BARRACK’S BUDDY

HISTORY
Medieval History
-By Bharti Atri
DELHI SULTANATE ( 1206 - 1526 )

1. Slave dynasty ( 1206 - 1290 )

2. Khilji dynasty ( 1290 - 1320 )
3. Tughlaq dyansty ( 1320 - 1414 )
4. Sayyed dynasty ( 1414 - 1451 )
5. Lodi dynasty ( 1451 - 1526 )

Khiljis ruled for shortest , Tughlaq for longest .

Slave dynasty has maximum number of Sultans , and Lodis has
least

Slaves and Tughlaq were Turks

Khiljis and Lodis were Afghans
Sayyids were Persians
Arab Conquest of Sindh

Calipha declared ‘Jihad’ on Sindh . Dahir was King of Sindh , a brahmin and majority people
were Buddhist . MOHD BIN QASIM led the army , destroyed Multan and killed Dahir in 712 AD .

TURKISH INVASION
Mohammed Ghazni , actual name Abu Qasim , belonged to Yamini dynasty . Attacked India
as many as 17 times . In 1025 , he looted Somnath temple , which was richest in India .
AL-BERUNI visited along with him . He wrote KITAB-UL-HIND
He wrote JAWAHIR-UL-JAWAHIR on minerology
He wrote QANUN-I-MASUDI dealt with astronomy
SHAHNAMEH written by Phirdausi , known as Odyssey of Persian literature .
Slave Dynasty
This dynasty is called Memulak Dynasty
Founded by Qutubuddin Aibak . Known as Lakh Baksh , also called Akshar
Bakshfor his patronage to poets .
Laid foundation of Qutub minar , built 1st mosque Quwat-ul-Islam, Delhi
and Adhai Din ki Jhumpra , Ajmer
Died in Lahore playing CHOGM ( polo )

ILTUTMISH
otherwise Altamash , son in law of Aibak
His reforms :
1 . Iqtadari system : land assignment given to Sardars , members of royal families and
great scholars . Type of land revenue .
2 . Introduced silver coins called Tankas and copper coins called Jittal
3 . Founded an army of 40 sardars called Chihalgani .
4 . Constructed resthouses called Sarais in Delhi .
It was during his time Mongolian invasion started .
RAZIA SULTAN
Only woman ruler in history of Delhi , daughter of Iltutmish
Minaz-us-Shiraz wrote famous Tabaqath-i-Naisiri , on administration of
Nasiruddin who took over throne after Razia

GHIASUDDIN BALBAN
Greatest of Slave Dynasty , actual name was ULUGH .
Introduced theory of divine origin of kingship , declared himself as Zil-i-Ilahi ( shadow of God )
Abolished Chihalgani system .
Reorganised Iqta system , created seprate military dept called Diwan-i-Araz
Introduced royal customs of Sijda : prostration and Paibos : touching feet
Introduced persian new year calendar : Navaroz .
He succeeed in breaking the power of Turkan-i-Chihalgani ( gp of 40 who administered Delhi
Sultanate under Iltutmish )
Mongols attacked for 2nd time . Son of Balban , Mohammad died in fight and Balban died of
Shock .
KAIQUBAD
Last of slave dynasty , grandson of Balban .
Was physically handicapped , 1st sultan to come to power when his father was alive
Removed by Khiljis , who revolted under leadership of Jalluddin Khilji .
KHILJI DYNASTY

Founded by Jalluddin Khijli .

Was most ddemocratic of all sultans .
Mongols invaded under leadership of ULAGU . Jalal defeated them and
converted to Islam . Called Naya Musalmans . Ulagu became 2nd son-in-law of
Jalaluddin Khilji .
His 1st son-in-law , Allaudin Khilji , Governer of Kara .
In 1295 AD Allaudin attacked Devgiri , defeated Ramchandra Deva of Yadava
Dynasty . 1st victory of Muslims in South
Allaudin refused to share looted wealth of Devgiri under tax collected Khams (
1/5th ) and murdered Jalaluddin
Allaudin Khilji
Greatest of Delhi sultans .
His ambition : either to conquer world like Alexander or found a new religion like Prophet
Mohammad .
He took title SIKANDER-I-SAHANI .

EXPEDITIONS
1296 , Rana Karnadeva of Gujrat defeated . Allaudin captured his wife Kamla Devi and
Malik Kafur ( Hindu converted to Islam ), who later became chief Commander .
1299 , Rana Hammir Dev of Ranthambore was defeated
1303 , Rana Ratan Singh of Chittor defeated . Acc to Malik Mohammad Jayasi who wrote
PADMAVATH , it was for sake of Rani Padmini . Text was written in 1510 in Awadhi language
1305 , Rana Mahalakdev of Malwa defeated , with this Allaudin became master of entire
north India .
Malik Kafur conducted South India campaigns .
1309 , Devgiri attacked for 2nd time .
1310 , Pratap Rudra Dev of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal was defeated .
In his 2nd expedition , 1312 , he defeated Veer Ballala III of Hoysala dynasty of
Dawarasamudra .
1312 , he declared Sundar Pandya as ruler of Madurai against Veer Pandya
and looted the city Madurai . Installed victory pillar at Rameshwaram .

Empire extended upto Malwa , Southern states weretributary ones .

Allaudin’s Reforms :
To control nobles and Sardars , stopped Iqta system .
Appointed secret agents called Mohitsibs as spys on activities of nobles . Actually
Mohitsibs were royal sensor officers .
Banned public drinking of nobles and marriage b/w noble families became part of state
regulatory policy .

MILITARY REFORMS
1st sultan to have permanent standing army , personally recruited them . Paid them
salaries ( 238 tankas per annum ) . Practice of paying salary in cash is called Italaq
system .
Introduced service registers called Chehras
Dagh System : system of branding horses to avoid duplication
To maintain army , he decided to control market prices . Appointed Controller of
Market : Sahana-i-Mandi and secret agents : Dabirs .
REVENUE REFORMS
New assesment method called Kankhut system ( grain estimation method )
introduced , 50% collected as land tax . Highest by any Indian ruler in Indian
history .
Sanctioned emergency loans called TACCAVI to land cultivators .
Founded dept for collection of revenue arrears called Diwan-i-Mustakharin

IN RELIGION
Secular
promoted non-muslims in administration , never recognised Calipha .
 Allaudin Khilji was killed and poisoned to death by Malik Khafur . Khafur
created rein of terror . Killed 2 sons of Allaudin .

