The Real Jazz Pedagogy Book

How to Build a Superior Jazz Ensemble

All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2019 Ray Smith
v2.0

The opinions expressed in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the author and do not represent the opinions or thoughts of the publisher. The author has
represented and warranted full ownership and/or legal right to publish all the materials in this book.

This book may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the express
written consent of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Outskirts Press, Inc.

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ISBN: 978-1-9772-0378-6

Cover Photo © 2019 Ray Smith and www.gettyimages.com. All Right Reserved. Used with Permission.

Outskirts Press and the “OP” logo are trademarks belonging to Outskirts Press, Inc.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 Acknowledgements

Much appreciation to those who have helped to make this book possible!

• Steve Lindeman for helping to create Finale examples

• Mark Watkins for helping to create and format Finale examples

• Kristen Bromley for help with Finale examples for guitar

• Jory Woodis for helping to create Illustrator examples and help with InDesign

• Jeff Johnson for help with working with InDesign

• Josh Bendoski for help with video recording in the public schools

• Jay Lawrence, Matt Larson, Denson Angulo, Corey Christiansen, Kurt Reeder, Ron Brough,
and Kristen Bromley for help with rhythm section chapters

dz ŒŒ •‰† ƒ Š’†„•’”  ”•– †•” ˜‰ ŒŒ˜† Ž† • ڊŒŽ •‰†Ž

• BYU College of Fine Arts and the School of Music

• Tina and Colleen at Outskirts Press

• And most of all to my beautiful wife, Debbie, for support, encouragement, and patience
About the Author

Dr. Ray Smith is the educator’s educator. He is a master pedagogue and is respected as such by all of
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TGEQTFGF PWOGTQWU %&U Downtime, A Kenton Celebration, The Day After Yesterday, Flyin’ High, High
Road, Original Compositions, Live at Nauvoo: Most Requested Tunes, Time Flies, Time After Time, Eye
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Dominican Republic.

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equally impressive as his teaching credits. As a performer, Smith is equally at home in either classical
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*G JCU YGNN QXGT  %& ETGFKVU CPF JCU TGEQTFGF QP OCP[ ȳNO UEQTGU CPF VGNGXKUKQP VJGOGU CPF LKPINGU
such as The Sandlot, Mi Familia, The Swan Princess, Good Morning America, The Today Show, The Ricky
Lake Show $WKEM %JGX[ GVE CPF OCP[ %CPCFKCP CPF )GTOCP VGNGXKUKQP CPF TCFKQ VJGOGU &T 5OKVJ
RGTHQTOU RGTKQFKECNN[ YKVJ VJG 7VCJ 5[ORJQP[ CPF 6JG /QTOQP 6CDGTPCENG %JQKT CPF KU C TGIWNCT YKVJ
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Smith also does clinics and performances at colleges and high schools and adjudicates at jazz festivals. His
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$KTEJ %TGGM ,C\\ %COR KP 9KUEQPUKP YJGTG JG TGEGKXGF VJG 9QQF[ *GTOCP #YCTF HQT OWUKECN GZEGNNGPEG
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About the Author | Page iv

Introduction
/[ FGCT HGNNQY LC\\ DCPF FKTGEVQTU CPF LC\\ XQECN FKTGEVQTU CPF HGNNQY RTKXCVG KPUVTWEVQTU 

/[ ITGCV FGUKTG YKVJ VJKU DQQM KU VQ UJCTG KFGCU VJCV + JCXG FGXGNQRGF QXGT VJG NCUV HQTV[ [GCTU QH VT[KPI
VQ ȳIWTG QWV JQY DGUV VQ VGCEJ VJG YQPFGTU QH LC\\ KP DQVJ RTKXCVG VGCEJKPI CPF GPUGODNG FGXGNQROGPV
+ HGGN VJCV + JCXG DGGP DNGUUGF YKVJ OCP[ KPUKIJVU CPF CRRTQCEJGU VJCV CTG GHHGEVKXG CPF JCXG GPCDNGF OG
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VJG [GCTU +H + EQWNF JGNR [QW FQ VJG UCOG PQ OCVVGT YJGTG [QW CTG KP [QWT ECTGGT + YQWNF HGGN VJCV VJKU
effort is a success.

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C OQUV XCNWCDNG JGNR CU [QW YCVEJ OG YQTM YKVJ TGCN UVWFGPVU JCXKPI TGCN RTQDNGOU QWV KP VJG VTGPEJGU
and hear the before and after effects of various teaching strategies or see and hear me demonstrate various
EQPEGRVU 6Q TGEGKXG OCZKOWO DGPGȳV VJG DQQM CPF VJG XKFGQ ENKRU UJQWNF DG WUGF VQIGVJGT 6JG XKFGQ
GZCORNGU CXCKNCDNG YKNN DG TGHGTTGF VQ KP VJG DQQM DWV [QW YKNN JCXG VQ IQ VQ O[ ;QWVWDG %JCPPGN QT O[
YGDUKVG VQ XKGY VJGO + YKNN VT[ VQ MGGR VJG XGTDKCIG CU DTKGH CU RQUUKDNG UQ [QW ECP URGPF VJG VKOG YKVJ VJG
XKFGQ GZCORNGU + CO IQKPI VQ CFFTGUU VJG DQQM RTKOCTKN[ VQ UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF FKTGEVQTU DWV VJG RTKPEKRNGU
CPF KFGCU YKNN JCXG CRRNKECVKQP HQT XQECN LC\\ FKTGEVQTU CPF HQT VJG RTKXCVG LC\\ VGCEJGT CU YGNN 'ZEGRV HQT
#RRGPFKZ % + CO IQKPI VQ NGCXG VJG RTKXCVG VGCEJGTU VQ VCMG HTQO VJKU DQQM YJCV VJG[ YKNN CPF HQEWU QP
VJG GPUGODNG RTQITCO 'ZEGRV HQT #RRGPFKZ & + YKNN CNUQ NGCXG XQECN LC\\ VGCEJGTU VQ VCMG YJCV VJG[ ȳPF
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[QWT XQECN UQNQKUV KU HQWPF KP %JCRVGT 

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ȳPF ITGCV XCNWG KP VJG VJKPIU VJCV are included here.

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your teaching and the quality of your ensemble performances.

9KVJ CNN DGUV YKUJGU

Ray

4C[ 5OKVJ 

Provo, Utah

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG X

 ACCESSING THE VIDEO EXAMPLES THAT ACCOMPANY THIS BOOK:

;QWVWDG %JCPPGN JVVRYYY[QWVWDGEQOWUGTEJCTNGUTUOKVJ

9GDUKVG JVVRYYYUOKVJUVWFKQEQO

+PVTQFWEVKQP ] 2CIG XK
Contents
#EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU                                                                 KKK
#WVJQT $KQ                                                                        KX
+PVTQFWEVKQP                                                                       X

Section 1 In the Beginning: Let There Be Jazz

%JCRVGT  6JG &KTGEVQT 6JG ,QD &GUETKRVKQP QT Ȋ9JCV #DQWV $QD ȍ                          

Section 2 Dealing With Basics: It Don’t Mean a Thing if it Ain’t Got That Sound
%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI *QTPU YKVJ 6QPG 2TQFWEVKQP                                           

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI *QTPU YKVJ +PVQPCVKQP                                               

%JCRVGT  *QTPU $CNCPEG $NGPF CPF &[PCOKEU                                         

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG *QTPU 9QTM CU C 5GEVKQP                                          

%JCRVGT  /WVGU CPF &QWDNKPI HQT *QTPU                                               

Section 3 Dealing with Style: It Don’t Mean a Thzing if it Don’t Swing

%JCRVGT  9QTMKPI QP 6KOG (GGN       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

%JCRVGT  #RRN[KPI VJG 2TKPEKRNGU VQ 5V[NGU 1VJGT 6JCP 5YKPI .CVKP4QEM(WPM9CNV\ GVE     

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI $CNNCF 2NC[KPI                                                   

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF 2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU                    

%JCRVGT  5KIJV4GCFKPI &GXGNQROGPV   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    

Section 4 The Rhythm Section: It Don’t Mean a Thing if it Ain’t Got That Time Feel
%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU &GXGNQR %QPEGRV  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU YKVJ )QQF )GCT   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG XKK

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU                              

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU 2NC[ 6QIGVJGT CU C 6GCO                    

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 5QNQU                                                    

Section 5 The Soloists: It Don’t Mean a Thing if There Ain’t No Jazz

%JCRVGT  )GPGTCN +FGCU HQT *GNRKPI VJG 5QNQKUVU KP ;QWT $CPF                             

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU                                    

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP YKVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU                            

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG (GCVWTGF 5QNQKUV QP VJG $CNNCF KP ;QWT 5GV                           

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG 8QECNKUV KP ;QWT $CPF                                           

Section 6 Thoughts on Administrative Issues: Gives Meaning to Everything Else

%JCRVGT  $GJKPF VJG 5EGPGU %JCTV 5GNGEVKQP CPF 2TQITCOOKPI HQT %QPEGTVU CPF (GUVKXCNU      

%JCRVGT  1P VJG (TQPV .KPG 2GTHQTOCPEG CPF %QORGVKVKQP                                

%JCRVGT  %QPENWUKQP CPF 5WOOCT[    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Section 7 Appendices: Don’t Have These Removed!

#RRGPFKZ # $KI $CPF 5GVWR    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

#RRGPFKZ $ 'SWKROGPV 4GEQOOGPFCVKQPU HQT VJG 9KPF 2NC[GTU KP VJG ,C\\ $CPF    . . . . . . . . . . . 

#RRGPFKZ % +FGCU HQT #RRN[KPI VJG %QPEGRVU QH 6JKU $QQM VQ 2TKXCVG ,C\\ 6GCEJKPI              

#RRGPFKZ & #RRNKECVKQPU VQ 8QECN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[                                         

#RRGPFKZ ' 6WPKPI VJG 5CZQRJQPG 5GEVKQP    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

#RRGPFKZ ( *GNRU HQT +PVQPCVKQP 9QTM    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

+PVTQFWEVKQP ] 2CIG XKKK

 Section 1

. . . In the Beginning:
Let There Be Jazz!

Let's Begin . . .
Chapter 1 The Jazz Band Director: The Job
Description or “What About Bob?”

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+ CO RCKPHWNN[ CYCTG VJCV [QWT EQNNGIG GFWECVKQP JCU PQV RTGRCTGF [QW HQT VJG LC\\ TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU VJCV
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+ FQ JCXG VYQ CZGU VQ ITKPF YKVJ [QW VJQWIJ #U OGPVKQPGF + CO XGT[ U[ORCVJGVKE VJCV [QW JCXG PQV
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should be prepared to teach tone production on each of the instruments, to teach intonation, balance, and
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they are the same issues in the jazz band as they are in the concert band. Capitalize on your strengths!

5GEQPF KV KU PQV PGEGUUCT[ VQ TGOCKP KP KIPQTCPEG 6JQUG YJQ CTG EQPUEKGPVKQWU ECP FQ C NQV VQ QXGTEQOG
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C IWGUV ENKPKEKCP EQOG QWV VQ YQTM YKVJ JKU DCPF #HVGT VJG TGJGCTUCN VJG ENKPKEKCP VQQM &QP VQ VCUM HQT PQV
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6JWPFGTDKTF *KIJ 5EJQQN KP 2JQGPKZ + YCU DNQYP CYC[ D[ VJG DCPFȅUVTQPI UV[NG IQQF UQWPF CPF
RQYGT IQQF VKOG CPF TJ[VJOKE HGGN UVTQPI UQNQKUVU +V YCU C VQWT FG HQTEG RGTHQTOCPEG CPF VJG DCPF YCU
GCUKN[ PCOGF VJG YKPPKPI DKI DCPF QH VJG FC[ $CEMUVCIG + NGCTPGF VJG WPFGTN[KPI UVQT[ HTQO ,GHH 6QYGT
QPG QH VJG QVJGT CFLWFKECVQTU #U YG FKUEWUUGF VJG RGTHQTOCPEG ,GHH UCKF Ȋ9GNN [QW MPQY CDQWV $QD FQPȉV
[QW ȍ + UCKF Ȋ0Q YJCV CDQWV $QD ȍ ,GHH RTQEGGFGF VQ VGNN OG VJCV $QD C HGY [GCTU GCTNKGT JCF VCMGP QXGT
VJG RTQITCO YKVJ NKVVNG QT PQ RTGXKQWU LC\\ VTCKPKPI QT GZRGTKGPEG #V JKU ȳTUV LC\\ HGUVKXCN $QD CPF JKU DCPF
TGEGKXGF XGT[ NQY TCVKPIU CPF TGEGKXGF JCTFVQJGCT EQOOGPVU HTQO VJG CFLWFKECVQTU (QTVWPCVGN[ $QD YCU
CNUQ C JWODNG CPF XGT[ EQPUEKGPVKQWU UQWN CPF QXGT VJG PGZV [GCTU CXCKNGF JKOUGNH QH GXGT[ RQUUKDNG NGCTPKPI
GZRGTKGPEG KP LC\\ *G KPXKVGF KP ENKPKEKCPU VQ JKU UEJQQN CPF YCVEJGF ECTGHWNN[ CPF VQQM PQVGU *G YGPV VQ
UWOOGT LC\\ ECORU CPF YCU VGCEJCDNG GPQWIJ VQ RWV JKOUGNH KPVQ VJG GZRGTKGPEG CU C UVWFGPV RNC[KPI KP VJG
GPUGODNGU UKVVKPI PGZV VQ JKIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPVU *G YGPV VQ QVJGT ENKPKEU CPF YQTMUJQRU CPF YCVEJGF QVJGT
FKTGEVQTU #PF JGTG CDQWV ȳXG [GCTU NCVGT JG DTQWIJV VJG YKPPKPI DCPF C VTWN[ UWRGTKQT GPUGODNG VQ VJG
0#7 ,C\\ (GUVKXCN .CVGT + JCF VJG RTKXKNGIG QH OGGVKPI $QD CV CP +#,' %QPXGPVKQP +V KU JCTF VQ CFGSWCVGN[
GZRTGUU O[ TGURGEV CPF CFOKTCVKQP HQT $QD CPF VJG CRRTQCEJ JG VQQM VQ KORTQXKPI JKOUGNH Take the steps
to strengthen your weaknesses!

+ DGECOG CYCTG QH C UKOKNCT UVQT[ YJGP + YCVEJGF ,CPKU 5VQEMJQWUG QH $NQQOKPIVQP +PFKCPC 0QTVJ *KIJ
5EJQQN TGEGKXG VJG ,QJP .C2QTVC ,C\\ 'FWECVQT QH VJG ;GCT #YCTF CV VJG ,C\\ 'FWECVKQP 0GVYQTM %QPHGTGPEG
KP  ,CPKU VQNF JGT UVQT[ CU UJG CEEGRVGF VJG CYCTF + JCXG UKPEG VCNMGF YKVJ JGT RGTUQPCNN[ VQ XGTKH[
UQOG FGVCKNU ,CPKU ITCFWCVGF HTQO +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[ YKVJ C /WUKE 'FWECVKQP FGITGG JCXKPI JCF \GTQ LC\\
GFWEVKQP 5JG JCF YCPVGF VQ VCMG CP KORTQXKUCVKQP ENCUU DWV KV CNYC[U UGGOGF VQ EQPʏKEV YKVJ VJG TGSWKTGF
OGVJQFU EQWTUGU YQQFYKPF OGVJQFU UVTKPI OGVJQFU DTCUU OGVJQFU GVE  +P JGT UGPKQT [GCT UJG UKIPGF WR
YKVJ VTGRKFCVKQP HQT VJG LC\\ GPUGODNG CWFKVKQPU VQ RNC[ VTWORGV 9JGP C RGGT UCY JGT PCOG QP VJG NKUV JG
told her she had no business auditioning since she hadn’t even had a jazz improvisation class or any previous
LC\\ GZRGTKGPEG 5JG YCU GXGP OQTG KPVKOKFCVGF CPF TGOQXGF JGT PCOG HTQO VJG NKUV

*GT ȳTUV VGCEJKPI LQD YCU KP C XGT[ UOCNN UEJQQN VJCV JCF PQ LC\\ ITQWR $WV VJG UVWFGPVU YGTG XGT[ CPZ
KQWU VQ JCXG C DCPF CPF ITCFWCNN[ RTGXCKNGF YKVJ JGT 5JG UVCTVGF C NKVVNG LC\\ DCPF CPF UJG CPF VJG MKFU
JCF HWP YKVJ KV DWV KV FKFPȉV QRGTCVG CV C XGT[ JKIJ NGXGN 9JGP UJG NCPFGF VJG LQD CV $NQQOKPIVQP 0QTVJ
UJG YCU DNQYP CYC[ VJG ȳTUV FC[ D[ JQY CEEGNGTCVGF VJG UVWFGPVU YGTG KP VJG LC\\ DCPFU VJG[ JCF VYQ
QH VJGO CPF MPGY VJCV UJG YCU KP FGGR VTQWDNG -PQYKPI UJG PGGFGF JGNR UJG ECNNGF &QOKPKE 5RGTC
CV +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[ *G YCU MKPF CPF ECOG VQ VJG UEJQQN QP VYQ FKHHGTGPV QEECUKQPU CPF YQTMGF YKVJ
VJG DCPF 5JG YCVEJGF CPF NGCTPGF *G CNUQ JGNRGF ,CPKU YKVJ VJKPIU UJG PGGFGF VQ MPQY UKVVKPI FQYP
YKVJ JGT CPF UJQYKPI JGT JQY VQ CTVKEWNCVG UECNGU KP LC\\ CPF VJG NKMG 5JG NCVGT DTQWIJV QVJGT ENKPKEKCPU
into the school to help the rhythm section during the rehearsals.

6JG PGZV UWOOGT UJG YGPV VQ VJG 5JGNN .CMG ,C\\ %COR KP 9KUEQPUKP 6JG HQNNQYKPI VYQ UWOOGTU UJG
CVVGPFGF VJG ,COG[ #GDGTUQNF ,C\\ %COR CU C UVWFGPV CPF RNC[GF KP VJG GPUGODNGU PGZV VQ JGT QYP
UVWFGPVU  5JG DQWIJV NQVU QH LC\\ %&U Kind of Blue D[ /KNGU &CXKU YCU VJG ȳTUV CPF UVCTVGF IQKPI VQ C
NQV QH LC\\ EQPEGTVU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJQUG CV VJG WPKXGTUKV[ D[ &CXKF $CMGTȉU DCPF  5JG KOOGTUGF JGTUGNH KP LC\\
CPF DGECOG C TGCN LC\\ HCP 5JG VQQM VJG DCPF VQ GXGT[ LC\\ HGUVKXCN UJG EQWNF CPF GPEQWTCIGF VJG UVWFGPVU
VQ IGV RTKXCVG LC\\ NGUUQPU HTQO VJG EQNNGIG UVWFGPVU KP VJG CTGC 5JG LWUV MGRV YQTMKPI CV KV CPF YQTMKPI CV KV
CPF VJKPIU MGRV IGVVKPI DGVVGT CPF DGVVGT 6JG DCPF UVCTVGF YKPPKPI CV VJG HGUVKXCNU CPF VJG[ RGTHQTOGF CV VJG
EQPHGTGPEGU QH VJG +PVGTPCVKQPCN #UUQEKCVKQP HQT ,C\\ 'FWECVKQP CPF VJG ,C\\ 'FWECVKQP 0GVYQTM

+P VJG ȉU UJG YCU CDNG VQ RCTVPGT YKVJ C HTKGPF VQ YTKVG C DQQM QP YQOGP KP LC\\ CPF VJWU IQV VQ FQ UQOG
KPVGTXKGYU YKVJ UQOG QH VJG ITGCV YQOGP KP LC\\ KP 0GY ;QTM %KV[ YJKEJ YCU CNUQ C JGNRHWN NGCTPKPI GZRGTKGPEG

%JCRVGT  6JG ,C\\ $CPF &KTGEVQT 6JG ,QD &GUETKRVKQP QT Ȋ9JCV #DQWV $QD ȍ ] 2CIG 
+V YCU ITCVKH[KPI YJGP UJG TGEGKXGF VJG ȳTUV &CXKF $CMGT #YCTF HTQO VJG +PFKCPCRQNKU ,C\\ %QCNKVKQP .CVGT
UJG YCU PCOGF C ,C\\ *GTQ D[ VJG ,C\\ ,QWTPCNKUVU #UUQEKCVKQP #PF VJGP KP  VJG XGT[ RTGUVKIKQWU ,QJP
.C2QTVC ,C\\ 'FWECVQT QH VJG ;GCT YCU CYCTFGF VQ JGT LQKPVN[ D[ VJG $GTMNGG %QNNGIG QH /WUKE CPF VJG ,C\\
'FWECVKQP 0GVYQTM 5QOGYJCV KTQPKECNN[ UJG PQY VGCEJGU HQWT ENCUU UGUUKQPU GCEJ UGOGUVGT HQT VJG LC\\
RGFCIQI[ ENCUU CV +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[ UJCTKPI KPUKIJVU HTQO UQOGQPG YJQ KU QWV KP UGTXKEG KP C RWDNKE UEJQQN
program.

