mega columns, there is no doubt that 远优于垂直节点。
the use of horizontal joints was better than the use of vertical joints.

References (参考书目):
Specifications for estate surveying and mapping SZJG/T22-2006.
Safety Management Ordinance for High Risk Works-2009.

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Key Construction Technologies
结构施工关键技术

Yuqi Zhou, Ruohui Sun, Gang Xue & Qiang Zuo, China Construction First Division Group Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
周予启, 孙若晖, 薛刚 & 左强, 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司

This chapter introduces the key technologies for the structural construction of the Ping An Finance Center from six perspectives regarding
the deep foundation pit, large diameter piles, massive concrete mat, climbing formwork of core wall and mega column, large-tonnage luffing
crane, and ultra-high concrete pumping. To date, the deep foundation pit, large diameter piles and massive concrete mat have been
completed, while the climbing formwork of core wall and mega column, large-tonnage luffing crane, and ultra-high concrete pumping are
still under construction.

本文将从深基坑、超大直径桩、大体积混凝土底板、核心筒和巨柱爬模、大吨位动臂塔吊、超高混凝土泵送六个方面介绍结构工
程施工关键技术。深基坑、超大直径桩、大体积混凝土底板已经完成，核心筒和巨柱爬模、大吨位动臂塔吊、超高混凝土泵送正
在实施过程中。

Overview of Structural Design 平安金融中心工程概况

Deep Foundation Pit 结构设计概览
The foundation pit work of this project was confronted with serious challenges through the 深基坑
complicated surrounding environment. On the north side of the foundation pit runs Metro Line 复杂的周边环境给本工程基坑施工带来了
1. The airshaft is less than 2 meters away from the nearest edge of the foundation pit and only 严峻挑战。基坑北侧为正在运营的地铁1
10 meters from the entrance and exit of the metro. The deepest level is -33.5 meters and the 号线，其通风竖井距离基坑边缘最近处
earthwork volume is 520,000 m3. 不足2m，距地铁出入口仅有10m。最深
Pile Foundation 处-33.5m，土方量为52万m3。
The Piles are very difficult to construct, piles of this size are not common in China nor are they 桩基础
common abroad. The maximum pile diameter is 8 meters and the hole caliber is 9.5 meters, the 桩基施工难度非常大，桩的尺寸国内外罕
pile, which settled into micro-weathered granite is no less 0.5 meters. The single pile’s bearing 见。最大桩径8m，开孔直径9.5m，桩端
capacity characteristic value is 800,000 kN. 入微风化花岗岩不小于0.5m，单桩承载力
Mass Concrete Mat 特征值800,000KN。
Basement mat is an extremely thick and massive concrete mat, its concrete strength grade is 大体积混凝土底板
C40 and thickness is 4.5 meters and maximum single continuous seamless pouring volume 基础底板属超厚大体积混凝土底板，混凝
is 30,000 m3. 土强度等级为C40，厚度为4.5m，最大单
Tower 体连续无缝浇筑体积30,000m3。
The lateral bracing system utilizes a stiff RC core wall + composite RC mega columns + 塔楼
outrigger truss + peripheral belt truss + giant inclined support + corner giant V-shape support, 抗侧力采用劲性钢筋混凝土核心筒+劲性
shown in Figure 6.16. The core wall’s maximum size is 33 m × 33 m, which is divided into 9 钢筋混凝土巨型柱+外伸臂桁架+周边带
internal cylinders. The concrete strength grade is C60. The maximum thickness of the external 状桁架+巨型斜撑+角部巨型V撑体系，见
walls is 1.5 meters and the interior wall is up to 0.8 meters. The concrete strength grade of 图6.16。核心筒最大尺寸为33m×33m，分
the mega columns is C70 and C60, the maximum cross-section is 6.525 m × 3.2 m. In general, 为9个内筒，混凝土强度等级为C60，外
mega columns converge inward and have multiple variable cross-sections. There are 7 sets 墙厚度最大1.5m，内墙厚度最大为0.8m。
of peripheral belt truss, with the maximum weight of a single truss is 374t, maximum span is 巨型柱混凝土强度等级C70、C60，最大
29.5 meters and maximum height is 13.9 meters. There are 4 sets of outrigger truss. The giant 截面达6.525m×3.2m。总体上，巨柱由下
inclined support is installed along 4 façades between mega columns and runs from the first 至上内收且多次变截面。周边带状桁架

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floor (-1.45 m) to the top of the tower (529.37 m). The V-shape support is located at the corner
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126 | Construction and Project Management

Figure 6.14. Workers welding the support structure. (Source: Ping An)
图6.14. 工人焊接平安金融中心的支撑结构（来源：平安）

of the mega column of the tower and runs 29.5m，最大高度13.9m。伸臂桁架共设置4道。巨型斜撑设置在塔楼四个立面巨型柱之

from the first floor (-1.45 m) to the top of the 间，从首层-1.45m标高处贯穿至塔楼顶部529.37m。V撑在主塔楼巨柱角部之间设置，从
tower (548.07 m). 首层-1.45m贯穿至塔楼顶部548.07m。

Key Construction Technology of the 结构关键施工技术

Structure 深基坑
Deep Foundation Pit 基坑设计
Design of Foundation Pit 基坑支护采用支护桩+混凝土双圆环内支撑，见图6.17。主塔楼核心筒穿过大圆环，8根
The foundation pit support structure uses 巨柱穿过首道支撑上预设的八个大洞，从而使得基坑临时内支撑与正式结构施工在工序
slope protection piles with a double-ring 上脱开。同时，考虑了不同区域的荷载要求，在首道支撑设置封板，极大促进了后期结
concrete support (see Figure 6.17). The core 构施工进度。
wall of main tower passes through the large 新工艺和新技术
ring. Eight mega columns pass through 为加快工程进度，抽调2台宝峨BG25C旋挖钻机，顺利完成基坑工程入岩立柱桩和护坡
eight large preset holes in the first layer’s 桩的施工。采用钢筋笼分段吊装工艺。通过引进加锁母型套筒连接形式，显著缩短了连
support, so that the temporary internal 接钢筋笼的时间。
support of the foundation pit is independent
from the construction procedure of the 超大直径桩
formal structure. Meanwhile, taking the load 超大直径桩总计24条，其中桩径为8.0m的巨型桩8条，桩径为5.7m的巨型桩16条。
requirements of different parts into account, 桩孔开挖
the concrete cover slab is installed to the 分节开挖，分节支护。挖土由人工从各个分段自上而下逐段用镐和锹进行，遇坚硬土及
first support to greatly improve the structural 风化基岩用风镐辅助破碎。弃土装入吊桶内，由提升设备提升到孔口。
construction schedule.
桩钢筋绑扎
New Technology and Technique 由于桩径大，主筋数量多而密集，主筋单根重量大，箍筋直径大，数量多，桩体钢筋结
To accelerate construction, two Bauer 构复杂，单个钢筋笼直径跨度大，钢筋笼安装困难。对AZH1巨型桩纵筋直接从坑顶预
BG25C rotary drilling rigs are transferred to 留洞口吊入孔内，箍筋先吊至坑底，再人工放入孔内；对AZH2巨型桩内圈钢筋笼采取
smoothly install the upright column and 坑顶预先制作，分段吊至坑底后再吊入孔内。
slope protection pile into the rock of the
foundation pit. Use reinforcement cage
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 桩混凝土
适量掺配矿渣粉与粉煤灰，降低水泥用
量，严格控制原材料拌制温度，降低混凝
土入模温度。混凝土浇筑温度不超过30℃
。采用蓄水养护法养护30天。对混凝土块
体内外温差和降温速度进行监测。
大体积混凝土底板
配合比设计 – 正交试验
正交法是一种评估哪些因素以及这些因素
水平是如何影响混凝土性能的试验方法。
选用水泥品种、水胶比、胶凝材料用量和
粉煤灰掺量等4个参数作为正交设计试验
的影响因素，水胶比、胶凝材料用量和粉
煤灰掺量各设定4个水平，水泥品种设定
2个水平。由深圳市两家混凝土搅拌站平
行进行试验。
足尺模拟 – 试验方法
试块尺寸为4.5 m × 4.5 m ×4.5 m，混凝土
强度等级为C40。在施工现场搭设8 m ×8
m的密闭保温棚，模拟深圳地区夏季的平
Figure 6.15. The building under construction. (Source: Ping An)
图6.15. 施工中的平安金融中心（来源：平安）

sectional hoisting technology. The sleeves

are coupled with locknuts to remarkably
reduce the connection time of RC cages.
Oversized Diameter Pile
There are 24 oversized diameter piles in
total, including 8 giant piles with king-pile
diameter of 8.0 meters and 16 giant piles
with pile diameter of 5.7 meters.
Excavation of Pile Hole
Excavation and support should be
conducted in sections. With a pickaxe
and a shovel, workers may complete the
excavation work from top to bottom in
each section. The hard soil and weathered
bedrock encountered during the excavation
should be crushed via air pick. The excavation
sequence in the hole should be hoisted to the
porthole through the hoisting equipment.
Rebar Installation of RC Pile
Installation of rebar cages is extremely
difficult due to the large pile diameter, high
quantity of crowded longitudinal rebar,
single rebar’s high weight, large stirrup Figure 6.16. Tower Structural System. (Source: Yuqi Zhou)
diameter, high quantity of stirrups, the
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图6.16. 塔楼结构体系（来源：周予启）

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128 | Construction and Project Management
complicated structure of RC pile, and single
rebar cage’s large diameter. The longitudinal
bar for the AZH1 giant pile should be directly
hoisted into the hole from the preformed
hole on the roof of pit. The stirrups should
first be put in the bottom of pit and then
placed into the hole manually; the inner
ring RC cage of AZH2 giant pile should be
manufactured on top of the pit and then
hoisted into the bottom of the pit section
by section.
Pile Concrete
The right amount of slag and coal ash should
be blended to reduce the cement content,
strictly controlling the mixing temperature
of raw materials, and reducing the casting
temperature of concrete. The concrete
pouring temperature should be no more
than 30 oC. The concrete pile should be cured
for 30 days through the water conservation
method. Monitor the temperature difference
Figure 6.17. Double ring internal support system for foundation pit. (Source: Ping An)
of interior and exterior concrete blocks and 图6.17. 基坑双圆环内支撑系统（来源：平安）
cooling rate.
Massive Concrete Mat
Mix Ratio Design – Orthogonal test
Orthogonal test is a method used to evaluate
different factors and their level of impact
on concrete function. Use four parameters:
the cement type, water-cementitious
material ratio, the amount of cementitious 均气温。检测混凝土的各项物理力学性能。在混凝土试块内预埋温度和应变传感器。
materials and fly ash content as impact
温度监测与模拟
factors of orthogonal test. While the water-
监测结果表明，在混凝土入模温度为24℃时，实际结构内部的最高温度为65℃，绝对温
cementitious material ratio, the amount of
升为41℃。根据混凝土的绝热温升和试块的边界条件，进行了混凝土试块的温度场模
cementitious materials and fly ash content
拟。
will have four levels respectively, and the
cement type has two levels. The test was 应变监测与模拟
conducted by two concrete batching plants 监测结果表明，各点60d的拉应变最大值小于200微应变，混凝土的开裂风险比较小。
in Shenzhen. 抗压强度
Full-Scale Simulation – Test method 混凝土强度试块分三批养护，即标准养护、同条件养护、温度匹配养护。混凝土在这三
The test block size is 4.5 m × 4.5 m × 4.5 种养护条件下的60d强度均达到了C40混凝土的要求。
m and the concrete strength grade is 浇筑
C40. An airtight insulation shed of 8 m × 塔楼4.5m厚大底板混凝土总方量3万m3，90小时浇筑完成。按照大体积混凝土施工形式
8 m is erected on the construction site 为一次连续斜面分层推移式浇筑。场内在大圆环北侧共设置3个溜槽+多个次溜槽+2个
and simulates the average temperature 地泵下灰口，见图6.18。混凝土浇筑时，每个溜槽周边设置停靠区，行驶路线与停靠部
in summer of Shenzhen. Test physical and 位均在允许荷载区域内。
mechanical properties of concrete. The
测温和养护
temperature and strain sensors should be
底板共设置5个测温点，每个测温点上下设置3个温度传感器。采用MCU微波自动远程监
embedded in the concrete block.
测系统，可自动定时测量采集数据、自动数据存储，也可人工实时采集。测温结果表
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施工与项目管理 | 129
Figure 6.18. Chute for mat concrete pour. (Source: Yuqi Zhou)
图6.18. 底板上的混凝土浇筑溜槽（来源：周予启）

Temperature Monitoring and Simulation 明，底板内部最高温度未超过65℃。

The monitoring result shows that, in case that the casting temperature of concrete is 24 oC, the 厚底板采用前期蓄水养护，后期采用薄
actual maximum temperature inside the structure is 65 oC, and the absolute temperature rise is 膜+麻袋片养护。保湿养护持续时间超过
41 oC. The temperature field simulation of the concrete block is conducted in accordance with 14d，保温覆盖层的拆除分层逐步进行。
the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete and boundary conditions of the test block. 当混凝土养护的表面温度与环境最大温差
Strain Monitoring and Simulation 小于20℃时，需全部拆除保温层。
The monitoring result shows that, if maximum strain value of each point 60d is less than 200
micro-strain, the cracking risk of concrete is relatively small. 核心筒爬模
Compression Strength 主要性能指标
The maintenance for concrete strength blocks should be divided into three types, such 架体高度13.8m。离墙距离0.1m-0.3m。液
as standard curing, equal condition curing, and temperature matching curing. The 60-day 压油缸额定荷载120kN，额定压力25MPa，
compression strength of the concrete attains to the C40 under the three curing conditions 油缸行程400mm，伸出速度约400mm/
mentioned above. min，提升步距300mm。泵站功率22KW。
爬升速度10分钟/米（见图6.19）。
Pouring
The 4.5 m-thick massive concrete mat of the tower is 30000 m3 in volume and should be 机位设计
poured for 90 hours. The massive concrete should be poured once on a continuous slope in a 共布置108个机位，其中外墙单侧液压爬
segmented and propelled way. There are three chutes, multiple sub-chutes, and two pumps 模机位40个，内筒使用双侧液压爬模机
on the north end of the large circle in the construction site (see Figure 6.18). Upon pouring, the 位共34个。其中外侧架体最大承受跨度
parking area should be set around each chute. The parking site and route should be within the 为4.05m，内侧爬模架体最大支撑跨度为
allowable load area. 3.25m。

Temperature Measuring and Curing 平台设计

There are five temperature monitoring points in the base mat. Three temperature sensors are 核心筒外爬模设5层平台，从上往下为上
installed on the upper and lower sections of each temperature measuring point. We set the 平台、模板操作平台、主平台、液压控
MCU microwave automatic remote monitoring system to automatically and regularly measure 制平台和吊平台。核心筒内爬模设4层平
and collect data and to store data. Real-time data also can be collected manually. The results 台，从上至下为上平台、主平台、液压控
show that maximum temperature of the internal plate does not exceed 65 oC. 制平台和吊平台。核心筒外爬模主平台设
The thick mat was cured with water conservation during the early period and with thin film 计最大活荷载3KN/m2。核心筒内爬模上
and hessian cloth at a latter period. If the moisture curing lasts more than 14d, the insulation layer 平台设计最大活荷载5KN/m2。
should be removed layer by layer. If the maximum temperature difference of concrete surface 如何解决墙厚变化 墙厚变化小于150mm
temperature and ambient temperature is less than 20 oC, all insulation layers should be removed. 时
通过单侧液压爬模自身斜爬功能解决。墙
Climbing Formwork Of Core Wall 厚变化超过150mm时，在附墙挂座与墙
Main performance indicator 体之间加设垫块使架体正常爬升。爬架在
The formwork height is 13.8 meters. The distance to wall ranges from 0.1m to 0.3m. The rated 爬升时要使导轨倾斜一个角度向上爬，爬
load of the hydraulic cylinder is 120 kN, its rated pressure is 25MPa, cylinder stroke is 400 mm, 架最大倾角可达5度。