QUTUBUDDIN MUBARAK KHILJI :

Took title Khalifa . Last of Khijli dynasty
Killed by his wazir KHUSRAU ( hindu converted to Islam )

Khusrau ordered installing idols in mosque , was killed byu Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq
TUGHLAQ DYANSTY
Founded by Ghiyazuddin Tughlaq
1st to introduce postal service by employing horse couriers
Founded the city : Tughlaqabad

MOHAMMAD-BIN-TUGHLAQ
Actual name was Jaauna Khan
Great scholar in Persian , Arab languages , Theology , Mathematics and natural sciences
He was a lexicographer .
Secular , 1st sultan to perform Hindu festival Diwali and Holi .
Shifted capital from Delhi to Daulatabad ( Devagiri )
1st census conducted in Delhi , banned Sati
Founded sept dept. for agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi and granted Sandbar loans for
expansion of agriculture .
During his time Sultanate expanded maximum and declined at same time . In 1336
Vijayanagra Empire was formed . In 1346 Bahamani Empire was formed .

Traveller from Morraco IBN BATUTA visited his court . He wrote KITAB-I-REHLA on Sultan’s
adminstration and contemporary society .
FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ
Born to a Hindu mother

Reforms :
1. Abolished all additional taxes Abwab and collected 4 taxes
KHAMS : 1/5th of war booty
KHARAZ : Land tax paid by non - muslims ( Usshr : land tax paid by muslims )
ZAKATH : Charity tax ( 2% to 2.5% of annual income )
ZIZIYA : Religious tax on all non-muslims in Islamic state , exempted from Brahmins .
2. Developed irrigation systems . Collected irrigation tax called Haqishrib ( 1/10th of land )
3. Founded employment bureau called DIWAN-I-KHAIRAT
4. Founded public hospitals called DAR-UL-SHAFAS
5. Beautified delhi with 1200 gardens
6. Revived Iqta system .

Ziyauddin Barani and Shams Siraj Afif were court poets in Persian language . Both
wrote 2 diff textbooks with same title : TAREEK-I-FEROZ SHAHI
Firoz wrote his autobiography : FUTUHATH-I-FIROZ SHAHI
He destroyed Lingaraj Temple , Bhumneshwar and Jawalamukhi Temple , Nagarkot .
MOHAMMAD SHAH TUGHLAQ
Last of Tughlaq dynasty
During his time , Timur attacked Delhi in 1398 .
He took shelter in Gujrat

In 1398 , 3 independent kingdoms were formed : JANPUR , MALWA and GUJRAT .

SAYYID DYNASTY

Founded by Khizra Khan , representative of Taimur .

Mubarak Shah was the greatest .
Great persian poet Yahaya bin Ahamad wrote TAREEK-E-MUBARAKSAHI .
LODI DYNASTY
Founded by BAHLAL LODI

SIKANDAR LODI
Was the greatest
Shifted capital from Delhi to Agra . In 1503 , he founded city Agra .
Punished Sant Kabirdas for preaching Hindu-Muslim unity .
He composed gazhal under his pen name Gul Rukhi

IBARAHIM LODI
He was last Sultan .
Killed by Babar in 1st Battle of Panipat 1526 .

1st Battle of Panipat :

b/w Babur and Ibrahim Lodi
Governer of Punjab , Daulat Khan invited Babur to invade .
Babur was descendant of both Taimur and Chengiz Khan
He was 1st to use artillery in north India , and it became reason for his victory .
 REGIONAL KINGDOMS

BENGAL
Ruled by Iliyaz Shahi dynasty , with capital city Pondwa in Bengal
Allauddin Hussain Shah was greatest
Under influence of Bhakti reformer Chaitanya Prabhu , he declared himself as an avatar of
Lord Krishna .
Took title “ Jagat Bhusan “ and “ Nrupati Tilak “
JAUNPUR
City Jaunpur was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq on banks of river Gomati .
Became independent in 1398 , under leadership of Malik Sawvar Khwaja
Jahan . He took title Shah-us-Sharq ( King of East )
Dynasty became popular as SHARQI DYNASTY

Hussain Shah was expert on Hindustani music , organised 1st conference at

Jaunpur and introduced form of Hindustani music : KHAYAL
MALWA
Ruled by Khilji Dynasty with capital Mandu , MP .
Mohammad Khilji was greatest .
He claimed victory against Bahadur Shah of Gujrat and Rana Kumba of
Mewar and constructed victory pillar at Mandu .
IN 1564 , Akbar occupied Malwa .
GUJRAT
Ruled by Bahadur Shahi Dynasty with capital city Ahemdabad .
Sultan Ahmed Shah I founded city Ahemdabad
Mohammad Shah I or Mohammad Begara was greatest . He was 1st Indian
to challenge the Portuguese , but was defeated in battle of Diu in 1509 by
Portuguese governer Francisco de Almedia .
Akbar conquered Gujrat in 1572 .
MEWAR
Was ruled by Sisodia dynasty . Founded by Rana Hammir .
Rana Kumba built Kirti Stambh at Chittorgh by claiming victory against Mohammad
Khilji of Malwa and Bahadur Shah of Gujrat .
Rana Sanga was greatest , but was defeated by Babar in Battle of Kanwa ( 1527 )
However fight against mughals continued under leadership of Uday Singh , Pratap
singh and Amar Singh
Rana Pratap Singh was defeated by Akbar in battle of haldighati 1576
Rana Amar Singh was defeated by Prince Khurram ( Shah Jahan )and Raja Maan
Singh .
In 1612 , Mewar accepted Mughal soverignity for name sake .
MARWAR
Was ruled by Ghelot .
Rana Maldev was greatest . Challenged Sher Shah , but was defeated in Battle
of Klanjar ( 1545 )
KASHMIR
Ruled by Shahmir Dynasty .
King Sikandar founded a seperate dept. Sheikh-ul-Islam to promote Islam in Kashmir . For 1st
time , Kashmir became muslim majority .
Jain-ul-Abidin , known as Akbar of Kashmir, actual name was Shahi Khan .
Banned Slaughtering of cow .
Rennovated hindu temples .
Translated Mahabharat into Persian
Appointed 2 poets : Srinara and Jonadeva to continue Kalhan’s Rajtrangini
Akbar occupied Kashmir in 1585 .
PYQs
 VIJAYANAGRA EMPIRE
( 1336 - 1674 )

Established in 1336 , on banks of river Tungabhadra at a place called

Anegondi .
It was established by Harihara Rai and Bukka Rai .

