BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

VIVEK KUMAR (21SCSE1011227)

VIKASH KUMAR
(21SCSE1011224) POJECT ID:
BT40341
Under the guidance of
[PROF. MANOJ KUMAR TYAGI]

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BATCHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
BRANCH OF STUDY

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA
MARCH, 2025
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled “brain tumor detection using deep
learning” which is submitted by Vivek Kumar and Vikash Kumar in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of degree B. Tech. in Department of School of Computing
Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India is a record of the candidate own work carried
out by him/them under my supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of Examiner(s) Signature of Supervisor(s)

External Examiner Signature of Program Chair

Date: October,
2024 Place: Greater
Noida
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................5

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................8
1.1. Identification of Client/ Need/ Relevant Contemporary issue.......Error! Bookmark not
defined.

1.2. Identification of Problem.................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3. Identification of Tasks........................................................................................................

1.4. Timeline .............................................................................................................................

1.5. Organization of the Report.................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY...............9

2.1. Timeline of the reported problem....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2. Existing solutions............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3. Bibliometric analysis..........................................................................................................

2.4. Review Summary ...............................................................................................................

2.5. Problem Definition............................................................................................................9

2.6. Goals/Objectives ................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 3. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS.......................................................11

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features.........................................................11

3.2. Design Constraints .............................................................................................................

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints ..............................................

3.4. Design Flow .......................................................................................................................

3.5. Design selection .................................................................................................................

 3.6. Implementation plan/methodology ....................................................................................

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION .. Error! Bookmark

not defined.
4.1. Implementation of solution..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK..................................14

5.1. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................15

5.2. Future work.....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

REFERENCES....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDIX.............................................................................................................16
1. Plagiarism Report................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. Design Checklist.................................................................................................................17

USER MANUAL...................................................................................................19
 List of Figures

Figure 3.1 ………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 3.2 ………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 4.1 …………………………………………………………………………….……

 List of Tables

Table 3.1 ………………………………………………………………………………….

Table 3.2 ………………………………………………………………………………….
Table 4.1 …………………………………………………………………………….……
 ABSTRACT

Now a day’s tumor is second leading cause of cancer. Due to cancer large no of
patients are in danger. The medical field needs fast, automated, efficient and
reliable technique to detect tumor like brain tumor. Detection plays very important
role in treatment. If proper detection of tumor is possible then doctors keep a
patient out of danger. Various image processing techniques are used in this
application. Using this application doctors provide proper treatment and save a
number of tumor patients. A tumor is nothing but excess cells growing in an
uncontrolled manner. Brain tumor cells grow in a way that they eventually take up
all the nutrients meant for the healthy cells and tissues, which results in brain
failure. Currently, doctors locate the position and the area of brain tumor by
looking at the MRI Images of the brain of the patient manually. This results in
inaccurate detection of the tumor and is considered very time consuming. A tumor
is a mass of tissue it grows out of control. We can use a Deep Learning
architectures CNN (Convolution Neural Network) generally known as NN (Neural
Network) and VGG 16(visual geometry group) Transfer learning for detect the
brain tumor. The performance of model is predict image tumor is present or not in
image. If the tumor is present it return yes otherwise return.
 CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION SYSTEM
The human body is made up of many organs and brain is the most critical
and vital organ of them all. One of the common reasons for dysfunction of
brain is brain tumor. A tumor is nothing but excess cells growing in an
uncontrolled manner. Brain tumor cells grow in a way that they eventually
take up all the nutrients meant for the healthy cells and tissues, which results
in brain failure. Currently, doctors locate the position and the area of brain
tumor by looking at the MR Images of the brain of the patient manually.
This results in inaccurate detection of the tumor and is considered very time
consuming. A Brain Cancer is very critical disease which causes deaths of
many individuals. The brain tumor detection and classification system is
available so that it can be diagnosed at early stages. Cancer classification is
the most challenging tasks in clinical diagnosis. This project deals with such
a system, which uses computer, based procedures to detect tumor blocks and
classify the type of tumor using Convolution Neural Network Algorithm for
MRI images of different patients. Different types of image processing
techniques like image segmentation, image enhancement and feature
extraction are used for the brain tumor detection in the MRI images of the
cancer-affected patients. Detecting Brain tumor using Image Processing
techniques its involves the four stages is Image Pre-Processing, Image
segmentation, Feature Extraction, and Classification. Image processing and
neural network techniques are used for improve the performance of
detecting and classifying brain tumor in MRI images.
 CHAPTER 2.
LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY