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130 | Construction and Project Management
extending speed is about 400 mm/min, and
the hoist step pitch is 300 mm. The pump
power is 22 kW. The lifting speed is 10 min/m
(see Figure 6.19).
Design of Machine Position
There are 108 machine positions in total,
among which the outer wall has 40 unilateral
hydraulic climbing formwork machine
positions; the inner cylinder has 34 bilateral
hydraulic climbing formwork machine
positions, of which, the maximum span of
outer formwork is 4.05 meters and that of
inner formwork is 3.25 meters.
Platform Design
The external climbing formwork of the
core wall has a five-layer platform, there
is an upper platform, templates operating
platform, main platform, hydraulic control
platform, and crane platform arranged
from top to bottom. The internal climbing
formwork of the core wall has a four- layer
platform. There is an upper platform, main
platform, hydraulic control platform, and
crane platform arranged from top to bottom.
Maximum live load of the main platform of
climbing formwork outside the core wall
is 3 kN/m2. Maximum live load of upper
platform of climbing formwork inside the
core wall is 5 kN/m2.
How to solve the wall thickness variation
If the wall thickness variation is less than 150mm
The variation can be addressed through the
oblique climbing function of the unilateral
hydraulic climbing formwork. If the wall
thickness variation exceeds 150mm, the
pad should be attached between the
wall-mounted seat and the wall so that the
formwork can normally climb up. When
the formwork is climbing up, the guide rail
should provide an angle, with maximum dip
Figure 6.19. Climbing formwork system for core walls. (Source: Ruohui Sun)
angle of formwork attaining five degrees. 图6.19. 核心筒爬模体系（来源：孙若晖）
How to deal with overhanging steel corbel
obstructing climbing formwork
If the overhanging steel corbel is less than
600 mm, the turn-plate platform should
be used. Open the turning-plate at the
beginning of climbing, and then close it after
climbing; if the overhanging steel corbel is
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Figure 6.20. Climbing system for mega column. (Source: Ruohui Sun)
图6.20. 巨柱爬模（来源：孙若晖）

more than 600 mm, the beam of platform at overhanging steel corbel should be made into the 如何解决爬模遇到外伸钢牛腿
detachable unit. When climbing, the platform beams which are obstructing should be removed 当牛腿外伸长度小于600mm时，只需将
temporarily and then connected until the climbing position is above the steel corbel. 平台板做成翻板式，在爬升时将翻板掀
Safety Shield 开，爬升过后盖好即可；当牛腿外伸长度
To meet the impact resistance, endurance, and lighting requirements of outer shield, the outer 大于600mm时，将牛腿外伸处的平台横
shield uses the perforated steel plate, with the thickness of the color steel plate being 0.75 mm 梁做成可拆卸的单元，在爬升时将发生冲
and the diameter of the hole being 5 mm. 突的平台横梁临时拆除，待爬升超过牛腿
处再进行连接。
Climbing Formwork of Mega Column
Formwork selection for mega column 安全防护屏
The hydraulic self-climbing form system, which has an external hoisting function, is used 为满足外围护的抗冲击性、耐用性和采光
outside the mega column. Because of obstruction from the horizontal structure of composite 要求，外围护选用带孔钢板，钢板厚度为
slabs, the interior side of mega columns cannot use self-climbing formwork, conventional 0.75mm，孔直径5mm。
formwork are used here (see Figure 6.20). 巨柱爬模
The Climbing Formwork Conforms to Variable Cross-Sections 巨柱模板选型
Each mega column is arranged with five climbing formwork positions in the beginning. Due 巨柱外侧采用了具有外围导向提升功能的
to the changing structure of mega columns, each platform layer of the climbing formwork 液压自爬升模板系统。由于组合楼板水平
should be designed to be retractable. There are a few exceptions that changed cross-section 结构阻挡，巨柱内侧模板无法采用自爬
that require re-mounting the formwork, others only require adjusting the platform length of the 升模板，采用常规的支模方法进行施工，
formwork. Climbing formwork on the 19th floor should reduce a climbing formwork position 见图6.20。
and should be reinstalled on the 55th floor. 爬模如何适应巨柱变截面
Stability of cantilevered part of upper climbing formwork 每个巨柱起初布置5个爬模机位，由于巨
The design height of the column climbing formwork is 17.5 meters; the free end of the upper 柱结构不断变化，将爬模各层平台设计为
formwork reaches 11 meters. To ensure construction safety, during the climbing formwork 可伸缩式以满足施工需要。除个别突变截
construction, the highest ends of upper formwork should be connected with the fittings and 面需要重新安装架体外，其它仅需将爬
steel pegs. One end of the fitting should be fixed with steel pegs and the other end should be 模平台长度进行适当调整即可。爬模需

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provided with the trolley to roll on the upper formwork of the guide track, so as to ensure the 在19层减少一个爬模机位，同时在55层重
safe ascension of the climbing formwork. 新安装。
Large-Tonnage Boom Crane 爬模上架体悬挑部分稳定性
Selection of Crane Model 巨柱爬模设计高度为17.5m，上架体自由
Through the analysis of the relationship of the steel structure weight, location and lifting 端达到11m。为确保施工安全，爬模施工
capacity and lifting radius of the crane, four large inner-climbed boom cranes are selected, 工况时上支架的最上端利用拉结件与钢骨
among which No.1 and 2 cranes are M1280D and No. 3 and 4 cranes is ZSL2700, with a 栓钉拉结，爬模爬升工况时时拉结件一端
maximum lifting load of 100t. The special custom parameters include: the rope capacity 固定钢管栓钉上，一端设置滚轮在上架体
reaching up to 1,100 meters, the total tower height increased up to 64 meters. 导轨上滚动，保证爬模安全爬升。
Layout of Tower Crane 大吨位动臂塔吊
Four tower cranes are attached to the outer side of structural wall of the core. According to the 塔吊选型
layout plan, the tower has fewer standard sections, lower requirements for concrete strength of 通过分析钢结构构件重量、位置与塔吊
core wall, and it is not affected by substantial variation in the outer shape of the structure. It also 起重能力、起重半径的关系，选用4台内
will not affect outer curtain wall construction or require secondary displacement. So the tower 爬式大型动臂塔吊，其中1#、2#塔吊为
cranes have many obvious advantages (see Figure 6.21). M1280D，3#、4#塔吊为ZSL2700，最大起
How to Deal with the Gradual Thinning of the External Walls of the Core Wall 重量均为100t。特殊定制参数：容绳量增
The external wall becomes thinner from the bottom to top, and its thickness varies from 加至1100m，塔身总高度增加至64m。
1500 mm to 500 mm. The positioning device with multiple bolt holes is specially designed. 塔吊布置
Tower Crane Climbing 将四台塔吊附着于核心筒结构墙体外侧。
Climb once every 20-22 m, for a total of 27 times. The climb order of the tower crane goes No.3, 该布置方案塔身标准节数量较少，对核心
No.-2, No.-4, and No.-1. The main processes of tower climbing include: removing the support 筒混凝土强度要求较低，不受建筑外形大
beam of the lower part of tower crane, installing the support beam of upper part of tower 幅度变化的影响，不影响外幕墙施工，无
crane, and tower crane climbing. 需二次移位，优势明显（见图6.21）。
如何解决核心筒外墙逐渐变薄问题
核心筒外墙厚度自下而上变薄，由
1500mm 逐步减至500mm。为此专门设计
了一种带有多个螺栓孔的定位装置。
塔吊爬升
每隔20-22m爬升一次，共计爬升27次。塔
吊爬升顺序为3#-2#-4#-1#。爬升主要工序
为塔吊下部支撑梁拆除→塔吊上部支撑梁
安装→塔吊爬升。
超高混凝土泵送
混凝土最大泵送高度C70（400m）、C60
（554.45m）、C35（585.58m）。
超高压混凝土输送泵
泵送高度越高，管道布设越长，管道摩擦
阻力及混凝土自重压力越大。混凝土强
度等级越高，其粘度越大，粘滞阻力越
大。通过理论计算和以往超高层泵送经
验数据复核，考虑30%的泵送能力储备，
本工程选用三一重工 HBT90CH-2150D 超
高压泵。
泵管选型、布置和固定
选用直径150mm、壁厚12mm泵管。泵管
Figure 6.21. Layout for luffing tower cranes. (Source: Yuqi Zhou)
内径越大，其对混凝土的阻力越小。为平
图6.21. 动臂塔吊位置示意图（来源：周予启）
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Ultra-High Concrete Pumping
The maximum pumping height of the
concrete: C70 (400 m), C60 (554.45 m) and
C35 (585.58 m).
High Pressure Concrete Pump
The higher the pumping height is, the
longer the pipeline is. Thus, the pipe’s
frictional resistance and pressure due to
self weight are higher. The higher concrete
strength and the greater viscosity result in
viscous resistance. Based on the theoretical
calculations and review of previous pumping
empirical data of high-rise construction,
taking 30% of pumping capacity reserves
into account, the project selects HBT90CH-
2150D super pressure pump manufactured
by SANY.
Selection, Layout and Fixation of Pump Pipe
Use the pump pipe with the diameter of
150mm and the wall thickness is 12mm.
The larger the inner diameter of pump pipe
is, the smaller its resistance to concrete is.
To balance the concrete weight inside the
vertical pipe, the length of horizontal pipe Figure 6.22. Core formwork at the base of the tower. (Source: Ping An)
should be 1/5 – 1/4 of the main building. At 图6.22. 塔楼底部的核心筒模架（来源：平安）

3 m ~ 5 m of initial segment of horizontal

Figure 6.23. Climbing cranes enables uninterrupted construction capabilities. (Source: Ping An)
图6.23. 爬升式塔吊让不间断施工成为可能（来源：平安）

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Figure 6.24. The highly skilled and dedicated workers have been key in making a safe, productive work environment. (Source: Ping An)
图6.24. 技艺精湛、专注投入的建筑工人是保证平安金融中心施工安全和效率的关键（来源：平安）

pipe and vertical pipe should be installed with a set of stop valves respectively, to ensure and 度为建筑主体高度的1/5~1/4。在水平管
impede the flow of concrete. The vertical pipe should be installed with a buffer bend. 起始段3m~5m处和垂直管起始段各安装
Mass Concrete Cracks Control of Mega Columns and Core Wall 一套截止阀，可实现混凝土流动的通、
Select poly-carboxylate water reducer made from the parent metal which is imported from 断。在垂直管道部分设置缓冲弯。
Germany; every cubic meter of concrete should be mixed with 90kg of flake ice to reduce the 巨柱和核心筒墙大体积混凝土裂缝控制
concrete casting temperature and adiabatic temperature rise; ensure the 48-hour curing after 选用聚羧酸系减水剂，由德国进口母材复
the pouring is completed; after the removal of template, use the high-pressure pump preheat 配而成；每立方米混凝土内掺冰屑90kg，
spray technology for curing. 降低混凝土入模温度以及绝热温升；浇筑
完成后确保带模养护48小时；拆模后采用
高压泵预热喷雾技术养护。

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Advantages of Early Design Consultant and Contractor
Coordination
设计方与承包商于项目初期合作的益处
Wai Ming (Thomas) Tsang, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
曾伟明, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司

The Ping An Finance Center required a tremendous effort to coordinate design/engineering and construction trades. This began very early in
the design process and will continue beyond the completion of construction. From contract administration, to extensive use of BIM software,
to incorporation of international standards in project management methodologies, the deployment of people and planning was just as
impressive an undertaking as the daily dance of steelworkers high above the ground. This chapter summarizes some of the main steps that
were taken to ensure a smooth and efficient construction sequence.

建造平安金融中心要求建筑设计、工程设计和施工三方的高度协调。这一点在设计初期就显现出来了，并将延续到竣工以后。从
合同管理到BIM软件的广泛运用，再到项目管理方法中关于不同国际标准的协调，人员的调度和计划的部署就像每天架设钢结构的
工人在高空中舞蹈一样精彩。本节总结了为保证施工进程的顺利和高效而采取的一些主要步骤。

Basic Planning 基础规划

Planning Concept 规划概念
PAFC is designed to utilize a massive space in the metropolis. It will become the landmark 平安金融中心被设计成一个巨大的都市共
building in the Futian District’s CBD. The western side of the PAFC will accommodate a straight 享空间，并将成为福田区中心商务区的地
north-south pathway for pedestrians, along with café shops to enhance the environment. 标建筑。中心的西侧将布置一条南北向的
Basement Traffic Planning 步行通道，两侧分布着许多咖啡店来增强
It is anticipated that tourists and shoppers could directly enter PAFC through CoCo Park or an 环境氛围。
underground shopping mall. Also, tourists could enter the main PAFC lobby from Fu Hua Road, 地下交通空间规划
MTR mall or the MTR station. The subway is not only convenient for tourists, but it also saves 规划希望游人能够直接通过可可公园和大
time for the pedestrians navigating on the street level throughout densely populated areas. The 型地下商场进入到金融中心。同时游人也
PAFC basement is connected to the basements of four other street zones. This will substantially 可以从福华路MRT商场以及MRT站直接进
enhance the efficacy of all services around the district. Trucks could make use of the multi- 入中心的主要大堂。地下空间不光对游人
purpose driveway from the vehicular ramp to connect to other zones from the PAFC basement. 方便，而且为行人节省了穿越人群密集街
Main Street Traffic Management 道的时间。 另外，金融中心的地下空间
The Shenzhen Metro lines 1 and 3 transfer stops are located at the northwestern side of the 还与另外的四个街区相连。这将极大地提
PAFC lot. The Shenzhen Metro line 1 platform is located at the northern side of the PAFC lot. 高整个街区的服务效率。 火车可以通过
There is a pathway connecting the Shenzhen Metro station and PAFC to allow passengers a 多功能机动车道从金融中心的坡道进入到
direct entrance (see Figure 6.25). 其他区域。

The Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway Station is located at the northeast side of the PAFC lot. Its 主要街道的交通管理
platform connects to Shenzhen Metro line 1, so that passengers could directly enter PAFC. 深圳地铁1号线和3号线的换乘中心坐落
在金融中心地块的西北角。1号线的站台
There are some entrances of the main centers in the northeast and northwest corners of the 在中心的北侧，并且直接与中心相连（见
PAFC lot. There is also a pedestrian walkway adjacent to the eastern end of the PAFC lot. 图6.25）。
Pedestrian Bridge Planning 广深港火车站坐落在金融中心地块的东北
There is a link bridge over Fu Hua 3rd Road which provides an alternative access between the 角。它不仅与地铁1号线相连，也能直接
north and south tower. 进入金融中心。

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 Figure 6.25. Traffic management plan (Source: Ping An)
图6.25. 平安金融中心附近的交通路线图（来源：平安）

Design Inputs 在金融中心地块的东北和西北角有几条主要城市支路进入这个区域，同时人行通道也与

中心的东侧相邻。
With reference to the basic design
parameters of the project as listed in Table 步行桥的规划
6.2, the following practical factors were 在福华三路上提供了一个连接北塔和南塔的天桥。
fully taken into consideration during
the preliminary design and design
更多设计信息
development stages.
如表6.2所示建筑的基本设计指标，这些因素在初步设计和设计深化过程中都得到了关
Sub-Structure Design
注。
The PAFC's subsurface design includes the
design of excavation and lateral support, 底层结构设计
selection of construction method, e.g. 底层结构设计包括基坑侧面支撑和建造方法的选择，例如：是采取自下而上建设还是自
bottom-up construction and top-down 上而下的建设，考虑功能分区和交通分区，主楼的结构选择，考虑地下建筑和群楼建筑
construction, consideration of utility and 与主楼的独立建设等。
traffic diversion, selection of the main tower 上层建筑的设计
structures, consideration of basement and 平安公司要求的建筑高度，结构形式和平面布局、建筑顺序，如：核心筒要快于巨柱，
podium independent from the construction 巨柱要快于结构钢梁，结构钢梁要快于楼面。高性能混凝土的使用，如：高易和性使其
method, in order to ensure that the 提高效率和质量，尤其是300米以上高度的混凝土。高强预应力钢筋的使用使建筑的总
construction of the main tower was not on 用钢梁减少（见图6.26）。同样，高强预应力钢筋的使用使建筑自重降低。
a critical path.
电梯、立面和幕墙的简化和标准化结构设计使爬升系统速度提高。
Super-Structure Design
The design of the superstructure 增强建筑设备的交通流线。
incorporated numerous elements to 建筑设备的安装
ensure a smooth, efficient and green 根据建设分期设计独立的消防系统。
result. The team first had to ascertain Ping
为了达到施工过程中物料的高效提升，提供了独立的上人电梯，货梯，塔吊和观测电
An’s requirements on building height,
梯。建立施工进度里程碑。
structural form and layout planning.