9JGP + CUMGF ,CPKU YJCV UJG YQWNF RCUU QP VQ OWUKE GFWECVQTU YJQ CTG UVCTVKPI VJG UCOG YC[ UJG FKF UJG
HGNV VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI UJG EQWNF UC[ KU Ȋ$W[ LC\\ %&U CPF NKUVGP VQ VJGO CNN VJG VKOGȍ 5JG CNUQ HGNV
VJCV CVVGPFKPI VJG UWOOGT LC\\ ECORU CU C RNC[GT YCU JWIG KP JGT FGXGNQROGPV 6JKU KU UQOGVJKPI ;17 ECP
also do. Take the steps to strengthen your weaknesses!

+P O[ OKPF VJGTG CTG HQWT CTGCU KP YJKEJ YG OWUV DG CDNG VQ VGCEJ GHHGEVKXGN[ KP QTFGT VQ ETGCVG C VTWN[ UWRGTKQT
GPUGODNG 6JG GPUGODNG VJCV UWEEGUUHWNN[ FGCNU YKVJ VJGUG CTGCU KU VJG GPUGODNG VJCV JQPGUVN[ FGUGTXGU C +
Rating at the festival.

6JGTG OWUV DG GXKFGPEG VJCV YG CTG UWEEGUUHWNN[ VGCEJKPI VJG DCUKEU QH RNC[KPI VJG KPUVTWOGPVU CPF QH
GPUGODNG CPF UGEVKQP RNC[KPIȅVQPG RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP DCNCPEG DNGPF F[PCOKEU RTGEKUKQP CPF VJG
NKMG 6JKU KU EQXGTGF KP 5GEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

6JGTG OWUV DG GXKFGPEG VJCV YG CTG UWEEGUUHWNN[ VGCEJKPI UV[NG GURGEKCNN[ UYKPI UV[NG CU VJG DGIKPPKPI RQKPV
in jazz ensemble performance. We must be teaching the basics of time feel, rhythm, and articulation, and the
NKMG CU VJG[ CRRN[ VQ VJG UV[NG QH GCEJ EJCTV 6JKU KU EQXGTGF KP UGEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

6JGTG OWUV DG GXKFGPEG VJCV YG CTG UWEEGUUHWNN[ FGCNKPI YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQPȅKPFKXKFWCNN[ CPF
EQNNGEVKXGN[ 6JKU KU EQXGTGF KP UGEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

6JGTG OWUV DG GXKFGPEG VJCV YG CTG UWEEGUUHWNN[ FGCNKPI YKVJ VJG UQNQKUVU QT KP QVJGT YQTFU YKVJ KORTQXKUCVKQP KP
VJG RGTHQTOCPEG +ORTQXKUCVKQP KU VJG NKHGDNQQF QH VJG OWUKE 6JKU KU EQXGTGF KP UGEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

+P CFFKVKQP YG FQ JCXG VQ DG CDNG VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG DCUKE CFOKPKUVTCVKXG TGURQPUKDKNKVKGU QH TWPPKPI CP
GPUGODNG RTQITCO 6JKU GZVGPFU HTQO UGV WR KUUWGU VQ EJQQUKPI CRRTQRTKCVG NKVGTCVWTG CPF RTQITCOOKPI
VQ OKETQRJQPG VGEJPKSWG VQ KPURKTKPI VJG UVWFGPVU CPF JGNRKPI VJGO FGCN YKVJ UVCIG HTKIJV 6JKU KU EQXGTGF
KP UGEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

5Q JGTG YG IQ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Section 2

Dealing with Basics:

It Don’t Mean a Thing if
it Ain’t Got That Sound

So Let’s Sound This Thing . . .

Chapter 2 Helping Horns with Tone Production
6QPG RTQFWEVKQP KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH FGXGNQRKPI CP GPUGODNG CPF YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ VJKU KUUWG HQT VJG JQTP
RNC[GTU QPN[ VTWORGV VTQODQPG CPF UCZQRJQPG KP VJKU EJCRVGT 6GCEJKPI VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KU UQOGVJKPI
[QWT EQNNGIG YQTMUJQR QT VGEJPKSWGU ENCUUGU UJQWNF JCXG RTGRCTGF [QW VQ FQ DWV NGVȉU TGXKGY C HGY DCUKE
RQKPVU 6QPG RTQFWEVKQP ECP DG DTQMGP FQYP VQ GODQWEJWTG QTCN ECXKV[ DTGCVJ UWRRQTV CPF UGV WR TGGF
OQWVJRKGEG KPUVTWOGPV GVE  5GG #RRGPFKZ $ HQT JGNR YKVJ IGCT .GVȉU CNUQ KPENWFG KP VJKU EJCRVGT KUUWGU
CWZKNKCT[ VQ VQPG RTQFWEVKQP UWEJ CU XKDTCVQ

#U OGPVKQPGF KP VJG RTGNKOKPCT[ OCVGTKCN + CO PQV VT[KPI VQ OCMG VJKU the FGȳPKVKXG UQWTEG QP YKPF VQPG
production, but there are a number principles and problems that are constantly coming to the front in jazz
TGJGCTUCNU VJCV + PGGF VQ CFFTGUU JGTG

The First Main Horn Problem: The Air

(KTUV VJG FC[ + TGCNN[ DGICP VQ ITQY QP O[ KPUVTWOGPV YCU VJG FC[ + TGCNK\GF VJCV  QT OQTG QH RNC[KPI C
YKPF KPUVTWOGPV KU VJG 9+0&6QQ QDXKQWU HQT OQUV QH WU VQ VJKPM CDQWV KV 6JG ȳTUV TGCNN[ DKI EJCNNGPIG KP
VJG YKPF UGEVKQP KU VQ IGV VJG CKT ʏQYKPI +V VCMGU GPGTI[ KPVQ VJG JQTP VQ IGV GPGTI[ QWV QH VJG JQTP 6JGTG
KU C RTKPEKRNG QH RJ[UKEU YKVJKP VJG NCYU QH VJGTOQF[PCOKEU YJKEJ VGNNU WU YG ECPPQV IGV OQTG GPGTI[
QWV QH C U[UVGO VJCP YG RWV KPVQ KV +V KU C EQPUVCPV EJCNNGPIG VQ IGV [QWPIGT UVWFGPVU VQ GZGTV VJGOUGNXGU
CPF RTQXKFG CFGSWCVG RGTUQPCN GPGTI[ VQ VJGKT KPUVTWOGPVU + ECNN KV RNC[KPI YKVJ RTQHGUUKQPCN UQNKFPGUU CPF
CWVJQTKV[ 2TQHGUUKQPCN RNC[GTU RWV C NQV QH CKT CPF GPGTI[ KPVQ VJGKT KPUVTWOGPVU

5Q + VJKPM VJG ȳTUV VJKPI VQ FQ CDQWV VJKU KU VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ VCMG C HWNN DTGCVJ GCEJ VKOG VJG[ DTGCVJG
6JKU OCZKOK\GU VJG PCVWTCN DQF[ YGKIJV QT PCVWTCN HQTEG QH GZJCNCVKQP DGJKPF VJG CKTUVTGCO CPF RTQXKFGU
OQTG GPGTI[ KPVQ VJG KPUVTWOGPV + WUG CP CPCNQI[ QH RWNNKPI DCEM C UYKPI 9JGP YG RWNN C EJKNF DCEM KP
C UYKPI YG IGPGTCNN[ RWNN VJG UYKPI YC[ DCEM UQ KV ECP CEJKGXG C IQQF VJGTGHQTG HWP OQOGPVWO 9JCV
JCRRGPU KH YG RWNN VJG UYKPI DCEM CDQWV HQWT KPEJGU CPF LWUV NGV IQ $KI VJTKNNU +V KU VJG UCOG YJGP
KPJCNKPI YG PGGF VQ RWNN VJG UYKPI DCEM CNN VJG YC[ PQV LWUV C VKP[ DKV +V KU UWTRTKUKPI JQY OWEJ VJKU
UVCTVU VQ IGV VJG CKT IQKPI + QHVGP VGNN VJG UVWFGPVU VJCV VJGKT KPUVTWOGPV GCVU CKT CPF VJG[ CTG UVCTXKPI VJG
RQQT VJKPI VQ FGCVJ Ȋ(GGF KV UQOG CKTȍ 6JG DCPF FKTGEVQT JCU VQ DGEQOG C EJGGTNGCFGT VQ MGGR VJG CKT
OQXKPI KP VJG DCPF 6JG V[RKECN U[PFTQOG KU HQT VJG DCPF VQ CEJKGXG C DKI UQWPF D[ VJG GPF QH VJG TGJGCTUCN
VJCV KU KH VJG[ CTG YQTMKPI QP KV CPF VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT KU EJGGTNGCFKPI  DWV D[ VJG PGZV FC[ VJG UQWPF JCU
FGʏCVGF CPF YG JCXG VQ UVCTV QXGT 6JKU OC[ IQ QP HQT C YJKNG HTQO FC[ VQ FC[ WPVKN VJG UVWFGPVU ȳPCNN[
TGCNK\G VJCV VJG[ ECP IQ CJGCF CPF DNQY YKVJQWV JCXKPI VQ DG EQCZGF VQ FQ UQ 'XGP VJGP VJG EJGGTNGCFKPI
role is not over for the director.

The Second Big Horn Problem: Embouchure and Support

9JGP YG UVCTV VQ WUG VJG CKT RTQRGTN[ C EGTVCKP DWTFGP KU NKHVGF HTQO VJG GODQWEJWTG CPF YG ECP QRGP VJG
VGGVJ CPF QRGP VJG VJTQCV CPF ȊNGVȍ VJG CKT FQ VJG LQD 6JKU KPETGCUGU DTCUU GPFWTCPEG CPF UQNXGU C NQV QH
VQPG CPF KPVQPCVKQP KUUWGU 6JGUG KUUWGU CTG GXGP OQTG EQORNKECVGF KP VJG WRRGT TGIKUVGT QH VJG KPUVTWOGPVU
YJGTG VJG UVWFGPVU CTG WUWCNN[ RKPEJKPI CPF UVTCKPKPI 6JKU ECWUGU EJQMGF UQWPFU CPF UJCTR RKVEJGU CPF
VCMGU C VQNN QP VJG GODQWEJWTG OWUENGU + VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ IGV VJG JCPI QH NGVVKPI VJG CKT FQ OQTG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

QH VJG YQTM UQ VJG GODQWEJWTG ECP TGNCZ CPF FQ NGUU /[ WUWCN FGOQPUVTCVKQP UGG XKFGQ GZCORNGU HQT VJKU
EJCRVGT KU QH VJG WPVTCKPGF XQECNKUV VT[KPI VQ UKPI JKIJ KP VJGKT TCPIGȅEJQMGF QHH CPF UVTCKPGFȅXGTUWU
VJG VTCKPGF XQECNKUV YJQ NQQMU NKMG JG KU OQTG QRGP CPF UKPIKPI NQYGT CU JG UKPIU JKIJGT 1H EQWTUG CNN QH
VJKU RTGUWRRQUGU VJCV YG CTG VGCEJKPI VJG DCUKEU QH DTGCVJ UWRRQTV CPF GODQWEJWTG 5GG EJCRVGT XKFGQU HQT
KFGCU VJCV YKNN TGCNN[ JGNR YKVJ VQPG RTQFWEVKQP

The Third Big Horn Problem: Percussiveness

'ZEGRV HQT UQOG DCNNCF RNC[KPI YG PGGF VQ RNC[ XGT[ RGTEWUUKXGN[ WPNKMG VJG EQPEGTV DCPF CPF QTEJGUVTC
YJGTG YG WUWCNN[ YQTM HQT OQTG UOQQVJPGUU  6JKU IGPGTCNN[ OGCPU VJCV YG PGGF VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU YKVJ
JQY VQ CVVCEM VJG PQVGU +P LC\\ YG CVVCEM NQWFGT VJCP YG UWUVCKP KP QTFGT VQ ETGCVG C UVTQPI RGTEWUUKXG
EJCTCEVGT KP QWT RNC[KPI + WUWCNN[ JCXG VQ JGNR [QWPI RNC[GTU NGCTP VQ RWNN VJG UYKPI DCEM NGV VJG RTGUUWTG
DWKNF WR DGJKPF VJG VQPIWG OQOGPVCTKN[ CPF VJGP TGNGCUG VJG VQPIWG UQ VJG[ IGV VJG RGTEWUUKXG CVVCEM

The Fourth Big Horn Problem: Decay in all the Wrong Places
+V KU CNUQ C XGT[ DKI RTQDNGO HQT [QWPI OWUKEKCPU VQ FGEC[ GXGT[ PQVG TKIJV CHVGT VJG[ CVVCEM KV +V KU C
UWDUVCPVKCN EJCNNGPIG VQ IGV VJGO VQ UWUVCKP VJG PQVG YKVJ EQPUKUVGPE[ CPF PQ FGEC[ GXGP CV VJG EQNNGIG
NGXGN $WV QPEG VJG[ UVCTV FQKPI VJKU VJGKT RNC[KPI KU HCT OQTG RTQHGUUKQPCN KP RJTCUKPI NGICVQ CPF RQYGT +
JCXG VJGO LWUV RNC[ C PQVG CPF JQNF KV #U VJG[ FQ + RQKPV QWV VQ VJGO VJG FGEC[ VJCV KU JCRRGPKPI 6JGP +
CUM VJGO VQ UWUVCKP VJG PQVG YKVJQWV FGEC[ 6JKU ECP VCMG UGXGTCN CVVGORVU DWV QPEG VJG[ CEVWCNN[ UWUVCKP
VJG PQVG VJGP + JCXG VJGO OQXG VQ VJG PGZV PQVG YKVJ PQ NCRUG KP CKT QT VQPG KPVGPUKV[  5QQP + ECP IGV VJGO
VQ MGGR VJG CKT OQXKPI VJTQWIJ VJG PQVGU YKVJ OWEJ OQTG EQPUVCPE[ CPF UOQQVJPGUU 5GG XKFGQ FGOQ

An Effective Tone Production Ensemble Exercise

+ JCXG C DNQYKPI GZGTEKUG VJCV JGNRU YKVJ CNN QH VJG CDQXG RTQDNGOU KOOGPUGN[ + YKNN JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU RNC[ C
DTKGH GPUGODNG UGEVKQP YJGTG GXGT[QPG KU RNC[KPI VJG UCOG VJKPI VQIGVJGT 6JGP + JCXG VJGO UKPI VJG RKVEJGU
YKVJ UQOG GORJCUKU QP UKPIKPI VJGO KP VWPG 6JKTF + JCXG VJGO DNQY KV YKVJ VJG CKT UVTGCO CNQPG PQ JQTP
DWV RKVEJGFCMKP VQ YJKUVNKPI DWV LWUV YKVJ VJG XGNQEKV[ QH VJG CKT +H VJG[ CTG J[RGTXGPVKNCVKPI VJGP + IKXG
VJGO C UJQTV TGUV VQ TGICKP GSWKNKDTKWO +H VJG[ CTG PQV J[RGTXGPVKNCVKPI VJG[ CTG PQV FQKPI KV TKIJV UQ + YKNN
JCXG VJGO TGRGCV KV YKVJ FGGRGT DTGCVJKPI CPF OQTG CKT OQXKPI 6JGP + YKNN JCXG VJGO DNQY KV YKVJ VJG CKT
UVTGCO CICKP DWV VJKU VKOG YKVJ OWEJ OQTG CKTȅRWNN VJG UYKPI DCEM VCMG FGGR DTGCVJU CPF DNQY VT[KPI VQ
RTQLGEV VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ VQ VJG HTQPV YCNN QH VJG TQQO 6JGP + JCXG VJGO TGRGCV KV YKVJ VJG JQTPU KOOGFKCVGN[
+V KU CNYC[U NKMG C OCIKE VTKEM $KIPGUU QH UQWPF KPVQPCVKQP CPF VQPG SWCNKV[ CTG CNN HCPVCUVKECNN[ KORTQXGF
CPF VJGTG KU C EQPEGRV PQY QH JQY VQ DTGCVJ CPF JQY VQ DNQY 5GG VJG XKFGQ FGOQPUVTCVKQP QH VJKU

The First Big Saxophone Problem: Jazz Mouthpieces

6JG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP JCU C EQWRNG QH KVU QYP XGT[ EQOOQP VQPG RTQDNGOU (KTUV VJG YJQNG UGEVKQP
UJQWNF DG WUKPI LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGU 6JG LC\\ OQWVJRKGEG KU OQTG QRGP CPF WUWCNN[ JCU C NKVVNG FKHHGTGPV
KPVGTPCN EJCODGT VJCP VJG ENCUUKECN OQWVJRKGEG 6JKU KU JGNRHWN YJGP VT[KPI VQ CEJKGXG RQYGT VQ DCNCPEG
VJG DTCUU UGEVKQP 9JGP VJG UGEVKQP RNC[U QP ENCUUKECN OQWVJRKGEGU VJG UQWPF YKNN DG UOCNN CPF WUWCNN[

%JCRVGT  6QPG 2TQFWEVKQP ] 2CIG 

DWTKGF WPFGT VJG DTCUU 2GTJCRU KV KU GXGP OQTG RTQDNGOCVKE YJGP QPG QT VYQ KP C UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP CTG
WUKPI LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGU QHVGP DGECWUG VJG[ CTG VJG QPGU UVWF[KPI RTKXCVGN[  CPF VJG TGUV CTG WUKPI VJGKT
ENCUUKECN OQWVJRKGEGU 6JKU OCMGU DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF PGZV VQ KORQUUKDNG KP VT[KPI VQ CEJKGXG C UGEVKQP
UQWPF 5GG #RRGPFKZ $ HQT IGCT JGNR

The Second Big Saxophone Problem: Mouthpiece Pitches

#PQVJGT OCLQT RTQDNGO KP UCZQRJQPG VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KU RNC[KPI VQQ JKIJ KP VJG RKVEJ + JCXG VGUVGF VJG
OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ QH NKVGTCNN[ JWPFTGFU QH [QWPI RNC[GTU /QUV QH VJG CNVQ RNC[GTU CTG RNC[KPI CP # QT C
$ UQOG CTG RNC[KPI C % CPF C HGY C % 6JG EQTTGEV RKVEJ CV C HQTVG NGXGN KU C EQPEGTV # HQT VJG CNVQ 6JKU
OGCPU VJCV VJG RNC[GT PGGFU VQ NGCTP VQ EQPȳIWTG JKU QTCN ECXKV[ CPF VQPIWG RQUKVKQP UQ JG KU DNQYKPI FQYP
KPVQ VJG EGPVGT RCTV QH VJG RKVEJ NKMG VJG DTCUU RNC[GTU  #V VJKU RQKPV VJG VQPG TGCNN[ QRGPU WR CPF VJG
KPVQPCVKQP QH VJG KPUVTWOGPV KU OWEJ VTWGT DGECWUG VJG OQWVJRKGEG ECP DG RWUJGF KP VQ YJGTG VJG KPUVTW
OGPV QEVCXGU YKNN NKPG WR OWEJ DGVVGT 5GG #RRGPFKZ ' HQT C OQTG VJQTQWIJ VTGCVOGPV QH VJKU VQRKE CPF
HQT GZGTEKUGU VJCV YKNN JGNR VJG UVWFGPV CEJKGXG VJKU (QT VGPQT UCZQRJQPG VJG RKVEJ KU %QPEGTV ) ( KU
RQUUKDNG CNUQ  HQT DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG EQPEGTV & CPF HQT UQRTCPQ UCZQRJQPG EQPEGTV % (QT FQWDNGTU
VJG ENCTKPGV OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ KU %QPEGTV % YJKEJ YKNN TGSWKTG DNQYKPI WR VQ VJG VQR QH VJG RKVEJ KPUVGCF
QH FQYP KPVQ VJG OKFFNG  CPF VJG DCUU ENCTKPGV OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ KU EQPEGTV ) 5GG XKFGQ FGOQPUVTCVKQPU