Paper-1: Image Analysis for MRI Based Brain Tumor Detection and Feature
Extraction Using Biologically Inspired BWT and SVM • Publication Year: 6
March 2017 • Author: Nilesh Bhaskarrao Bahadure, Arun Kumar Ray, and Har Pal
Thethi
• Journal Name: Hindawi International Journal of Biomedical Imaging • Summary:
In this paper using MR images of the brain, we segmented brain tissues into
normal tissues such as white matter, gray matter, cerebrospinal fluid (background),
and tumor-infected tissues. We used pre-processing to improve the signal-to-noise
ratio and to eliminate the effect of unwanted noise. We can used the skull stripping
algorithm its based on threshold technique for improve the skull stripping
performance. Paper-2: A Survey on Brain Tumor Detection Using Image
Processing Techniques • Publication Year: 2017 • Author: Luxit Kapoor, Sanjeev
Thakur • Journal Name: IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing,
Data Science & Engineering • Summary: This paper surveys the various
techniques that are part of Medical Image Processing and are prominently used in
discovering brain tumors from MRI Images. Based on that research this Paper was
written listing the various techniques in use. A brief description of each technique
is also provided. Also of All the various steps involved in the process of detecting
Tumors, Segmentation is the most significant.
Paper-3: Identification of Brain Tumor using Image Processing Techniques
• Publication Year: 11 September 2017 • Author: Praveen Gamage •
Journal Name: Research gate • Summary: This paper survey of Identifying
brain tumors through MRI images can be categorized into four different
sections; pre-processing, image segmentation, Feature extraction and image
classification. Paper-4: Review of Brain Tumor Detection from MRI
Images
• Publication Year: 2016 • Author: Deepa, Akansha Singh • Journal Name:
IEEE International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global
Development • Summary: In this paper, some of the recent research work
done on the Brain tumor detection and segmentation is reviewed. Different
Techniques used by various researchers to detect the brain Tumor from the
MRI images are described. By this review we found that automation of
brain tumor detection and Segmentation from the MRI images is one of the
most active Research areas. Paper-5: An efficient Brain Tumor Detection
from MRI Images using Entropy Measures • Publication Year: December
23-25, 2016 • Author: Devendra Somwanshi , Ashutosh Kumar, Pratima
Sharma, Deepika Joshi • Journal Name: IEEE International Conference on
Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering • Summary: In this paper,
we have investigated the different Entropy functions for tumor
segmentation and its detection from various MRI images. The different
threshold values are obtained depend on the particular definition of the
entropy. The threshold values are dependent on the different entropy
function which in turn affects the segmented results.
 CHAPTER 3.
DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features

In the first stage, there is a computer based procedures to detect tumor blocks and
classify the type of tumor using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm for MRI
images of different patients. • The second stage involves the use of different image
processing techniques such as histogram equalization, image segmentation, image
enhancement, morphological operations and feature extraction are used for brain
tumor detection in the MRI images for the cancer-affected patients. • This work iss
introduced one automatic brain tumor detection method to increase the accuracy
and decrease the diagnosis time.
Image Preprocessing: As input for this system is MRI, scanned image and it
contain noise. Therefore, our first aim is to remove noise from input image. As
explained in system flow we are using high pass filter for noise removal and
preprocessing. • Segmentation: Region growing is the simple region-based image
segmentation technique. It is also classified as a pixel based image segmentation
technique since it is involve the selection of initial seed points. • Morphological
operation: The morphological operation is used for the extraction of boundary
areas of the brain images. This operation is only rearranging the relative order of
pixel value, not mathematical value, so it is suitable for only binary images.
Dilation and erosion is basic operation of morphology. Dilation is add pixels to the
boundary region of the object, while erosion is remove the pixels from the
boundary region of the objects. • Feature Extraction: The feature extraction is used
for edge detection of the images. It is the process of collecting higher level
information of image such as shape, texture, color, and contrast. • Connected
component labeling: After recognizing connected components of an image, every
set of connected pixels having same gray- level values are assigned the same
unique region label. • Tumor Identification: In this phase, we are having dataset
previously collected brain MRIs from which we are extracting features.
Knowledge base is created for comparison.
In the first step we can take image as input. In the image we used tumor in the
image and only fat and water tissues in the images.
➢ In the second step convert image to grayscale ▪ Signal to noise ▪ Complexity of
the code ▪ Learning image processing ▪ Difficulty of visualization ▪ Color is
complex
➢ Then we convert image to binary image by thresholding. Thresholding is the
simplest method of image segmentation and the most common way to convert a
grayscale image to binary image. In thresholding we select threshold value and
then gray level value .below the selected threshold value is classified as 0.and
equal and greater then the threshold value are classified as 1.
3.2 PROPOSED WORKFLOW