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 Description 名称 Design parameters 设计指标

Construction site area 18,931.74m2

建筑用地面积
GFA 459,525m2
建筑面积

Building height/stories 660m/115 stories

建筑高度 660米/115层

Basement depth/stories 30m/5 stories

地下建筑 30米/5层

Podium height/stories 52m/8 stories

建立检测和预定所有设备的里程碑。
群楼建筑 52米/8层
在施工图阶段充分考虑大型工程设备的
65%
管理。
Eastern boundary: 6m offset
东边界：后退6米 BIM的使用
Southern boundary: 10m offset 对设备图纸和施工图纸进行建模。通过
南边界：后退10米 应用BIM系统检查结构与设备的冲突以及
Site coverage
建筑退线 Western boundary: 6m offset 设备与设备之间的冲突。优化设备和施
西边界：后退6米 工图；建筑材料的量化；视觉信息的交换；
Northern boundary: 3m offset 将完整的BIM系统已交给建筑的运营和维
北边界：后退3米 护者。
“绿色”建筑
Table 6.2. Basic design parameters.
为了实现绿色建筑的构想，设计团队做了
表6.2.基本设计指标
一下努力。
• 自2009年2月起，建筑施工按照美
国LEED标准保证绿色设计，绿色
Next, the construction sequence was determined, beginning with the core wall before 施工和绿色实施，并获得了金牌
the megacolumns, megacolumns before structural steel beams, and steel beams ahead 证书。
of composite decking. The team resolved to use high-performance concrete, for its high
• 为达到LEED的标准，评估师做出
workability and to increase efficiency and quality, especially when poured at altitudes of 300
了一系列对幕墙，能耗，保温，
meters or more above grade. High-strength steel reinforcement bars were adopted, thus
水可持续性等问题针对深圳区位
reducing the total amount of steel reinforcement bars. Similarly, high-strength structural steel
和气候的分析。
was adopted, thus reducing the total amount of structural steel (see Figure 6.26). Both of these
moves resulted in a reduction of the ultimate load exerted on the structure. • 基于建筑表现的评估建立建筑耗
能模拟，使建筑与ASHRAE / IESNA
The design of the structure adjacent to elevators, façades and curtain walls was simplified and
标准相比节能18.25%。
standardized, so that the efficiency of climbing systems could be increased.
• 通过水的循环利用，使用水量降
In addition, the structure was optimized so as to support MEP systems. 低30%。提供了1000辆自行车停车
MEP installation 位。为电能汽车提供充电装置。
The installation of the MEP system undertook the several approaches and considerations. • 使用至少50%的由森林保护局认证
Considering that the building would be occupied in phases, an independent fire engineering 的木材。
system was designed as per the phasing plan.
50%的屋顶绿化，屋面材料具有较强的反
Vertical transportation components, including passenger, material, shuttle, and observation 太阳辐射系数。使用T5灯泡，建筑外墙安
elevators were installed early, in order to achieve high efficiency in material hoisting during 装日光敏感器，办公区域安装触发器。冰
the construction stage. 储存系统在低峰期储存能量。雨水收集系
A system of markers was set up, both for the construction schedule and for testing and 统提供灌溉，给水和清洁用水。使用800
commissioning of MEP equipment. 公里内的本地材料。

During the preparation of construction drawings, accommodations for hoisting large-sized MEP 使用低挥发性产品。重复利用建筑材料。
equipment and instruments were taken into full consideration. 提供用户手册。

BIM Application 近期，“绿色设计”在中国得到强调。从

The deployment of BIM greatly aided the successful execution of the project. It was made more 2013年8月20日起，所有新建筑都要达
useful by the team’s approach to BIM, which included modeling combined service drawings 到”1星“或者“铜牌认证”。
(CSD) and combined builder work drawings (CBWD) and optimizing these; checking the 非常幸运，本项目会远超这些目标。
encroachment of structural elements against MEP, and MEP components against each other,
to minimize duplicate handling; quantifying building materials, facilitating visual information
exchange, and surrendering the completed BIM model to the operation and maintenance team.

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Figure 6.26. The high-strength structural steel used in the construction (Source: Ping An)
图6.26. 平安金融中心中应用的高强度结构钢（来源：平安）

“Green” Building 招标采购

To achieve a green building within desired parameters, the team undertook the following steps. 为了在控制成本和预算的同时获得达标的
• From the outset of design in February 2009, the team applied and executed USGBC 质量，平安中心在现有合同框架的基础上
LEED construction standards to ensure “green design, green construction, and green 引进了国际先进的项目管理方法，并结合
application” over the project. PAFC aims to achieve a LEED Gold certification. 国际先进的工程项目管理模式，建立了完
• In order to satisfy LEED Gold requirements, the project LEED consultant carried out 善的合同架构体系。合同分为顾问类和工
a series of technical analyses including: curtain wall analysis, energy consumption 程类，工程类合同采用总承包模式。专业
simulations, ice storage system analysis, water resource sustainability analysis, and 工程和重要设备/材料以指定分包及指定
others, with ample consideration of the location and climate in Shenzhen. 供应的形式由业主和总包共同招标确定，
明确中标单位、合同价格、技术规格要
• The consultant also conducted building performance assessments to simulate building
求、工作界面和管理要求，加强建设方对
energy consumption, in order to save energy up to 18.25% by comparing the ASHRAE /
分包单位选择的管控。
IESNA criteria.
• Further assessments reduced water consumption by 30% through recycling, provided 为了充分考虑市场有效性，业主对总包商
over 1000 parking spaces for bicycles, and provided electric chargers for private electric 的监督是通过监管所有的分包商和供货商
cars. 的报价，资质证书，分工协议来实现的。
总包商和分包商以及供应商都相互签署协
• Used at least 50% Forest Stewardship Council-certified wooden products
议。因此协调工作就转移到了建筑商身
In the interest of controlling energy consumption, the design team committed to covering 50% 上，责任和风险也由建筑商来承担。
of the roof area with plants and other roofing materials that have a high solar reflective index;
根据2011年中华人民共和国投标法，投标
specified T5 lamps, installed daylight sensors along external walls and installed office areas with
人，监理方以及各个级别的承包商，材料
light sensors; utilized ice-storage systems to store energy during non-peak hours; collected
商，设备商，尤其是总承包商的资质和声
rainwater for irrigation, general water supply and cleaning; specified local materials, defined as
誉必须通过资格预审。
being sourced from within an 800-kilometer radius.
In further support of sustainable goals, the team specified the use of interior finish products
with low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content, the re-use of building materials, and 施工管理
provided tenant handbooks. 施工管理包括合同监管和场地管理（见图
Recently, “green design” has been enforced in China. In Shenzhen, starting from August 20th, 2013, 6.27）。
all new buildings were required to be designed to meet “1-Star” or “Bronze medal” requirements. 合同监管
Fortunately, this project will be well ahead of that goal. 在前面提到的招标管理中，所有的分包商
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施工与项目管理 | 139
Figure 6.27. Site management team (Source: Ping An)
图6.27. 平安金融中心施工现场管理（来源：平安）

Procurement 都是与总包商签署合同的。因此这里有两
In order to achieve appropriate costs and budgets, project completion, and acceptable quality 个主要的承包商，一个是负责建筑结构施
standards, PAFC was based on a “current contract” format, which takes into consideration 工的，另一个是负责设备安装的。在本文
international advanced project management methodologies to establish a unique contracting 中，总体上讲这两个都被称为总包商。总
system. Contracts were divided into two types: engineering and consultancy. The engineering 包商全面负责项目的场地安全，质量监
contracts included a main contractor, specialized contractors and nominated suppliers. 控，施工进度和分包商的协调与管理。另
外，总包商还负责施工验收和费用支付。
With full consideration of market effectiveness, the supervision between the main
contractors and sub-contractors, all nominated sub-contractors and nominated suppliers 在深化设计阶段，优化钢构件横竖焊缝设
were co-determined by the client and main contractors with prices, technical specifications, 置，合理设置构件分段加工，以便提高运
demarcation, and requirements on specified by management. The contract was signed 输和安装效率。 合理规划、分区使用轻
between the main contractor and sub-contractors, or contractors and suppliers. Hence, work 钢龙骨墙体，减轻主体结构负荷，减少湿
coordination, responsibilities and risks could be shifted to contractors. 作业，减轻垂直运输压力，加快隔墙施
工进度。 结合结构设计方案，选择优质
In accordance with the 2011 Tendering and Bidding Law of the People’s Republic of China 高效的核心筒爬模体系，以便调高爬模
(translated), pre-qualification must be carried out prior to tendering on consultants, supervising 拆装及更换效率，加快进度，提高混凝
engineers, all types and levels of contractors, material suppliers, MEP equipment suppliers, 土质量。 通过合同手段或经济措施，充
and especially the main contractors, to ensure that a reputable team is assembled before 分调动、激励总包单位的项目协调管理潜
contract execution. 力，化解或减少总包与分包单位之间的冲
突。严格筛选材料、设备供应商，定期抽
查、抽检混凝土、钢筋、钢材等主要原材
Construction Management
料，确保保质保量供货。 从制度上、技
Construction management includes contract administration and site management (see 术上、现场管理和人员意识等方面，加强
Figure 6.27). 安全管控，杜绝重大安全事故。 制定符
Contract administration 合企业特征和项目需求的管理制度和数据
As stated in the procurement above, all sub-contractor contracts were under the main 网络平台，提高日常管理效率。
contract. There were two main contractors; one was to construct the main structure, and one 场地管理
was to install MEP. In this article, both are generally referred to as “main contractors.” The main 在场地管理方面一下内容被充分的考虑。
contractors’ responsibilities were to take the lead in site safety, quality control and assurance, 加强场地安全管理；加强质量管理；加强各
construction program and progress, and coordination between their sub-contractors. The main 层分包商之间的联系；塔吊的位置；场地的
contractors were responsible for certifying the work that was done by their sub-contractors, in 规划；优化横竖构建焊接节点；合理使用轻
addition to the settlement of payments. 质石膏板来减轻结构重量，减少湿作业，
The contractor team introduced some of the following innovations and improvements. In 减少湿作业，减轻垂直运输压力，加快隔
order to improve the efficiency of transportation and installation, the welding gap between 墙施工进度。
horizontal and vertical steel elements and the rational division of each component had been
optimized during the design development stage. In order to speed up the construction of
partition walls, rational planning and division of light-gauge steel wall joists were introduced
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140 | Construction and Project Management
to reduce structural load, wet work and vertical transportation requirements. In order to speed 竣工验收
up the construction of the central core, climbing framework systems were introduced in 客户要求
conjunction with the structural design. Contract control and economic incentives were used 底层和上层建筑分期验收，这样可以使底
to encourage and promote coordination between sub-contractors, in addition to avoiding 层的安装工程提前开始。
conflicts. To ensure careful selection of materials; MEP suppliers regularly inspected concrete,
steel bars and steel products to ensure quality and quantity of supply. The contractor team 监管工程师职责
avoided significant safety hazards through systematic technical, site and staff management. It 将客户提出的标准和要求迅速转换成施工
was also the contractors’ duty to provide appropriate management systems and databases for 图纸；所有的质量检查都要莅临现场；及时
the company and project, and to improve the efficiency of daily management. 进行文件归档；积极与政府部门对接相关
法律法规的检查。
Site Management
Regarding site management, the following factors were fully taken into consideration during
the construction stage: Execution of site safety measures, execution of quality control and 运营接管
assurance, cooperation with all levels of contractors, crane location, planning of the site layout,
平安下属的物业管理公司在最早的时机进
optimization of vertical and horizontal welding joints for steel structures, and stipulating the
入项目，这样可以达到：物业管理公司的
reasonable use of gypsum boards to reduce loading on structures, to reduce working on wet
需求可以在施工阶段得以考虑。了解最终
operations, to eliminate loading on hoisted materials, and to reduce the construction schedule.
合法验收和协助建筑移交工作，为未来的
运营者提供培训。
Completion and Inspection
Client Requirements
To meet the high demands of the project, the team divided inspections of practical completion
into lower and upper zones so that installation of the lower zone could be commenced earlier.
Supervising Engineer Roles
This was aided by the presence of a supervising engineer, who finalized the handover standards
and client requirements as soon as possible so as to prepare the as-built drawings, witnessed
all checks and inspections, collected all necessary documents for archiving as early as possible,
and Liaised with governmental departments regarding statutory inspections.

Operation
The property management company, a subsidiary of Ping An Group, joined the design and
planning process as early as possible so that inputs from the property management company
could be considered during the construction stage; there is a clear understanding of the final
statutory inspections that will be facilitated in the handover; and so that operational training to
potential operators is provided.

References (参考书目):
Enforcement of Green Buildings in Shenzhen. (2013)
The Tendering and Bidding Law of the People’s Republic of China. (2011)

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施工与项目管理 | 141
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 7.0 References
参考书目

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About the Contributors | 文章作者简介

Sai Yau (Vincent) Cheng | 郑世有 Zhengkai Huang | 黄正凯

Director, Arup Project Manager, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Second
奥雅纳工程顾问, 董事 Installation Company
执行经理, 中建三局二公司安装公司
[email protected] [email protected]
www.arup.com www.zj32.com

2.3 Designing a High-Performance Sustainable Megatall, see page 34 5.2 Engineering Contractor Management, see page 94
设计高性能可持续巨型高层建筑, 详见第34页 工程总承包管理, 详见第94页
Dr. Vincent Cheng is a Director of Arup and the Leader of Building Sustainability Group of Mr. Huang Zhengkai is the Executive Manager at China Construction Third Engineering
the Arup East Asia Region. He specializes in sustainable master planning, low / zero carbon Bureau Second Installation Company, a national Class A constructor, and a CIOB certified
design, LEED & BEAM Plus certification, life-cycle analysis and Air Ventilation Assessment. constructor. He has rich experience in BIM application, supertall building construction project
He has been involved in more than 60 LEED and BEAM Plus projects in Hong Kong and the management and technological innovation, and has participated in project management
region, including the most recent award-winning CIC ZCB, the first Zero Carbon Building and practice of projects, such as the Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen Ping An
in Hong Kong, and the Hysan Place, a LEED and BEAM Plus certified Platinum commercial Finance Plaza, Shenzhen Stock Exchange Operation Center, among other supertall projects.
building. Since 2008, Dr. Cheng has been serving on the Hong Kong Professional Green
黄正凯先生，中建三局二公司安装公司执行经理、国家一级建造师、英国皇家特许建造
Building Council as a council member and is also currently sitting on the advisory committee
学会（CIOB）建造师，在BIM应用、超高层建筑工程施工项目管理和技术创新应用方面有丰
for the School of Energy and Environment at the City University of Hong Kong.
富的经验和独到的见解，曾参与深圳平安金融中心、深圳太平金融大厦、深圳证券交易
郑世有博士身为奥雅纳工程顾问的董事，也是奥雅纳工程东亚区可持续建筑的负责人。 营运中心等超高层项目管理和实践。
他主管可持续建筑设计及规划、低碳/零碳建筑设计、绿色标准的制定、生命周期分析和
通风评价。郑博士曾参与多达六十多项大陆及香港的LEED和BEAM认证项目，包括近期屡
获奖项的零碳天地及希慎广场。二零零八年，他成为专业绿色建筑理事会成员，负责向
政府提出有关可持续建筑方面的建议。此外，他现任香港城市大学能源与环境学院的理
事会成员。

Yinghou He | 贺映候 Kailin Ju | 鞠开林

Ph.D. Student, City University of Hong Kong Postgraduate, Hunan University
在读博士生, 香港城市大学 在读研究生, 湖南大学

[email protected] [email protected]
www.cityu.edu.hk www.hnu.edu.cn

3.2 The Structural Health Monitoring System, see page 52 3.2 The Structural Health Monitoring System, see page 52
结构健康监测系统, 详见第52页 结构健康监测系统, 详见第52页
Yinghou He is a PhD candidate at the City University of Hong Kong. He is mainly engaged in Kailin Ju is a postgraduate student at Hunan University. He is mainly engaged in the research
the research of structural damage identification and health monitoring. of structural damage identification and health monitoring and the wind-induced response
of tall buildings.
贺映候现为香港城市大学土木与建筑工程系在读博士研究生，主要从事结构损伤识别与
健康监测研究。 鞠开林现为湖南大学土木工程学院在读硕士研究生，主要从事结构损伤识别与健康监测
和高层结构风致响应研究。

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144 | References
 Joe Theodore Khoury Tony Lau | 刘志辉
President(总裁), ALT Limited Technical Director, J. Roger Preston Limited
技术董事, 澧信工程顾问有限公司

[email protected] [email protected]
www.cladding.com www.jrp-group.com

4.1 A Balancing Act for the Curtain-Wall Design, see page 66 5.1 Power, Elevator and Customer-Oriented Sustainability Strategies,
幕墙设计的平衡之道, 详见第66页 see page 84
以电力，电梯与客户为导向的可持续策略, 详见第84页
Joe earned a degree from the School of Architecture of the University of Southwestern
Louisiana in Lafayette, Louisiana. He has been in the curtain wall industry for more than 30 Mr. Tony Lau has over 27 years of experience in building services engineering consultancy
years and his expertise covers many areas, from creating preliminary design proposals to and is now a Technical Director of J. Roger Preston Limited. During his career in the
managing the on-site erection of complete wall systems. His most notable projects are the engineering practice, he has worked on a wide variety of large scale projects in Hong Kong
super tall towers in the world such as Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Shanghai World Financial Center and China covering commercial, institutional, healthcare and railway infrastructure projects.
in China, and the Taipei Financial Center in Taiwan wherein he was the principal curtain Tony is the Electrical and Vertical Transportation Design team leader for various super-high-
wall consultant. He was very active and hands on during the design phase by providing the rise projects in Hong Kong and China including the International Commerce Center (ICC) in
design intent, problem solutions, material recommendations, and budget considerations. Hong Kong and Ping An Financial Center (PAFC) in China.
乔在西南路易斯安那大学（位于路易斯安那州的拉斐特）的建筑学院获得了学士学位。 刘志辉先生拥有二十七年以上的屋宇设备工程经验，现担任澧信工程顾问有限公司技术
他从事幕墙行业的时间超过30年，从初步设计方案的起草到现场管理安装系统，无一不 董事。他在长期工程实践职业生涯中，曾参与香港及中国多个大型工程项目，包括办公
精。他曾为多项世界著名的超高层项目担任首席幕墙顾问，如迪拜的哈利法塔，中国的 楼项目、教育项目、医疗项目及铁路基建项目等。刘先生作为电气及垂直运输设计的总
上海环球金融中心以及台北101金融中心等。他在设计设计阶段内积极参与各项工作如设 负责人，完成了多个香港及国内的超高层项目，如香港环球贸易广场（ICC）和中国深圳的
计理念，为问题提供解决方法、物料建议和成本考量。 平安金融中心（PAFC）。