The Third Big Saxophone Problem: Subtone

#PQVJGT UCZQRJQPG RTQDNGO KU WPFGTUVCPFKPI UWDVQPG CPF YJGP VQ WUG KV 6JG QNFGT RNC[GTU WUGF UWDVQPG
C NQV OCKPUVTGCO RNC[GTU UVKNN VGPF VQ WUG UWDVQPG HTQO CDQWV NQY ) QP FQYP VQ VJG DQVVQO QH VJG JQTP
6JG OQUV EQPVGORQTCT[ RNC[GTU TCTGN[ WUG UWDVQPG 5WDVQPG KU CEEQORNKUJGF D[ RWNNKPI VJG LCY DCEM CPF
NQQUGPKPI UNKIJVN[ KP VJG GODQWEJWTG CPF VJGP PQV QXGTDNQYKPI +V URTGCFU VJG UQWPF CPF CNNQYU C EGTVCKP
COQWPV QH CKT VQ EQOG KPVQ VJG VQPG 5QOGVKOGU VJG YJQNG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP YKNN CRRTQRTKCVGN[ CVVGORV
VQ RNC[ UWDVQPG VQIGVJGT UWEJ CU KP C WPKUQP DCEMITQWPF RCUUCIG  CPF QHVGP KV KU XGT[ GHHGEVKXG KP UQNQ
RNC[KPI GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG DCNNCF DWV HQT IGPGTCN UGEVKQP RNC[KPI + UVGGT VJG UGEVKQP CYC[ HTQO WUKPI XGT[
OWEJ UWDVQPG 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ VTWG HQT VJG UGEQPF VGPQT RNC[GT YJQ KU QHVGP YTKVVGP NQY KP VJG UWDVQPG
TCPIG DWV YKNN DG WPCDNG VQ DCNCPEG VJG UGEVKQP KH JG RNC[U UWDVQPG

The Fourth Big Saxophone Problem: Laser Edged Tone

#PQVJGT KUUWG KP ETGCVKPI DNGPF KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP QEEWTU YJGP YG JCXG UQOG UVWFGPVU RNC[KPI YKVJ
C NCUGTGFIGF VQPG DGECWUG VJG[ CTG WUKPI C XGT[ JKIJDCHʏG OQWVJRKGEG 6JG DCHʏG KU C DWKNF WR KPUKFG
VJG EJCODGT PGCT VJG VKR +V KU XGT[ FKHȳEWNV VQ DNGPF VJGUG GFI[ VQPGU KP C UGEVKQP UKVWCVKQP + CUM GCEJ QH
VJG RNC[GTU VQ YCTO WR VJGKT UQWPF CPF RNC[ YKVJ OQTG DQF[ 6JKU KU FQPG OQUVN[ KP VJG QTCN ECXKV[ +V KU HCT
GCUKGT VQ DNGPF YCTOGT NGUU GFI[ UQWPFU 6JKU KU GXGP OQTG PGEGUUCT[ KP VJG QNFGT ENCUUKE UYKPI GTC UQWPF

A General Trombone Problem: Bore Sizes and Mouthpieces

6JG DGUV DNGPF CPF DCNCPEG KP C VTQODQPG UGEVKQP YKNN DG ETGCVGF YJGP CNN QH VJG VGPQT VTQODQPGU WUG C
UOCNN DQTG KPUVTWOGPV UWEJ CU VJG -KPI $ 1H EQWTUG VJG DCUU VTQODQPG YKNN DG WUKPI C OWEJ NCTIGT DQTG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

KPUVTWOGPV +P C UEJQQN KV KU FKHȳEWNV VQ IGV VJKU EQPUKUVGPE[ YKVJ JQTPU CPF QHVGP VJG RNC[GTU YKNN DG WUKPI
NCTIG QTEJGUVTCN DQTG UK\GU VJCV OCMG KV FKHȳEWNV VQ IGV VJG PGEGUUCT[ TCPIG CPF VKIJVGT HQEWU KP VJG UQWPF
# OKZVWTG QH DQTG UK\GU TGCNN[ OCMGU KV FKHȳEWNV VQ IGV C IQQF UGEVKQP UQWPF 5QOG UEJQQNU JCXG C UGV QH
UOCNN DQTG VTQODQPGU VQ DG EJGEMGF QWV D[ VJG LC\\ DCPF UVWFGPVU

+V CNUQ JGNRU KH VJG CNN VJG RNC[GTU CTG WUKPI C LC\\V[RG OQWVJRKGEGGURGEKCNN[ VJG NGCF RNC[GT YJQ QHVGP
PGGFU VQ RNC[ SWKVG JKIJ KP JKU TCPIG 5GG #RRGPFKZ $ HQT IGCT JGNR HQT JQTPU

A General Trumpet Problem: Horns and Especially Mouthpieces

6JG VTWORGVU YKNN CNUQ RTQȳV HTQO JCXKPI JQTPU VJCV CTG PQV C JWIG QTEJGUVTCN DQTG UK\G 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[
KORQTVCPV HQT [QWT NGCF CPF UGEQPF RNC[GTU YJQ YKNN QHVGP DG RNC[KPI XGT[ JKIJ KP TCPIG *QYGXGT YKVJ
young players, it is not practical to have more than one instrument.

# DKIIGT KUUWG YQWNF DG VJG OQWVJRKGEGU ,C\\ OQWVJRKGEGU IGPGTCNN[ JCXG UOCNNGT DCEMDQTGU CPF RTQDCDN[
C NKVVNG UJCNNQYGT EWR VJCV OCMGU KV GCUKGT VQ IGV C OQTG HQEWUGF UQWPF CPF VQ RNC[ JKIJGT ;QWT NGCF VTWORGV
RNC[GT YKNN DG F[KPI CPF RTQDCDN[ FQKPI FCOCIG VQ JKOUGNH KH JG FQGU PQV JCXG VJG TKIJV GSWKROGPV 5GG
#RRGPFKZ $ HQT IQQF UWIIGUVKQPU VQ JGNR [QWT RNC[GTU YKVJ GSWKROGPV

Another General Ensemble Issue: Vibrato

8KDTCVQ WUCIG KU CPQVJGT VJKPI YG OWUV FGCN YKVJ KP ETGCVKPI VJG GPUGODNG UQWPF 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH EJCTVU
YG YKNN RTQITCO HQT VJG GPUGODNG YKNN TGSWKTG XGT[ NKVVNG XKDTCVQ 9JGP YG FQ WUG VJG XKDTCVQ KV YKNN DG
only on a longer note value, usually the last note of the phrase, and then only near the end of the note.
5QOG ECNN KV VGTOKPCN XKDTCVQȅXKDTCVQ QPN[ QP VJG VGTOKPCVKQP QH VJG PQVG 6JG GZEGRVKQP VQ VJKU YQWNF
DG VJG QNF UYKPI GTC UQWPF YJGTG YG OC[ EQNQT YKVJ XKDTCVQ CETQUU OQTG QH VJG XCNWG QH VJG PQVG 6JG
NGCF RNC[GT JCU VJG RTGTQICVKXG VQ UGV VJG RCEG HQT JQY VJG XKDTCVQ YKNN DG WUGF +P QNFGT VWPGU VJG UGEVKQP
YKNN HQNNQY VJG NGCF QP UV[NG CPF WUG QH XKDTCVQ 5QOGVKOGU KP OQTG OQFGTP EJCTVU QPN[ VJG NGCF YKNN FQ
vibrato.

+V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJGTG DG PQ XKDTCVQ KP WPKUQP RNC[KPI 6JKU TWNG ȳVU CNN UV[NG RGTKQFU 7UG QH XKDTCVQ KP
unison is heard as intonation problems.

%JCRVGT  6QPG 2TQFWEVKQP ] 2CIG 

Chapter 3 Helping Horns with Intonation
5Q OWEJ QH KPVQPCVKQP FGRGPFU ȳTUV QP UQNKF VQPG RTQFWEVKQP #V C EGTVCKP NGXGN KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ UGRCTCVG
VQPG CPF KPVQPCVKQP DWV CV VJG JKIJGT NGXGN VJG[ CTG NCTIGN[ QPG CPF VJG UCOG +P QVJGT YQTFU D[ OCPKRWNCVKPI VJG
U[UVGO VWPKPI UNKFG OQWVJRKGEG  + OC[ DTKPI C PQVG VQ VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ YKVJQWV ȳPFKPI VJG EQTTGEV VQPG
DWV PQTOCNN[ + YKNN ȳPF VJG EQTTGEV VQPG CPF VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ CV QPG CPF VJG UCOG OQOGPV + ECNN VJKU
DGKPI KP VWPG CPF DGKPI KP VQPG $[ EQTTGEV VQPG + OGCP C VQPG VJCV KU EGPVGTGF CPF VJGTGHQTG XKDTCVKPI CV
KVU QRVKOCN NGXGN +P RJ[UKEU CEQWUVKEU  VJKU KU ECNNGF OCZKOWO TGUQPCPEG QT PCVWTCN HTGSWGPE[ 'CEJ PQVG
JCU CP KFGCN URGGF YJGTG KV RJ[UKECNN[ YCPVU VQ XKDTCVG CPF YJGP QWT DNQYKPI GODQWEJWTG CKT CPF QTCN
ECXKV[ KU CNKIPGF YKVJ VJG KFGCN VJG VQPG KU HWNN HTGG CPF UQNKF +V HGGNU NKMG VJG PQVG ȊNQEMUȍ KPVQ KVU QYP
UNQV + ECP RWUJ KV JCTF CV VJKU RQKPV YKVJQWV ȊRQRRKPIȍ KV QT QXGTDNQYKPI KV

+ EQORCTG VJKU VQ VWPKPI KP C TCFKQ UVCVKQP 6JKU CPCNQI[ KU DGIKPPKPI VQ DG NQUV QP VJG MKFU YJQ JCXG QPN[
JCF GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ C FKIKVCN VWPGT DWV + VJKPM [QW YKNN UVKNN KFGPVKH[ YKVJ VJKU 9JGP YG VWPG KP C TCFKQ
UVCVKQP YG JCXG VQ IGV VJG FKCN KP LWUV VJG TKIJV URQV HQT ENGCT VQPG TGEGRVKQP +H YG CTG QHH LWUV UNKIJVN[ GKVJGT
YC[ YG KPVTQFWEG HW\\ QT UVCVKE QT QVJGT PQKUG KPVQ VJG UQWPF 6QPG RTQFWEVKQP KU OWEJ VJKU UCOG YC[ 9G
JCXG VQ \GTQ KP GCEJ PQVG 9JGP YG FQ YG YKNN ȳPF C ITGCV VQPG YJCV + CO ECNNKPI VJG EQTTGEV VQPG  CPF
VJG RKVEJ YKNN DG TKIJV CV VJG UCOG VKOG OC[ JCXG VQ DG ȳPGVWPGF QPN[ UNKIJVN[  + FQPȉV MPQY VJCV YG ECP
TGCNN[ OCMG JGCFYC[ YKVJ KPVQPCVKQP RTQDNGOU YKVJQWV YQTMKPI QP KV CU C HWPEVKQP QH JQY YG CTG DNQYKPI VJG
KPUVTWOGPV KP VJG ȳTUV RNCEG

# ITGCV RTCEVKECN GZCORNG QH VJKU KU HQWPF KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP +H VJG RNC[GTU CTG DNQYKPI VJG YTQPI
OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJGU PQ COQWPV QH RWNNKPI QT RWUJKPI VJG OQWVJRKGEG YKNN UQNXG CNN VJG RKVEJ RTQDNGOU +P
HCEV KV OCMGU VJKPIU YQTUG VQ MGGR RWNNKPI QWV VJG OQWVJRKGEG VQ VT[ VQ UQNXG VJG RTQDNGO QH RNC[KPI VQQ
JKIJ KP VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ 6JG NQY PQVGU IQ ʏCV CPF VJG JKIJ PQVGU CTG UVKNN UJCTR CPF VJG TGNCVKXG RKVEJ
QH QPG QEVCXG VQ CPQVJGT IGVU DK\CTTG 0QY OWNVKRN[ VJCV D[ ȳXG CU YG VT[ VQ VWPG VJG UGEVKQP 0Q YQPFGT
UQ OCP[ DCPF FKTGEVQTU CTG RWNNKPI VJGKT JCKT QWV YJGP VJG[ VT[ VQ YQTM YKVJ VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP HQT RKVEJ
2NGCUG UGG O[ CTVKENG KP #RRGPFKZ ' VJCV YCU RWDNKUJGF KP VJG 0#,' ,QWTPCN KP  5Q YJCV FQ YG FQ

Use the Band Warm Up

9CTO WR VJG DCPF YKVJ VQPG CPF RKVEJ KUUWGU KP OKPF %JGEM OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJGU KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP
FCKN[ *CXG VJG DCPF RNC[ WPKUQP UECNGU CPF VWPG GCEJ PQVG + YKNN JCXG VJGO RNC[ VYQ QT VJTGG PQVGU WR VJG
UECNG CPF UVQR VJGO CPF CUM VJGO VQ UKPI VJG PGZV RKVEJ WR %CP VJG[ RTGJGCT VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ 9G FQ KV
WPVKN VJG[ ECP 1T KH QPG RKVEJ KU PQV IGVVKPI SWKEMN[ VWPGF + YKNN JCXG VJGO UVQR CPF UKPI VJCV RKVEJ WPVKN
YG ECP JGCT KV KP VJG TKIJV RNCEG + FQ DGNKGXG VJG MG[ VQ ȳZKPI RKVEJ KUUWGU KU VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP VQ
RTGJGCT VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJGU KP VJGKT OKPFȉU GCT +H VJG[ CTG ȳPIGTKPI QPG RKVEJ CPF JGCTKPI C FKHHGTGPV RKVEJ
KP VJGKT JGCFU VJG[ YKNN PQV EGPVGT VJG VQPG QT RNC[ VJG RKVEJ KP VWPG 1HVGP VJG UGEVKQP RNC[GT KU JGCTKPI
VJG NGCF RNC[GTȉU RKVEJGU KPUVGCF QH JKU QYP YJKEJ YKNN QH EQWTUG ETGCVG VQPGRKVEJ RTQDNGOU

6JG DCPF ECP IQ HTQO JQNFKPI WPKUQP PQVGU VQIGVJGT VQ JQNFKPI JCTOQPKGU VQIGVJGT 6JGUG EJQTFU ECP EQOG
HTQO C UGEVKQP QH QPG QH VJG EJCTVU VJG DCPF KU TGJGCTUKPI QT EQWNF DG HTQO EJQTF YCTO WR RCIGU UWEJ CU )TGI
;CUKPKVUM[ȉU VWPKPI YCTO WR UJGGVU 5GG #RRGPFKZ ( 6WPKPI EQORNGZ JCTOQPKGU KU C VCNN VCUM HQT VJQUG
YJQ JCXG VWPGF OQUVN[ VTKCFU KP VJG RCUV 5Q KV VCMGU UQOG JGNR HTQO VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT VQ WPFGTUVCPF JQY
VJG[ UJQWNF UQWPF 6GCEJ VJCV VJG PCTTQY KPVGTXCNU UWEJ CU JCNH CPF YJQNG UVGRU CTG V[RKECNN[ VQQ PCTTQY CPF
WUWCNN[ PGGF VQ DG URTGCF C NKVVNG OQTG 6JG YKFGT KPVGTXCNU CTG PQTOCNN[ VQQ YKFG CPF JCXG VQ DG EQPVTCEVGF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

1P VJG UCZQRJQPG PQVGU CDQXG VJG DTGCM OKFFNG & CPF WR CTG WUWCNN[ UJCTR CPF PGGF VQ DG DNQYP FQYP
YJKNG VJG PQVGU DGNQY VJG DTGCM % CPF DGNQY VGPF VQ DG QP VJG ʏCV UKFG 6JKU KU GZCEGTDCVGF D[ VJG
students playing too high in the mouthpiece pitch and then pulling the mouthpiece out too far in an attempt
VQ ȳZ VJG UJCTRPGUU QH VJG JKIJGT TGIKUVGT 1P VJG VTWORGV KV KU GUUGPVKCN VQ DG CYCTG QH JQY UJCTR VJG NQY
% CPF & CTG CPF VJCV VJG VJKTF XCNXG UNKFG OWUV DG RWUJGF QWV VQ JGNR YKVJ VJG VWPKPI 'XGT[ KPUVTWOGPV
JCU KVȉU QYP KFKQU[PETCUKGU

9JGP VJG EJQTF KU UWEEGUUHWNN[ VWPGF D[ VJG DCPF KV YKNN TKPI YJGP VJG PQVG KU EWV QHH +H VJGTG KU PQ TKPI
VJG RKVEJ HQT VJCV PQVG KU PQV JCRRGPKPI 9JGP VJG EJQTF KU UWUVCKPGF KP VWPG KV YKNN JCXG C ENCTKV[ CPF
URCTMNG 9JGP VJG EJQTF KU PQV [GV JCRRGPKPI KV YKNN JCXG C EGTVCKP ȊENWVVGTȍ KP VJG UQWPF #HVGT C YJKNG
VJG UVWFGPVU YKNN DGIKP VQ ECVCNQI VJG VGPFGPEKGU QH GCEJ PQVG QP VJGKT KPUVTWOGPV CPF YJCV VJG[ WUWCNN[
PGGF VQ FQ KH VJG[ CTG PQV NQEMKPI KP VJG PQVG VQ VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ

*GTG KU C RCTGPVJGVKECN VJQWIJV QP VGCEJKPI VJG EQPEGRV QH KPVQPCVKQP 6JG QNF KFGC QH JCXKPI VYQ RGTUQPU
UWUVCKP C PQVG CPF VJGP ȊIGV VJG DGCVU QWVȍ KU CEVWCNN[ PQV C DCF KFGC HQT ȳTUV VGCEJKPI VJG PQVKQP QH YJCV KV
means to play in tune. Unfortunately, it virtually has no practical application. We rarely have time to hold
C PQVG CPF VJGP NKUVGP HQT DGCVU CPF VT[ VQ VWPG VJG DGCVU QWV 6JG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU QP VJG PGZV VWPG D[
PQY 4CVJGT YG OWUV DGEQOG RTQCEVKXG CDQWV VWPKPI /GCPKPI VJCV YG ECPPQV LWUV RWUJ DWVVQPU QT OQXG
VJG UNKFG CPF NGV VJG PQVG IQ YJGTGXGT KV YCPVU VQ IQ CPF VJGP TGCEV VQ KVȅȊ.GVȉU UGG +U KV UJCTR QT ʏCV +
VJKPM KV KU ʏCV CFLWUV 1J PQ + IWGUU KV YCU UJCTR 6QQ NCVG PQYȍ 0Q VJKU KU PQV JQY KV KU FQPG KP VJG TGCN
YQTNF 9G JCXG VQ JGCT VJG PQVG EQOKPI RTGJGCT KV LWUV DGHQTG YG RNC[ KV CPF VJGP UKORN[ RNCEG VJG PQVG
QP VJCV RKVEJ KP VJG ȳTUV RNCEG 6JKU KU VJG QPN[ YC[ YG YKNN GXGT JCXG C ȳIJVKPI EJCPEG QH RNC[KPI KP VWPG

A Band Tuning Procedure

#HVGT UQOG YCTO CKT JCU IQPG VJTQWIJ VJG JQTPU VJGP KV YQWNF DG CRRTQRTKCVG VQ IKXG VJG DCPF C EJCPEG
VQ VWPG VQ VJG VWPKPI PQVG 6JKU KU WUWCNN[ PQV XGT[ UWEEGUUHWN DGECWUG VJG UVWFGPVU FQPȉV TGCNN[ MPQY YJCV
VJG[ CTG VWPKPI VQ 6JG[ ECPPQV JGCT VJG RKCPQ CP[OQTG CHVGT GXGT[QPG UVCTVU VQ VWPG UQ VJG[ ȳIWTG VJG[ CTG
VWPKPI VQ GCEJ QVJGT DWV VJCV KU NKMG VJG DNKPF VWPKPI VQ VJG DNKPF QT VJG FGCH VQ VJG FGCHȅLWUV MKFFKPI 
+ VGCEJ VJGO VJCV VJG[ CTG VWPKPI VQ VJG PQVG VJG[ JCXG KPVGTPCNK\GF KP VJGKT JGCFU 5Q VJG ȳTUV UVGR KU VQ
JGCT VJG RKCPQ PQVG YJKEJ + CNYC[U JCXG VJG RKCPKUV IKXG KP QEVCXGUGURGEKCNN[ NQYGT QEVCXGUHQT OQTG
CEEWTCVG JGCTKPI CPF VJGP UKPI KV UQ KV DGEQOGU KPVGTPCNK\GF 

6JGP YJGP VJG DCPF DGIKPU VQ VWPG VJG[ UJQWNF FGNKDGTCVGN[ RNC[ C NKVVNG ʏCV VQ VJG RKVEJ CPF VJGP DTKPI
KV WR VQ VJG RKVEJ VJCV KU KP VJGKT JGCFU 9J[ 2U[EJQNQIKUVU QH OWUKE JCXG UJQYP D[ GZRGTKOGPVU VJCV
OWUKEKCPU CPF PQPOWUKEKCPU CNKMG RTGHGT VQ JGCT UJCTRPGUU VQ ʏCVPGUU )KXGP VYQ RKVEJGU UNKIJVN[ QWV QH
VWPG VJG JKIJGT RKVEJ YKNN CNYC[U DG UGNGEVGF CU VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ GXGP KH VJG NQYGT RKVEJ KU VJG EQTTGEV QPG
+H YG UVCTV VWPKPI UJCTR YG OC[ PGXGT IGV CNN VJG YC[ FQYP VQ VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ DGHQTG YG JCXG FGEKFGF YG
NKMG KV YJGTG KV KU UJCTR  5Q + JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UVCTV DGNQY UQ VJG[ ECP JGCT OQTG CEEWTCVGN[ YJGP VJG[
have actually arrived at the pitch of the pitch standard.