Background

They were Feudatories of Kakatiyas of Warangal under Pratap Rudra . In 1323 it was
occupied by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq .
Later Harihara and Bukka were captured in Kampili ( modern Karnataka ) in jail and
converted to Islam .
They were released from jail and met Swami Vidyaranya who re-admitted them to
Hinduism at Veerupaksha Temple at Hampi .
Reason behind establishment of Vijayanagra Empire was to protect Hinduism from
Islam and found a Hindu Kingdom .
DELHI SULTANATE

PARMARS
GUJRAT

YADAVAS
GANGA

KAKATIYAS

HOYSALAS
Vijayanagra Empire : 1336
PANDYAS

CHERAS Bahamani Empire : 1347

 Capital City : Hampi . UNESCO declared it as 2nd
best open air tourist spot in the world .
Robert Sewell wrote FORGOTTEN EMPIRE .
Colonel Colin Mackenzi brought the ruins of
Hampi to public attention in 1800 .

4 dynasties :
1. Sangama Dynasty ( 1336 - 1485 )
2. Sulva Dynasty ( 1485 - 1505 )
3. Tuluva Dynasty ( 1505 - 1570 )
4. Araveeti Dynasty ( 1570 - 1674 )
Sangama Dynasty

Founded by HariHara Raya and Bukka Raya

Harihara was 1st King , was defeated by Allaudin Hasan of Bahamani Empire . The main
cause of conflict was question of controlling RAICHUR DOAB , land b/w Krishna and
Tungabhdra .

VEERA KAMPA RAYA

Bukkaraya’s son . Conquered Madurai in Tamil Nadu . His wife Ganga Devi wrote
MADURA VIJAYAM in Sanskrit .

DEVARAYA I
Constructed a dam on river Tungabhdra at Hampi .
According to PERISTA , a persian chronicler , Deveraya went to war with Sultan Tajjudin
Firoz of Bahamani Empire for sake of Nahal , a beautiful daughter of a blacksmith of
Raichur .
 DEVARAYA II
Greatest of Sangama Dynasty . Also called as Paruda Devaraya .
Expert in hunting elephants , got title Gaja Betakara .

1. Persian ambassador Abdur Razzaq and Italian traveller Nicholo Conti visited Hampi
during this time .
2. Abdur Razzaq was highly impressed by the fortifications as it encircled agricultutal
lands and forests as well .
3. Devraya II employed to train Muslims to train Cavalry , respected holy Quran and
built a mosque at Hampi .
4. He wrote : MAHA NATAKA SUDHANIDHI
5. Conducted literary council : MUTYALASALA
6. He gave title Emperor of Poets : Kavi Sarva Bhauma to Telgu poet SRINATH .
Saluva Dynasty

Founded by Saluva Narashima , the chief commander .

He patronised Tallapaka Annamacharya , who composed maximum number of
Kirtans in world literature .
Tuluva Dynasty

Founded by Tuluva Narasa

KRISHNA DEVARAYA
Greatest in history of Vijayanagra .
1. In 1509 , he defeated Adil Khan of Bijapur , destroyed the city and took title YAVANA
RAJYA SATHPNACHARYA .
2. His other titles were DAKSHIN DESHADEESHWAR , MURURAYA GANDA
3. In 1510 , signed a treaty with Albequerque . Portuguese to provide horses , saltpeter and
train Vijayanagra artilery in return of territory of Goa ( under Bijapuri sultan )
4. He wrote AMUKTA MALYADA , one of panch mahakavyas of Telugu literature
5. In Sanskrit he wrote JAMBAVATI PARINAYAM , USHA PARINAYAM , SATYAVADHU PARINAYAM
, MADALASA CHARITRA , SAKALAKATHA SARAM .
6. Conducted literary assembly called Bhuvanuijayam , nd patronised ASTHADIGGAS .
Greatest of them was Allasani Peddana , who wrote MANU CHARITA
7. Because of his patronage of literature , Krishna Devaraya was called ANDHRABHOJA
8. He built PADMA MAHAL , VITTHALSWAMI TEMPLE and HAZAR RAMA TEMPLES in hampi .
Tallikota Battle , 1565

( Rakasi Thangadi Battle / Bannihathi Battle )

This battle ended the glory of Vijayanagra empire

It was due to ‘ divide and rule’ policy of AliyaRamrai against Bahamani Sultans .
In this battle all 4 confideracies participated except Berar .
Aliya was killed and city Hampi was destroyed .
 BAHAMANI EMPIRE

Founded in 1346

When chief tax collectors of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq revolted under leadership of Ismail Mukh
at Devagirior Daulatabad .
He took the title Sultan Allaudin Hasan Bahaman Gangu . He was brought up a Brahmin named
Gangu
1st capital : GULBARGA
2nd capital : BIDAR

Mohammad Shah I
Called as 2nd Aristotle for his interest in natural sciences .

Ahmed Shah I
Shifted capital from Gulbarga to Bidar .
The native muslims were called Deccanis .
Mohammad Shah III
Was greatest of Bahamani Empire .
Mohammad Gawan was his popular prime minister
1. He expanded Bahamani empire from 4 provinces to 8 known as TARAF
2. Revenue reforms of Gawan became the basis for Raja Todarmal’s revenue policy under Akbar
3. Was hanged at Kodapalli due to conspiracy of Deccanis .
Bahamani Confideracy

Consisted of 4 states
Bijapur
Bidar
Berar
Ahmednagar

Golconda was last state that became independent

in 1518 , before it , it was part of Bidar .
With Golconda , there became 5 states .
BIJAPUR
Ruled by Adil Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Adil Khan .
Of the 5 ststea it was the straongest and largest .
Ibrahim Adil Shah was the greatest , known as JAGAT GURU for his secular outlook .
Conquered by Aurangzeb in 1656 , when Shah Jahan was ruler . Finally made part of Mughal
empire in 1686 by Aurangzeb

BIDAR
Ruled by Barid Shahi dynasty .
Founded by Khasim Barid .
Golconda was the part of Bidar .
BERAR
Ruled by Imad Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Imad-ul-Mulk .
Was smallest and weakest .
Didn’t participate in Battle of Tallikota 1565 .
Finally became part of Bijapur .