Kenneth Kwan Wai Ho Leung | 梁伟豪

Director (董事), Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd. Sustainable Design Engineer, Arup
建筑设计工程师, 奥雅纳工程顾问

[email protected] [email protected]
www.rlb.com www.arup.com

2.2 Cost Planning and Control, see page 24 2.3 Designing a High-Performance Sustainable Megatall, see page 34
成本规划与控制, 详见第24页 设计高性能可持续巨型高层建筑, 详见第34页
Kenneth Kwan (FRICS, FHKIS, HKIAC Accredited Mediator, RPS(QS), RCE(PRC)), is a Director of Mr. Leung Wai Ho has been working for Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd as a Sustainable
Rider Levett Bucknall Ltd. Kenneth is also one of the nine Global Board Directors of the RLB Design Engineer in the Building Sustainability Group, since 2006. He has participated in a
group since 2007. RLB is an independent global property and construction practice with variety of projects in Hong Kong and mainland China, including commercial, institutional and
over 3,500 people in more than 120 offices in the world. He has extensive quantity surveying recreational buildings. He has experience in sustainable Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
experience in different types of projects in Hong Kong, Macau, Mainland China and a few system design and integrated system optimization. He is also familiar with the microclimate &
other cities. He is also the director in charge of Ping An Financial Tower. Air Ventilation Assessment study, zero carbon building design, Computational Fluid Dynamic
analysis, LEED and BEAM Plus assessment and sustainable system design work. He is a LEED®
关健（皇家特许测量师学会会员，香港测量师学会会员，香港国际仲裁中心认证调解人，
Accredited Professional and BEAM Pro who is experienced in managing green building
中国注册结构工程师），利比有限公司董事。从2007年起，他也是利比集团九位全球董事
assessment projects in Asia, including China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea.
之一。利比是一家全球房地产和建筑服务公司，有3500名员工，在世界各地的设有120个
办公室。关健拥有大量工料测量的实践经验，曾参与在香港、澳门、中国大陆以及其他 粱伟豪先生自二零零六年起，在奥雅纳工程顾问出任持续建筑设计工程师。他参加了
国家的多个不同种类的项目。他还是平安金融中心的主管之一。 中港的商业、政府和文娱项目。他专长MEP系统设计及综合系统优化，熟识微气候及通
风评价研究，低碳/零碳建筑设计、计算机仿真及计算流体动力学、LEED 和BEAM认证评
估。粱伟豪先生是认可的LEED专业人员和绿建专才，曾参与在亚洲区香港、中国、台湾
和韩国多个项目的绿建评估。

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参考书目 | 145
 Qiusheng Li | 李秋胜 Steve Pacitto
Assistant Head, City University of Hong Kong Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
助理主任, 香港城市大学 创始人, 宋腾添玛沙帝

[email protected] [email protected]
www.cityu.edu.hk www.thorntontomasetti.com

3.2 The Structural Health Monitoring System, see page 52 3.1 Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions, see page 44
   结构健康监测系统, 详见第52页    经济高效的结构解决方案, 详见第44页
Qiusheng Li is the vice chairman of the Professional Committee of Random Vibration of With nearly two decades of project experience, Mr. Steve Pacitto has had extensive
the China Vibration Engineering Society, the Standing Committee member of the China experience with a variety of project types, including commercial and residential facilities,
Branch of the International Structural Control society, member of the American Society sports and convention centers, transportation and waterfront, education, and healthcare. He
of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and Australian Wind Engineering Society as well as 10 other is responsible for all phases of design, from schematic through construction administration,
academic communities. He has been committed to research in wind engineering, earthquake of projects ranging from renovation to high-rise structures in steel and concrete. Steve is an
engineering, structural reliability, and computational mechanics. He has published three active member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He holds bachelor’s degrees in
monographs, more than 180 papers international journals papers, 26 domestic journal civil engineering and in architecture from Pratt Institute and a master’s degree in structural
papers, and 29 international conference papers. engineering from Polytechnic Institute of New York.
李秋胜现为中国振动工程学会随机振动专业委员会副理事长、国际结构控制学会中国分 Steve Pacitto先生，宋腾添玛沙帝公司董事。他在商业、住宅、体育、会议、交通、水
会常务委员、美国土木工程师协会（ASCE）会员、澳大利亚风工程学会会员，并在其它10 滨、教育和医院等建筑方面有20年的结构设计经验。他负责各个设计阶段（从概念设计到
个学术团体任职。一直致力于风工程、地震工程、结构可靠度和计算力学的研究。已经 施工管理）的工作。Steve是美国土木工程师学会会员。他是Pratt大学的土木工程和建筑学
出版专著3部。已经发表国际期刊论文180余篇，已发表国内期刊论文26篇，已发表国际 学士、纽约Polytechnic学院结构工程硕士。
会议论文29篇。

Qi Ming (Andy) Liang | 梁启明 Dennis Poon | 潘子强

General Control Manager, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction & Vice Chairman, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
Development Co., Ltd. 副主席, 宋腾添玛沙帝
总控制经理, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司
[email protected] [email protected]
www.thorntontomasetti.com

6.2 Project Management Outline and Challenges, see page 114 3.1 Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions, see page 44
   超高层项目管理要点及难点, 详见第114页    经济高效的结构解决方案, 详见第44页
Qi Ming (Andy) Liang graduated from university in 1996 and was involved in the project Dennis Poon, Vice Chairman at Thornton Tomasetti, has 30 years of experience in the
management of Shenzhen LingAo Nuclear Power Station, Shenzhen Huawei research design of supertall structures and mixed-use buildings worldwide. High on the list of his
center, Shenzhen Metro Line 4 Phase 2 and the Beijing Sanlitun Village. Since 2011 he has accomplishments is the role he played in leading the structural design teams for three
been involved in the master control of the Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center including of the tallest buildings in China: Wuhan Greenland Center, Shanghai Tower, and Ping An
progress monitoring. He has been awarded China National Registered First Level Constructor International Finance Center, currently under construction. He was named one of the 25 Top
Certificate of Building and Municipal Divisions. Newsmakers of 2010 by Engineering News-Record magazine for the effort to modernize
China’s building codes for supertall structures. Dennis is also a CTBUH Trustee.
梁启明,于1996年大学毕业后先后参与过深圳岭澳核电站、深圳华为科研中心、深圳地铁
4号线2期、北京、北京三里屯村综合体等项目管理，2011年至今年正参与深圳平安金融 潘子强（Dennis Poon），宋腾添玛沙帝公司（Thornton Tomasetti Inc.） 董事会副主席。他在超
中心超高层项目的总控管理工作。获得国家注册颁发的一级建造师资格（建筑工程和市 高层和混合功能建筑的结构设计方面拥有30年的经验。潘子强是上海中心大厦（高632米）
政公用专业）。 和深圳平安大厦项目（高660米）结构设计的主要负责人，这两个项目目前处于施工阶段。
他也是武汉绿地中心项目（高606米）的主要负责人，目前这个项目处于设计阶段。2010
年，他被美国工程新闻纪录杂志评为年度25大新闻人物。 Dennis同时也是CTBUH的董
事。

David Malott Jiang Qian | 钱江

Principal (合伙人), Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Senior Director, CCDI Group
高级总监, 悉地国际

[email protected] [email protected]
www.kpf.com www.ccdi.com.cn

2.1 Designing China’s Tallest: DNA of the Ping An Finance Center, see page 12 6.1 The Application and Management of BIM, see page 106
   设计中国最高之巅：平安金融中心的DNA, 详见第12页    BIM应用与管理, 详见第106页
David Malott specializes in the design and execution of super tall buildings and complex Qian Jiang, who has engaged in construction engineering management since 1994,
projects. With nearly 20 years of project experience in Asia, he is a key contributor to KPF’s previously worked for China State Construction Engineering Corporation. In 2010, Mr.
strong presence in China. His design credits include the 492-meter tall Shanghai World Qian joined CCDI and devoted himself to promoting BIM application and management in
Financial Center, recipient of CTBUH’s Best Tall Building Worldwide (2008); the 486-meter the industry. Mr.Qian is now CCDI’s BIM Senior Director and a member of both the CCDI
tall Hong Kong International Commerce Center; Roppongi Hills in Tokyo; and One Central, Professional Management Committee and the BIM Technology Professional Committee. As
Macau. Presently, he is Design Principal of the 660-meter tall Ping An Finance Center in a senior engineer and experienced professional, Mr. Qian not only promotes the use of BIM
Shenzhen, China, and the CTBUH Chairman (2014-2016). applications in engineering practice, but also explores BIM management methods actively in
many high-rise and complex building projects in China. Mr. Qian advocates the construction
大卫·马洛特(David Malott) 专长于超高层与综合项目的设计与实施。凭借其近20年的亚洲
concepts which equally emphasize the importance of BIM management and BIM techniques.
项目经验，他为KPF立足于中国做出了关键性的贡献。他担纲资深设计师的项目包括获得
Currently, Mr. Qian is BIM Director for both the PAFC project and the Beijing Z15 China Zun
CTBUH世界最佳高层建筑奖（2008）的492米高上海环球金融中心; 486米高的香港环球贸易
project.
广场; 位于东京的六本木新城以及澳门壹号湖畔。他是660米的中国深圳平安金融中心的
设计总监，并且兼任CTBUH主席（2014—2016）。 钱江先生自1994年以来一直从事建筑工程管理，曾任职于中国建筑工程总公司。自2010
年进入悉地国际后，一直致力于BIM在工程项目中的应用与管理，现任悉地国际集团PM
专业管理委员会委员、BIM专业技术委员会委员、BIM业务高级总监。 作为工程技术专家
和工程管理专家，钱江先生一直推动BIM技术在工程实践中的应用，提倡BIM技术与BIM管
理并重的理念，并在中国多个超高层、复杂项目上进行了积极的探索和实践。 钱江先生
现担任深圳平安金融中心项目BIM总监、北京Z15中国尊项目BIM总监。

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146 | References
 Ruohui Sun | 孙若晖 Wai Ming (Thomas) Tsang | 曾伟明
Engineer, China Construction First Division Group Construction & CEO, Shenzhen Ping An Financial Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
Development Co., Ltd. 首席执行官, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司
工程师, 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司
[email protected]
www.chinaonebuild.com

6.4 Key Construction Technologies, see page 126 6.2 Project Management Outline and Challenges, see page 114
   结构施工关键技术, 详见第126页 超高层项目管理要点及难点, 详见第114页
6.5 Advantages of Early Design Consultant and Contractor Coordination,
Sun Ruohui, Bachelor, Senior Engineer and Registered National L1 Constructor. Mr. Sun is
see page 136
currently the Deputy Chief Engineer of the PINGAN IFC. And he used to serve as the Deputy
Chief Engineer of Baha Mar Resorts Project. 设计方与承包商于项目初期合作的益处, 详见第136页
孙若晖，学士，高级工程师，国家一级注册建造师，现任中建一局深圳平安金融中心项 Mr. Wai Ming Tsang joined Ping An Real Estate as the CEO of Shenzhen Ping An Financial
目常务副总工程师。曾任巴哈马大型海岛度假村工程副总工程师。 Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd. in April 2012. Before this he worked in Sun Hung
Kai Properties, one of the largest global real estate developers, headquartered in Hong Kong.
He acted as the Project Director in charge of the Shanghai IFC & Suzhou ICC projects. He is a
registered architect in Hong Kong, an accredited mediator of the Hong Kong International
Arbitration Center, and a Corporate Member of the Australian Institute of Building. He has over
twenty five years of building construction and design management experience in Hong Kong
and mainland China for many large scale projects, particularly in mega towers.
曾伟明，于2012年4月加入平安不动产，担任深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司首席执
行官。在此之前，曾在大型房地产发展企业香港新鸿基担任项目总监，期间主管项目包
括上海国际金融中心及苏州环贸中心等。他是香港注册建筑师，持有香港国际仲裁中心
总调解员资格，也是澳大利亚建造师学会会员。在香港和内地从事建筑行业工作超过25
年，拥有丰富的大型项目管理经验。

Dr. Jörn Teipel Hui Wang | 汪辉

Managing Engineer, Outokumpu EMEA GmbH Postgraduate, Hunan University
管理工程师, 奥托昆普 在读研究生, 湖南大学

[email protected] [email protected]
www.outokumpu.com www.hnu.edu.cn

4.2 Stainless-Steel Cladding, see page 76 3.2 The Structural Health Monitoring System, see page 52
   不锈钢幕墙, 详见第76页    结构健康监测系统, 详见第52页
Joern Teipel studied Physics in Bonn, Germany and at The Ohio State University in Columbus, He is a postgraduate student in Hunan University, he is mainly engaged in the research of the
USA and obtained his Ph.D. Degree in 2006 in the field of nonlinear optics. In 2006, he began structural damage identification and health monitoring.
his professional career at a technical consultancy in Frankfurt am Main. In 2009, he joined
现为湖南大学土木工程学院在读硕士研究生，主要从事结构损伤识别与健康监测研究。
ThyssenKrupp Steel where he was responsible for the business development for Magnesium
flat products. In 2011, he transferred to ThyssenKrupp Nirosta in Krefeld – now Outokumpu
where he is in charge of the technical customer service for all architectural applications.
Joern Teipel 先生先后在德国波恩和美国哥伦布市的俄亥俄州立大学攻读物理学，并
于 2006 年获得非线性光学专业的博士学位。2006 年，他加入位于美因河畔法兰克福
的一家技术顾问公司，开始了自己的职业生涯。2009 年，他加入蒂森克虏伯钢铁公司
(ThyssenKrupp Steel)，负责镁合金板材产品的业务开发工作。2011 年，他调岗至位于克雷
菲尔德的蒂森克虏伯尼罗斯塔公司 (ThyssenKrupp Nirosta)，即现在的奥托昆普，负责所有
建筑应用领域的技术客户服务工作。

Chun Kuen (Jimmy) Tong | 汤振权 Gert Weiss

Associate, Arup Head of Technical Customer Service, Outokumpu EMEA GmbH
同事, 奥雅纳工程顾问 技术客户服务部主任, 奥托昆普

[email protected] [email protected]
www.arup.com www.outokumpu.com

2.3 Designing a High-Performance Sustainable Megatall, see page 34 4.2 Stainless-Steel Cladding, see page 76
   设计高性能可持续巨型高层建筑, 详见第34页    不锈钢幕墙, 详见第76页
Dr. Jimmy Tong is an Associate at Arup, focusing on Building Sustainability. A recognized Gert Weiss studied Metallurgy in Duisburg, Germany. Between 1988 and 2000 he worked
industry leader within the energy business, Dr. Tong has applied his expertise in energy as an engineer in the production of ThyssenKrupp Nirosta. Already, during this time he
systems for more than 15 years to various sectors including; wind and renewable energy, was deeply involved in various façade projects. In 2000, he transferred to the technical
infrastructure and building services, and product and system development in the customer service of ThyssenKrupp Nirosta that he is heading since then. Many important
manufacturing of electronics, ventilation equipment, and filtration equipment. Dr. Tong’s façade projects like One World Trade Center have been supported by his department. After
current focus is creating and transforming buildings toward a greener future. He obtained the merger with Outokumpu in 2013, he is now head of technical customer service of the
a PhD from the University of Minnesota, specializing in computational fluid flow and heat European factories in Finland and Germany.
transfer.
Gert Weiss 先生曾在德国杜伊斯堡攻读冶金学。1988 年至 2000 年，他在蒂森克虏伯尼罗
汤振权博士是奥雅纳的主任，专注于建筑可持续发展。汤博士是一位知名的能源行业领 斯塔公司的生产部门担任工程师。在此期间，他已经深入参与各项外立面工程。2000
导者，他拥有逾十五年的经验，专业于风及可再生能源、基础建设及楼宇设备，以及电 年，他调岗至蒂森克虏伯尼罗斯塔公司的技术客户服务部门，此后一直担任领导职务。
子、通风和过滤设备的产品及系统开发。汤博士目前专注于创造及改造绿色建筑。他在 其所在部门为众多重要外立面工程提供支持，其中包括新世贸中心一号楼。2013 年，公
美国明尼苏达大学取得博士学位，专业为计算流体力学及热传递。 司与奥托昆普合并，此后他一直在欧洲工厂设于芬兰和德国的技术客户服务部担任领导
职务。