6JGP YJGP VJG[ JCXG CTTKXGF CV VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ + CUM VJGO KH VJG[ NKMG VJG YC[ VJG[ CTG DNQYKPI +H KV
HGGNU NKMG VJG[ CTG DNQYKPI VQQ NQQUG VJGP VJG RKVEJ OWUV DG UJCTR DGECWUG VJG[ CTG DNQYKPI KP C YC[ VQ
DTKPI VJG RKVEJ FQYP +H VJG[ HGGN VQQ RKPEJGF VJGP VJG[ CTG VT[KPI VQ DNQY C ʏCV RKVEJ WR 6JGP VJG[ ECP
OCMG VJG CRRTQRTKCVG CFLWUVOGPV YKVJ VJG OQWVJRKGEG QT VWPKPI UNKFG RQUKVKQPU UQ VJG[ ECP DNQY YJGTG KV
KU EQOHQTVCDNG 1H EQWTUG VJG[ YQWNF RWNN KH UJCTR QT RWUJ KP KH ʏCV 6JKU YKNN [KGNF OWEJ DGVVGT VWPKPI
TGUWNVU 4GHGT VQ XKFGQ GZCORNGU HQT VJKU EJCRVGT

%JCRVGT  +PVQPCVKQP ] 2CIG 

5WOOCT[  5QWPF VJG VWPKPI PQVG CPF UKPI KV VQ KPVGTPCNK\G KV

 $GIKP RNC[KPI VQQ ʏCV CPF DTKPI VJG RKVEJ WR VQ VJG VWPKPI PQVG

 /CMG VJG CFLWUVOGPVU PGEGUUCT[ YKVJ VJG VWPKPI CRRCTCVWU QH VJG KPUVTWOGPV

Working on Tuning While Rehearsing

/QUV QH VJG CDQXG UVTCVGIKGU CTG JCRRGPKPI KP VJG ȳTUV HGY OKPWVGU QH TGJGCTUCN #U YG IQ QP KPVQ VJG
TGJGCTUCN YG UVKNN PGGF VQ MGGR YQTT[KPI CDQWV KPVQPCVKQP &QPȉV NGV QWVQHVWPG WPKUQPU QT QWVQHVWPG
EJQTFU IQ WPEJGEMGF (QT ȳZKPI WPKUQP RTQDNGOU KV WUWCNN[ YQTMU VQ UWUVCKP GCEJ PQVG QH VJG NKPG VQIGVJGT
CPF VWPG VQ GCEJ QVJGT CPF ȳPF QWV YJGTG VJG RTQDNGOU CTG +H VJKU KU DGVYGGP VYQ QT VJTGG RGQRNG OC[DG
NGCF CNVQ CPF VTWORGV + OC[ IKXG VJGO C OQOGPV CYC[ HTQO VJG DCPF VQ UQNXG VJGKT KUUWGU +H KV KPXQNXGU
OQTG RGQRNG GURGEKCNN[ CETQUU UGEVKQPU VJGP + PGGF VQ FQ KV KP VJG TGJGCTUCN

+H VJG RTQDNGOU CTG KP JCTOQPKGU CPF IQ CETQUU UGEVKQPU + UQOGVKOGU FKUUGEV VJG EJQTF D[ JCXKPI CNN VJG
th players play their notes, then all the 4th RNC[GTU VJGP VJG rd VJGP VJG nd CPF ȳPCNN[ VJG NGCF RNC[GTU
Sometimes, it is useful to have the lead trumpet and the bass trombone player sustain their notes together
QT NGCF CNVQ CPF DCTK  +V KU QHVGP WUGHWN VQ JCXG DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG CPF DCUU VTQODQPG CPF UQOGVKOGU VJG
DCUU KP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP UWUVCKP CPF VWPG PQVGU +V EQWNF DG VJG VYQ CNVQU CPF VJG VQR VYQ VTWORGVU QT VJG
VGPQT VTQODQPGU CPF VGPQT UCZQRJQPGU CPFQT UQOGVKOGU DCTK VJCV PGGF VQ UWUVCKP PQVGU

9JGP + JCXG C HWNN DCPF EJQTF VJCV KU PQV TGUQNXKPI KVUGNH SWKEMN[ + OC[ JCXG VQ DWKNF KV HTQO VJG DQVVQO
WR + YKNN JCXG VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP VWPG KV VJGP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP 6JGP JCXG VJG DQPGU CPF UCZGU
RNC[ KV VQIGVJGT 6JGP JCXG VJG VTWORGV UGEVKQP VWPG KV 0QY UVCTV YKVJ VJG DQPGU CPF UCZGU CPF VJGP CFF
VJG VTWORGVU 5QOGJQY YG JCXG VQ DGEQOG CYCTG QH YJGTG VJG RTQDNGO KU CPF YJCV KV UQWPFU NKMG CPF
HGGNU NKMG YJGP YG IGV KV

+V KU XGT[ EQOOQP HQT VJG NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT YJQ KU QHVGP RNC[KPI JKIJ KP JKU TCPIG VQ DG UJCTR + ȳPF
O[UGNH QHVGP EQCEJKPI VJG NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT CDQWV DTKPIKPI JKU PQVG FQYP VQ RKVEJ 6JKU JCU [KGNFGF
JWIG FKXKFGPFU KP RKVEJ HQT VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG +V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG NGCF VTWORGV DG RNC[KPI QP VJG CKT
UVTGCO CPF PQV QP JKU EJQRU UQ OWEJ CU FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGT  1H EQWTUG VJG UCOG EQWNF DG VTWG QH VJG
NGCF CNVQ QT VJG NGCF VTQODQPG +H VJG NQY TQQV RGQRNG DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG QT DCUU VTQODQPG CTG RNC[KPI
UJCTR KV ECWUGU UGTKQWU TGRGTEWUUKQPU CU YG IQ WR VJG TCPIG VJTQWIJ VJG DCPF CPF ECP TGCNN[ ECWUG VTCWOC
D[ VJG VKOG KV IGVU VQ VJG NGCF VTWORGV + VT[ VQ TKFG JGTF QP VJG RKVEJ HTQO VJG DQVVQO WR

Using the Tuner and Smart Music

7UKPI VJG VWPGT CU C VQQN ECP DG C ITGCV JGNR KH KV KU WUGF EQTTGEVN[ 6JG VWPGT YKNN PQV OCMG CP[DQF[ RNC[ KP
VWPG DWV KV ECP OCMG WU XGT[ CYCTG QH YJGTG QWT RTQDNGOU QT VGPFGPEKGU CTG UQ YG ECP FGCN YKVJ VJGO OQTG
UWEEGUUHWNN[ 6JG ȳTUV RNCEG VJG VWPGT KU XGT[ JGNRHWN KU CV JQOG KP VJG KPFKXKFWCN RTCEVKEG UGUUKQP + WUG DKTVJFC[U
CPF %JTKUVOCU CPF VJG NKMG VQ VT[ VQ JGNR UVWFGPVU IGV C VWPGT CPF OGVTQPQOG QT OQWVJRKGEG QT %&ȉU QT YJCVGXGT 
+V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG VWPGT DG WUGF VQ UVTGPIVJGP GCTU PQV G[GDCNNU  9JGP YG UVCTG CV VJG VWPGT CPF VT[ VQ
IGV VJG PGGFNG VQ UVC[ KP VJG OKFFNG YG CTG OCMKPI KV CP GZGTEKUG HQT VJG G[GU +H YG YQTM D[ NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG
PQVG CPF VJGP RNC[KPI VJG KPUVTWOGPV WPVKN YG HGGN VJCV YG JCXG C IQQF VQPG CPF RKVEJ HQT VJG PQVG CPF VJGP
NQQMKPI CV VJG VWPGT VJKU ECP DG C XGT[ IQQF GZGTEKUG HQT VJG GCTU 6JG VWPGT KU WUGF HQT EQPȳTOCVKQP [GU +
IQV KV QT HQT EQTTGEVKQP OCP + CO UVKNN JGCTKPI VJCV PQVG VQQ UJCTR  $WV GZGTEKUG VJG GCTU ȳTUV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JG VWPGT ECP CNUQ DG WUGF YJKNG RNC[KPI YKVJ C %& HQT EQPȳTOCVKQP QT EQTTGEVKQP (KTUV ECNKDTCVG VJG
VWPGT VQ VJG VWPKPI PQVG QP VJG %& VJGP RWV VJG %& KP JGCFRJQPGU UQ VJG VWPGT ECP QPN[ JGCT [QW 1T WUG
C VWPKPI ECDNG VQ VJG VWPGT UQ KV UVKNN QPN[ JGCTU [QW + CO VCNMKPI CDQWV UQOGVJKPI NKMG VJG -QTI %/. %NKR 1P
%QPVCEV /KETQRJQPG HQT VWPGTU YJKEJ KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ YGNN EQPEGKXGF CDQWV   6JKU ENKR QP EQPVCEV OKE
KU CNUQ YQPFGTHWNN[ JGNRHWN KP TGJGCTUCNU CPF GXGP EQPEGTVU DGECWUG KV QPN[ JGCTU VJG KPUVTWOGPV VJCV KV KU
CVVCEJGF VQ + NGV O[ NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT WUG OKPG FWTKPI C TGJGCTUCN CPF JG DGECOG EQPXKPEGF VJCV + YCU
TKIJVȅJG YCU QHVGP VQQ UJCTR .KHG KP VJG DCPF JCU DGGP DGVVGT UKPEG VJGP

5OCTV/WUKE D[ /CMG /WUKE VJG OCMGTU QH (KPCNG EQPVCKPU C RJGPQOGPCNN[ XCNWCDNG VWPGT + VJKPM KV
KU  C [GCT HQT C UWDUETKRVKQP VJCV KPENWFGU VJG WUG QH C JWIG CEEQORCPKOGPV NKDTCT[ YKVJ NQVU QH VQQNU
KPENWFKPI VJG OGVTQPQOG CPF VJG VWPGT 6JG UVWFGPV ENKRU C UOCNN OKE QP VJG DGNN CPF VJG RTQITCO JGCTU
VJG PQVGU JG KU RNC[KPI CPF RNC[U VJGO TKIJV DCEM DWV GZCEVN[ KP VWPG +V KU NKMG C EQY VQWEJKPI CP GNGEVTKȳGF
HGPEG 5QQP [QW FQPȉV IQ VJGTG VQ VJCV TGCNN[ QWVQHVWPG Ȋ'ȍ HQT GZCORNG  +V KU QPG QH VJG ITGCVGUV CYCTGPGUU
VQQNU + JCXG GXGT UGGP )GV [QWT HGCVWTGF DCNNCF UQNQKUV VQ URGPF C NKVVNG VKOG YKVJ VJKU VQQN

Thoughts on Dynamics Versus Intonation

,WUV C YQTF CDQWV F[PCOKEU KP VJG JQTP UGEVKQPUȅGXGT[ VKOG YG EJCPIG XQNWOG YG CNUQ EJCPIG
RKVEJ WPNGUU YG EQORGPUCVG HQT KV RTQRGTN[ 6JG DCF PGYU KU VJCV VJG GHHGEVU QH F[PCOKE EJCPIG CTG
PQV WPKHQTO CETQUU VJG JQTPU 6JG UCZGU IGV UJCTRGT YJGP VJG[ IGV UQHVGT CPF VJG DTCUU IGV ʏCVVGT
YJGP VJG[ IGV UQHVGT 6JG UCZGU YKNN PCVWTCNN[ IGV ʏCVVGT CU VJG[ ETGUEGPFQ CPF VJG DTCUU YKNN PCVWTCNN[
IGV UJCTRGT CU VJG[ ETGUEGPFQ 1H EQWTUG YG FQ PQV YCPV VJKU VQ JCRRGP DWV PCVWTCNN[ KV YKNN CPF YG
JCXG VQ OCMG EQORGPUCVKQPU VQ GXGP VJKU QWV

+ NKMG VQ WUG C YCTO WR GZGTEKUG VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU DGEQOG CYCTG QH VJKU KUUWG + JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ C
ȳXGPQVG UECNG RCVVGTP  #V ȳTUV + JCXG VJGO RNC[ KV KP GKIJVJ PQVGU YKVJ UYKPI TJ[VJO CPF
CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VJGP TGRGCV KV VJTGG VKOGU DGHQTG EQOKPI VQ TGUV QP VJG TQQV 6JG ȳTUV VKOG KU NQWF VJG
UGEQPF KU UQHV CPF VJG VJKTF KU NQWF CICKP 6JGP YG VCMG VJG YJQNG VJKPI WR D[ JCNH UVGRU .CVGT YG OC[
FQ KV KP UKZVGGPVJ PQVGU 6JG EJCNNGPIG KU VQ RNC[ VJG UCOG RKVEJ NGXGN CPF DG LWUV CU KP VWPG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT
QP VJG UQHV TGRGVKVKQP CU QP VJG NQWF TGRGVKVKQPU 6JKU TGSWKTGU VJCV YG OCMG VJG CRRTQRTKCVG GODQWEJWTG
CPF QTCN ECXKV[ CFLWUVOGPVU VQ OCKPVCKP VJG RTQRGT CKT URGGF HQT VJG NQWF XGTUWU VJG UQHV +P VJG PCVWTCN
YQTNF VJG XQNWOG QH CKT EQPVTQNU VJG XQNWOG QH UQWPF 6JG URGGF QH VJG CKT EQPVTQNU VJG VQPG EGPVGT CPF
RKVEJ QH VJG PQVG 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ VJG URGGF QH VJG CKT KU NKPMGF VQ VJG XQNWOG QH VJG CKT CPF YKNN TKFG WR
CPF FQYP YKVJ KV WPNGUU YG VCMG EQPVTQN 5Q VJG VGPFGPE[ KU HQT VJG CKT URGGF VQ UNQY FQYP QP VJG UQHV
RCUU YJGP YG FGETGCUG VJG CKT XQNWOG +V KU FKHȳEWNV VQ MGGR VJG CKT OQXKPI VJG UCOG URGGF YJGP YG CTG
EJCPIKPI VJG XQNWOG QH CKT VQ EJCPIG VJG F[PCOKE DWV NQIKECNN[ KH Ȋ#ȍ XKDTCVGU CV  E[ENGU RGT UGEQPF
KV UJQWNF DG CV  YJGVJGT NQWF QT UQHV 5Q QWT DKIIGUV EJCNNGPIG DGEQOGU QPG QH MGGRKPI VJG URGGF QH CKT
QT URGGF QH TGGF EQPUVCPV CETQUU XCT[KPI F[PCOKEU CU CKT XQNWOG EJCPIGU  YJKEJ KU YJ[ VJG EQORGPUCVKQPU
CTG PGEGUUCT[ 6JG CDQXG PQVG GZGTEKUG TGCNN[ JGNRU FGXGNQR VJKU UMKNN CPF UGPUKVKXKV[

+ YQWNF CNUQ GPEQWTCIG VJG UVWFGPVU VQ RTCEVKEG YKVJ VJGKT VWPGT CPFQT 5OCTV/WUKE CV XCT[KPI F[PCOKE
NGXGNU #PQVJGT VTKGF CPF RTQXGP OGVJQF VQ YQTM QP VJKU F[PCOKEU XGTUWU RKVEJ KUUWG KU NQPI VQPGU YKVJ
ETGUEGPFQ CPF FKOKPWGPFQ 6JKU KU GHHGEVKXG YKVJ C ITQWR VWPKPI YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT DWV UJQWNF CNUQ DG
RTCEVKEGF KPFKXKFWCNN[ YKVJ C VWPGT VQ MGGR VJG RKVEJ EQPUVCPV CETQUU VJG F[PCOKE EJCPIGU

%JCRVGT  +PVQPCVKQP ] 2CIG 

 Intonation Summary
+V KU KORQUUKDNG VQ JCXG C UWRGTKQT UQWPFKPI RTQFWEV YKVJQWV ECTKPI CPF YQTT[KPI CDQWV KPVQPCVKQP 5Q
OWEJ QH VJKU EJCRVGT OC[ UGGO UGNHGXKFGPV CPF KH KV FQGU VQ [QW VJCV KU ITGCV +H KV KU UGNHGXKFGPV VQ
GXGT[DQF[ + UWTG FQPȉV JGCT VJG GXKFGPEG QH VJCV YJGP + CO QWV CPF CDQWV *QRGHWNN[ VJGUG KFGCU YKNN DG
JGNRHWN DWV GKVJGT YC[ + JCXG HQWPF VJCV VJG DKIIGUV UGETGV VQ JGNRKPI KPVQPCVKQP KU LWUV VQ IGV DQVJGTGF
CDQWV KV )GV VJG UVWFGPVU DQVJGTGF CDQWV KV 6JGTG KU UQOGVJKPI CDQWV VJG EQNNGEVKXG GHHQTV VJCV IQGU FQYP
YJGP GXGT[QPG KU DQVJGTKPI CDQWV KV VJCV YQTMU YQPFGTU ;QWȉNN DG FKUCRRQKPVGF QT UQOGQPG YKNN KH [QW
just leave intonation to chance.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 4 Horn Balance, Blend, and Dynamics
$CNCPEG CPF DNGPF FGRGPF UQ OWEJ QP UQNKF VQPG RTQFWEVKQP CPF IQQF KPVQPCVKQP #NN QH VJGUG KUUWGU CTG
interdependent and do not stand alone, so you’ll notice that elements of each are interspersed into the
EJCRVGTU QH VJG QVJGT GNGOGPVU #U JCU DGGP RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF KV KU GCUKGT VQ DNGPF YCTOGT UQWPFU VJCP
NCUGTGFIGF UQWPFU + CNUQ RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF VJG RTQDNGO QH OQWVJRKGEGU KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP 6Q
DCNCPEG GCEJ QVJGT KV KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV VJG UCZQRJQPKUVU CTG CNN WUKPI LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGUȅPQV C OKZVWTG QH LC\\
CPF ENCUUKECN OQWVJRKGEGU 6JKU KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV KP VJG DTCUU UGEVKQPU 6JG DTCUU UGEVKQPU UJQWNF DG WUKPI
OQWVJRKGEGU VJCV CNNQY HQT C OQTG HQEWUGF LC\\ UQWPF CPF PQV UQ OWEJ VJG XGT[ FCTM CPF DTQCF ENCUUKECN DTCUU
UQWPF 6JG WRRGT RNC[GTU PGGF VQ DG WUKPI OQWVJRKGEGU VJCV OCMG KV OQTG TGCUQPCDNG VQ IGV VJG JKIJGT
range demanded of them. When possible, instruments should also be the correct instruments for the style.
6JKU KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KORQTVCPV KP VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP YJGTG CNN VJG VGPQT VTQODQPGU GURGEKCNN[ VJG st and
nd RNC[GTU UJQWNF DG RNC[KPI UOCNN DQTG JQTPU 6JG DCUU VTQODQPG RNC[GT ECP DG WUKPI C NCTIGDQTG DCUU
VTQODQPG + TGCNK\G VJCV VJGUG JQTP EJQKEGU CTG PQV CNYC[U RQUUKDNG KP C JKIJ UEJQQN UGVVKPI DWV QHVGP VJGUG
KUUWGU ECP DG CFFTGUUGF KP EQNNGIG UKVWCVKQPU CPF UQOG UEJQQNU JCXG UOCNN DQTG KPUVTWOGPVU VJCV ECP DG
EJGEMGF QWV D[ VJG LC\\ DCPF UVWFGPVU

Thoughts on Balance and Blend

+ VJKPM VJG OQUV V[RKECN DCNCPEG KUUWG VJCV + QHVGP JGCT YJGP CFLWFKECVKPI KU VJG NGCF RNC[GTU UQWPF XGT[ UVTQPI
EQORCTGF VQ VJG NQYGT UGEVKQP RNC[GTU YJQ OQUVN[ FKUCRRGCT 6JKU VQRJGCX[ DCNCPEG UQWPFU OQTG NKMG C
INQTKȳGF EQODQ VJCP C DKI DCPF 6JG DGCWV[ QH VJG DKI DCPF KU CNN VJQUG JQTPU CPF VJKEM JCTOQPKGU + YCPV VQ
JGCT VJGO /[ EQPEGRV QH DCNCPEG KU PQV NKMG VJG TQQHVQR YJGTG VJGTG KU C RKPPCENG CPF VJGP C UJCTR FTQRQHH
+ VJKPM QH VJG DCNCPEG CU OQTG ʏCV CETQUU VJG UGEVKQP YKVJ VJG NGCF LWUV C NKVVNG CDQXG DWV UVTQPIN[ UWRRQTVGF D[
CNN VJG RCTVU + JCXG FGXGNQRGF C ECRCEKV[ VQ ENQUG O[ G[GU CPF NKUVGP VQ VJG UGEVKQP CPF JGCT YJGTG VJG JQNGU
CTG +U VJGTG C JQNG YJGTG VJG UGEQPF CNVQ UJQWNF DG 1T YJGTG VJG VJKTF VTQODQPG UJQWNF DG 1T YJGTG VJG
4th VTWORGV UJQWNF DG /QUV NGCF RNC[GTU TGCNN[ NKMG VJG HGGNKPI QH LWUV TKFKPI QP VQR QH C UGEVKQP VJCV KU TGCNN[
supporting them.