AHMADNAGAR
Ruled by Nizam Shahi Dynasty .
Rani Chandbibi was the most popular women ruler of Ahmadnagar .
It was 1st state conquered by Mughals
In 1601 , Abul Fazal sent by Akbar defeated Chandbibi .
GOLCONDA
Ruled by Qutub Shahi Dynasty .
Founded by Quli Qutub Shah , popularly known as Bade Malik .
He built Charminar and Mcca Masjid in Hyderabad .
Abdul Hasan Tanisha , the last , defeated by Aurangzeb in 1687 , became last state to be
occupied by Mughals
PYQs
 Mughal Empire

Founded by BABUR , descendant of Genghis Khan and Taimur , who defeated Ibrahim Lodi in
1st Battle of Panipat in 1526 .

BABUR
Actual name : Zahiruddin Mohammed
His ambition was to conquer Samarkhand , seat of Timur .
Battle of Kanwa ( 1527 ) : Babur defeated Rana Sanga
Battle of Chanderi ( 1528 ) : Babur defeated Medini Rai of Malwa .
Battle of Gogra ( 1529 ) : Babur defeated Mohd. Lodi , brother of Ibrahim Lodi and
conquered Bengal .
Babur wrote memoirs known as : TUZAK-I-BABARI or BABARNAMA . It was
translated into Persian by Abdur Rahim Khan .
He was follower of : NAQSHBANDHI SILSILAS .
 HUMAYUN
( 1530 - 1555 )

Humayun means ‘the most fortunate ‘ .

In 1537 , he conquered Gujrat .
Humayun defeated Sher Shah Suri in the BATTLE OF CHUNAR , 1539 .
Sher Shah defeated Humayun for 1st time in BATTLE OF CHAUSA , 1540 and for 2nd time
in BATTLE OF BILGRAM , 1540 .
Mughals lost Delhi in Battle of Bilgram .
In 1542 , Humayun took shelter in court of Rana Prasad of Amarkot .
Humayun defeated Sikandar Shah of Suri dynasty in BATTLE OF SIRHIND , 1555 and got
back Delhi .
He fall from from library at Dinpanah and died .
Humayun Nama was written by Gulbadan Begum ( daughter of babur ) .
 SUR EMPIRE
SHER SHAH :
Actual name was Farid .
He was Jagirdar of Sasaram , Khawaspur and Tanda .
Given title : Sher Shah by Bahar Khan Lohani who was ruler of Bihar .
He founded Sur Dynasty in Delhi after Humayun in Battle of Kanauj or Bilgram , 1540 .

REFORM :

1. Introduced a new revenue system called ‘Zabt system’ which became the basis of Raja Todar Mal
system of revenue collection .
2. 1st to introduce : Ryotwari system .
3. Developed communication system like GT Road from Sonargram to Rohtasgarh , Agra to Jodhpur ,
Jodhpur to Sasaram and Lahore to Multan .
4. Introduced most standard silver rupee Rupiya .
5. Constructed Purana Quila in DELHI and his own tomb in Sasaram , only tomb surrounded by Water
6. Orgainsed army : started paying soilders in cash , brandised horses . ( pyq )
7. Divided entire Kingdom into 47 SARKARS , which were divided PARGANAS . Shiqdar maintained law and
order in his Pragana . ( pyq )
8. Abbas Khan Sherwani wrote Tarikh-i-Shershahi on his adm .
9. He died in Battle of Kalinjar in 1545, defeating Rana Maldev .
 AKBAR ( 1556 - 1605 )

2nd BATTLE OF PANIPAT , 1556 b/w Akbar and Hemu , a Hindu King .
After death of Humayun , Akbar was declared emperor of Hindustan in
Sindh by Bairam Khan . This procession was stopped by Hemu leading
to 2nd Battle of Panipat .
Mughals got back delhi by killing Hemu in 2nd Battle of Panipat .
Upto 1562 , the government was called Purdah Government .
Fatehpur Sikri was amde capital in 1571 , later shifted to Lahore in 1585 ,
which again shifted to Agra in 1598 .

CONQUEST’S :
1. 1562 , Rani Durgavati of Gondwana defeated
2. 1564 , Baz Bahadur of Malwa defeated
3. 1570 , Dawood Khan of Bengal killed
4. 1572 , Muzaffar Shah of Gujrat defeated
5. 1585 , Md. Padshah of Kashmir defeated
6. 1600 , Rani Chandbibi of Ahmednagar defeated by Abul Fazal .
RAJPUT POLICY :
1562 , Akbar went to visit Dargah of Muinuddin Chisti in Ajmer . State of Amber ruled by Raja Bhar Mal
offered submission and married his daughter to Akbar .
He sent a rajput contingent including his son Bhagwan Das and Man Singh along .

Akbar rajput policy was to pay regards to their sense of Honour and give them friendly treatment in order
to gain their love and services .

Amber , Bikaner and Jaisalmer : Voiuntarily offered submission .

Ranthambore , Merta : Offfered settlement but ultimatelymade settlement .
Mewar : Refused to compromise at any cost

BATTLE OF HALDIGHATI , 1576

Background : In 1568 , Akbar defeated Rana Uday Singhand captured his capital : Chittor .
In 1572 , Rana Pratap became the ruler of Mewar .