The proposed system has mainly five modules. Dataset, Pre-processing, Split the
data, Build CNN model train Deep Neural network for epochs, and
classification. In dataset we can take multiple MRI images and take one as
input image. In pre-processing image to encoded the label and resize the
image. In split the data we set the image as 80% Training Data and 20%
Testing.
3.2.1 SKLEARN

Scikit-learn is an open-source machine learning library in Python, designed

for simplicity and efficiency, making it a popular choice for data scientists.
Built on NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib, it provides a comprehensive suite of
tools for both supervised and unsupervised learning, encompassing various
algorithms for classification, regression, clustering, and dimensionality
reduction.
3.2.2 PIL
The Python Imaging Library (PIL), now maintained under the name Pillow,
is a powerful library that adds image processing capabilities to Python. It
supports opening, manipulating, and saving various image formats, making it
a versatile tool for tasks like image filtering, resizing, and format conversion.
Pillow enhances the original PIL by offering improved support for modern
image formats and additional features such as easy integration with NumPy
for advanced numerical processing. With its simple API and extensive
functionality, Pillow is widely used in web development, data visualization,
and machine learning applications, allowing developers to handle images
efficiently and effectively.
3.2.3 TENSORFLOW
TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning framework developed by
Google that facilitates the development and deployment of machine learning
models. It provides a flexible architecture for building and training deep
learning algorithms, making it suitable for a wide range of tasks, from image
and speech recognition to natural language processing. TensorFlow utilizes
data flow graphs to represent computation, where nodes represent
mathematical operations and edges represent data tensors. This design allows
for efficient execution on various platforms, including CPUs, GPUs, and TPUs,
enabling scalability and performance optimization. With its extensive
ecosystem of libraries and tools, such as TensorFlow Lite for mobile and
TensorFlow Serving for production environments, TensorFlow has become a
leading choice for researchers and developers in the field of artificial
intelligence.

1. Design Checklist
3.2.4 OPEN CV

OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is a widely used open-source

library designed for real-time computer vision and image processing tasks.
Developed initially by Intel, it provides a comprehensive suite of tools and
functions for various applications, including facial recognition, object detection,
image filtering, and motion tracking. OpenCV supports multiple programming
languages, including Python, C++, and Java, and is compatible with various
platforms, making it highly accessible for developers. With its extensive
collection of algorithms and utilities, OpenCV enables users to build complex
vision applications efficiently, catering to industries such as robotics, security,
and augmented reality. Its active community and continuous updates ensure that
it remains at the forefront of computer vision technology.
4. DATASET, IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT
4.1 : DATASET DETAIL
The dataset has 556 images with different types of tumor and also
including images which has tissues of Fat or water. 1. DICOM Samples
Image Sets, http://www.osirix-viewer.com/.[3]
2.“Brainweb:SimulatedBrainDatabase,”
http://brainweb.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/cgi/brainweb1.[4]