/CP[ [GCTU CIQ VJG ȳTUV VKOG + RNC[GF YKVJ 'TPKG 0QTVJYC[ + YCU CUMGF VQ RNC[ UGEQPF CNVQ 'TPKG YCU VJG
EQPVTCEVQT QP VJG IKI CPF RNC[GF NGCF CNVQ #HVGT CDQWV JCNH QH VJG PKIJV JG VWTPGF VQ OG CPF UCKF Ȋ+ȉO UWTG
INCF + JKTGF [QW + MPGY [QW YQWNF RNC[ NKMG VJKU ;QW CTG RWUJKPI OG JCTFȍ +V HGNV IQQF VQ JKO VJCV + YCU
TKIJV VJGTG WPFGTPGCVJ UWRRQTVKPI JKO + JCXG HQWPF QXGT VJG [GCTU VJCV VJG UGEQPF CNVQ KU QHVGP VJG JQNG KP
VJG UCZ UGEVKQP + JCXG VQ GPEQWTCIG VJG UGEQPF CNVQ VQ RNC[ WR VQ VJG NGCF /[ VGPQT RNC[GTU VGPF VQ DG UVTQPI
QHVGP VQQ UVTQPI QP VJG NGCF VGPQT DWV WUWCNN[ PQV QP VJG UGEQPF VGPQT 6JG HWNNPGUU QH VJG UCZ UGEVKQP FGRGPFU
C NQV QP VJG UVTGPIVJ QH VJCV UGEQPF VGPQT RNC[GT + JCXG JCF UKVWCVKQPU YJGTG + CUMGF O[ OQUV RQYGTHWN VGPQT
player to play the second part, even though he deserved the lead tenor part, because it just brought the section
VQ NKHG VQ JCXG VJCV RQYGT QP VJG UGEQPF VGPQT RCTV 1H EQWTUG + OCFG KV WR VQ JKO YKVJ VJG UQNQU VJCV + ICXG
JKO + ECP TCTGN[ IGV VQQ OWEJ DCTK + CO WUWCNN[ RWUJKPI HQT OQTG CPF OQTG + VGNN JKO VJCV KH + GXGT IGV VQQ
OWEJ +ȉNN NGV JKO MPQY 7PVKN VJGP MGGR RWORKPI

+ WUWCNN[ VGNN VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP VJG UCOG VJKPIȅKH + IGV VQQ OWEJ +ȉNN NGV [QW MPQY + ECP IQ C YJQNG FC[
CV C JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ HGUVKXCN CPF PGXGT PQVKEG VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP 6JGKT TCPIG LWUV FQGUPȉV PCVWTCNN[ RTQLGEV
CU OWEJ CU VJG UCZQRJQPGU CPF VTWORGVU #NUQ KP VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP + YCPV VJG DCUU VTQODQPG VQ DG NKMG
VJG DCTKȅUVTQPI 5QOGVKOGU + JCXG VQ RWUJ HQT VJCV QVJGT VKOGU VJG RNC[GT LWUV JCU VJCV EQPEGRV 5QOG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

[GCTU CIQ YG YQP VJG ȳTUV RNCEG CV VJG .KQPGN *CORVQP ,C\\ (GUVKXCN +P VJG ENKPKE CHVGT VJG RGTHQTOCPEG
VJG CFLWFKECVQT VCNMGF VQ VJG DCUU VTQODQPG RNC[GT CPF VQNF JKO JG YCU VQQ RQYGTHWN YJGP VJG VTQODQPG
UGEVKQP YCU RNC[KPI *G VJTGY KP CTO WR KP VJG CKT KP C VTKWORJCPV IGUVWTG CPF UJQWVGF Ȋ;'5ȍ 6JCV KU
YJCV -CTN NKXGF HQTȅ-CTN ,QJPUQP PQY KP VJG /CTKPG $CPF $WV C IQQF RQKPV YCU OCFG VJCV FC[ȅVJG
DCUU VTQODQPKUV PGGFU VQ DG CYCTG QH YJQ JG KU RNC[KPI YKVJ CPF YJCV JG KU VT[KPI VQ CEEQORNKUJ OW
UKECNN[ +U JG RNC[KPI DCUU VQ VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP QT VQ VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG 1T KU JG RNC[KPI KP C VTKQ YKVJ
VJG DCTK CPF VJG EQPVTCDCUU 6JG DCTK RNC[GT JCU VQ DG UKOKNCTN[ CYCTGȅKU JG RNC[KPI DCUU VQ VJG UCZQRJQPG
UGEVKQP QT VQ VJG YJQNG DCPF QT KU JG RNC[KPI CU C SWCUK VTQODQPG RNC[GT DCNCPEKPI KPVQ VJG VTQODQPG UGE
VKQP QT KU JG RNC[KPI KP C VTKQ YKVJ VJG DCUU VTQODQPG CPF VJG EQPVTCDCUU

6JG DKIIGUV RTQDNGO KP VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP D[ HCT KU VJG JQNG NGHV D[ VJG VJKTF VTQODQPG RNC[GT +V KU KP
C TCPIG NKMG VJG UGEQPF VGPQT UCZQRJQPG YJGTG KV KU OQTG FKHȳEWNV VQ RTQLGEV PCVWTCNN[ +V VCMGU C UVTQPI
RNC[GT QP VJKTF VQ TGCNN[ OCMG VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP YQTM + ȳPF O[UGNH EQPUVCPVN[ FTKXKPI HQT OQTG VJKTF
VTQODQPG CPF th KH VJGTG KU QPG KP C ȳXG OCP UGEVKQP  #V QPG VKOG 2TQHGUUQT 9KNN -KODCNN RNC[GF VJKTF
VTQODQPG KP O[ DCPF NCVGT NGCF  CPF JG VGNNU VJG UVQT[ QH DGKPI C DKV RWV QWV YKVJ OG HQT CNYC[U RWUJKPI
JKO VQ DNQY QWV OQTG 5QOG [GCTU NCVGT JG YQP CP CWFKVKQP VQ RNC[ VJKTF VTQODQPG KP C RTQHGUUKQPCN LC\\
DCPF KP %JKECIQ #HVGT DGKPI IKXGP VJG EJCKT VJG QVJGT RNC[GTU VQNF JKO VJCV JG YCU VJG QPN[ QPG VJCV EQWNF
play strong enough on the third part at the audition. Similar to the second alto, the second trombone needs
VQ UVTQPIN[ UWRRQTV VJG NGCF VTQODQPG YKVJQWV EQORGVKPI YKVJ JKO HQT VJG VQR

+P VJG VTWORGV UGEVKQP VJG OQUV FKHȳEWNV VJKPI KU VQ IGV VJG VJKTF CPF HQWTVJ VTWORGV RCTVU VQ DCNCPEG VJG ȳTUV
CPF UGEQPF 6JG WRRGT RCTVU CTG V[RKECNN[ RNC[KPI KP C JKIJGT TCPIG YJGTG VJG[ OQTG PCVWTCNN[ EWV VJTQWIJ
+ VGNN VJG NQYGT RNC[GTU VJCV VJG[ JCXG VQ FKI KP CPF RNC[ VYKEG CU JCTF CU VJG WRRGT RNC[GTU 6JG NQYGT TCPIG
LWUV FQGU PQV EWV VJTQWIJ CU GCUKN[ 6JKU KU YJ[ + CNUQ QHVGP JCXG C RTQDNGO YKVJ VJG YJQNG VTWORGV UGEVKQP
DGKPI VQQ UQHV YJGP VJG[ CTG CNN RNC[KPI NQY 6TWORGV RNC[GTU VGPF VQ IGV VJKU HGGNKPI QH RQYGT VJCV VJG[
ECP CNYC[U QXGTRQYGT KH VJG[ FGUKTG 6JKU OGPVCNKV[ OCMGU VJGO VJKPM VJG[ CTG PCVWTCNN[ NQWF GPQWIJ KP
VJG NQY TGIKUVGT YJGP KP TGCNKV[ VJG[ JCXG IQV VQ YQTM C NQV JCTFGT VQ RTQLGEV 9JGP VJG HQWTVJ VTWORGV CPF
ȳHVJ YJGP VJGTG KU QPG RNC[ YKVJ C JWIG UQWPF CPF KP VWPG YKVJ VJG NGCF VTWORGV KV VTWN[ OCMGU VJG VTWORGV
UGEVKQP EQOG VQ NKHG CPF OCMGU VJG NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT UQWPF NKMG C OKNNKQP DWEMU 6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ VTWG
HQT VJG ȳHVJ RNC[GT YJGP YTKVVGP KP QEVCXGU YKVJ VJG NGCF VTWORGV

6Q CEJKGXG VJG VJKEM DNGPFKPI UGEVKQP UQWPF KV KU KORGTCVKXG VQ YQTM QP KPVQPCVKQP +H VJG RNC[GTU KP C
UGEVKQP CTG PQV KP VWPG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT VJG[ CTG ECPEGNNKPI QWV GCEJ QVJGT VQ C EGTVCKP FGITGG 9JGP YG CTG
KP VWPG VJGTG KU OQTG RQYGT CPF DNGPF +P HCEV YJGP YG CTG KP VWPG FKHHGTGPEG VQPGUȅVQPGU YG CTG PQV
GXGP RNC[KPIȅEQOG KPVQ VJG RKEVWTG VQ JGNR DGGH WR VJG UQWPF +V KU NKMG CPIGNU CTG JGNRKPI WU QWV CPF YG
CTG UVTQPIGT VJCP YG TGCNN[ CTG QP QWT QYP 6JCV VJKEM UCZ UGEVKQP WPKUQP UQWPFȅCPF VJCV VYQ VGPQT CPF
DCTK WPKUQP UQWPFȅKU VTWN[ C HWPEVKQP QH KPVQPCVKQP 9JGP YG YQTM QP VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP CPF
DCNCPEG VJG DNGPF VGPFU VQ YQTM KVUGNH QWV

A Thought About Dynamics

+ ȳPF O[UGNH OQUVN[ YQTMKPI YKVJ [QWPI DCPFU VQ IGV VJGO DNQYKPI CPF RWVVKPI UQOG CKT KP VJG JQTPU + VCNM
C NQV CDQWV RGTUQPCN KPXGUVOGPV CPF RNC[KPI YKVJ RTQHGUUKQPCN UVTGPIVJ CPF UQNKFPGUU $WV CU VJG DKI UQWPF KU
CEJKGXGF YG FQ PGGF VQ TGCNK\G VJCV F[PCOKE EQPVTCUVU CTG XKVCN VQ OCMKPI OWUKE + ȳPF YJGP + CO CFLWFKECVKPI
VJCV HGY DCPFU WUG F[PCOKEU /CP[ CTG LWUV NQWF CNN VJG VKOG YJKNG QVJGTU CTG LWUV YKOR[ CNN VJG VKOG 1HVGP VJG
EJCTVU VJGOUGNXGU CTG NCEMKPI OWEJ KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV F[PCOKEU 9G CNYC[U JCXG VQ DG VJKPMKPI CDQWV JQY YG
ECP DTKPI OQTG F[PCOKE PWCPEG VQ VJG NKPGU CPF F[PCOKE EQPVTCUVU DGVYGGP UGEVKQPU QH VJG EJCTV

%JCRVGT  $CNCPEG CPF $NGPF CPF &[PCOKEU ] 2CIG 

9JGP 5JGNNG[ $GTI YQTMGF YKVJ O[ DCPF C HGY [GCTU DCEM JG VCNMGF CDQWV VJG DCPF ȳPFKPI VJGKT
ȊOG\\Qȍ + VJQWIJV VJCV YCU C ITGCV YC[ VQ RJTCUG KV 6JG DCPF PGGFU VQ ȳPF KVU OG\\Q QT OGFKWO VJG
DCUG XQNWOG NGXGN CPF VJGP YQTM VQ DTQCFGP VJG EQPVTCUVU HTQO OG\\Q FQYP VQ YJKURGT UQHV CPF VJGP
HTQO OG\\Q QP WR VQ DNC\KPIN[ NQWF 6JG YKFGT VJG F[PCOKE TCPIG QH VJG DCPF VJG OQTG GZRTGUUKXG
NGXGNU VJCV CTG CXCKNCDNG VQ OCMG OQTG KPVGTGUVKPI CPF GHHGEVKXG OWUKE

+V KU C TGCN EJCNNGPIG VQ OCKPVCKP DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF CPF KPVQPCVKQP YJKNG YQTMKPI QP YKFGT F[PCOKEU
(QT GZCORNG KV KU V[RKECN HQT VJG OQTG CFXCPEGF RNC[GTU VQ VT[ VQ OCMG WR HQT VJG YGCMGT RNC[GTU KP C
ETGUEGPFQ 6JKU QDXKQWUN[ NGCFU VQ C FKUVQTVKQP KP VJG DCNCPEG &WTKPI F[PCOKE EQPVTCUVU RC[ URGEKCN
CVVGPVKQP VQ YJCV KU JCRRGPKPI YKVJ VJG DCNCPEG CPF UJCRG VJG RTQEGUU CU PGEGUUCT[

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 5 Helping the Horns Work as a Section
6JGTG CTG HGY VJKPIU CU GZEKVKPI CU C UGEVKQP VJCV JCU TGCNN[ ECRVWTGF RNC[KPI VQIGVJGT /CP[ [GCTU CIQ
O[ DCPF UJCTGF VJG $KI $CPF 0KIJV CV VJG /QPVTGWZ +PVGTPCVKQPCN ,C\\ (GUVKXCN KP 5YKV\GTNCPF YKVJ VJG
ITGCV )GTT[ /WNNKICP 0GY ;QTM $KI $CPF )GTT[ȉU DCPF JCF VTQWDNG QP VJG TQCF CPF CTTKXGF LWUV DGHQTG
VJG[ JCF VQ RNC[ +V YCU KORGTCVKXG VQ JCXG C IQQF UQWPF EJGEM DGECWUG VJG EQPEGTV YCU DGKPI TGEQTFGF
KP  VTCEMU CPF XKFGQVCRGF )GTT[ XGT[ CTVHWNN[ QTEJGUVTCVGF VJG UQWPF EJGEM KP HTQPV QH VJG CWFKGPEG CU
C Ȋ/GGV VJG $CPFȍ MKPF QH VJKPIȅPQY OGGV VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP 6JG UGEVKQP RNC[GF C UQNK VJCV LWUV
MPQEMGF OG QWV +V YCU UQ VKIJV KP GXGT[ UOCNN PWCPEG +V YCU VJG JKIJNKIJV HQT OG QH VJCV YJQNG OWUKECN
OQPVJ KP 'WTQRG )GTT[ 0KGYQQF YCU RNC[KPI NGCF CNVQ VQ FKG HQT CPF RGQRNG NKMG 5GNFQP 2QYGNN CPF
QH EQWTUG )GTT[ /WNNKICP YGTG KP VJG UGEVKQP + TGOGODGT KV VQ VJKU FC[

+P VJG RTQEGUU QH FGXGNQRKPI UWEJ C UGEVKQP VJGTG CTG CV NGCUV VJTGG KUUWGU YG PGGF VQ FGCN YKVJ CPF VGCEJ
(KTUV VJG NGCF RNC[GTU PGGF VQ TGCNN[ HWPEVKQP CU NGCFGTU KP VJG UGEVKQP 5GEQPF VJG UGEVKQP RNC[GTU PGGF
VQ NGCTP YJCV KV OGCPU VQ DG C UGEVKQP RNC[GT #PF VJKTF VJG UGEVKQP PGGFU VQ NGCTP JQY VQ TGCNN[ DGEQOG
WPKȳGF CPF HWPEVKQP CU C VTWG VGCO

How the Section Functions

6JG VTCFKVKQPCN UGEVKQP KU UGV WR XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ C RTGUKFGPV YKVJ HQWT EQWPUGNQTU QT ECDKPGV OGODGTU UQ
VQ URGCM 6JG EQWPUGNQTU UJQWNF HGGN VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ IKXG EQWPUGN YJGP CUMGF HQT QT KP C UGEVKQPCN
TGJGCTUCN 6JG YKUG EQWPUGNQT YKNN XQKEG JKU QRKPKQPU CPF HGGNKPIU HTGGN[ DWV YJGP VJG RTGUKFGPV OCMGU C
FGEKUKQP CHVGT ICVJGTKPI VJG EQWPUGN VJGP VJG EQWPUGNQT YKNN HCNN KPVQ NKPG CPF UWRRQTV VJG RTGUKFGPV KP JKU
FGEKUKQP GXGP KH KV KU EQWPVGT VQ VJG EQWPUGNQTȉU RTGXKQWU TGEQOOGPFCVKQP 6JG YKUG RTGUKFGPV YKNN KPXKVG
EQWPUGN YJGP CRRTQRTKCVG CPF YKNN NKUVGP TGURGEVHWNN[ VJGP YGKIJ VJG KFGCU QP VJG VCDNG CPF OCMG C FGEKUKQP
6JG EQWPUGNQTU VJGP UWRRQTV JKO WPCPKOQWUN[ CPF WPKV[ KU GUVCDNKUJGF KP VJG UGEVKQP