In 1576 , battle was fought b/w Maharana Pratap and Raja Man Singh of Amber , sent by Akbar in a
narrow defile in the Aravallis leading to Kumbhalgarh : Haldighati
RELIGIOUS POLICY :
Banned forced conversion
Pilgrim tax on Hindus was abolished .
Jizya tax : tax by non-muslims for their protection , was abolished .
Constructed Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri for religious discoursesand discussions .
Founded a new faith : DIN-I-ILAHI : Universal faith . Its main theme was Sul-i-Kul ,
meaning peace and harmony . Bhagwan das openly criticised it .
Akbar issued a Farman in 1598 , permitting Cambay , Maharastra to build a CHURCH .
 JAHANGIR ( 1605 - 1628 )

His nickname was : Sheikhu Baba

He hung the ‘bell of justice’ at the Agra Fort .
He executed his son : Khusrau and 5th Sikh Guru Arjun Dev for supporting khusrau .
Mehr-un-nisa begum was given title NOORJAHAN , also became popular as
Padshah Begum .
Muqurrab Khan , was a great physician who performed a surgery on Jahangir .
Jahangir made him a mansabdar .
Prince Khurram ( Shah jahan ) made Rana Amar Singh of Mewar accept Mughal
suzeranity in 1615 .
He also conquered Ahmednagar in 1616 and was given title : Shah Jahan
In 1622 , Persians occupied Kandhar and mughals lost it forever .
Jahangir died at Lahore and was buried at Shahdra near Lahore .
 SHAH JAHAN ( 1628 - 1658 )

His Deccan policy was successful , defeated Ahmadnagar and signed treaties with
Bijapur and Golconda .
Defeated Shivaji’s father : Shahji Bhonsle
In 1631 , Mumtaz died . In her memory Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal .
He was contemporary to Louis XIV of France .
In his regin , Peacock throne was made .
Travellers as Bernier : French , Travernier : French , Mandelslo : German , Peter Mundy :
English , Manucci : Italian (never returned) visited during his regin and left detailed
acoounts .
Civil war broke out b/w his sons , Aurangzeb emerged victorious. He imprisoned Shah
Jahan , where he died in 1665 .
AURANGZAEB
Took title ALAMGIR : world conquerer.
In 1669 , he ordered destruction of temples . Kashi Viswanath temple and Keshavraj
Temple were destructed .
Jijiya tax was reimposed .
The 9th Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed in 1679 , Sikhs revolted under
leadership of Guru Govind Singh .
Jats and Santamanis ( peasant tribe in Haryana ) revolted against harsh policies
of Auragzeb .
Prince Akbar revolted aginst his father and took shelter under Marathas .
Aurangzeb wanted to conquer Deccan .
Marathas under Shivaji were a threat to Auragzeb . Shivaji was captured by Jai
Singh and was taken to Delhi , but Shivaji managed to escape
Shivaji continued Guerilla warefare against Aurangzeb , died at age of 53 in 1680 .
In 1689 , Aurangzeb killed Sambhaji , revolt continued under RajaRam , who was
also defeated but revolt couldn’t be suppressed .
In 1707 , he died and was buried in Aurangabad .
Mughal Adminstration
FARR-I-IZADI : there is a hierarchy through which divine light is transmitted to
king who then becomes a source of guidance to its subjects . It was the basis
of Mughal Kingship Empire
It was given by SUFI SHIHABUDDIN SUHRAWARDI .

Provinces : Subas , headed by Subedar

SOURCES :
1. Ain-i-Akbari and Akbarnama by Abul Fazal on Akbar’s adm .
Districts : Sarkars , headed by Fauzdar
2. Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh by Mullah Badauni on Akbar’s religious
policy .
3. Iqbalnama Jahangiri by Mutamad Khan on Jahangir’s adm .
4. Padshah Nama by Abdul Hamid lahori on Shah Jahan’s adm .
Sub-district : Prangana : Shiqdar
5. Muntakab-ul-Lubab by Khafi Khan on Aurangzeb’s adm .
6. Raqqat-i-Alamgiri , a collection of letters by Aurangzeb on his
adm .
 Jagir land : alloted to nobles and members of royal families

Territory Inam Land : alloted to religious and learned men .

Khalisa land : income went directly to rayal exchequer

Land revenue system of Akbar was called Bandonast System . It was improved by Raja Todar Mal
and was named Dahsala System .
Army as well as Nobility was organised through the Mansabdari system . Rank = Mansab .
Rank ranged from 10 to 5000 . Raja Man Singh and Mirza Aziz Koka were honoured with 7000 rank
each .
JAGIRDARI SYSTEM : assigning revenue of a particular territory to nobles for their service to state .
Modified version of Iqta system

ZAT : fixed personal status of a person and salary due to him.

Rank
SAWAR : number of cavalreymen a person was required to maintain .
 MARATHA EMPIRE
Only state representing Marathas was Devgiri , ruled by Yadavs
In 1295 , Allauddin Khilji attacked Devgiri and with that Marathas lost their identity .
Presence of Islam in Maratha Kingdom created unrest .
Great maratha Bhakti movement started with the main Theme : Maratha Dharma
Its ultimate aim was SWARAJ : Will of people on their own land .

SHIVAJI ( 1627 - 1680 ) :

Born at Shivner in 1627 .
Father : Shahji and mother : Jijiya Bai
Shivaji got Jagir Pune from his father
Shivaji was influenced by Malik Ambar , PM of Ahmadnagar . Ambar was 1st to
introduce Guirella Warfare and Council of 8 ministers : Astha Pradhans . Shivaji
borrowed both from Ambar .
Dadaji Khondev was tutor for Shivaji in Guirella warfare .
Guru Samardh Ramdas inspired Shivaji for Sawaraj .
Shivaji looted territories of Sultan of Bijapur and conquered the forts : Torna , Kondana , Mahuli and
Mahud . Near Torna , he bui;lt the Fort Raigarh .
He killed AFAZAL KHAN , sent by Sultan of Bijapur .
Shivaji defeated Mughal armies of Shahistha Khan in 1663 .
In 1664 , he looted Surat , the richest city in India .
In 1665 , Shivaji was defeated by Raja Jai Singh of Amber . Purander Treaty was signed . Shambaji
joined as Mughal mansabdar .
In 1666 May , both visited Agra , but were imprisoned . They escaped from Jail and reached Maratha
Kingdom via Mathura , Varanasi , Prayag , Patna , Bhumneshwar and Telangana
In 1670 , due to mediation of Raja Jaswan Singh , Aurangzeb conferred title RAJA upon Shivaji .
In 1670 , Shivaji looted Surat for 2nd time , it lost its importance and Bombay rose to prominence .
In 1674 , Shivaji performed his coronation and declared formation of Swaraj . Ceremony was conducted
by Gagabhatt ( priest ) .
In 1675 , Shivaji signed treaty with Sultan of Golconda , Tanisha . Forts : Jinji , Thiruvannamalai and
Vellore .
In 1680 , Shivaji died of cancer .
CHAUTH : 1/4th of land tax . It was collected from Marathas and non-Marathas
outside Swaraj . It was collected for Shivaji not attacking on his own
SARDESHMUKHI : 1/10th of annual income collected by Shivaji for protecting both
Marathas and non-Marathas from pausible threat of 3rd party .
SAMBHAJI ( 1680 - 1689 ) :
1st son of Shivaji .
He gave shelter to Prince Akbar , who revolted against Aurangzeb .
He was captured by Mukarab Khan and killed . His wife and son , Sahu were sentr away as
prisoners .