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参考书目 | 147
 Wing Kan (Ken) Wong | 黄永勤 Tak Hung Yung | 翁德雄
Deputy Chief Engineer, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction & Deputy Chief Engineer, Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center Construction &
Development Co., Ltd. Development Co., Ltd.
副总工程师, 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司 副总工程师(结构), 深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司
[email protected] [email protected]
www.pingan.com

6.2 Project Management Outline and Challenges, see page 114 6.3 Key Aspects of Construction Management, see page 120
   超高层项目管理要点及难点, 详见第114页    施工管理中的关键方面, 详见第120页
Wing Kan (Ken) Wong currently acts as the deputy chief engineer of the Shenzhen Ping TH Yung obtained his Bachelor degree and Doctorate degree from the Queen Mary and
An Financial Center Construction & Development Co., Ltd. He has attained a Bachelor’s of Westfield College, University of London and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in
Electrical Engineering from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and graduated with a 1993 and 1999, respectively. He focused on moving force identification n highway bridges
Master of Science in Engineering from the Hong Kong University. Ken is a Chartered Engineer from bridge responses for his post-graduate study. He worked in a consulting firm and a
of the Engineering Council (UK). He is the member of the Institution of Engineering and construction firm in Hong Kong before 2007. During working in China since 2007, he involved
Technology and the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. He has many years of project several complex development projects, including Shanghai IFC (250m/260m, Shanghai), and
management experience of large scale projects for several real estate developers. Tianjin CTF Centre (530m, Tianjin), and Guangzhou East Tower (530m, Guangzhou). Now, he is
working on project management for PAFC (660m, Shenzhen).
黄永勤，现任深圳平安金融中心建设发展有限公司副总工程师，毕业于香港理工大学并
获电机工程学士，毕业后于香港大学取得工程硕士学位。获得英国特许工程师、英国电 翁德雄先生1993年在伦敦大学玛丽女王与韦斯特菲尔德学院获得本科学位，1999年于香
机工程学会会员、香港工程师学会会员。曾在香港及大陆多家大型房地产发展商担任多 港理工大学获得博士学位。他的研究生学习主攻方向是依据高架桥的应变来确定应变推
个国内项目的管理工作。 动力。2007年之前他在香港一家咨询和施工单位工作。从2007年后工作转移到大陆，参
与了数个综合体开发项目，包括上海IFC（250m/260m，上海）、天津CTF中心（530m，天
津）以及广州东塔（530m，广州）。现在，他正着手于PAFC（530m，深圳）的项目管理工
作。

Fang Xie | 谢芳 Jian Zhong | 钟剑

Vice President, CCDI Group Construction Manager, China Construction Third Engineering Bureau Second
副总裁, 悉地国际 Installation Company
工程部经理, 中建三局二公司安装公司
[email protected] [email protected]
www.ccdi.com.cn www.zj32.com

6.1 The Application and Management of BIM, see page 106 5.2 Engineering Contractor Management, see page 94
   BIM应用与管理, 详见第106页    工程总承包管理, 详见第94页
Fang Xie is the Senior Design Director of CCDI and currently PAFC project manager. She has Mr. Zhong Jian, Construction Manager at China Construction Third Engineering Bureau
accumulated rich professional and technical qualifications and experience by involving in Second Company Installation Company, national Class A constru
different public building design projects since 1995. Ms. Xie also sees professional method
ctor, CIOB certified constructor, project manager of Ping’an Finance Center engineering
of project management as a target, and pays attention to the function and influences of
general contract project. He has participated in super high-rise projects including Shenzhen
architectural design to the lifecycle of a construction project. She emphasizes on project
Ping’an Finance Center, Nanning Huarun Center, etc. He has unique and advanced
team co-working and utilization of information technology.
management concept in terms of super high-rise engineering construction administration
谢芳自1995年以来一直从事建筑设计与管理，现任CCDI集团高级设计总监，公共建筑产 and is good at technological innovation, and possess strong capabilities in leading the
品副总经理，并担任深圳平安金融中心项目设计项目经理。谢芳提倡建筑设计以人为 technological development in the industry.
本、利用科技进步为建筑服务的观念，注重技术与管理管理并重，并在CCDI的多个公建
钟剑先生，中建三局二公司安装公司工程部经理、国家一级建造师、英国皇家特许建造
项目中进行了积极的技术与管理的实践。
学会（CIOB）建造师、平安金融中心机电总承包工程项目经理，曾参建的超高层项目有深
圳平安金融中心、南宁华润中心等，在超高层项目机电施工管理方面有独特先进的管理
理念并善于科技创新，具有行业科技发展的前瞻引领能力。

Gang Xue | 薛刚 Yuqi Zhou | 周予启

Senior Engineer, China Construction First Division Group Construction & Chief Engineer, China Construction First Division Group Construction &
Development Co., Ltd. Development Co., Ltd.
高级工程师, 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司 总工程师, 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司

www.cscec1b.net www.chinaonebuild.com

6.4 Key Construction Technologies, see page 126 6.4 Key Construction Technologies, see page 126
   结构施工关键技术, 详见第126页    结构施工关键技术, 详见第126页
Gang Xue, Master, Professorate Senior Engineer, Registered National L1 Constructor and Yuqi Zhou, Master, Registered National L1 Constructor, Registered geotechnical engineer and
Expert enjoying special government allowances. Mr. Xue is currently the Chief Engineer of Senior engineer. Mr. Zhou is currently the Chief Engineer of China Construction First Division
China Construction First Building (Group) Corporation Limited. And he used to serve as the Group Construction & Development Co., Ltd. And he used to serve as the Chief Engineer of
supervisor and took part in the Wenzhou World Trade Center, Tianjin Tower and many other the A Stage, Phase III of China World Trade Center, Tianjin Tower , Shenzhen PINGAN Financial
tall building projects. Center and many other tall building projects.
薛刚，硕士，教授级高级工程师，国家一级注册建造师，享受政府特殊津贴专家，现任 周予启，硕士，国家一级注册建造师，注册岩土工程师，高级工程师。目前任中建一局
中建一局（集团）有限公司总工程师。曾主管和参与温州世贸中心、天津津塔等多个超高 集团建设发展有限公司总工程师。曾先后担任中国国际贸易中心三期A阶段、天津津塔、
层项目。 深圳平安金融中心等多个项目总工程师。

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148 | References
 Yi Zhu | 朱毅
Senior Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
高级合伙人, 宋腾添玛沙帝

www.thorntontomasetti.com

3.1 Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions, see page 44

   经济高效的结构解决方案, 详见第44页
Yi Zhu, Senior Principal of Thornton Tomasetti, has extensive experience internationally in
the structural analysis, design and review of a variety of building types, including high-rise
buildings and mixed-use complexes, in both steel and concrete. His notable projects include
Taipei 101 in Taiwan, China; the Petronas Towers in Malaysia; Shanghai Tower and the 66-story
Plaza 66 in Shanghai, China. He holds a bachelor’s degree in structural engineering from
Tongji University and a master’s degree in structural engineering from the City College of
New York.
朱毅先生，宋腾添玛沙帝资深董事。他在各种建筑类型包括超高层和多功能项目中拥有
丰富的结构分析设计经验。他的代表项目包括台北101大厦、马来西亚的石油双子塔、
上海中心大厦和上海恒隆广场。他是同济大学结构设计学士、纽约城市大学结构设计硕
士。

Qiang Zuo | 左强
Chairman, China Construction First Division Group Construction &
Development Co., Ltd.
主席, 中建一局集团建设发展有限公司

www.chinaonebuild.com

6.4 Key Construction Technologies, see page 126

   结构施工关键技术, 详见第126页
Qiang Zuo, Master, Senior Engineer and National L1 Constructor. Mr. Zuo is currently the
Chairman of China Construction First Division Group Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
And he used to serve as the supervisor of the Wuxi Hang Lung Plaza, Beijing Wangjing SOHO
Center and other super high-rise projects.
左强，硕士，高级工程师，国家一级注册建造师。现任中建一局集团建设发展有限公司
董事长。曾主管无锡恒隆广场、北京望京SOHO中心等多个超高层项目。

Steve Zuo | 左晴
Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
创始人, 宋腾添玛沙帝

[email protected]
www.thorntontomasetti.com

3.1 Economical & Efficient Structural Solutions, see page 44

   经济高效的结构解决方案, 详见第44页
Steve (Qing) Zuo, Principal at Thornton Tomasetti, has experience in the structural design,
investigation and review of a variety of building types, including high-rise buildings,
commercial/residential, and mix-used complex. He is also well versed in conducting
structural investigations of existing and proposed structures. Steve has been involved in the
design of a number of high-profile projects in China over the past several years, including
Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, Ping An International Financial Center in Shenzhen, and the
Shangri-La Hotel in Shenzhen.
左晴，宋腾添玛沙帝董事，他擅长不同建筑形式（包括超高层建筑、办公楼和商业建筑、
住宅建筑、体育建筑以及医疗和健康设施等）的结构分析、设计和审阅。他在中国拥有多
年的项目经验，参与设计了众多大型项目，包括上海中心大厦、平安金融中心大厦和深
圳福田香格里拉酒店等。

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参考书目 | 149
CTBUH Height Criteria | CTBUH高度评判标准
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the official arbiter 世界高层都市建筑学会是测量高层建筑高度的官方判定者，并决
of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and the 定“世界（或国家、或城市）最高建筑”头衔的归属。学会持有对高
title of “The World’s (or Country’s, or City’s) Tallest Building” determined. 层建筑进行测量、分类的一系列广泛的定义和评判标准，并将此
The Council maintains an extensive set of definitions and criteria for 作为“世界最高的100座建筑”的官方排名榜的依据。
measuring and classifying tall buildings which are the basis for the
official “100 Tallest Buildings in the World” list. 什么是高层建筑？
什么是“高层建筑”并没有一个绝对的定义，它是在以下一个或多
What is a Tall Building? 个范畴中体现一定“高度”要素的建筑：
There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a “tall building.” It is a
• 高度与环境相关：建筑的高度不是简单绝对的，应当考
building that exhibits some element of “tallness” in one or more of the
虑到其所处的环境。因此，在像芝加哥或是香港这样的
following categories:
摩天城市中，一座14层高的建筑也许不会被认作为高层建
• Height Relative to Context: It is not just about height, but about 筑，但在欧洲的省市或在城郊区域或许会显得比在市区
the context in which it exists. Thus, whereas a 14-story building 高很多。
may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city such • 比例：同样，高层建筑不仅仅与高度相关，也与比例有
as Chicago or Hong Kong, in a provincial European city or a 关。有很多建筑尽管在高度上并不非常突出，但因外形
suburb this may be distinctly taller than the urban norm. 细长也呈现出高层建筑的形象，尤其是处在低矮的城市
• Proportion: Again, a tall building is not just about height, but 环境中。相反，很多建筑尽管实际很高但占地面积非常
also about proportion. There are numerous buildings which 大，所以因其尺寸/或楼层面积使其被排除在高层建筑范
are not particularly high, but are slender enough to give the 畴之外。
appearance of a tall building, especially against low urban • 高层建筑技术：如果一座建筑所运用的技术可以被归为“
backgrounds. Conversely, there are numerous big/large- 高层”产品（例如采用独特的垂直交通技术、或结构性抗
footprint buildings which are quite tall, but their size/floor 风支撑作为“高度”的产物等），那么这座建筑可被认作是
area rules them out of being classed as a tall building. 高层建筑。
• Tall Building Technologies: If a building contains technologies 尽管由于建筑类型和功能的不同会导致楼层高度的变化（例如，
which may be attributed as being a product of “tall” (e.g., 办公建筑与住宅因使用功能不同层高也不同），这种情况下楼层
specific vertical transport technologies, structural wind 总数很难作为衡量是否是高层建筑的一个标准，然而一座楼层等
bracing as a product of height, etc.), then this building can be 于或者超过14层，或是在高度上超过50米（165英尺）的建筑，
classed as a tall building. 也许能够被看作衡量是否是“高层建筑”的临界值。
Although number of floors is a poor indicator of defining a tall building
什么是超高层建筑和巨型高层建筑？
due to the changing floor to floor height between differing buildings
CTBUH将高度超过300米（984英尺）的建筑定义为“超高层建筑”
and functions (e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or
，超过600米（1968英尺）的建筑定义为“巨型高层建筑”。截止至
more stories – or over 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could perhaps
2014年8月，全球范围内有大约82座超高层建筑和2座巨型高层建
be used as a threshold for considering it a “tall building.”
筑竣工并投入使用。
What are Supertall and Megatall Buildings?
如何测量高层建筑的高度？
The CTBUH defines “supertall” as a building over 300 meters (984 feet)
CTBUH确认了以下三种测量高层建筑高度的方法：
in height, and a “megatall” as a building over 600 meters (1,968 feet)
in height. As of August 2014 there are 82 supertall and 2 megatall • 至建筑顶端的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开放的3
buildings completed and occupied globally. 、步行的4入口的水平面1至建筑顶端（包括塔尖，但是天
线、标志、旗杆或其他功能或技术性设备5不包括在内）
How is the Height of a Tall Building Measured?
的距离。此种测量方法的使用最为广泛，并且是用来判定
The CTBUH recognizes tall building height in three categories:
世界高层建筑与都市人居学会（CTBUH）“世界最高建筑”
• Height to Architectural Top: Height is measured from 排名的依据。
the level1 of the lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 • 至最高使用楼层的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开
entrance to the architectural top of the building, including 放的3、步行的4入口的水平面1至建筑最高使用楼层6的楼
spires, but not including antennae, signage, flagpoles, or 面层的距离。
other functional-technical equipment.5 This measurement • 至顶尖的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开放的3、步
is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the 行的4入口的水平面1至建筑最高点的距离，与最高构件的
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings 材料或功能无关（例如天线、旗杆、标志和其他功能性/
of the “World’s Tallest Buildings.” 技术性设备）。
• Highest Occupied Floor: Height is measured from the level1
of the lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance to 楼层数
the finished floor level of the highest occupied6 floor within 楼层数应包含地面层，应为地面以上主要楼层的数量，其中包括
the building. 重要的夹层与主要设备层。如果设备夹层的楼层面积相比其下面

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150 | References
World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Architectural Height” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至建筑顶端的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）

800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 3 4 5 6 =7 =7 9 10
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock One World Taipei 101 Shanghai World International Petronas Towers 1 & 2 Zifeng Tower Willis Tower
828 m / 2,717 ft Tower Hotel Trade Center 508 m / 1,667 ft Financial Center Commerce Centre 452 m / 1,483 ft 450 m / 1,476 ft 442 m / 1,451 ft
Dubai, 2010 601 m / 1,972 ft 541 m / 1,776 ft Taipei, 2004 492 m / 1,614 ft 484 m / 1,588 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998 Nanjing, 2010 Chicago, 1974
Mecca, 2012 New York, 2014 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ ਦ् р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ ਂጦຊૂ ㍡ጦཝড় ့࡟ᯥཝড়
㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ 哜ࣖ 㓳㓜θ ਦ्θ р⎭θ 俏⑥θ ਿ䲼඗θ ঍Ӣ 㣓ࣖଛ

World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Highest Occupied Floor” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至最高使用楼层的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）

800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock Shanghai World International Taipei 101 KK100 Guangzhou Willis Tower Two International One World
585 m / 1,918 ft Tower Hotel Financial Center Commerce Centre 438 m / 1,437 ft 427 m / 1,401 ft International 413 m / 1,354 ft Finance Centre Trade Center
Dubai, 2010 559 m / 1,833 ft 474 m / 1,555 ft 469 m / 1,538 ft Taipei, 2004 Shenzhen, 2011 Finance Center Chicago, 1974 388 m / 1,271 ft 387 m / 1,268 ft
Mecca, 2012 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010 415 m / 1,362 ft Hong Kong, 2003 New York, 2014
Ӣะ Guangzhou, 2010
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ ਦ् ㊩㤧ተ ့࡟ᯥཝড় ള䱻䠇㷃ѣᗹӂᵕ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ
㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ␧൩θ ᒵᐔള䱻䠇㷃ѣᗹ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ 哜ࣖ р⎭θ 俏⑥θ ਦ्θ ㊩㤧ተ 㣓ࣖଛ 俏⑥θ 㓳㓜θ
ᒵᐔ

World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Height to Tip” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至顶尖的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）
800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 76 8 =9 =9
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock One World Willis Tower Taipei 101 Shanghai World International John Hancock Petronas Towers 1 & 2
830 m / 2,723 ft Tower Hotel Trade Center 527 m / 1,729 ft 508 m / 1,667 ft Financial Center Commerce Centre Center 452 m / 1,483 ft
Dubai, 2010 601 m / 1,972 ft 546 m / 1,792 ft Chicago, 1974 Taipei, 2004 494 m / 1,622 ft 484 m / 1,588 ft 457 m / 1,499 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998
Mecca, 2012 New York, 2014 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010 Chicago, 1969