+ NGCTPGF CDQWV DGKPI C NGCF RNC[GT KP VJG UEJQQN QH UQHV MPQEMU 6JCPM JGCXGP KV YCU C MKPF OCP YJQ UCV
PGZV VQ OG KP VJG UGEVKQP CPF VWVQTGF OG +V EQWNF JCXG DGGP JCTF MPQEMU ,WUV C UJQTV VKOG DGHQTG + NGHV
JKIJ UEJQQN + YCU JKTGF VQ RNC[ KP VJG 8CNNG[ /WUKE *CNN 1TEJGUVTC QP VJG DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG CPF DCUU
ENCTKPGV + VJKPM VJG ȳTUV VYQ IKIU YGTG ,QJP &CXKFUQP CPF ,KOO[ &GCP #HVGT VJQUG ȳTUV VYQ IKIU + YCU
OQXGF QXGT VQ NGCF CNVQ DGECWUG /WTTC[ 9KNNKCOU TGVKTGF /WTTC[ YCU C UGCUQPGF NGCF CNVQ RNC[GT YJQ
JCF RNC[GF YKVJ VJG NKMGU QH *CTT[ ,COGU CPF 9QQF[ *GTOCP CPF JCF GXGP TGEQTFGF YKVJ $KTF + YCU
DCTGN[  CPF CP[ QH VJG QVJGT IW[U KP VJG UGEVKQP EQWNF JCXG GCUKN[ DGGP O[ FCF 5KVVKPI PGZV VQ OG QP
VGPQT YCU &QP .G(GXTG 9G YQWNF DG RNC[KPI CNQPI CPF + YQWNF EJQQUG VQ RNC[ C RCTVKEWNCT SWCTVGT PQVG
NQPI 9JGP YG TGRGCVGF KV + RNC[GF KV UJQTV &QP YQWNF NGCP QXGT CPF MKPFN[ UC[ Ȋ;QW MPQY /WTTC[
YQWNF CNYC[U OCMG C FGEKUKQP CDQWV VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG SWCTVGT PQVG QP VJG ȳTUV VKOG VJTQWIJ CPF VJGP JG
YQWNF DG XGT[ EQPUKUVGPV VQ RNC[ KV VJG UCOG YC[ GXGT[ VKOG 6JCV YC[ + YQWNF CNYC[U MPQY JQY JG YQWNF
RNC[ KV CPF + EQWNF KPXGUV O[UGNH KPVQ VJCV PQVG YKVJ JKO +H [QW RNC[ KV NQPI QPG VKOG CPF UJQTV CPQVJGT
VKOG VJGP + FQPȉV MPQY YJCV [QW CTG IQKPI VQ FQ VJG VJKTF VKOG CPF + JCXG VQ JCPI DCEM CPF YKVJJQNF
UQ + FQPȉV GODCTTCUU O[UGNH 6JKU OCMGU VJG UGEVKQP UQWPF NQQUG CPF XGT[ VGPVCVKXGȍ Ȋ1J + IGV KVȍ 6JGP
YG YQWNF DG RNC[KPI CNQPI CPF + YQWNF CFF UQOG NKVVNG JKIJUEJQQNKUJ VWTP &QP YQWNF NGCP QXGT CPF UC[
Ȋ/WTTC[ YQWNF PGXGT FQ VJQUG MKPFU QH UWTRTKUGU DGECWUG + YQWNFPȉV MPQY JQY VQ HQNNQY JKOȍ Ȋ1Jȍ #PF VJKU
YGPV QP YKVJ QPG KUUWG CHVGT CPQVJGT

+ ITCFWCNN[ NGCTPGF VQ OCMG FGEKUKQPU SWKEMN[ CPF DG XGT[ EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ KORNGOGPVKPI VJGO + JCF VQ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

FKUEKRNKPG O[UGNH PQV VQ UWFFGPN[ UWTRTKUG VJG UGEVKQP YKVJ UQOGVJKPI VJG[ EQWNFPȉV HQNNQY +H + HGNV + JCF
VQ OCMG C EJCPIG KP O[ ȳTUV FGEKUKQP VJGP + YQWNF UC[ Ȋ)W[U +ȉO IQKPI VQ RNC[ VJCV SWCTVGT PQVG KP DCT
 UJQTV KPUVGCF 5QTT[ȍ 6JKU KU VJG TGCUQP YJ[ KV PGXGT YQTMU VQ FQWDNG VJG NGCF RCTV &QWDNKPI VJG NGCF
destroys the concept of having a lead and prevents the lead player from properly styling the melody. Of
EQWTUG + CNUQ NGCTPGF CDQWV VJG NGCF RNC[GT RTGTQICVKXGU VJCV KV VCMGU VQ UV[NG KP C XQECN OCPPGT DWV + CNUQ
NGCTPGF VQ RTQXKFG UQNKF NGCFGTUJKR HQT O[ UGEVKQP 6JQUG NGCF RNC[GT RTGTQICVKXGU CTG DGUV NGCTPGF D[
NKUVGPKPI VQ ITGCV NGCF RNC[GTU QP TGEQTFKPIU YKVJ VJG ITGCV DKI DCPFU

+H + CO RNC[KPI KP VJG UGEVKQP VJGP + HGGN VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ NKUVGP XGT[ ENQUGN[ VQ O[ NGCF RNC[GT CPF
HQNNQY JKO KP VJG FKTGEVKQP JG RQKPVU + VT[ VQ UWRRQTV JKO KP XQNWOG OCVEJ JKO KP RKVEJ OCVEJ JKU
CTVKEWNCVKQPU CPF KPʏGEVKQPU CPF XKDTCVQ CPF DG WPKȳGF YKVJ JKO KP GXGT[ YC[ +H + TGCNN[ FKUCITGG YKVJ
UQOGVJKPI + YKNN XQKEG O[ KFGC KH KV KU KP C TGJGCTUCNȅPGXGT QP C IKI  DWV VJGP + HQNNQY YJCVGXGT VJG NGCF
RNC[GT FGEKFGU FGURKVG JQY + OC[ HGGN CDQWV KV 

# HGY [GCTU DCEM + YCU RNC[KPI HQT (TCPM 5KPCVTC ,T CPF UKVVKPI PGZV VQ /KMG 5OKVJ HQT VJG ȳTUV VKOG /KMG
KU QH EQWTUG VJG NGIGPFCT[ NGCF CNVQ RNC[GT QH 5KPCVTC 5T CPF ,T $WFF[ 4KEJ *CTT[ %QPPKEM ,T CPF QP
CPF QP +V YCU C ITGCV VJKPI VQ UKV PGZV VQ JKO *QYGXGT JG JCU C XGT[ WPWUWCN UEQQR UV[NG EQORCTGF VQ
YJCV + CO WUGF VQ CPF CV ȳTUV + EQWNFPȉV SWKVG ECRVWTG KV )TCFWCNN[ + RU[EJGF KV QWV 9JGP JG IQV WR VQ
NGCXG VJG TGJGCTUCN + UCKF Ȋ/KMG VQPKIJV + CO IQKPI VQ DG QP GXGT[ QPG QH [QWT UEQQRUȍ *G UOKNGF $WV
VJCV PKIJV + PCKNGF JKO QP GXGT[ UEQQR CPF + HGNV TGCNN[ IQQF CDQWV CEJKGXKPI VJCV WPKV[ YKVJ JKO
+PEKFGPVCNN[ + YCU DNQYKPI O[ IWVU QWV VQ VT[ VQ DCNCPEG YKVJ JKO CPF + CO PQV C YGCM RNC[GT

+ CNYC[U JCXG QPG GCT QP O[ NGCF RNC[GT CPF TGURQPF CU SWKEMN[ CU RQUUKDNG VQ CP[VJKPI + JGCT + YCU
RNC[KPI VGPQT QP C IKI YKVJ 6GXKU .CWMCV QYPGT QH VJG %CPPQPDCNN 5CZQRJQPG %QORCP[ YJQ YCU
RNC[KPI NGCF CNVQ 9G RNC[GF VJG UCOG UJQY UKZ PKIJVU C YGGM HQT C OQPVJ +P VJG VJKTF YGGM QH VJG
UJQY C RCTVKEWNCTN[ FWNN RCUUCIG QH UVTCKIJV JCNH PQVGU DGECOG VQQ OWEJ QH C VGORVCVKQP CPF 6GXKU RWV
C NKVVNG VWTP KP DGVYGGP VYQ QH VJG JCNH PQVGU 1P VJG XGT[ PGZV UGV QH JCNH PQVGU + FWRNKECVGF VJG VWTP
#HVGTYCTFU 6GXKU NQQMGF CV OG CPF + UCKF Ȋ*G[ FQ + HQNNQY O[ NGCF RNC[GT QT YJCV ȍ

/CP[ [GCTU CIQ + JCF ,QP (CFFKU RNC[ YKVJ O[ DCPF #HVGTYCTF ,QP UCKF Ȋ;QWȉXG IQV VQ IGV [QWT VTWORGV
UGEVKQP NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG NGCF + VTKGF UGXGTCN NKVVNG VJKPIU CPF VJGTG YCU PQ TGURQPUG 6JG UGEVKQP FKF PQV
JGCT QPG PQVG + RNC[GFȍ 1WEJ

Holding Sectionals is the Key

# NCTIG MG[ VQ GUVCDNKUJKPI TGCNN[ HWPEVKQPKPI UGEVKQPU KU VQ JCXG VJGO JQNF UGEVKQPCNU + TGSWKTG VJG UGEVKQPU KP
O[ DCPF VQ JQNF C YGGMN[ UGEVKQP TGJGCTUCN QWVUKFG QH VJG HWNN GPUGODNG TGJGCTUCNU 9JGP + RNC[GF NGCF CNVQ KP
JKIJ UEJQQN + TGSWKTGF O[ UGEVKQP VQ EQOG VQ O[ JQOG QP 5CVWTFC[ OQTPKPIU HQT UGEVKQPCNU 5QOGJQY YG
JCXG VQ FQ VJKU KH YG CTG UVTKXKPI VQ DGEQOG C UWRGTKQT GPUGODNG 6JKU KU YJGTG YG ECP NGCTP VQ DGJCXG CU C
UGEVKQP CPF DGEQOG WPKȳGF CU C VGCO

;QW OC[ CUM Ȋ9JCV GZCEVN[ CTG YG VT[KPI VQ WPKH[ ȍ 7PKV[ KPENWFGU UQWPF SWCNKV[ DCNCPEG DNGPF KPVQPCVKQP
CTVKEWNCVKQP UEQQRKPI UV[NG XKDTCVQ UV[NG CPF VJG NKMG 9G JCXG VQ VTWN[ RNC[ VQIGVJGT *GTG CTG UQOG VJKPIU +
YQWNF UWIIGUV HQT VJG UGEVKQPCN

%JCRVGT  9QTMKPI CU C 5GEVKQP ] 2CIG 

Sectional Ideas

*QNF WPKUQP PQVGU VQIGVJGT CPF ȳPF VJG RKVEJ YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT

*QNF JCTOQP[ PQVGU VQIGVJGT CPF ȳPF VJG RKVEJ YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT

&KUUGEV EJQTFU CPF DWKNF HTQO VJG DQVVQO WR YJGP PGEGUUCT[ 7UG C VWPGT QT RKCPQ QT UQOG RKVEJ UVCPFCTF
HQT TGHGTGPEG YJGP YQTMKPI QP RKVEJ KUUWGU

&GEKFG YJKEJ PQVGU CTG NQPI CPF YJKEJ PQVGU CTG Ȋ&QVȍ VJG ȊUJQTV PQVGUȍ CPF OCTM VJGO #NUQ FGEKFG
JQY NQPI QT UJQTV VJG UJQTV PQVGU CTG FGRGPFKPI QP VGORQ CPF UV[NG

&GEKFG YJKEJ PQVGU CTG UEQQRGF CPF OCTM VJGO &GEKFG JQY YKFG CPF JQY NQPI VJG UEQQR YKNN DG CPF
GZCEVN[ YJGP VQ CTTKXG CV VJG HWNN RKVEJ +P OQTG OQFGTP EJCTVU KV OC[ PGGF VQ DG FGEKFGF KH GXGT[QPG KU
UEQQRKPI QT QPN[ VJG NGCF &Q VJG UCOG YKVJ QVJGT FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU NKMG HCNNU CPF FQKVU CPF VWTPU CPF VJG
NKMG Ȋ9JGP YKNN YG DGIKP VJG HCNN *QY NQPI KU KV ȍ Ȋ*QY NQPI YKNN YG JQNF VJG PQVG DGHQTG VJG VWTP
UVCTVU ȍ

&GEKFG XKDTCVQ UV[NG CPF YJGVJGT CNN YKNN XKDTCVQ QT QPN[ VJG NGCF RNC[GT /CTM Ȋ08ȍ YJGP VJGTG KU ȊPQ
XKDTCVQȍ UWEJ CU WPKUQP RCUUCIGU 

7PKH[ DTGCVJKPI RNCEGU F[PCOKE EJCPIGU EWVQHHȉU QP NQPI PQVGU CPF OCTM VJGO YKVJ C RGPEKN

One on One Sectional Technique

7UG VJG QPGQPQPG UGEVKQP TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG VQ WPKH[ GCEJ RNC[GT VQ VJG NGCF RNC[GT *CXG VJG NGCF CNVQ
CPF VJG UGEQPF CNVQ RNC[ VQIGVJGT YJKNG VJG QVJGT UGEVKQP RNC[GTU UJCTG YJCV VJG[ CTG JGCTKPI (QT GZCORNG
Ȋ6JG UGEQPF CNVQ KU C NKVVNG DGJKPF VJG NGCF CNVQ KP DCT ȍ Ȋ6JG NGCF CNVQ KU PQV DGKPI EQPUKUVGPV HTQO DCT 
VQ DCT  YKVJ YJCVȉU UJQTVȍ Ȋ6JG KPVQPCVKQP KU PQV JCRRGPKPI KP DCT ȍ Ȋ +P DCT  VJG NGCF CNVQ KU RNC[KPI
VJG SWCTVGT PQVG UJQTV CPF VJG UGEQPF CNVQ KU RNC[KPI VJG UCOG PQVG NQPIȍ Ȋ1P VJG UEQQR KP DCT  VJG NGCF
CNVQ KU VCMKPI NQPIGT VQ IGV VQ VJG RKVEJ VJCP VJG UGEQPF CNVQȍ #PF UQ QP CPF UQ HQTVJ 9QTM WPVKN VJG VYQ
CNVQU CTG TGCNN[ WPKȳGF 6JGP IQ VJTQWIJ VJG UCOG RTQEGUU YKVJ VJG NGCF CNVQ CPF VJG NGCF VGPQT VJG NGCF
CNVQ CPF VJG UGEQPF VGPQT CPF ȳPCNN[ VJG NGCF CNVQ CPF VJG DCTK 6JKU IQGU C NQPI YC[ VQYCTF OCMKPI VJG
UGEVKQP C VGCO #PF QH EQWTUG RTGEKUGN[ VJG UCOG RTQEGUU UJQWNF DG WUGF YKVJ VJG VTWORGV CPF VTQODQPG
UGEVKQPU 6JG UGEVKQP RNC[GTU VCMG VWTPU NKUVGPKPI QDLGEVKXGN[ CPF QHHGTKPI JGNR 6JKU EQWNF CNUQ JCRRGP
YJGP VJG YJQNG UGEVKQP KU RNC[KPI CPF KPFKXKFWCN UGEVKQP OGODGTU EQWNF VCMG VWTPU NKUVGPKPI QWV HTQPV QH
the section.

Unifying Accents

+ JCXG HQWPF CPQVJGT JWIG WPKH[KPI HCEVQT KU UKORN[ VQ WPKH[ VJG CEEGPVU +P DGDQR V[RG NKPGU VJG VQR PQVGU
QH EQPVQWTU UJQWNF DG CEEGPVGF +P WPKUQP VJKU KU GCUKGT +P JCTOQP[ VJG VJKTF VTWORGV RNC[GT OKIJV DG CV
C NQY RQKPV KP JKU NKPG CV VJG UCOG VKOG VJCV VJG NGCF RNC[GT KU CV VJG VQR QH JKU EQPVQWT +V KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV
GXGT[QPG CEEGPV CV RTGEKUGN[ VJG UCOG RNCEGU 6JKU YKNN DG XGT[ WPPCVWTCN HQT VJG VJKTF VTWORGV RNC[GT VQ
CEEGPV CV C NQY RQKPV DWV KV OWUV DG FQPG 6JG VJKTF VTWORGV OC[ JCXG C JKIJ RQKPV KP JKU NKPG YJGP KV KU PQV
UQ KP VJG NGCF *G OWUV TGUVTCKP JKOUGNH HTQO CEEGPVKPI YJGTG KV YQWNF DG PCVWTCN VQ FQ UQ DWV FGVTKOGPVCN
VQ VJG UGEVKQP UQWPF 5Q KP C UGEVKQPCN VJG NGCF RNC[GT OC[ UC[ Ȋ)W[U VCMG QWV [QWT RGPEKN CPF NGVȉU OCTM
KP VJG CEEGPVU +P DCT  OCTM CP CEEGPV QP VJG FQYPDGCV QH  +P DCT  OCTM CP CEEGPV QP VJG WRDGCV QH

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 CPF VJG FQYPDGCV QH  +P DCT  VJG CEEGPV KU QP VJG WRDGCV QH  CPF UQ QP .GVȉU VT[ PQV VQ CEEGPV CP[
RNCEG YG JCXGPȉV OCTMGF VQ CEEGPV 1MC[ NGVȉU VT[ KV C NKVVNG FQYP VGORQȍ

Use of the Metronome

+V KU ITGCV KH VJG UGEVKQP ECP RKRG C OGVTQPQOG VJTQWIJ C URGCMGT NQWFN[ UQ CNN ECP JGCT YJKNG RNC[KPI '3
QWV VJG NQYU UQ KV ECP DG ETCPMGF 6JG OGVTQPQOG YKNN OCMG VJG UGEVKQP OQTG CYCTG QH FKUETGRCPEKGU CPF
OQTG CYCTG QH URQVU YJGTG VJGTG KU TWUJKPI QT FTCIIKPI +P VJG UGEVKQP YG FQ CNN JCXG VQ RNC[ YKVJ C UKOKNCT
VKOG HGGN DWV VKOG KU VJG CTGC YJGTG VJG UGEVKQP RNC[GTU FQ PQV ȊHQNNQYȍ VJG NGCF Ȋ(QNNQYȍ KORNKGU VJCV
YG CTG HQNNQYKPI HTQO DGJKPF +PUVGCF YG CNN RNC[ VJG VKOG KPFGRGPFGPVN[ YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF
KH YG CTG UWEEGUUHWN VJGP YG YKNN NKPG WR YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT DGVVGT VJCP KH YG CTG VT[KPI VQ HQNNQY GCEJ QVJGT
4J[VJOKE HGGN OWUV CNUQ DG WPKȳGF YKVJ VJG NGCF RNC[GT (QT GZCORNG Ȋ,WUV JQY JCTF CTG YG UYKPIKPI ȍ

1H EQWTUG YJGP CNN VJTGG UGEVKQPU CTG RNC[KPI VQIGVJGT VJGUG UCOG KUUWGU OWUV DG WPKȳGF CPF UKOKNCT
TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWGU ECP DG WUGF CETQUU VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG

+V KU C YQPFGTHWN VJKPI YJGP VJG UGEVKQP FKUEWUUGU CPF UGVU IQCNU VQIGVJGT CPF VJGP UWRRQTVU CPF JGNRU GCEJ
other as they strive for unity and greatness!