RAJA RAM ( 1689 - 1700 ) :

Introduced a new office called Pratinidhi ( representative ) .
Council of 8 ministers called Asthapradhans became Navpradhans .
He was killed by Aurangzeb in 1700 and was burried at Satara .
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 BHAKTI MOVEMENTS

Bhakti movement started from Tamil region

as history dates back to Sangam period ,
prevalance of Hindu kings in this region

Jainism and Buddhism recieved patronage

as Tamil epic SILAPPADIKARAM ( the song of
the anklet ) has Jain flavour and MANIMEGLAI
( The jewel Belt ) has flavour of Buddhism .

Degenration of hindus
Dominance of brahmins
Complex rituals and rites
Superstitions
Caste system
Untouchables and Chandals
Degraded position of women
 6th Century onwards

Degenration of Hinduism
Buddhism and Jainism popular

Movement to reform hinduism and

against growing popularity of
Jainism and Buddhism
led by poets and saints , mostly from lower
caste , preached in local languages .

Bhakti Cult
Bhaktas were from diff backgrounds from
In Vedanta Brahmins to untouchables , this movement also
included women
Gyan marg

karma marg MOKSHA ( salvation )

Bhakti marg
 NIRGUNA : without attributes , worship abstract form of God

Bhakti cult

SAGUNA : with attributes , specific deties as Shiva , Vishnu , Goddess

( 12 )ALVARS NAYANARS ( 63 )
Their poems form the TEVARAM , compiled and
Appar classified under Chola Kings in 10th C , during
Sambandar this time spectacular representations of Bronze
Sundarmurti sculptures of Shiva were produced as NATRAJA
Karaikal Ammaiyar

Tondaradipoddi
Nammalvar
Andal
Thirumangai Alvar

NAALAYIRA DIVYA PRABANDHAM

SHANKARACHARYA
788 AD - 820 AD
Born at Kaladi ( Kerala )
Died at Kedarnath at age of 32 .
Started campaigns for revivalism of Hinduism , based on foundation of vedic
philosophy and ancient Indian tradition .
Founded 4 maths called Amnaya Peethams .
1. Joshimatha ( Uttrakhand )
2. Govardhana Matha ( Odisha )
3. Srinegri ( Karnataka )
4. Dwarka Math ( Gujrat ) VEDANTA consists of Upnishads
( Uttar MImansa ) , Brahma
Gave the philosophy of ADVAITA ( non-duality )
Sutra and Bhagavad Geeta .
At deepest level of reality , no diff b/w individual soul ( atma ) and
Brahman ( nirguna ) - They are same . Brahman is ultimate reality . World is
a illusion .
Worked on philosphy of Gaudapada ( teacher of Govinda , who was teacher of
Shankaracharya
Emphasised on GYAN - MARGA
Literary works : Upadesh Shastri
: Vivek Chudamani
: Bhajgovindam
: commentaries on Bhagvad Gita , Upnishads , Brahma Sutra
RAMANUJACHARYA

Also called Ilaiya Perumal ( radiant one )

1017 - 1137
Born at Sriperumbudur ( near Chennai ) under Chola empire .
Gave VISHISTA ADVAITA-VADA , also called Qualified non-dualism or
Qualified monoism .
Referred Brahman as Saguna ( Vishnu ) , and that Brahman create the world
out of his own self and world is real and part of Brahman . Atma is a part of
Brahman and is inseprable from Brahman . Atma and Brahman are not the
same , atma is dervied from Brahman
Goal : spiritual growth and eventual union with Brahman . It can be done by
Bhakti marga .
Literary works : Vedanta Sara
: Vedartha Samgraha STATUE OF EQUALITY
: Vedanta Dipa
: commentaries on Brahmasutra , Bhagvad Gita 216 ft tall , at Hyderabad
Inaugurated in 2022 ,
MADHVACHARYA

1238 AD - 1317 AD
Born near Udupi ( Karnataka )
Gave DVAITA-VADA , that is Dualism
It states that Atma is not a part of Brahman and is seprate from Brahman . It
states that relation b/w Brahman and Atma is of a master and servant
Individual soul is marked by many defects , but with Bhakti - they can attain
near perfection
It is also called TATTVA-VADA : arguments from a realist point of view .
Literary works : Bharata-tatparya-nirnaya (based on purans and epics )
: Commentaries on Brahma Sutra , Upanishads
 LAL DED ( J&K )
GURU NANAK ( North-west )

RAMANUJACHARYA ( north India )

SANKARA DEVA ( Assam )

JNANESHWAR ( Maharastra )

CHAITANYA MAHAPRABHU ( Bengal )

BASAVANNA ( Karnataka )
Ramananda
Learnt Vishista Advait-vada .
Started his own cult : RAMAVATA ( Rama Cult ) : Ram and Sita are worshipped . Disciples
were called Ramanandis , had diverse background : prince , weaver , barber , farmer and
even women .
Adopted HINDI as medium of exchange
Focussed on Bhakti-marga Ramanujacharya
Literary works :
1. Gyan-lila , Yog-chintamani in Hindi
2. Ramacharna Paddhati , Vaishnav Mata Bhajabhaskra in Sanskrit
Ramananda