@Seismicisolation
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ ့࡟ᯥཝড় ਦ् р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ 㓜㘦㘹‫ށ‬ѣᗹ ਂጦຊૂ
㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ
㊩㤧ተ
哜ࣖ

@Seismicisolation
㊩㤧ተ
㓳㓜θ
㊩㤧ተ
㣓ࣖଛ
㊩㤧ተ
ਦ्θ
㊩㤧ተ
р⎭θ
㊩㤧ተ
俏⑥θ
㊩㤧ተ
㣓ࣖଛθ
㊩㤧ተ
ਿ䲼඗θ

参考书目 | 151
 • Height to Tip: Height is measured from the level1 of the 的主要楼层的面积小很多的话，那么不应计算在内。类似的，屋
lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance to the 顶设备房或者位于主要屋顶区域之上的凸起的设备房也不应当计
highest point of the building, irrespective of material or 算在内。注释：CTBUH统计的楼层数也许跟已公开的项目信息不
function of the highest element (i.e., including antennae, 同，因为世界上一些地区通常不把某些特定楼层包括在内（例如
flagpoles, signage and other functional-technical equipment). 香港的建筑就没有4层、14层、24层）。
Number of Floors
建筑用途
The number of floors should include the ground floor level and be
高层建筑与电信/观光塔的区别是什么？
the number of main floors above ground, including any significant
高度中有超过50%的部分属于使用楼层面积的高层“建筑”（区别于
mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical
电信/观光塔）便有资格被列入“最高建筑”排名。
mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly
smaller floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical 单一用途与混合用途建筑：
penthouses or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area
should not be counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from • 单一用途高层建筑是指其总楼层面积中有85%以上仅作单
published accounts, as it is common in some regions of the world for 一用途使用。
certain floor levels not to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in • 混合用途高层建筑是指包含两种或两种以上功能（或用
Hong Kong). 途）的建筑，且每个功能服务的面积占塔楼总空间的很大
比例7。服务于诸如停车场或设备层的功能不被算作混合
Building Usage
使用的功能。CTBUH“最高建筑”排名中显示的功能是按照
What is the difference between a tall building and a
主次顺序依次排列的，例如“酒店/办公”表明建筑的酒店功
telecommunications/observation tower?
能位于办公功能之前。
A tall “building” can be classed as such (as opposed to a 建筑状态
telecommunications/observation tower) and is eligible for the “Tallest”
lists if at least 50% of its height is occupied by usable floor area. • 已建成
如果一座建筑同时符合以下三个标准，那么其可被归为“
Single-function and mixed-use buildings 已建成”状态（并会被列入CTBUH最高建筑列表）：(i) 结构上
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more 和建筑上均已封顶 (ii) 围护材料完全覆盖 (iii) 投入运营，或
of its total floor area is dedicated to a single usage. 至少部分可以投入使用
• 施工中（开始建造）
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses),
如果一座建筑一旦完成施工现场的清理，并已开始进行地
where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion7 of the
基/打桩工作，那么其可被归为“施工中”状态。
tower’s total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical
plant space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are • 已封顶
denoted on CTBUH “Tallest” lists in descending order, e.g., “hotel/ 如果一座建筑在施工过程中，在结构上和建筑上均已完全
office” indicates hotel function above office function. 达到其最终高度（例如包括建筑塔尖、女儿墙等），那么其
可被归为“已封顶”状态。
Building Status • 停滞
如果一座建筑已开始施工，尽管施工现场的工作被无限期
• Completed (Completion)
暂停但仍有计划在未来的日子按照原设计方案完成施工，
A building is considered to be “Completed” (and officially
那么其可被归为“停滞”状态。
added to the CTBUH Tallest Buildings lists) if it fulfills all of
the following three criteria: 1) Topped out structurally and • 未完成
architecturally, 2) Fully-clad, 3) Open for business, or at least 如果一座建筑已开始施工，但施工现场的工作被无限期中
partially occupiable. 止且从未复工，那么其可被归为“未完成”状态。基地也许
会进而容纳另外一座新的建筑（与原设计方案不同），这
• Under Construction (Start of Construction)
样原施工状态有可能会保留，也有可能不会。
A building is considered to be “Under Construction” once site
clearing has been completed and foundation/piling work has • 方案阶段
begun. 如果一座建筑满足以下所有标准，其可被归为“方案阶段”
状态（需为真实的方案）：(i) 特定的基地（项目开发团队
• Topped Out
需取得土地所有权） (ii) 完善而专业的设计团队（能从概
A building is considered to be “Topped Out” when it is under
念阶段向前推进设计）(iii) 正式的规划许可/合法的施工许
construction, and has reached its full height both structurally
可（或者此类许可正在办理中） (iv) 推进建筑施工直至建
and architecturally (e.g., including its spires, parapets, etc).
成的完整计划 – 被列入CTBUH“方案阶段”建筑列表的建筑
• On Hold 必须是由业主公开发布项目的公告，且建筑符合以上所有
A building is considered to be “On Hold” when construction 标准。公告的消息来源必须是可靠的。由于在设计初期常
works had begun, but work on-site has been halted 有的改动性以及来自业主相关信息的局限性，建筑高度数
indefinitely, however there is still an intent to complete the 据可能并不确定。
construction to the original design at a future date.
• 愿景阶段
• Never Completed 如果一座建筑满足以下任意一个标准，其可被归为“愿景
A building is considered to be “Never Completed” when 阶段”状态：(i) 处于项目初期阶段但还不满足可归为“方案
construction works had begun, but work on-site was halted 阶段”的标准，或者 (ii) 是一个一直不可能发展到施工建造
and never resumed. The site may go on to accommodate a 阶段的方案，或者 (iii) 是一个理论命题
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new building, different to the original design, that may or
may not retain the original construction.
152 | References
 • Proposed (Proposal) • 拆除
A building is considered to be “Proposed” (i.e., a real proposal) 如果一座建筑因其达到使用年限而被人为拆除或因火灾、
when it fulfills all of the following criteria: 1) Has a specific site 自然灾难、战争、恐怖袭击或者其它故意或非故意的手段
with ownership interests within the building development 而遭受破坏，其可被归为“拆除”状态。
team, 2) Has a full professional design team progressing the 结构材料
design beyond the conceptual stage, 3) Has obtained, or is
in the process of obtaining, formal planning consent/legal • 如果一座建筑主要的横向和竖向结构单元以及楼层体系都
permission for construction, 4) Has a full intention to progress 是采用钢材建造，其可被定义为钢结构高层建筑。
the building to construction and completion – Only buildings • 如果一座建筑主要的横向和竖向结构单元以及楼层体系都
that have been announced publicly by the client and fulfill 是采用混凝土建造，其可被定义为混凝土结构高层建筑。
all the above criteria are included in the CTBUH “proposed”
• 复合结构高层建筑是指其主要结构单元结合采用钢与混凝
building listings. The source of the announcement must
土两种材料，因此带有混凝土核心筒的钢结构建筑也属于
also be credible. Due to the changing nature of early stage
复合结构建筑。
designs and client information restrictions, some height data
may be unconfirmed. • 混合结构高层建筑是指采用钢结构与混凝土结构两种不同
体系（前者位置可在后者之上或之下）的建筑。混合结构
• Vision
体系主要有两种类型：钢/混凝土高层建筑是指钢结构体
A building is considered to be a “Vision” when it either: 1) Is
系位于混凝土结构体系之上，与之相反的是混凝土/钢结
in the early stages of inception and does not yet fulfill the
构建筑。
criteria under the “proposal” category, or 2) Was a proposal
that never advanced to the construction stages, or 3) Was a 其它注释
theoretical proposition
(i) 如果具有钢结构体系的高层建筑其楼板体系是由覆盖混凝土砌
• Demolished
板的钢梁组成，其被归为钢结构高层建筑。(ii) 如果具有混凝土结
A building is considered to be “Demolished” after it has been
构体系的高层建筑其楼板体系是由覆盖混凝土平板的钢梁组成，
destroyed by controlled end-of-life demolition, fire, natural
其被归为钢结构高层建筑。(iii) 如果高层建筑拥有钢柱加混凝土
catastrophe, war, terrorist attack, or through other means
梁的楼层体系，其被归为复合结构高层建筑。
intended or unintended.
Structural Material

• A steel tall building is defined as one where the main Footnotes (脚注):
vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems are 1
Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
constructed from steel. 2
Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing
grade and permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via elevators,
• A concrete tall building is defined as one where the main as opposed to ground floor retail or other uses which solely relate/connect to the
vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems are immediately adjacent external environment. Thus entrances via below-grade sunken
constructed from concrete. plazas or similar are not generally recognized. Also note that access to car park and/or
ancillary/support areas are not considered significant entrances.
• A composite tall building utilizes a combination of both 3
Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off of an external space at that level
steel and concrete acting compositely in the main structural that is open to air.
4
Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to exclude
elements, thus including a steel building with a concrete service, ancillary, or similar areas.
core. 5
Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-technical
equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent technologies, as is
• A mixed-structure tall building is any building that utilizes often seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines, etc. are periodically
distinct steel and concrete systems above or below each added, shortened, lengthened, removed, and/or replaced).
other. There are two main types of mixed structural systems: a
6
Highest occupied floor: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is
designed to be safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users
steel/concrete tall building indicates a steel structural system on a consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience
located above a concrete structural system, with the opposite occasional maintenance access, etc.
true of a concrete/steel building.
7
This “significant proportion” can be judged as 15% or greater of either: (1) the total
floor area, or (2) the total building height, in terms of number of floors occupied for the
Additional Notes: function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall towers. For example a
20-story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15% rule,
(i) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of though this would clearly constitute mixed-use.
1
水平面：与入口大门的最低点相接的竣工楼面层。
concrete planks on steel beams, it is considered a steel tall building. 2
主要入口：明显位于现有或之前存在的地面层之上的入口，且允许搭乘电梯进入建
(ii) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of a 筑内的一个或多个主功能区，而非仅仅是到达那些毗邻于室外环境的地面层商业空
concrete slab on steel beams, it is considered a steel tall building. 间或其它的功能空间。因此，那些位于类似下沉广场这样空间的入口不算在内。同
时要注意的是通往停车、附属或者服务区域的入口也不被认定为是主要入口。
(iii) If a tall building has steel columns with a floor system of concrete 3
开放入口：入口须直接与室外空间相连，所在楼层可直接与室外接触。
beams, it is considered a composite tall building. 4
步行入口：供建筑的主要使用者或居住者所使用的入口，而位于类似服务或附属区
域的入口不包括在内。
5
功能—技术性设备：这是为了识别那些作为一类普遍使用的技术，需被拆除/添加/
更换的功能—技术性设备。我们经常会在高层建筑上看到这些设备（例如天线、标
志、风力涡轮机等需要定期添加、缩短、延长、移除、和/或替换的设备）。
6
最高使用楼层：这是为了识别供居住者、工人以及其他建筑使用者安全并合法使用
的配备空调系统的空间，并不包括服务区或者设备区这类只需偶尔有人进入做维护
工作的空间。
7
“很大比例”可以看作是达到以下任意一个方面的15%以上：（1）总楼层面积；或
（2）总建筑高度（就服务于某种功能的楼层数而言）。然而需要注意的是在超高
层建筑中会出现的特殊情况。例如高达150层高的大厦包含20层的酒店功能，尽管并

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation 不符合15%比例的规定，但此大厦显然会被归为混合用途建筑。

参考书目 | 153
100 Tallest Buildings in the World | 世界最高的100座建筑
(as of August 2014) | (截止至2014年8月)

The Council maintains the official list of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the 学会持有世界最高的100座建筑的官方排名列表，而此列表依据
World, which are ranked based on the height to architectural top, and 直至至建筑顶端的距离评判标准，其中不仅仅包括了已竣工的建
includes not only completed buildings, but also buildings currently 筑，也包括有目前处于施工状态的建筑。然而，如果建筑没有完
under construction. However, a building does not receive an official 全竣工，那么将不会被得到正式的排名。
ranking number until it is completed.

Color Key: 颜色图例：

Buildings in black are completed and officially ranked.
黑色代表已经竣工并得到正式排名的建筑。
Buildings in green are under construction and have topped out. 绿色代表正在施工但已经封顶的建筑。
Buildings in red are under construction, but have not yet topped out. 红色代表正在施工但还未封顶的建筑。

Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Kingdom Tower Jeddah 1000 ** 3281 167 2019 concrete residential / hotel / office
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai 828 2717 163 2010 steel / concrete office / residential / hotel
Suzhou Zhongnan Center Suzhou 729 2392 138 2020 hotel / residential / office
Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen 660 2165 115 2016 composite office
Wuhan Greenland Center Wuhan 636 2087 125 2017 composite hotel / residential / office
Shanghai Tower Shanghai 632 2073 128 2015 composite hotel / office
2 Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel Mecca 601 1972 120 2012 steel / concrete other / hotel / multiple
Goldin Finance 117 Tianjin 597 1957 128 2016 composite hotel / office
Pearl of the North Shenyang 565 1854 111 2018 office
Lotte World Tower Seoul 555 1819 123 2016 composite hotel / office

One World Trade Center New York City 541 1776 94 2014 composite office
CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou 530 1739 111 2016 composite hotel / residential / office
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin 530 1739 97 2018 composite residential / hotel / office
Zhongguo Zun Beijing 528 1732 108 2018 composite office
3 Taipei 101 Taipei 508 1667 101 2004 composite office
4 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 492 1614 101 2008 composite hotel / office
Hengqin Headquarters Tower 2 Zhuhai 490 1608 106 2017 composite office
5 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong 484 1588 108 2010 composite hotel / office
Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Chongqing 468 1535 100 2017 composite hotel / office
Guangdong Building Tianjin 468 1535 91 2018 composite residential / hotel / office

Lakhta Center St. Petersburg 463 1517 86 2018 composite office

Riverview Plaza A1 Wuhan 460 1509 82 2017 hotel / office
Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha 452 1483 88 2017 composite residential / office
6 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur 452 1483 88 1998 composite office
6 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur 452 1483 88 1998 composite office
Suzhou IFS Suzhou 450 1476 95 2017 composite residential / hotel / office
8 Zifeng Tower Nanjing 450 1476 66 2010 composite hotel / office
9 Willis Tower Chicago 442 1451 108 1974 steel office
World One Mumbai 442 1450 117 2015 composite residential
10 KK100 Shenzhen 442 1449 100 2011 composite hotel / office

11 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou 439 1439 103 2010 composite hotel / office
Wuhan Center Wuhan 438 1437 88 2015 composite hotel / residential / office
106 Tower Dubai 433 1421 107 2018 concrete residential
Diamond Tower Jeddah 432 1417 93 2017 residential
Marina 101 Dubai 427 1399 101 2015 concrete serviced apartments / hotel
432 Park Avenue New York City 426 1397 85 2015 concrete residential
225 West 57th Street New York City 425 ** 1394 92 2018 concrete residential / retail
12 Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago 423 1389 98 2009 concrete residential / hotel
13 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai 421 1380 88 1999 composite hotel / office
14 Princess Tower Dubai 413 1356 101 2012 steel / concrete residential

* estimated height | 估计高度

** minimum height | 最低高度
@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
154 | References
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

15 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City 413 1354 80 2011 concrete office

16 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong 412 1352 88 2003 composite office
LCT Landmark Tower Busan 412 1350 101 2018 hotel / residential
Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Guiyang 406 1332 64 2017 composite -
Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Guiyang 406 1332 64 2017 composite -
Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing 400 1312 88 2017 steel / concrete residential / hotel / office
China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen 400 1312 70 2017 office
17 23 Marina Dubai 393 1289 90 2012 concrete residential
18 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 390 1280 80 1996 concrete office
Logan Century Center 1 Nanning 386 1266 82 2017 composite hotel / office

Oberoi Oasis Tower B Mumbai 386 1265 85 2016 concrete residential

Capital Market Authority Tower Riyadh 385 1263 79 2015 composite office
19 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 384 1260 69 1996 composite office
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian 383 1257 80 2014 composite hotel / office
Abu Dhabi Plaza Astana 382 1253 88 2017 residential
20 World Trade Center Abu Dhabi - The Residences Abu Dhabi 381 1251 88 2014 concrete residential
21 Empire State Building New York City 381 1250 102 1931 steel office
22 Elite Residence Dubai 380 1248 87 2012 concrete residential
23 Central Plaza Hong Kong 374 1227 78 1992 concrete office
Federation Towers - Vostok Tower Moscow 373 1224 95 2015 concrete residential / hotel / office