+ MPQY VJKU UGGOU NKMG C NQV QH FGVCKN DWV KV KU KP VJG FGVCKN VJCV VJG DCVVNG HQT GZEGNNGPEG KU YQP 5QOG [GCTU
DCEM O[ DCPF YQP ȳTUV RNCEG CV VJG 2CEKȳE %QCUV %QNNGIKCVG ,C\\ (GUVKXCN KP $GTMGNG[ %CNKHQTPKC 6JCV
GXGPKPI CNN QH VJG DCPFU YGTG KPXKVGF VQ C TGEGRVKQP /[ RGQRNG TGRQTVGF VJCV UVWFGPVU HTQO QVJGT WPKXGTUKV[
DCPFU YGTG EQOKPI WR VQ VJGO CPF UC[KPI VJKPIU NKMG Ȋ9QY KV UGGOGF NKMG [QWT DCPF JCF FGEKFGF GZCEVN[
JQY VQ RNC[ GXGT[ UKPING PQVG KP GXGT[ UKPING OGCUWTGȍ 9GNN 57424+5' 6JCVȉU GZCEVN[ YJCV YG FKF
6JCVȉU YJCV KV VCMGU

%JCRVGT  9QTMKPI CU C 5GEVKQP ] 2CIG 

Chapter 6 Mutes and Doubling for Horns
1HVGP KP CP CVVGORV VQ WVKNK\G PGY EQNQTU VJG DTCUU CTG ECNNGF WRQP VQ WUG XCTKQWU MKPFU QH OWVGUȅUVTCKIJV
EWR JCTOQP DWEMGV GVE 6JG DTCUU RNC[GTU OC[ CNUQ DG CUMGF VQ WUG C RNWPIGT RTGHGTCDN[ PQV RTGXKQWUN[
WUGF  6TWORGV RNC[GTU WUWCNN[ FQWDNG QP VJG ʏWIGNJQTP CPF VJG DCUU VTQODQPG RNC[GT OC[ QEECUKQPCNN[
DG CUMGF VQ RNC[ VWDC 6JG YQQFYKPF RNC[GTU CTG GZRGEVGF VQ RNC[ ENCTKPGVU CPF ʏWVGU CPF UQOGVKOGU QVJGT
YQQFYKPF QT GVJPKE KPUVTWOGPVU +V KU OQUV EQOOQP VQ UGG VJG NGCF CNVQ FQWDNKPI QP UQRTCPQ UCZQRJQPG
ENCTKPGV ʏWVG CPF RKEEQNQ 6JG UGEQPF CNVQ YKNN WUWCNN[ JCXG ʏWVG CPF ENCTKPGV 6JG VGPQT RNC[GTU QHVGP
JCXG ENCTKPGV CPF OC[ CNUQ JCXG ʏWVG +H VJGTG KU QDQG QT GPINKUJ JQTP KV YKNN QHVGP DG QP VJG UGEQPF VGPQT
DQQM DWV OC[ CNUQ DG QP QPG QH VJG CNVQ DQQMU 6JG DCTKVQPG RNC[GT YKNN QHVGP JCXG DCUU ENCTKPGV CPF UQOGVKOGU
ENCTKPGV QT ʏWVG +H VJGTG KU DCUUQQP KV KU WUWCNN[ QP VJG DCTK RCTV 6JGUG GZVTC KPUVTWOGPVU CPF OWVGU ETGCVG
C YJQNG PGY UGV QH RTQDNGOU VQ FGCN YKVJ KP VJG TGJGCTUCN

Brass Mutes
# EQOOQP OKUWPFGTUVCPFKPI CDQWV OWVGU KU VJCV VJG[ CTG WUGF VQ OCMG VJG DTCUU UGEVKQPU UQHVGT CPF UQ VJG
DTCUU UGEVKQPU CTG CUMGF VQ RNC[ UQHVGT +P TGCNKV[ VJG OWVGU CTG QPN[ VQ EJCPIG EQNQT CPF VJG RNC[GT OWUV
DNQY GXGP NQWFGT CPF YQTM JCTFGT VQ OCMG UWTG JG KU RTQLGEVKPI + CO WUWCNN[ CUMKPI HQT OQTG HTQO VJG
DTCUU YJGP VJG[ CTG KP OWVGU PQV NGUU + YCPV VJQUG JCTOQP OWVGU KP VJG VTWORGV UGEVKQP VQ TGCNN[ DW\\

+V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV DTCUU RNC[GTU DG EQCEJGF VQ IGV VJG RTQRGT OWVGU CPF DG RTGRCTGF HQT YJCVGXGT KU TGSWKTGF
KP VJG RCTV + QHVGP WUG DKTVJFC[U %JTKUVOCU CPF VJG NKMG VQ JGNR UVWFGPVU IGV VJGUG VJKPIU VJCV VJG[ PGGF 'CEJ
DTCUU RNC[GT UJQWNF JCXG C UVTCKIJV OWVG C EWR OWVG C JCTOQP OWVG C DWEMGV OWVG QT JCV  CPF C RNWPIGT
#V NGCUV QPG QH VJG VTQODQPG UQNQKUVU UJQWNF JCXG C RKZKG OWVG HQT VJCV QNFGT 'NNKPIVQP UQNQ UQWPF 6JG
RKZKG OWVG KU WUGF YKVJ C RNWPIGT VQ IGV VJCV UQWPF

+V KU KORQTVCPV VQ MPQY VJCV VJG JCTOQP OWVG KP PQV WUGF YKVJ VJG UVGO 6CMG VJCV QWV #PF OQUV RNC[GTU
dent up the harmon mute a little bit, intentionally, to give it the right sound and response.

6JG DKIIGUV RTQDNGO YJGP RNC[KPI YKVJ OWVGU KU KPVQPCVKQP CPF URGEKCN CVVGPVKQP YKNN PGGF VQ DG IKXGP
VQ VJKU KUUWG KP VJG GPUGODNG CPF UGEVKQP TGJGCTUCNU +V JGNRU VQ MPQY UQOG QH VJG VGPFGPEKGU (QT GZCORNG
YJGP WUKPI VJG UVTCKIJV OWVG CPF VJG JCTOQP OWVG VJG RKVEJ YKNN IQ UJCTRGT CPF VJG RNC[GT OWUV OCMG
EQORGPUCVKQP 6JKU OC[ OGCP RWNNKPI VJG VWPKPI UNKFG HQT C NQPIGT RCUUCIG KH VJGTG KU VKOG 6JG EWR OWVG
CPF GURGEKCNN[ VJG DWEMGV OWVG YKNN OCMG VJG RKVEJ IQ ʏCV CPF CICKP EQORGPUCVKQP OWUV DG OCFG

(QT VJG VTQODQPGU VJG DWEMGV OWVG OWUV DG UK\GF VQ VJG DGNN CPF OC[ XCT[ DGVYGGP UOCNN CPF NCTIG DQTG
JQTPU CPF DCUU VTQODQPG +H VJG RNC[GT KU UGTKQWU GURGEKCNN[ CV VJG EQNNGIG NGXGN  JG UJQWNF JCXG VJKU
GSWKROGPV GXGP VJQWIJ KV KU C DKV GZRGPUKXG +V KU RQUUKDNG QH EQWTUG HQT VJG UEJQQN VQ QYP CP CTTC[ QH
OWVGU UQ VJG[ ECP DG EJGEMGF QWV D[ LC\\ DCPF UVWFGPVU

Doubling
&QWDNKPI YJGVJGT DTCUU QT YQQFYKPF ECWUGU RKVEJ KUUWGU VQ FGCN YKVJ #U [QW MPQY VJG VGORGTCVWTG QH
the instrument is a huge factor in intonation. When the player has been playing one instrument for some
VKOG CPF VJGP RKEMU WR C FKHHGTGPV KPUVTWOGPV KV YKNN DG EQNF CPF VJGTGHQTG ʏCV + VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

VQ CPVKEKRCVG YJGP VJG PGY KPUVTWOGPV KU EQOKPI WR UQQP CPF UVCTV DNQYKPI YCTO CKT KPVQ KV YJGP VJGTG
KU C OQOGPV JGTG CPF VJGTG UQ VJG[ ECP VT[ VQ JCXG KV YCTO D[ VJG VKOG VJG[ PGGF KV 6JG[ OC[ PGGF VQ
DG RWUJGF KP C NKVVNG YJGP VJG[ UYKVEJ QXGT VQ VJG PGY KPUVTWOGPV 6JG ENCTKPGV YCTOU WR OWEJ OQTG
UNQYN[ CPF KP EQNF UKVWCVKQPU KV YKNN TGCNN[ JGNR VQ JCXG C UJQTVGT DCTTGN  QT  OKNNKOGVGTU KPUVGCF QH
VJG UVCPFCTF   +V ECP CNUQ DG C JWIG RTQDNGO VQ JCXG C FTKGF QWV CPFQT YCTRGF TGGF YJGP RKEMKPI WR
VJG ENCTKPGV QT UQRTCPQ UCZQRJQPG + VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ MGGR YGVVKPI VJG TGGF RGTKQFKECNN[ CPF VQ
MGGR C OQWVJRKGEG ECR QP KV VQ MGGR KV HTQO FT[KPI QWV UQ HCUV 6JKU KU QDXKQWUN[ C OWEJ DKIIGT KUUWG KP VJG
FT[ 9GUV CPF JGTG + GXGP JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU VCRG WR VJG JQNGU KP VJGKT OQWVJRKGEG ECR VQ MGGR VJG OQKUVWTG
KPUKFG 9CTRGF TGGFU ECP ECWUG USWGCMKPI VJCV KU WIN[ KP [QWT GPUGODNG UQWPF

$QVJ DTCUU CPF YQQFYKPF FQWDNGTU ECP DG CKFGF KP VJGKT KPVQPCVKQP D[ WUKPI VJG -QTI %/. %NKR 1P
%QPVCEV /KETQRJQPG YKVJ VJGKT VWPGT KP VJG TGJGCTUCNU CPF GXGP KP EQPEGTVU

Woodwind Doubling
5CZQRJQPKUVU JCXG C VCNN QTFGT VQ DGEQOG RTQHKEKGPV QP VJG ENCTKPGV CPF VJG HNWVG 6JGUG CTG PQV LWUV
CWVQOCVKECNN[ GCU[ HQT VJG UCZQRJQPKUV CPF TGSWKTG C TGCN EQOOKVOGPV CPF NQVU QH YQTM + JKIJN[ TGEQOOGPF
VJG FQWDNGT VCMG RTKXCVG NGUUQPU QP VJGUG UGEQPFCT[ KPUVTWOGPVU CPF UVWF[ VJG UVCPFCTF ENCUUKECN TGRGTVQT[
9KVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH RNC[KPI CP KORTQXKUGF UQNQ QP VJG ENCTKPGV QT ʏWVG QT C &KZKGNCPF CRRTQCEJ QP VJG
ENCTKPGV YJKEJ QH EQWTUG KU IQKPI VQ DG LC\\QTKGPVGF YJGP VJG ENCTKPGV CPF ʏWVG EQOG WR KP C YTKVVGP
GPUGODNG RCTV VJG RGTHQTOCPEG CRRTQCEJ VQ VJQUG KPUVTWOGPVU YKNN DG ENCUUKECN GXGP KP VJG OKFFNG QH C
HWNNQP LC\\ EJCTV 5Q ENCUUKECN UVWF[ KU C TGCN PGEGUUKV[ + GXGP VT[ VQ IGV O[ FQWDNKPI UVWFGPVU VQ RNC[ C
RKGEG QP VJGKT UGEQPFCT[ KPUVTWOGPV U HQT VJG UQNQ CPF GPUGODNG HGUVKXCN

+ CNUQ VT[ VQ IGV O[ FQWDNGTU VQ RNC[ QPG QH VJGKT UGEQPFCT[ KPUVTWOGPVU KP VJG EQPEGTV DCPF QT QTEJGUVTC
9JGP + YCU KP O[ UGPKQT [GCT QH JKIJ UEJQQN + RNC[GF NGCF CNVQ KP VJG LC\\ DCPF ȳTUV ENCTKPGV KP VJG EQPEGTV
DCPF CPF ȳTUV ʏWVG KP VJG QTEJGUVTC + EQPVKPWGF UKOKNCT RCVVGTPU KPVQ EQNNGIG &QKPI VJKU + ICKPGF RTQȳEKGPE[
DWV CNUQ EQPȳFGPEG VJCV + EQWNF UKIJV TGCF QP O[ FQWDNGU CPF UKV KP C UGEVKQP CPF RNC[ VJGO KP VWPG

1PG QVJGT VJQWIJV + YQWNF UWIIGUV VJCV VJG FQWDNGT CEVWCNN[ RTCEVKEG FQWDNKPI 2NC[ VJG UCZQRJQPG HQT 
OKPWVGU UYKVEJ VQ ʏWVG HQT VJG PGZV  OKPWVGU VJGP ENCTKPGV HQT  DCEM VQ ʏWVG HQT  VJGP UCZQRJQPG
HQT  VJGP DCEM VQ ʏWVG HQT  GVE +H PGGFGF VJTQY VJG RKEEQNQ QT UQRTCPQ UCZQRJQPG KPVQ VJG TQVCVKQP
6JGP YJGP VJG EJCTV QPN[ IKXGU VJG FQWDNGT HQWT OGCUWTGU VQ UYKVEJ VQ VJG PGY KPUVTWOGPV CV NGCUV JG JCU
C ȳIJVKPI EJCPEG VQ OCMG VJG GODQWEJWTG CPF ȳPIGTKPI EJCPIGU TGSWKTGF 6JKU KU PQV UQ UKORNG CU UQOG
QH WU OCMG KV NQQM +V VCMGU UQOG UGTKQWU RTCEVKEG &CDDNKPI YKNN PQV FQ KV

6JKU FQWDNKPI TQVCVKQP KFGC ECP CNUQ DG XCNWCDNG HQT VJG DTCUUȅVGP OKPWVGU QH VTWORGV VGP OKPWVGU QH
ʏWIGNJQTP VGP OKPWVGU QH VTWORGV YKVJ JCTOQP OWVG VGP OKPWVGU QH ʏWIGNJQTP CPF UQ QP

%JCRVGT  /WVGU CPF &QWDNKPI ] 2CIG 

 Section 3

Dealing with Style:

It Don’t Mean a Thing if
it Don’t Swing

So Let’s Swing Into this Section . . .

Chapter 7 Working on Time Feel
6JG FGXGNQROGPV QH RGTUQPCN CPF GPUGODNG VKOG HGGN KU C JWIG KUUWG HQT VJG LC\\ GFWECVQT 016*+0) KU
OQTG KORQTVCPV VJCP VKOG HGGN 6JKU KU 07/$'4 10' KP OCMKPI CP GPUGODNG UWRGTKQT 0Q OCVVGT YJCV
QVJGT IQQF VJKPIU CTG JCRRGPKPI KP VJG GPUGODNG KH KV feels DCF VJG GPUGODNG YKNN PQV IGV HWNN ETGFKV HQT
the other good things that are happening.

#U YKVJ KPVQPCVKQP VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI KP VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VKOG HGGN KU VQ IGV GXGT[QPG DQVJGTGF
CDQWV KV CPF HQEWUKPI QP KV .GHV VQ EJCPEG VKOG YKNN DG C FKUCUVGT 9G UKORN[ PGGF VQ CUM HQT KVȒCPF CUM
HQT KVȒCPF CUM HQT KVȒ +H YG FQPȉV CUM YG YKNN PGXGT IGV KV 9G CUM VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VQ RNC[ VKOG
VQIGVJGT 9G CUM VJG JQTPU VQ RNC[ VKOG YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT + WUWCNN[ JGCT C NQV QH
VKOG UEJKUOU YJGP + CO CFLWFKECVKPI + YKNN PGXGT HQTIGV YJGP + YCU CFLWFKECVKPI YKVJ ,GHH 6QYGT UQOG
[GCTU CIQ INCPEKPI QXGT VQ UGG JKO TCRRKPI VJG RWNUG QH VJG EJCTV YKVJ JKU RGPEKN QP JKU VCRG TGEQTFGT VJG
QPG JG YCU WUKPI HQT EQOOGPVU VQ VJG DCPF  CPF VJGP [GNNKPI KPVQ VJG VCRG TGEQTFGT Ȋ6KOG (QNMU 6KOGȍ
+ JCXG QHVGP HGNV NKMG + PGGFGF VQ FQ VJG UCOG

5Q VKOG HGGN KU C FKHȳEWNV VJKPI VQ IGV C JCPFNG QP GURGEKCNN[ YKVJ [QWPI MKFU DWV NGV OG UWIIGUV C HGY
VJKPIU VJCV + JCXG HQWPF JGNRHWN

Thinking in the Long Meter

+ JCXG HQWPF VJCV NGCTPKPI VQ VJKPM CPF HGGN KP VJG NQPIGT OGVGT TGCNN[ JGNRU VQ UJQTG WR VJG VKOG +P QVJGT
YQTFU KP  + VJKPM KP  KPUVGCF QH  9JGP + VJKPM KP EWV VKOG O[ RWNUG DGEQOGU OQTG UVCDNG CPF OWEJ
OQTG TGNCZGF UQ + CNYC[U VJKPM KP VJG NQPIGT OGVGT YJGP VJG VGORQ QH VJG VWPG KU OGFKWO CPF HCUVGT
#NVJQWIJ YJGP VJKPMKPI KP SWCTVGT PQVGU KV KU GCU[ VQ CFF C DGCV QT FTQR C DGCV YKVJQWV TGCNK\KPI KV + FQPȉV
V[RKECNN[ JCXG VJKU RTQDNGO YJGP + VJKPM KP JCNH PQVGU 1H EQWTUG VJKU KU PQV RTCEVKECN QT PGEGUUCT[ YKVJ C
UNQY DCNNCF VGORQ

(QT NQPI OGVGT VJKPMKPI VQ YQTM JQYGXGT + PGGF VQ VJKPM KP  QP DGCVU  CPF  PQV  CPF  + TGCNK\G VJKU
UQWPFU NKMG JGTGU[ CPF HQT C NQPI VKOG CHVGT + UVCTVGF VJKPMKPI VJKU YC[ + YCU CHTCKF VQ UC[ KV QWV NQWF HQT
HGCT QH EGPUWTGȅVJCV KU WPVKN + JGCTF *CN )CNRGT VCNM CDQWV KV CV CP +#,' %QPHGTGPEG 9JGP UQOGDQF[ CU
JGCX[ CU *CN )CNRGT 2JKN 9QQFU %JGV $CMGT /KEJCGN $TGEMGT CPF GXGT[DQF[ GNUG YCU YKNNKPI VQ VCNM
VJKU YC[ KV XCNKFCVGF OG CPF ICXG OG UQOG EQPȳFGPEG VQ VGCEJ KV OQTG RWDNKEN[ *CN FGOQPUVTCVGF JQY
VJKPMKPI KP  YCU XGT[ PGTXQWU CPF HTCPVKE HGGNKPI 6JGP JG FGOQPUVTCVGF JQY VJKPMKPI KP  QP  
 ETGCVGF VJG UCOG PGTXQWU HGGNKPI KP VJG VKOG DGECWUG VQ VJKPM QP    [QW CNUQ JCXG VQ VJKPM   
YJKEJ OCMGU KV NKMG VJKPMKPI KP  YKVJ CNN HQWT SWCTVGTU $WV VJKPMKPI KP  QP    YCU OWEJ OQTG TGNCZGF
*G RQKPVGF QWV VJCV JG YCU DCUKECNN[ VJKPMKPI KP UNQY OQFG CNN QH VJG VKOG 1P VJG DCNNCF JG YCU VJKPMKPI
1-2-3-4 CPF QP VJG WRVGORQ VWPG JG YCU VJKPMKPI 134 YKVJ VJG RWNUG OQXKPI CV C UKOKNCT URGGF HQT
DQVJ + JCXG HGNV GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG YC[ CDQWV VJKU KUUWG CPF + DGNKGXG KV TGCNN[ JGNRU [QWPI RGQRNG FGXGNQR
C OQTG UQNKF CPF TGNCZGFHGGNKPI RWNUG

0QY DGHQTG [QW ENQUG VJG DQQM NGV OG UC[ VJCV + HWNN[ WPFGTUVCPF VJG PGGF HQT LC\\ RNC[GTU VQ RTCEVKEG
YKVJ VJKPMKPI VJG RWNUG QP    + JCXG O[ UVWFGPVU FQ VJKU CPF CV C OQTG CFXCPEGF NGXGN KV CNUQ JGNRU VQ
UVTGPIVJGP VKOG HGGN + CNUQ JCXG VJGO RTCEVKEG YKVJ VJG OGVTQPQOG QP LWUV  QT LWUV  QT LWUV QP VJG WRDGCV
QH  QT LWUV QP VJG WRDGCV QH  CPF VJG NKMG 6JGUG CTG ITGCV GZGTEKUGU CPF [GU YG PGGF VQ DG CDNG VQ RNC[
YKVJ VJG OGVTQPQOG QP  CPF  CU KH KV YGTG VJG JKJCV $WV HQT VTCKPKPI C [QWPIGT RNC[GT CPF C [QWPIGT

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

DCPF + HGGN VJCV VJKPMKPI VJG RWNUG KP VJG NQPI OGVGT QP    KU OWEJ OQTG JGNRHWN HQT C YJKNG #PF + JCXG
HQWPF VJKU KU PQV YCUVGF QP VJG OQTG CFXCPEGF RNC[GTU GKVJGT

Use of the Metronome or Drum Machine

+ CNUQ NKMG VQ WUG VJG OGVTQPQOG CU CP CYCTGPGUU VQQN KP TGJGCTUCNU CPF NGUUQPU +ȉNN VWTP QP VJG OGVTQPQOG
VJKU OKIJV DG RWORGF VJTQWIJ NCTIG URGCMGTU KP C HWNN GPUGODNG TGJGCTUCN  CPF GUVCDNKUJ C VGORQ CPF
VJGP MKEM QHH VJG VWPG 6JGP + VWTP VJG OGVTQPQOG QHH #HVGT  QT  DCTU + YKNN EWV QHH VJG DCPF YJKNG
OCKPVCKPKPI VJG RTGXCKNKPI VGORQ CPF VJGP VWTP DCEM QP VJG OGVTQPQOG 6JGP YG ECP UGG KH YG CTG UVKNN CV
VJG VGORQ QT YG JCXG TWUJGF KV QT FTCIIGF KV 6JGP YG TGRGCV KV +U VJG VGPFGPE[ VJG UCOG 6JGP + YKNN IQ
NQPIGT OC[DG  QT  DCTU DGHQTG EJGEMKPI VJG VGORQ 6JKU KU XGT[ TGXGCNKPI CPF JGNRU VJG DCPF ICKP
C UGPUG QH YJCV PGGFU VQ DG FQPG 9G JCXG CNUQ WUGF C FTWO OCEJKPG UQ YG EQWNF JCXG C JKV GXGT[ HQWT
DCTU +VȉU COC\KPI JQY HCT VJG VKOG ECP UVTC[ KP  DCTU #ICKP KV KU VJG CYCTGPGUU VJCV KU KPETGFKDN[ JGNRHWN