Raidas Kabir

Meerabai Dadu Guru Nanak

Dayal
 KABIR

Born at Varanasi .
He was illiterate .
1st reformer to preach Hindu-Muslim unity .
He was a student of Ramananda and sufi saint Pir Taqvi .
Was persecuted by Sikander Lodi for preaching Hindu-muslim unity .
Nirguna Bhakti saint .
Sayings of Kabira are popular as DOHAS . BIJAKS were compiled works of
Dohas . They were complied in Bhojpuri , Awadhi , Hindi language
Followers of Kabir are known as Kabirpanthis .
Verses can be classified as SAKHIS : Dohe
PADS : longer verses
His writings can be found in : KABIR GRATHWALI in Rajasthan
: ADI GRANTH SAHIB
RAIDAS
Contemporary of Kabir
Was also illiterate and a Nirguna Bhakti saint .
Also known as Guru Ravidas .
Philosophy : Purity is not a gift of birth , but that of Bhakti which purifies heart .
Didn’t believe in social divisions based on caste or gender
Literary works : his various compositions are found in Panch Vani ( Dadu Panth )
and AdiGranth Sahib

MEERABAI
Life of Meerabai is found in book : Bhaktamal by Nabhadas .
Was married to prince of Sisodia clan ( eldest son of Rana Sanga )
Shaguna bhakti saint .
Composed devotional poems : Bhajans , in passionate praise of Sri Krishna
Concluding years of her life were spent at Dwarka .
Mahatma Gandhi was highly influenced by Mirabai , used to inspire youth during
freedom struggle quoting her examples . ( used to call Sarojni Naidu ‘ Meerabai ‘ )
NARSINHA MEHTA
Dedicated his life to composing poetic works described as Bhakti towards
Krishna
Known as Adi Kavi ( 1st poet ) of Gujarati language .
His Bhajan “ vaishnav jan to “ was Mahatma Gandhi’s favourite , and became
popular among freedom fighters .

VALLABHACHARYA
His life details are found in : Vallabh Digvijaya by Yadunath
Born in Varanasi .
His philosophy : SUDH ADVAITA ( pure non-dualism ) . It states that universe is
manifestation of Brahman . Both are not same , but 2 sides of same coin . Universe
is an inseprable and unchanged aspect of Brahman .
Founded PUSHTI MARG ( path of grace : path that teaches devotee how to offer
selfless love and devotion to SRINATH JI ( Krishna ) and not expect anything in
return ) of Vaishnavism in Braj region .
Literary work : SODASAGRANTHA , ANUBHASYA
SURDAS
His life details are found in : Chaurasi Vaishnav ki Vartha , Vallabh Digvijay
Born in Runkata district , Agra
Devotee of Krishna and Radha , wrote in Brajbhasa
Vallabhacharya was his guru .
Songs composed by him are found in his work : Sursagar in Brajbhasa .

TULSIDAS
Original name : Ram Bola Dube
Born in Brahmin family in UP
Saguna bhakti poet , worshipped God as RAMA .
He was contemporary of Surdas , Tansen and Akbar .
Belonged to Ramanandi sampradaya of Ramananda
Literary works :
1. Geetawali
2. Kavitawali
3. Ramcharitramanas ( Awadhi )
DADU DAYAL
Was an adopted child in a Brahmin family in Ahemdabad .
Nirguna Bhakti saint .
His followers were called Dadupanthis and his ashrams were called
Thambas .
He said that if devotion to God transcends religion and sect affiliation , and
devotees become non-sectarian : Nipakh
Promoted hindu-muslim unity .
Believed : Live life ethically and usefully
Dadu panthis didnot bury or cremate dead bodies . They took them to
jungles for animals to feed upon .
Literary works :
1. Panch vani ( his collection of sacred sayings from diff religions )
Karnataka

Sharana Movement / Lingayat Movement

Led by Basvanna
This movement was against all forms of rituals and idol worship .
Details of life of Bhasvanna are found in his biography : Basavaraja Devara Ragale
By Harihara .
Established an institution Anubhava Mantapa : 1st religious Parliament of World .
Men and Women from all socio-economic backgrounds were allowed to discuss
there spiritual life .
Basvanna started a new tradition called : Lingayat
1. Lingayats rejected theory of re-birth . Didn’t practice funeral crematory practices ,
instead they were burried
2. Rejected social and gender discrimination .
3. Akkamahadevi was one of saint under Lingayat . She used to call Shiva as
Chenna Mallikarjuna .
4. Worshipped shiva in his manisfestation as LINGA , therefore known as Wearer of
Linga ( lingayats )
MAHARASTRA Started in 13th C , Hindu revivalist movement

Bhakti movement is centered around Vitthoba/ Vitthal

Started by Jnaneshwar or Dhyaneshwar or Jnandeva in Pandharpur in
Maharastra . Also called VariKari movement .
His ABHANGS ( marathi devotional hymns ) were very famous
Earliest surviving works in Marathi written by Jnaneshwar :
1. Jnanesvari ( commentary on Bhagvad Gita )
2. Amritanubhav ( based on philosophy of Upnishads )
3. Haripatha ( bhakti poems )

NAMDEV
Tailor by caste , took to robbery , came in contact with Jnaneshwar .
Opposed caste system .
Literary works : his compositions can be found in
1. Panchvani ( dadupanth tradition )
2. Guru granth sahib
SANT EKNATH
Belonged to 16th C , where Christian missionaries were popularising Christianity
Philosophy : Madhur bhakti ( sweet devotion )
Literary works
1. restored then-corrupted Marathi literature classics : Jnaneshwari
2. Translated various sanskrit texts into Marathi
3. Introduced a new form of Marathi religious song : Bharood .

TUKARAM
Contemporary of Jahangir , Shah Jahan and Shivaji .
Opposed discrimination on basis of Caste , gender and religion , promoted
hindu-muslim unity
Famous for his Abhangs and Kirtans
Wrote Maratha Geeta ( commentary on Geeta )
RAMDAS
Shivaji , and his mother JIjabai were his disciples
His work : Dasabodha ( treatise on Advait Vedanta ) in Marathi
Founded Samartha sect to revive spirituality in society .