The Address The BLVD Dubai 370 1214 72 2016 concrete residential / hotel
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Nanjing 368 1208 76 - hotel / office
Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower Shenzhen 368 1207 68 2016 composite office
24 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 367 1205 72 1990 composite office
25 Bank of America Tower New York City 366 1200 55 2009 composite office
Dalian International Trade Center Dalian 365 1199 86 2015 composite residential / office
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Hanoi 363 1191 68 2017 composite office
26 Almas Tower Dubai 360 1181 68 2008 concrete office
26 The Pinnacle Guangzhou 360 1181 60 2012 concrete office
Three World Trade Center New York City 357 1171 80 2018 composite office

28 JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 Dubai 355 1166 82 2012 concrete hotel
28 JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 Dubai 355 1166 82 2013 concrete hotel
30 Emirates Tower One Dubai 355 1163 54 2000 composite office
OKO - South Tower Moscow 352 1155 85 2015 concrete residential / hotel
Forum 66 Tower 2 Shenyang 351 1150 68 2015 composite office
Hanking Center Shenzhen 350 1148 65 2018 office
Spring City 66 Kunming 350 1148 - 2018 office
31 Tuntex Sky Tower Kaohsiung 348 1140 85 1997 composite hotel / office
32 Aon Center Chicago 346 1136 83 1973 steel office
33 The Center Hong Kong 346 1135 73 1998 steel office

34 John Hancock Center Chicago 344 1128 100 1969 steel residential / office
Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur 343 1124 65 2017 residential / hotel
ADNOC Headquarters Abu Dhabi 342 1122 76 2014 concrete office
Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower Dubai 342 1122 76 2014 steel / concrete residential
Xiamen International Centre Xiamen 340 1115 61 2016 composite office
LCT Residential Tower A Busan 339 1113 85 2018 residential
35 The Wharf Times Square 1 Wuxi 339 1112 68 2014 composite hotel / residential
Chongqing World Financial Center Chongqing 339 1112 72 2014 composite office
36 Mercury City Tower Moscow 339 1112 75 2013 concrete residential / office
37 Tianjin Modern City Tianjin 338 1109 65 2016 composite residential / hotel

Orchid Crown Tower A Mumbai 337 1106 75 2016 concrete residential

Orchid Crown Tower B Mumbai 337 1106 75 2016 concrete residential
Tianjin World Financial Center Tianjin 337 1105 75 2011 composite office
38 The Torch Dubai 337 1105 79 2011 concrete residential
39 Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Hanoi 336 1102 72 2012 concrete hotel / residential / office
Wilshire Grand Tower Los Angeles 335 1100 73 2017 composite hotel / office
DAMAC Heights Dubai 335 1099 86 2016 steel / concrete residential
40 Shimao International Plaza Shanghai 333 1094 60 2006 concrete hotel / office
LCT Residential Tower B

@Seismicisolation
Busan

@Seismicisolation
333 1093 85 2018 residential

参考书目 | 155
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Mandarin Oriental Hotel Chengdu 333 1093 88 2017 residential / hotel

41 Rose Rayhaan by Rotana Dubai 333 1093 71 2007 composite hotel
Jinan Center Financial City Jinan 333 1093 - - -
China Chuneng Tower Shenzhen 333 1093 - 2017 composite -
42 Minsheng Bank Building Wuhan 331 1086 68 2008 steel office
Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang 330 1083 105 - concrete hotel / office
Gate of Kuwait Tower Kuwait City 330 1083 84 2016 concrete hotel / office
43 China World Tower Beijing 330 1083 74 2010 composite hotel / office
Thamrin Nine Tower 1 Jakarta 330 1083 71 - office
Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhuhai 330 1083 67 2016 composite hotel / office

The Skyscraper Dubai 330 1083 66 - office

Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Wuhan 330 1083 66 2016 composite office
Suning Plaza Tower 1 Zhenjiang 330 1082 77 2016 composite -
Hon Kwok City Center Shenzhen 329 1081 80 2015 composite residential / office
44 Longxi International Hotel Jiangyin 328 1076 72 2011 composite residential / hotel
44 Al Yaqoub Tower Dubai 328 1076 69 2013 concrete hotel
Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Nanjing 328 1076 69 2016 composite hotel / office
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Nanjing 328 1076 68 - office
Wuxi Suning Plaza 1 Wuxi 328 1076 68 2014 composite hotel / office
Concord International Centre Chongqing 328 1076 62 2016 composite hotel / office

Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Centre Tower 2 Shenyang 328 1076 - 2018 hotel / office
Greenland Center Tower 1 Qingdao 327 1074 74 2016 composite hotel / office
Huaqiang Golden Corridor City Plaza Main Tower Shenyang 327 1073 66 2018 hotel / office
Salesforce Tower San Francisco 326 1070 61 2017 office
46 The Index Dubai 326 1070 80 2010 concrete residential / office
47 The Landmark Abu Dhabi 324 1063 72 2013 concrete residential / office
47 Deji Plaza Nanjing 324 1063 62 2013 composite hotel / office
Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yantai 323 1060 59 2015 composite residential / hotel / office
49 Q1 Tower Gold Coast 323 1058 78 2005 concrete residential
Lamar Tower 1 Jeddah 322 1056 70 2016 concrete residential / office

50 Wenzhou Trade Center Wenzhou 322 1056 68 2011 concrete hotel / office
Guangxi Finance Plaza Nanning 321 1053 68 2016 composite hotel / office
51 Burj Al Arab Dubai 321 1053 56 1999 composite hotel
52 Nina Tower Hong Kong 320 1051 80 2006 concrete hotel / office
Sinar Mas Center 1 Shanghai 320 1048 66 2015 composite office
53 Chrysler Building New York City 319 1046 77 1930 steel office
Global City Square Guangzhou 319 1046 67 2015 composite office
54 New York Times Tower New York City 319 1046 52 2007 steel office
Foshan Suning Plaza Tower 1 Foshan 318 1043 90 - hotel / office
Runhua Global Center 1 Changzhou 318 1043 72 2015 composite office

Jiuzhou International Tower Nanning 318 1043 71 2016 composite -

Riverside Century Plaza Main Tower Wuhu 318 1043 66 2015 composite hotel / office
55 HHHR Tower Dubai 318 1042 72 2010 concrete residential
Yurun International Tower Huaiyin 317 1040 75 2017 composite office
Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing 317 1038 64 2016 composite hotel / office
Namaste Tower Mumbai 316 1037 63 2017 concrete hotel / office
Changsha IFS Tower T2 Changsha 315 1033 - 2017 composite office
Youth Olympics Center Tower 1 Nanjing 315 1032 68 2015 composite -
MahaNakhon Bangkok 313 1028 77 2016 concrete residential / hotel
The Stratford Residences Makati 312 1024 74 2015 concrete residential

Bank of America Plaza Atlanta 312 1023 55 2014 composite office

Moi Center Tower A Shenyang 311 1020 75 2014 composite hotel / office
57 U.S. Bank Tower Los Angeles 310 1018 73 1990 steel office
58 Ocean Heights Dubai 310 1017 83 2010 concrete residential
58 Menara Telekom Kuala Lumpur 310 1017 55 2001 concrete office
Bodi Center Tower 1 Hangzhou 310 1017 55 2017 office
Fortune Center Guangzhou 309 1015 73 2015 composite office
60 Pearl River Tower Guangzhou 309 1015 71 2012 composite office
Poly Pazhou C2

@Seismicisolation
Guangzhou

@Seismicisolation
309 1015 61 2017 composite office

156 | References
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

61 Emirates Tower Two Dubai 309 1014 56 2000 concrete hotel

Eurasia Moscow 309 1013 72 2014 composite hotel / office
Guangfa Securities Headquarters Guangzhou 308 1010 62 2016 office
62 Burj Rafal Riyadh 308 1010 68 2014 concrete residential / hotel
Wanda Plaza 1 Kunming 307 1008 67 2016 composite office
Wanda Plaza 2 Kunming 307 1008 67 2016 composite office
Lokhandwala Minerva Mumbai 307 1007 83 2015 concrete residential
63 The Franklin Center - North Tower Chicago 307 1007 60 1989 composite office
64 Cayan Tower Dubai 306 1005 73 2013 concrete residential
One57 New York City 306 1005 79 2014 steel / concrete residential / hotel

65 East Pacific Center Tower A Shenzhen 306 1004 85 2013 concrete residential
65 The Shard London 306 1004 73 2013 composite residential / hotel / office
67 JPMorgan Chase Tower Houston 305 1002 75 1982 composite office
68 Etihad Towers T2 Abu Dhabi 305 1002 80 2011 concrete residential
69 Northeast Asia Trade Tower Incheon 305 1001 68 2011 composite residential / hotel / office
70 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 304 997 85 1997 concrete hotel
71 Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Wuxi 304 997 68 2014 composite hotel
72 Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 303 995 64 1990 concrete office
Diwang International Fortune Center Liuzhou 303 994 75 2015 composite residential / hotel / office
KAFD World Trade Center Riyadh 303 994 67 2015 concrete office

Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza 1 Nanchang 303 994 59 2015 composite office
Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza 2 Nanchang 303 994 59 2015 composite office
73 Leatop Plaza Guangzhou 303 993 64 2012 composite office
74 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston 302 992 71 1983 steel office
75 Kingdom Centre Riyadh 302 992 41 2002 steel / concrete residential / hotel / office
76 The Address Dubai 302 991 63 2008 concrete residential / hotel
Gate of the Orient Suzhou 302 990 68 2014 composite residential / hotel / office
77 Capital City Moscow Tower Moscow 302 990 76 2010 concrete residential
Greenland Puli Center Jinan 301 988 61 2015 composite residential / office
Greenland Center North Tower Yinchuan 301 988 58 - composite hotel / office

Heung Kong Tower Shenzhen 301 987 70 2014 composite hotel / office
Brys Buzz Greater Noida 300 984 82 2017 concrete residential
78 Doosan Haeundae We've the Zenith Tower A Busan 300 984 80 2011 concrete residential
Supernova Spira Noida 300 984 80 2017 concrete residential
Al Habtoor City Tower 1 Dubai 300 ** 984 74 2017 concrete residential
Al Habtoor City Tower 2 Dubai 300 ** 984 74 2017 concrete residential
NBK Tower Kuwait City 300 984 70 2017 concrete office
Huachuang International Plaza Tower 1 Changsha 300 984 66 2016 composite hotel / office
Riverfront Times Square Shenzhen 300 984 64 2016 composite hotel / office
78 Torre Costanera Santiago 300 984 62 2014 concrete office

Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower C Nanjing 300 984 60 - office

78 Arraya Tower Kuwait City 300 984 60 2009 concrete office
78 Abeno Harukas Osaka 300 984 60 2014 steel hotel / office / retail
78 Shenglong Global Center Fuzhou 300 984 57 2017 composite office
Aspire Tower Doha 300 984 36 2007 composite hotel / office
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 2 Shenzhen 300 984 - - office
Jin Wan Plaza 1 Tianjin 300 984 66 2017 hotel / office
Langham Hotel Tower Dalian 300 983 74 2015 composite residential / hotel
83 First Canadian Place Toronto 298 978 72 1975 steel office
83 One Island East Hong Kong 298 978 68 2008 concrete office

Ilham Baru Tower Kuala Lumpur 298 978 64 2015 concrete residential / office
Yujiapu Yinglan International Finance Center Tianjin 298 978 60 2016 composite office
85 4 World Trade Center New York City 298 977 65 2014 composite office
86 Eureka Tower Melbourne 297 975 91 2006 concrete residential
Dacheng Financial Business Center Tower A Kunming 297 974 - 2016 steel hotel / office
87 Comcast Center Philadelphia 297 974 57 2008 composite office
88 Landmark Tower Yokohama 296 972 73 1993 steel hotel / office
89 R&F Yingkai Square Guangzhou 296 972 66 2014 composite residential / hotel / office
90 Emirates Crown

@Seismicisolation
Dubai

@Seismicisolation
296 971 63 2008 concrete residential

参考书目 | 157
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Xiamen Shimao Cross-Strait Plaza Tower B Xiamen 295 969 67 2015 composite office
91 Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 Dubai 294 965 66 2011 concrete hotel
Lamar Tower 2 Jeddah 293 961 62 2016 concrete residential / office
92 311 South Wacker Drive Chicago 293 961 65 1990 concrete office
Shang Xinguo International Plaza Chongqing 293 961 65 - hotel / office
93 Sky Tower Abu Dhabi 292 959 74 2010 concrete residential / office
94 Haeundae I Park Marina Tower 2 Busan 292 958 72 2011 composite residential
95 SEG Plaza Shenzhen 292 957 71 2000 concrete office
Indiabulls Sky Suites Mumbai 291 955 75 2015 concrete residential
96 70 Pine Street New York City 290 952 67 2014 steel residential / hotel

Hunter Douglas International Plaza Guiyang 290 951 69 2014 composite hotel / office
Tanjong Pagar Centre Singapore 290 951 68 2016 composite residential / hotel / office
Powerlong Center Tower 1 Tianjin 290 951 59 2015 composite office
220 Central Park South New York City 290 950 66 2017 residential
Zhengzhou Eastern Center North Tower Zhengzhou 289 948 78 2016 composite office
Zhengzhou Eastern Center South Tower Zhengzhou 289 948 78 2016 composite office
97 Dongguan TBA Tower Dongguan 289 948 68 2013 composite hotel / office
Busan International Finance Center Landmark Tower Busan 289 948 63 2014 concrete office
98 Key Tower Cleveland 289 947 57 1991 composite office
99 Shaoxing Shimao Crown Plaza Shaoxing 288 946 60 2012 composite hotel / office

100 Plaza 66 Shanghai 288 945 66 2001 concrete office

100 One Liberty Place Philadelphia 288 945 61 1987 steel office

* estimated height | 估计高度

** minimum height | 最低高度

@Seismicisolation
@Seismicisolation
158 | References
CTBUH Organization & Membership
CTBUH组织结构和会员级别
Board of Trustees | 董事会: Sustainable Design: Antony Wood
Chairman: Timothy Johnson, NBBJ, USA Wind Engineering: Roy Denoon, Peter Irwin & David Scott
Chair-Elect: David Malott, Kohn Pedersen Fox, USA
Executive Director: Antony Wood, CTBUH & IIT, USA Committee Chairs | 委员会主席
Treasurer: Steve Watts, alinea consulting LLP, UK Awards: Jeanne Gang, Studio Gang, USA
Trustee: Craig Gibbons, Arup, Australia Height: Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, USA
Trustee: Mounib Hammoud, Jeddah Economic Company, Saudi Arabia Young Professionals: Sasha Zeljic, Gensler, USA
Trustee: Dennis Poon, Thornton Tomasetti, USA
Trustee: Kam-Chuen (Vincent) Tse, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Hong Kong Regional Representatives | 区域代表
Trustee: Cathy Yang, Taipei Financial Center Corporation, Taiwan ROC Australia: Bruce Wolfe, Conrad Gargett Architecture
Belgium: Georges Binder, Buildings & Data S.A.
Brazil: Antonio Macêdo Filho, EcoBuilding Consulting
Staff / Contributors | 职员/贡献者: Cambodia: Michel Cassagnes, Archetype Group
Executive Director: Antony Wood Canada: Richard Witt, Quadrangle Architects
Associate Director: Steven Henry China: Guo-Qiang Li, Tongji Univesity
Operations Manager: Patti Thurmond Costa Rica: Ronald Steinvorth, IECA International
Membership Coordinator: Carissa Devereux Denmark: Julian Chen, Henning Larsen Architects
CTBUH Editor: Daniel Safarik Finland: Santeri Suoranta, KONE Industrial, Ltd.
Leader Coordinator & Events Manager: Jessica Rinkel France: Trino Beltran, Bouygues Construction
Research Manager: Dario Trabucco Germany: Roland Bechmann, Werner Sobek Stuttgart GmbH & Co.
Web Developer / IT Support: Son Dang Greece: Alexios Vandoros, Vandoros & Partners
Website Content Editor: Aric Austermann India: Girish Dravid, Sterling Engineering
Production Associate: Marty Carver Indonesia: Tiyok Prasetyoadi, PDW Architects
Production Associate: Kristen Dobbins Israel: Israel David, David Engineers
Media Associate: Jason Gabel Italy: Dario Trabucco, IUAV University of Venice
Administrative Assistant: Jonathan Reyes Japan: Masayoshi Nakai, Takenaka Corporation
Skyscraper Database Editor: Marshall Gerometta Lebanon: Ramy El-Khoury, Rafik El-Khoury & Partners
Publications Associate: Tansri Muliani Malaysia: Matthew Gaal, Cox Architecture
Research Assistant, China Operations: Peng Du Mongolia: Tony Mills, Archetype Group
Research Assistant: Meysam Tabibzadeh Myanmar: Mark Petrovic, Architype Group
General Counsel: Matt Rossetti Netherlands: Paul Joop, Arup / Delft University
CTBUH Journal Associate Editor: Robert Lau Nigeria: Joe Osammar, Osmo Geotechnical Energy Serv., Ltd.
Special Media Correspondent: Chris Bentley Philippines: Felino A. Palafox Jr., Palafox Associates
Poland: Ryszard M. Kowalczyk, University of Beira Interior
Advisory Group | 顾问组 Qatar: Shaukat Ali, KEO International Consultants
Chair: Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, USA Romania: Mihail Iancovici, Technical University of Civil Engineering of
Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation, Korea Bucharest (UTCB)
Sam Cuccurullo, CBRE, China Russia: Elena A. Shuvalova, Lobby Agency
Donald Davies, Magnusson Klemencic, USA Saudi Arabia: Bassam Al-Bassam, Rayadah Investment Company, KSA
Johannes de Jong, KONE Industrial Ltd., Finland Singapore: Juneid Qureshi, Meinhardt (S) Pte Ltd.
Jean-Claude Gerardy, ArcelorMittal, Luxembourg South Korea: Dr. Kwang Ryang Chung, Dongyang Structural Engineers
Russell Gilchrist, Gensler, China Co., Ltd
Mehdi Jalayerian, Environmental Systems Design, USA Spain: Javier Quintana De Uña, Taller Básico de Arquitectura SLP
Abdo Kardous, Hill International, China Sri Lanka: Shiromal Fernando, Civil and Structural Engineering
Mikkel Kragh, Dow Corning, Belgium Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd
Simon Lay, AECOM, UK Taiwan: Cathy Yang, Taipei Financial Center Corp.
James Parakh, City of Toronto, Canada Turkey: Can Karayel, Langan International
Mic Patterson, Enclos, USA UAE: Dean McGrail, WSP Middle East
Glen Pederick, Meinhardt, Australia United Kingdom: Steve Watts, alinea consulting LLP
Robert Pratt, Tishman Speyer Properties, China Vietnam: Phan Quang Minh, National University of Civil Engineering
Mark P. Sarkisian, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, USA
Alfred Seeling, Woods Bagot, UAE

