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RTD Report

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are precise temperature sensors that operate on the principle of resistance change in metals with temperature variations. They are constructed with a sensing element, lead wires, insulation, and a protective sheath, and are commonly used in control systems like PLCs and PID controllers. While RTDs offer high accuracy and stability, they are more expensive and have a slower response time compared to other temperature sensors like thermocouples.

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61 views3 pages

RTD Report

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are precise temperature sensors that operate on the principle of resistance change in metals with temperature variations. They are constructed with a sensing element, lead wires, insulation, and a protective sheath, and are commonly used in control systems like PLCs and PID controllers. While RTDs offer high accuracy and stability, they are more expensive and have a slower response time compared to other temperature sensors like thermocouples.

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h2803372
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Report

Introduction

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) are precise sensors used to measure temperature based

on the resistance change of a metal wire.

Working Principle

RTDs operate on the principle that the resistance of a metal increases with temperature. This

behavior is accurately modeled by the Callendar-Van Dusen equation:

For 0°C to 850°C:

Rt = R0(1 + A·t + B·t²)

For -200°C to 0°C:

Rt = R0(1 + A·t + B·t² + C(t - 100)t³)

Where:

Rt = resistance at temperature t

R0 = resistance at 0°C (typically 100 Ohm)

A, B, C = material constants

Construction and Function of Each Part

- Sensing Element: Platinum wire or thin film that senses temperature changes.

- Lead Wires: Connect the element to measuring instruments. 2, 3, or 4-wire configurations are

common.

- Insulation: Prevents electrical interference.

- Protective Sheath: Shields the sensor from physical and environmental damage.
Control

RTDs are used in control systems such as:

- PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)

- PID controllers

- HVAC and industrial process systems.

They are typically interfaced with ADCs or temperature transmitters for digital control.

Advantages

- High accuracy and repeatability

- Stable over time

- Nearly linear response

- Wide operating temperature range (-200°C to 850°C)

Disadvantages

- More expensive than thermocouples

- Slower response time

- Sensitive to mechanical strain

- Requires compensation for lead wire resistance

RTD Characteristic Graph


Conclusion

RTDs are among the most reliable temperature sensors due to their precision and stability. Despite

their higher cost, they are widely used in industries requiring accurate thermal measurements.

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