Other imp saints were Chokamela ( untouchable ) and Sakubai ( women )

JAMMU & KASHMIR

New form pof Shaivism called TRIKHA SHAIVISM ( influenced by Advaita philosophy of
Sankaracharya )
Lal Ded also called Lalleshwari was the prominent saint .
Born in Pandit family , was married early , husband treated her harshly , therefore left his
place and started roaming around and singing mystic poetry called Vatsun / Vakhs ,
which means “ speech “
Vakhs sung by her were called LAL VAKHS , earliest of Kashmiri literature
Promoted peace and harmony
ASSAM

Led by SHANKAR DEVA

Belonged to Ahom region
Ahom ruler Suhungmung , was highly influenced by Shankardeva , changed his
name to Svarga Narayana .
Shankardeva played an imp role in spread of Vaishnavism in this area .
Philosophy : Ekasarana Nama Dharma ( supreme surrender to that one God ) . He
surrendered himself to Sri Krishna
Established associated institutional centres and monasteries called SATTRAS
Introduced Sattriya dance to propogate vaishnavism .
His teachings are often known as : Bhagvati dharma
His work : Kirtan Gosha in Brajvali language ( mix of Maithili and Assamese )
: Bhakti Ratnakar in Sanskrit

After Shankardeva , Bhakti movement in Assam was led by MADHAVDEVA , his

disciple .
Established temples as schools of Dramma and Theatre
His works : Bhakti Ratnavali , Nama Ghosa
 BENGAL
Sahajiya cult : emphasized on devotion to a personal God in an emotional and personalised
manner . Sahajiya means : Those who follow easy path
Saints as Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his followers played significant part in popularising
this philosophy

CHAITANYA MAHAPRABHU
Born in Brahmin family
Went to Gaya at age 22 , came back as changed man . Uttered the name “
Krishna Chaitanya “
His followers believed him to be incarnation of lord Vishnu
Also called GAURANGA MAHAPRABHU , SRI GAURANGA
Popularised musical gatherings : KIRTANS . ISKCON took inspiration .
Gave the philosophy : Achintya Bheda Abheda , i.e. Individual soul cannot be
seprated from Brahman , each individual soul ios diff and distinct from
Brahman . This bheda and abheda are beyond logic .
Literary work :
1. SIKSASTAKAM
North-west

GURU NANAK
Born at Talwandi .
Highly influenced by Kabir .
SACH AKHAND ( ultimate truth ) was the main theme of his teachings .
Preached universal brotherhood and Monotheism
Followers of Nanak were called SIKHS .
 SUFI MOVEMENT
ISLAM

Sufis were muslim saints / reformers , who sought to revive

Islam from its decay .
They emerged in 8th C . SHIA
SUNNI
They were also called Darvesh , Wali and Fakir . leadership of Muslim
leadership based
Sufis protested against the materialistic tendencies . community be from
on consensus
Would wear “ WOOLLEN “ clothes . Wool in Arabic is called Suf Prophet’s family

GOD
ISHQ Y )
MIT
( divine love ) XI
PRO
INE
( DIV
AT
RB
QU
Various steps in the
process are MAQAMAT

fi
Su
( by regrious practices )
 BA-SHARA ( Those who follow Islam Law )

SUFIS
BE-SHARA ( Those who were not bound by Lslam law )
also called ‘ mast-kalandar ‘

By 12th C , Sufis started organising themselves into SILSILAS ( Fraternities )

Popular silsilas in India
1. Chisti silsilah
2. Qadri Silsilah
3. Suhrawardi Silsilah
4. Naqshbandi Silsilah

In silsilas , PIR was the teacher and MURID were his disciples
Musical congregation : SAMA , was the religious music which led to ecstacy
Qawwali developed . Ghazal is also a form of Qawwali
Pilgrimage to tombs of Sufi saints : Ziyarat is a imp feature of Sufism
In 11th C , 2 sufi saints settled in India along with their disciples . They were
1. Shaikh Ali Hujwiri of Ghazana ( settled in Lahore )

2. Shaikh Safiuddin Gazruni ( settled in Uchh , South Punjab )

During 11th C , Punjab was captured by Mahmood of Ghazni .

This religious , cultural and linguistic interaction resulted in birth of a new Indian
language Urdu . This gave impetus to sufi poetry and sufi music .

In 12th C , the 4 silsilas entered India

CHISTI SILSILAH
Love of God = Love of Humanity
Service to God = Service to Humanity
Gave great spiritual value to Music ( vocal / instrumental )
Founder : KHWAJA ABU ISHAQ SHAMI CHIST . Chist : small town near Heerat , Afghanistan .
It was bought to India by Shaikh Muinuddin Chisti , settled in Lahore . Made a mystic centre at
Ajmer . Was tolerant and kind , known as Gharib Nawab .
He died in 1235 in Ajmer , his dargah is known as Ajmer Sharif Dargah
His biography was written by Jahanara Begum , daughter of Shah Jahan : MUNIS AL ARWAH

His disciple by Shaikh Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki . He moved to Delhi . Qutub Minar named after
him . His grave was laid in vicinity of Qutub Minar .

His disciple was Shaikh Fariduddin Masud . Also known as Baba Farid . Referred as Gani-i-Shakar
: Treasure of Sugar . Was against association with rich and ruling class . Was a great humanist .

Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia , also referred as Mahbub-e-Ilahi : Beloved of God . He made his HQ in
Delhi . Adopted yogic breathing exercies and practiced Celibacy .
Amir Khusrau was his disciple . Known as Parrot of India , Father of qawwali and
introducedGhazal style in India .
Shaikh Nasiruddin Chirag , real name Nasiruddin Mahmud .
His followers called him “ Chirag-i-Dehlvai “ : illuminated lamp of Delhi
After his death , his tomb was built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq . A loacality grew around the
tomb , came to be known as Chirag delhi .

Shaikh Salim Chisti , descendant of Baba Farid , lived as ordinary householder in Sikri .
Akbar was attracted towards Salim Chisti .
Akbar built his capital at SIKRI from Agra .
After the death of Salim Chisti , his body was buried in Jama Masijd present in Fatehpur
Sikri
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