Working Group Co-Chairs | 工作小组联席主席

BIM: Trino Beltran, Nathan Miller & Sergio Valentini
Façade Access: Lee Herzog, Lance McMasters, Kevin Thompson & Peter
   Weismantle
Finance & Economics: Steve Watts
Fire & Safety: Simon Lay & Daniel O’ Connor
Foundations: Frances Badelow, Rudy Frizzi, Tony Kiefer, Sungho Kim,
George Leventis & James Sze
Legal Aspects of Tall Buildings: Cecily Davis
Outrigger Systems: Hi Sun Choi, Goman Ho, Leonard Joseph & Neville
Mathias
Research, Academic and Postgraduate: Philip Oldfield & Dario Trabucco

@Seismicisolation
Seismic Design: Ron Klemencic & John Viise
@Seismicisolation
参考书目 | 159
CTBUH Organizational Brookfield Multiplex Construction Europe Ltd. Infrastructure Engineers (IACIE)
CBRE Group, Inc. Jiang Architects & Engineers
Members (as of 1st August 2014) CH2M HILL JLL
China Architecture Design & Research Group (CAG) KHP Konig und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft
CTBUH企业会员（截至2014年8月1日） Enclos Corp. Langdon & Seah Singapore
Fender Katsalidis Architects LeMessurier
Supporting Contributors | 顶级会员 Halfen USA Lend Lease
Hill International Liberty Group Properties
AECOM Laing O’Rourke Lusail Real Estate Development Company
Al Hamra Real Estate Company Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. M Moser Associates Ltd.
Broad Sustainable Building Co., Ltd. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP Mori Building Co., Ltd.
Buro Happold, Ltd. Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Nabih Youssef & Associates
CCDI Group MAKE National Fire Protection Association
China State Construction Engineering Corporation McNamara / Salvia, Inc. National Institute of Standards and Technology
(CSCEC) MulvannyG2 Architecture (NIST)
CITIC Heye Investment Co., Ltd. Nishkian Menninger Consulting and Structural National University of Singapore
Dow Corning Corporation Engineers New World Development Company Limited
Emaar Properties, PJSC Nobutaka Ashihara Architect PC Norman Disney & Young
Eton Properties (Dalian) Co., Ltd. Outokumpu OMA
Illinois Institute of Technology Parsons Brinckerhoff Omrania & Associates
Jeddah Economic Company PDW Architects The Ornamental Metal Institute of New York
Kingdom Real Estate Development Co. Pei Cobb Freed & Partners PACE Development Corporation PLC
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, PC Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Pei Partnership Architects
KONE Industrial, Ltd. PT Gistama Intisemesta Perkins + Will
Lotte Engineering & Construction Co. Quadrangle Architects Ltd. Pomeroy Studio Pte Ltd
Morin Khuur Tower LLC Rafik El-Khoury & Partners PT Ciputra Property, Tbk
National Engineering Bureau Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. RAW Design Inc.
NBBJ Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. Ronald Lu & Partners
Otis Elevator Company RTKL Associates Inc. Royal HaskoningDHV
Ping An Financial Centre Construction & Saudi Binladin Group / ABC Division Sanni, Ojo & Partners
Development Severud Associates Consulting Engineers, PC Shanghai Jiankun Information Technology Co., Ltd.
Renaissance Construction Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. Ltd. Silvercup Studios
Samsung C&T Corporation Shum Yip Land SilverEdge Systems Software, Inc.
Schindler Top Range Division Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure, Ltd. Silverstein Properties
Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Sinar Mas Group - APP China SIP Project Managers Pty Ltd
Ltd. Skanska The Steel Institute of New York
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Solomon Cordwell Buenz Stein Ltd.
Suzhou Zhongnan Center Development Co., Ltd. Studio Gang Architects SWA Group
Taipei Financial Center Corp. (TAIPEI 101) Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. Tekla Corporation
Turner Construction Company TAV Construction Terrell Group
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) LLC Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd. (TJAD) TSNIIEP for Residential and Public Buildings
WSP Group Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Werner Voss + Partner Vetrocare SRL
Patrons | 赞助会员 Wilkinson Eyre Architects
Al Ghurair Construction – Aluminum LLC Contributors | 中级会员 Wirth Research Ltd
Arabtec Construction LLC Woods Bagot
Aedas, Ltd.
Blume Foundation Akzo Nobel
BMT Fluid Mechanics, Ltd. Allford Hall Monaghan Morris Ltd.
Participants | 普通会员
Bund Finance Center Alvine Engineering ACONSE CZ
Citic Pacific Bates Smart ACSI (Ayling Consulting Services Inc)
The Durst Organization Benoy Limited Adamson Associates Architects
East China Architectural Design & Research Institute bKL Architecture LLC ADD Inc.
Co., Ltd. (ECADI) Bonacci Group Aidea Philippines, Inc.
Gensler Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory AIT Consulting
Guild of Ural Builders Bouygues Construction AKF Group, LLC
HOK, Inc. The British Land Company PLC AKT II Limited
Hongkong Land, Ltd. Canary Wharf Group, PLC Al Jazera Consultants
ISA Architecture Canderel Management, Inc. Alimak Hek AB
KLCC Property Holdings Berhad CCL alinea consulting LLP
Langan Continental Automated Buildings Association Alpha Glass Ltd.
Meinhardt Group International (CABA) ALT Cladding, Inc.
Permasteelisa Group CTSR Properties Limited Altitude Façade Access Consulting
Ridley & Co. DBI Design Pty Ltd AMP Capital Investors
Studio Daniel Libeskind DCA Architects Pte Ltd ARC Studio Architecture + Urbanism Pte. Ltd.
Thornton Tomasetti, Inc. Deerns Consulting Engineers ArcelorMittal
ThyssenKrupp AG DK Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. Archetype Group
Tishman Speyer Properties Dong Yang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd. Architects 61 Pte., Ltd.
Weidlinger Associates, Inc. dwp Australia Pty Ltd Architectural Design & Research Institute of
Zuhair Fayez Partnership Far East Aluminium Works Co., Ltd. Tsinghua University
GGLO, LLC Architectus
Donors | 高级会员 Goettsch Partners Arquitectonica
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, LLP Gradient Wind Engineering Inc. Atkins
American Institute of Steel Construction Graziani + Corazza Architects Inc. Azorim Construction Ltd.
Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corp. Hariri Pontarini Architects Azrieli Group Ltd.
ARCADIS, US, Inc. The Harman Group Bakkala Consulting Engineers Limited
Arup Hiranandani Group Baldridge & Associates Structural Engineering, Inc.
Aurecon Humphreys & Partners Architects, L.P. BAUM Architects
BALA Engineers Irwinconsult Pty., Ltd. BDSP Partnership
NV. Besix SA
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Israeli Association of Construction and Beca Group

160 | References
Benchmark Gravity Partnership Ltd. Profica
BG&E Pty., Ltd. Grimshaw Architects Project and Design Research Institute “Novosibirsky
BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architectural Design) Grupo Inmobiliario del Parque Promstroyproject”
Bigen Africa Services (Pty) Ltd. Guoshou Yuantong Property Co. Ltd. PT Anggara Architeam
Billings Design Associates, Ltd. GVK Elevator Consulting Services, Inc. PT. Prada Tata Internasional (PTI Architects)
BluEnt Halvorson and Partners Rafael Viñoly Architects, PC
BOCA Group Handel Architects Ramboll
Bollinger + Grohmann Ingenieure Heller Manus Architects Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd.
Bosa Properties Inc. Henning Larsen Architects Rene Lagos Engineers
Boston Properties, Inc. Hilson Moran Partnership, Ltd. RESCON (Residential Construction Council of
Broadway Malyan Hines Ontario)
Brunkeberg Industriutveckling AB Hong Kong Housing Authority Rider Levett Bucknall North America
Buro Ole Scheeren BSE, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Riggio / Boron, Ltd.
Callison, LLC Housing and Development Board Robin Partington & Partners
Camara Consultores Arquitectura e Ingeniería IECA Internacional S.A. Roosevelt University – Marshall Bennett Institute of
Capital Group ingenhoven architects Real Estate
Cardno Haynes Whaley, Inc. Institute BelNIIS, RUE Safdie Architects
Case Foundation Company INTEMAC, SA Sauerbruch Hutton Gesellschaft von Architekten
CB Engineers Ivanhoe Cambridge mbH
CCHRB (Chicago Committee on High-Rise Iv-Consult b.v. schlaich bergermann und partner
Buildings) J. J. Pan and Partners, Architects and Planners Schock USA Inc.
CDC Curtain Wall Design & Consulting, Inc. Jahn, LLC Sematic SPA
Central Scientific and Research Institute of Jaros Baum & Bolles Shanghai EFC Building Engineering Consultancy
Engineering Structures “SRC Construction” Jaspers-Eyers Architects Shimizu Corporation
China Academy of Building Research JBA Consulting Engineers, Inc. Sino-Ocean Land
China Institute of Building Standard Design & JCE Structural Engineering Group, Inc. SKS Associates
Research (CIBSDR) JMB Realty Corporation SL+A International Asia Inc. Taiwan Branch
City Developments Limited The John Buck Company Smith and Andersen
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) John Portman & Associates, Inc. SmithGroup
COOKFOX Architects Johnson Pilton Walker Pty. Ltd. Somdoon Architects Ltd.
Cosentini Associates Kalpataru Limited Southern Land Development Co., Ltd.
COWI A/S KEO International Consultants Sowlat Structural Engineers
CPP Inc. KIM-SH LLC (Complex Engineering Workshop) Soyak Construction
CS Associates, Inc. Kinetica Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd.
CS Structural Engineering, Inc. King Saud University College of Architecture & Stauch Vorster Architects
CTL Group Planning Stephan Reinke Architects, Ltd.
Cubic Architects King-Le Chang & Associates Sufrin Group
Cundall KPFF Consulting Engineers Surface Design
D. Bar-Akiva Consulting Engineers KPMB Architects Swinburne University
Dam & Partners Architecten LBR&A Arquitectos Taisei Corporation
Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners) LCL Builds Corporation Takenaka Corporation
David Engineers Ltd. Ledcor Construction Limited Tameer Holding Investment LLC
Delft University of Technology Leigh & Orange, Ltd. Tandem Architects (2001) Co., Ltd.
Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers Lerch Bates, Inc. Taylor Thomson Whitting Pty., Ltd.
(HK), Ltd. Lerch Bates, Ltd. Europe TFP Farrells, Ltd.
Despe S.p.A. LMN Architects Thermafiber, Inc.
dhk Architects (Pty) Ltd Lobby Agency Tianjin Jinxiao Real Estate Development Co. Ltd.
Diar Consult Louie International Structural Engineers TMG Partners
DSP Design Associates Pvt., Ltd. Lyons TOBIN, PLLC
Dunbar & Boardman Mace Limited Transsolar
Earthquake Engineering Research & Test Center of Madeira Valentim & Alem Advogados The Trump Organization
Guangzhou University MADY Tyréns
EC Harris Magellan Development Group, LLC Umow Lai Pty Ltd
ECSD S.r.l. Margolin Bros. Engineering & Consulting, Ltd. University of Maryland – Architecture Library
Edgett Williams Consulting Group, Inc. Matthews Holdings Southwest Inc University of Nottingham
Eight Partnership Ltd. James McHugh Construction Co. UralNIIProject RAACS
Electra Construction Ltd. Meinhardt (Thailand) Ltd. VDA (Van Deusen & Associates)
Elenberg Fraser Pty Ltd Metropolis, LLC Vidal Arquitectos
ENAR, Envolventes Arquitectonicas Michael Blades & Associates Views On Top Pty Limited
Ennead Architects LLP MKPL Architects Pte Ltd Vipac Engineers & Scientists, Ltd.
Environmental Systems Design, Inc. MMM Group Limited VOA Associates, Inc.
Exova Warringtonfire Moshe Tzur Architects Town Planners Ltd. Walsh Construction Company
Farrells Murchie Consulting Pty Ltd Warnes Associates Co., Ltd
Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios LLP MVSA Architects Waxman Govrin Geva
Fortune Shepler Saling Inc. Nikken Sekkei, Ltd. Web Structures Pte Ltd
FXFOWLE Architects, LLP NPO SODIS Werner Sobek Group GmbH
GCAQ Ingenieros Civiles S.A.C. O’Connor Sutton Cronin wh-p GmbH Beratende Ingenieure
GEO Global Engineering Consultants onespace unlimited inc. Windtech Consultants Pty., Ltd.
Gilsanz Murray Steficek Option One International, WLL WOHA Architects Pte., Ltd.
M/s. Glass Wall Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd Ortiz Leon Arquitectos SLP Wong & Ouyang (HK), Ltd.
Global Wind Technology Services (GWTS) P&T Group Wordsearch
Glory Harvest Group Holdings Ltd Palafox Associates WTM Engineers International GmbH
Gold Coast City Council Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects WZMH Architects
Goldstein Hill & West Architects, LLP Philip Chun and Associates Pty Ltd Y. A. Yashar Architects
Gorproject (Urban Planning Institute of Residential PLP Architecture Yaron Offir Engineers Ltd.
and Public Buildings) Porte Construtora Ltda Zemun Ltd.
Grace Construction Products PositivEnergy Practice, LLC Ziegler Cooper Architects

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顶级会员会费每年$10,000; 赞助会员: $6,000; 高级会员: $3,00·0; 中级会员: $1,500; 普通会员 $750

参考书目 | 161
The Shenzhen Ping An Finance Center
(PAFC) is a transit-integrated, 660-meter-tall
building that will occupy a major node in the
increasingly connected megacity of Hong
Kong/Shenzhen/Guangzhou: home to 120
million people and one-third of China’s trade
value. PAFC’s design symbolizes its owner’s
image and title – “Ping An” is the combination
of the Chinese characters for “peaceful” and
“safety,” while evoking the entrepreneurial
spirit of Shenzhen. Its stretched, needle-
like shape is streamlined and notched with
continuously tapering corners, for aerodynamic
performance, visual effect, and space efficiency.

The CTBUH “In Detail” series provides an in-

depth, full-color exploration of some of the
most important tall buildings in the world,
drawing from the multi-disciplinary expertise
of the practitioners directly involved in
bringing these buildings to life.

平安金融中心高660米，是一座“枢纽型高层建
筑”，位于正逐渐连接起来的新特大城市群
（香港 / 深圳 / 广州）的重要节点，这个特大城
市群坐拥了一亿两千万人口，并占据中国三
分之一的贸易值。平安金融中心的设计意图
在于象征业主公司的名称和形象——“平安”
（汉字中“平”和“安”的组合），同时展现深圳的
企业文化。它的针状外形向上延展，四角被
削切成流线型，满足空气动力学、视觉效果
以及空间利用率的需要。

CTBUH“深入解读”系列是以全彩页的出
版形式对全球一些最重要的高层建筑
进行深入剖析。其中，直接参与项目
的不同领域的专家会参与此系列出版
物的撰文与编辑，力求将项目全方位
的信息生动呈现给读者。

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