4.2 : TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY USED

➢ Python:
Python was the language of selection for this project. This was a straightforward
call for many reasons. 1. Python as a language has a vast community behind it.
Any problems which may be faced is simply resolved with a visit to Stack
Overflow. Python is among the foremost standard language on the positioning that
makes it very likely there will be straight answer to any question 2. Python has an
abundance of powerful tools prepared for scientific computing Packages like
NumPy, Pandas and SciPy area unit freely available and well documented.
Packages like these will dramatically scale back, and change the code required to
write a given program.This makes iteration fast. 3. Python as a language is
forgiving and permits for program that appear as if pseudo code. This can be
helpful once pseudo code given in tutorial papers must be enforced and tested.
Using python this step is sometimes fairly trivial. However, Python is not
without its errors. The language is dynamically written and packages are area unit
infamous for Duck writing. This may be frustrating once a package technique
returns one thing that, for instance, looks like an array instead of being an actual
array.
Jupiter Notebook:
The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that enables you to make
and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations and narrative
text. Uses include: data cleaning and transformation, numerical simulation,
statistical modelling, data visualization, machine learning, and much more.
➢ Noise Removal and Sharpening: Unwanted data of element are remove using
filter and image Can be sharpen and black and white gray scale image is used as a
input.
➢ Erosion and Dilation: It is applied to binary image, but there are many versions
so that can be work on grayscale images. The basic effect of the operator on a
binary image is eroding away to the boundaries of regions for ground pixels.
➢ Negation: A negative is an image, usually it used on a strip or sheet of
transparent plastic film, in negation the lightest areas of the photographed subject
appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest.
➢ Subtraction: Image subtraction process is the digital numeric value of one pixel
or whole image is subtracted from another image. The white part of tumor can be
subtracted from another remaining part that is the black portion of the images.
➢ Threshold: Thresholding is a process of image segmentation. It converts the
gray scale image into binary image.
➢ Boundary Detection: Total area or boundary can be form properly using
boundary detection method. White part of tumor tissues can be highlighted
and there proper boundary can be detected. It is useful method to
calculate the size and shape occupy by tumor tissues
 4.3 : RESULTS •
Give the label of the image

Split the Data

Contain Total 413 dataset images are divided into two parts 330 are in training part and 83
is the testing part.

Train data
Test data

Implementation: CNN model summary

IMPLEMENTATION: VGG16 MODEL SUMMARY

IMPLEMENTATION: COMPARISON CNN ACCURACY WITH VGG16

ACCURACY
IMPLEMENTATION:
CNN VS. TRANSFER LEARNING(VGG16) ACCURACY CHART
CONCLUSION :

In brain tumor detection we have studied about feature based existing work. In
feature based we have study about image processing techniques likes image pre-
processing, image segmentation, features extraction, classification. And also study
about deep learning techniques CNN and VGG16.In this system we have detect the
tumor is present or not if the tumour is present then model return’s yes otherwise it
return no. and we have compared CNN with the VGG 16 Model. The result of
comparison VGG 16 is more accurate than CNN. However, not every task is said
to be perfect in this development field even more improvement may be possible in
this application. I have learned so many things and gained a lot of knowledge about
development field.
REFERENCES:

[1] J. C. Buckner, P. D. Brown, B. P. O’Neill, F. B. Meyer , C. J. Wetmore,J. H

Uhm, "Central nervous system tumors." In Mayo Clinic Proceedings,Vol. 82, No.
10, pp. 1271- 1286, October 2007.
[2] Deepa , Singh Akansha. (2016). - Review of Brain Tumor Detection from
tomography. International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global
Development (INDIACom)
[3] R. A. Novellines, M. D. - Squire's fundamentals of radiology; Six Edition;
UPR, 2004.
[4] preston, D. c. (2006). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain and
Spine from Basics. casemed.case.edu .
[5] Hendrik RE. (2005) Glossary of MR Terms from American College of Radiology
..
[6].A. Demirhan, M. Toru, and I. Guler, “Segmentation of tumor and edema along
with healthy tissues of brain using wavelets and neural networks,” IEEE Journal of
Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1451–1458, 2015.

[12] Nilesh Bhaskarrao Bahadure, A.K. (2017, March 6). Retrieved from
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijbi/2017/9749108/. [13] S. Mohsin, S. Sajjad, Z.
Malik, and A. H. Abdullah, “Efficient way of skull stripping in MRI to detect brain
tumor by applying morphological operations, after detection of false background,”
International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp.
335–337, 2012. [14] Gavale, P. M., Aher, P. V., & Wani, D. V. (2017, April 4).
Retrieved from https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i4/IRJET-V4I462.pdf. [15] N.
Gordillo, E. Montseny.