The Stick
+ ECP CEEQORNKUJ UQOGVJKPI UKOKNCT D[ WUKPI C JGCX[FWV[ FTWO UVKEM QP C EQYDGNN +V KU COC\KPI YJCV KV
FQGU LWUV VQ WPKH[ VJG EQPEGRV QH YJGTG VJG RWNUG KU HQT VJG ITQWR +H VJG GPUGODNG KU JCXKPI VTQWDNG WPKH[KPI
YJGTG VJG RWNUG KU LWUV RKEM WR [QWT UVKEM CPF UQQP VJG VKOG YKNN UVTCKIJVGP KVUGNH QWV + WUGF VQ DCPI O[
UVKEM QP C OWUKE UVCPF DWV KV FKFPȉV FQ OWEJ IQQF HQT VJG UVCPFȅQT VJG UVKEM +ȉXG HQWPF VJG EQYDGNN ECP
DG JGCTF QXGT VJG YJQNG DCPF

+V KU PQV WPEQOOQP HQT C [QWPI DCPF VQ IGV VJG VKOG VWTPGF CTQWPF DGVYGGP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF VJG
JQTPU 9JCV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU RNC[KPI CU    JCU DGEQOG    KP VJG JQTPU +V ECP CNUQ DG C RTQDNGO
YKVJKP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP YJGP VJG FTWOOGTȉU    JCU DGEQOG VJG DCUU RNC[GTȉU    +P VJKU ECUG
IKXG CEEGPVU QP    YKVJ VJG UVKEM VQ WPKH[ HQT GXGT[QPG YJGTG  KU 9JGP GXGT[QPG KP VJG DCPF MPQYU
RTGEKUGN[ YJGTG  KU VJG FKHHGTGPEG KU ȊUVTKMKPIȍ 5QTT[

Quarter Note Feel: Locking in the Time

6JG NCUV HGY [GCTU + JCXG HQWPF ITGCV UWEEGUU KP VGCEJKPI YJCV + ECNN SWCTVGT PQVG HGGN XGTUWU GKIJVJ PQVG
HGGN  9JCV + OGCP D[ VJKU KU VJCV JQTP RNC[GTU ECP RNC[ C NKPG QH GKIJVJ PQVGU KP UWEJ C YC[ VJCV KV HGGNU
OQTG NKMG SWCTVGT PQVGU YKVJ KPEKFGPVCN KPDGVYGGP PQVGU VJCP NKMG GKIJVJ PQVGU 9JGP VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU
QH VJG JQTPU NKPG WR GZCEVN[ YKVJ VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP ITGCV VKOG HGGN KU DQTP +P QVJGT
YQTFU VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU QH VJG DCUU RNC[GT CPF VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU QH VJG FTWOOGT NKPG WR RGTHGEVN[ CPF VJGP
VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU QH VJG JQTP RNC[GTU NKPG WR YKVJ VJCV RGTHGEVN[ CU RGTHGEVN[ CU RQUUKDNG  6JKU KU ECNNGF NQEM
KPI WR VJG VKOG YKVJKP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP and NQEMKPI WR VJG VKOG DGVYGGP VJG JQTPU CPF VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP
+ JCXG KPENWFGF UQOG GZCORNGU QH VJKU KP VJG XKFGQU VJCV CEEQORCP[ VJKU DQQM .GV OG IQ FGGRGT PQY KPVQ
YJCV + CO ECNNKPI SWCTVGT PQVG HGGN HQT VJG JQTP RNC[GTU YJQ CTG CEVWCNN[ RNC[KPI GKIJVJ PQVGU 6JKU KU PGZV
VQ KORQUUKDNG VQ GZRNCKP KP YTKVKPI CPF KU HCT GCUKGT VQ FGOQPUVTCVG DWV +ȉNN IKXG KV C VT[ 6JKU GZRNCPCVKQP
YKNN HCNN YQGHWNN[ UJQTV JQYGXGT KH [QW FQPȉV VCMG VJG VKOG VQ JGCT VJG GZCORNGU KP VJG XKFGQU

9JGP + ȳTUV RCUUGF QWV VJG $CUKG EJCTV Corner Pocket VQ O[ DCPF DCEM KP  + JCF VQ UC[ VQ VJG
UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP RNC[KPI VJG OGNQF[ NKPG Ȋ6JGTGȉU LWUV QPG RTQDNGO YKVJ VJCV NKPG UCZGUȅKVȉU PQV

%JCRVGT  9QTMKPI QP 6KOG (GGN ] 2CIG 

UYKPIKPȉȍ Ȋ9JCV FQ [QW OGCP KVȉU PQV UYKPIKPȉ 9GȉTG PQV RNC[KPI KV UVTCKIJVȍ 0Q VJG[ YGTG PQV RNC[KPI
KV UVTCKIJV VJG[ YGTG RNC[KPI VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU WPGXGPN[ $WV + VQNF VJGO VJG[ YGTG QPN[ IKXKPI NKR UGTXKEG
VQ UYKPI 6Q VTWN[ UYKPI VJG[ PGGFGF VQ RNC[ VJG FQYPDGCV PQVGU OWEJ NQPIGT CPF VJG WRDGCV PQVGU OWEJ
NCVGT KP VJG DGCV 6JKU OCMGU VJG NKPG UQWPF OQTG NKMG SWCTVGT PQVGU 6JG GKIJVJ PQVGU YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCVU
DGEQOG OQTG NKMG VJG KPEKFGPVCN PQVGU RNC[GF KP DGVYGGP VJG FQYPDGCVU D[ VJG FTWOOGT QP VJG TKFG E[ODCN
QT VJG DCUU RNC[GT KP VJG YCNMKPI DCUU NKPG ;QW ECP VT[ VQ KOCIKPG VJKU DWV TGCNN[ UVQR TGCFKPI CPF VCMG
C OQOGPV VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG XKFGQ GZCORNGU HQT VJKU EJCRVGT 6JG ȳTUV RTKPVGF GZCORNG DGNQY KU C RJTCUG HTQO
Corner Pocket D[ VJG $CUKG $CPF CPF VJG UGEQPF GZCORNG KU C RJTCUG HTQO Sig Ep by the Woody Herman
$CPF + CO WUKPI VJG VGPWVQ OCTMKPIU VQ KPFKECVG VJG GZVTC NQPI FQYPDGCVU VJCV DTKPI QWV VJG SWCTVGT PQVG
HGGN KP VJG NKPGU QH VJGUG GZCORNGU

6JKU NCUV GZCORNG KU CP GZGTRV HTQO There Will Never Be Another You also demonstrating quarter note
HGGNȅGURGEKCNN[ QP VJG UGEQPF NKPG YJGTG VJG CTTQYU KPFKECVG VJG SWCTVGT PQVG NKPG VJCV KU KPJGTGPV KP VJG
OGNQF[ GXGP VJQWIJ VJGTG CTG GKIJVJ PQVGU KP VJG NKPG CU YGNN

#ICKP RNGCUG VCMG VJG VKOG VQ TGHGT VQ VJG XKFGQU FGOQPUVTCVKQPU HQT VJKU EQPEGRV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 8 Swing Rhythm
6JG ȊSWCTVGT PQVG HGGNȍ EQPEGRV KU ETKVKECN VQ VJG YC[ + CO IQKPI VQ PQY CRRTQCEJ TJ[VJO CPF UYKPIKPI UQ
RNGCUG FQPȉV IQ QP KH [QW JCXGPȉV VCMGP VJG VKOG VQ ȳTUV NKUVGP VQ VJG GZCORNGU HQT %JCRVGT 

The Effect of Quarter Note Feel on Swing Rhythm

9G QHVGP JGCT RGQRNG UC[ QH C UYKPI EJCTV Ȋ)GV VJCV NCKF DCEM HGGNȍ 9JCV KU NC[KPI DCEM +H YG NC[ DCEM
VJG FQYPDGCV VJCV KU ECNNGF dragging $WV KH YG NC[ VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN XGT[ FGGR KP VJG DGCV VJCV ETGCVGU
the laid back feel +H VJG FQYPDGCV SWCTVGT PQVG KU RTGFQOKPCPVN[ NQPI CPF VJG KP DGVYGGP GKIJVJ PQVG KU
NCKF DCEM XGT[ NCVG KP VJG DGCV VJGP PQVJKPI KU JCRRGPKPI KP VJG VTCFKVKQPCN ȊWRDGCVȍ URCEG +P HCEV VJGTG KU
PQ UWEJ VJKPI CU CP WRDGCV KP UYKPI TJ[VJO ;GU VJGTG CTG OCP[ GKIJVJ PQVGU YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCV DWV VJG[
CTG PQV RNC[GF QP VJG WRDGCV KP CEVWCNKV[ 6JGTG KU PQ UWEJ VJKPI CU CP WRDGCV 6JKU JCU NGF OG VQ FGXGNQR C
PGY VGTOKPQNQI[ KPVGPFGF VQ ETGCVG C FKHHGTGPV CVVKVWFG CDQWV TJ[VJO YKVJ VJG UVWFGPVU

9JGTG FQ + RNC[ VJQUG GKIJVJ PQVGU VJCV CTG YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCV + RNC[ VJGO CNOQUV QP VJG PGZV
FQYPDGCV *QY NQPI VJGP KU VJG FQYPDGCV PQVG +V KU CNOQUV VJG YJQNG DGCV NQPI 6JG ȊWRDGCVȍ PQVG KU
RNC[GF CU C FQYPDGCV IGUVWTG CNOQUV QP VJG HQNNQYKPI DGCV +V KU PQV RNC[GF CU CP ȊWRDGCVȍ IGUVWTG CU KV
NQQMU QP VJG RCIG +V JCU PQVJKPI VQ FQ YKVJ VJG PQPGZKUVGPV ȊWRDGCVȍ 6JKU KUUWG KU CV VJG TQQV QH OQUV QH
VJG NQQUG TJ[VJOU KP VJG DCPF CPF KU C TGCN FGVGTTGPV VQ VJG GPUGODNG RTGEKUKQP YG CTG UGGMKPI 9G YGTG CNN
RTQITCOOGF CU [QWPI UVWFGPVU VQ XKGY VJGUG PQVGU YTKVVGP QP WRDGCVU CU WRDGCVU +V KU UQ JCTF VQ QXGTEQOG
VJKU RCUV EQPFKVKQPKPI DWV KH YG XKGY VJGO CU PGCTN[ FQYPDGCVU KV OCMGU CNN VJG FKHHGTGPEG KP VKIJVGPKPI
WR VJG TJ[VJOU KP VJG GPUGODNG CPF IGVVKPI VJG UYKPI HGGN JCRRGPKPI 6JG YTKVVGP ȊWRDGCVUȍ CTG NKMG ITCEG
PQVGU VQ VJG EQOKPI DGCV QT VJG TGNCVKQPUJKR QH VJG WRDGCV VQ VJG FQYPDGCV KU NKMG C ʏCO KP FTWO NCPIWCIG

# YJKNG DCEM YJGP + YCU VGCEJKPI VJKU EQPEGRV CV C NQECN JKIJ UEJQQN + CUMGF VJG DCPF Ȋ+H VJG WRDGCV PQVG
KU CNOQUV QP VJG PGZV FQYPDGCV JQY NQPI KU VJG ȳTUV FQYPDGCV PQVG ȍ 1PG QH VJG VTWORGV RNC[GTU DNWTVGF
QWV ȊȉUȍ + UCKF Ȋ+ PGXGT VJQWIJV QH KV SWKVG VJCV YC[ DGHQTG DWV +ȉNN VCMG KVȍ 2NC[KPI VJG WRDGCV KU
NKMG RNC[KPI EJKEMGP Ȋ*QY ENQUG ECP + IGV VJCV WRDGCV PQVG VQ VJG PGZV FQYPDGCV YKVJQWV CEVWCNN[
RWVVKPI KV QP VJG FQYPDGCV ȍ 1H EQWTUG KH + YCKV VQQ NQPI CPF RWV VJG WRDGCV QP VJG PGZV FQYPDGCV VJGP
+ȉXG IQPG VQQ HCTȅVJG TJ[VJO KU FKUVQTVGF PQY DWV JQY ENQUG ECP + IGV YKVJQWV HCNNKPI QXGT VJG GFIG QPVQ
VJG FQYPDGCV

But What About Triplet Subdivision?

0QY QH EQWTUG VJG VGORQ FQGU RNC[ C RCTV KP VJG CEVWCN TCVKQ QH VJG FQYPDGCV VQ VJG WRDGCV CPF [QW
OC[ DG CUMKPI [QWTUGNH Ȋ9JCV CDQWV VJG QNF VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQP KFGC ȍ 9JGP VJG VGORQ KU UNQYGT GURGEKCNN[
KH KV KU UYKPI DCNNCF VGORQ VJG VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQP JCU TGCN OGTKV + CNUQ VJKPM VJG VTKRNGVU CTG C ITGCV YC[ VQ
KPVTQFWEG UYKPI TJ[VJO VQ C [QWPI UVWFGPV + JCXG VJG [QWPI UVWFGPV RJ[UKECNN[ UWDFKXKFG VTKRNGVU YKVJ
JKUJGT VQPIWG QP GXGT[ GVWFG HQT SWKVG UQOG VKOG UKOKNCT VQ UWDFKXKFKPI thȉU YKVJ VJG VQPIWG QP FQVVGF
GKIJVJUKZVGGPVJ TJ[VJOU VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG EQTTGEV TCVKQ  + YQWNF CNUQ UWIIGUV JCXKPI VJG [QWPI GPUGODNG
TGIWNCTN[ UWDFKXKFG VTKRNGVU YKVJ VJG VQPIWG

6JG OCVWTG GPUGODNG YKNN CNUQ RTQȳV HTQO VJG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG QH VQPIWKPI VJG VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQPU QP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

C UYKPI DCNNCF QT OGFKWO UNQY VWPG (QT GZCORNG YJGP + YCU VT[KPI VQ VKIJVGP VJG GPUGODNG QP VJG KPVTQ
to You Don’t Know What Love Is + JCF O[ EQNNGIG DCPF VQPIWG VJG VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQPU VQ ETGCVG C WPKV[ QH
OKPFUGV HQT RNC[KPI VJQUG ȳIWTGU 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ XKFGQ GZCORNGU Georgia on My Mind YQWNF DG CPQVJGT
GZCORNG YJGTG VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQP YKNN RC[ DKI FKXKFGPFU

$WV YJGP VJG VGORQ OQXGU WR VJKPMKPI VJG VTKRNGVU DGEQOGU KORTCEVKECN 1H EQWTUG YG JQRG HQT UQOG
GHHGEV HTQO VJG EQPFKVKQPKPI YG JCXG FQPG YKVJ VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQPU CV UNQYGT VGORQU DWV WUKPI VTKRNGVU CU
a rehearsal technique to try to tighten the ensemble on the rhythms is not useful any longer at fast speeds.
*QYGXGT WUKPI VJG GKIJVJ PQVG NKPG VQ UWDFKXKFG KP QWT OKPFU HQT NQPIGT PQVGU UWEJ CU C FQVVGF SWCTVGT
ECP DG XGT[ JGNRHWN 5GG 'ZCORNG  QP VJG PGZV RCIG

#V VJG HCUVGT VGORQU + YQWNF JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP VJCV VJGTG CTG HQWT RNCEGU C PQVG ECP UVCTV TKIJV QP
VJG DGCV CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV TKEQEJGV QHH VJG FQYPDGCV QT TKIJV QP VJG WRDGCV Ȋ9CKV C OKPWVG TKIJV QP VJG
WRDGCV + VJQWIJV VJGTG YCU PQ WRDGCVȍ 6JCV KU VTWG CV VJG SWCTVGT PQVG NGXGN DWV TGOGODGT CV VJG HCUVGT
VGORQ YG CTG PQY VJKPMKPI KP VJG NQPIGT OGVGT QT CV VJG JCNH PQVG NGXGN CPF CV VJG JCNH PQVG NGXGN VJG
WRDGCV KU GKVJGT DGCV  QT DGCV  KP VJG DCT +P QVJGT YQTFU GXGT[VJKPI KU CDQWV VJG FQYPDGCV  GKVJGT KV KU
TKIJV QP VJG DGCV QT CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV QT TKIJV CHVGT VJG DGCV TKEQEJGV  6JG QPN[ GZEGRVKQP KU KH VJG PQVG
KU YTKVVGP QP DGCV  QT DGCV  VJGP KV KU TKIJV QP VJG FKTGEV WRDGCV + VJKPM VJG PGZV GZCORNGU YKNN OCMG KV
ENGCT YJCV + CO VT[KPI VQ XGTDCNK\G + TGCNK\G VJKU KU C YJQNG PGY VGTOKPQNQI[ DWV + JCXG HQWPF KV XGT[ GH
HGEVKXG KP TGJGCTUKPI VJG DCPF HQT TJ[VJOKE RTGEKUKQP 6JKPM KP  QP GCEJ GZCORNG

Some Examples of a Different Way to Think About Swing Rhythms

'ZCORNG 

#P GHHGEVKXG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG HQT VJG CDQXG TJ[VJO YQWNF DG VQ JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ C JCNH PQVG CPF
VYQ SWCTVGT PQVGU UKPEG YGȉTG KP EWV VKOG VJKU YKNN DG NKMG C SWCTVGT CPF VYQ GXGP GKIJVJU  9JGP VJKU
KU UQNKF VJGP TGKPVTQFWEG VJG UNKIJV CPVKEKRCVKQP VQ VJG UGEQPF PQVG NKMG C ITCEG PQVG VQ VJG UGEQPF
PQVG  6JKU OCMGU VJG UGEQPF PQVG C FQYPDGCV IGUVWTG almost on the beat. When it is conceived as
KV NQQMU CP WRDGCV IGUVWTG KV YKNN CNYC[U DG RNC[GF VQQ GCTN[ CPF YKNN [KGNF C NQQUG GPUGODNG UQWPF
CPF PQV UYKPI

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO ] 2CIG 

#PQVJGT GHHGEVKXG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG KU VQ JCXG VJG DCPF UWDFKXKFG YKVJ VJG VQPIWG VJG GKIJVJ PQVG
NKPG VJCV TWPU VJTQWIJ VJG FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVG FWJ IC FW ICJ FW ICV CU UJQYP KP VJG NCUV OGCUWTG CDQXG

'ZCORNG 

#P GHHGEVKXG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG HQT VJKU TJ[VJO YQWNF DG VQ JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ JCNH PQVG JCNH PQVG JCNH
PQVG JCNH PQVG YKVJ C DTGCVJ HQNNQYKPI  +V EQWNF DG TGRGCVGF CPF E[ENGF WPVKN CEEWTCVG 6JGP TGKPVTQFWEG
VJG UNKIJV CPVKEKRCVKQP VQ VJG nd rd, and 4th PQVGU CU C FQYPDGCV IGUVWTG ITCEG PQVG QT ʏCO VQ GCEJ DGCV 

#ICKP C UGEQPF GHHGEVKXG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG YQWNF DG VQ UWDFKXKFG YKVJ VJG VQPIWG VJG GKIJVJ PQVG NKPG
VJCV TWPU VJTQWIJ VJG YJQNG ȳIWTG FWJ IC FW ICJ IWJ FW ICJ IWJ FW ICJ IWJ FW ICJ  +V KU KORQTVCPV
VJCV VJG GKIJVJ PQVG UWDFKXKUKQPU CTG UYKPIKPI PQV UVTCKIJV

#V HCUVGT VGORQU VJG ȳTUV FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVG KU WUWCNN[ NCVG QT UNWIIKUJ 'ZCORNG   9G JCXG VQ DQWPEG
QHH VJG DGCV QT TKEQEJGV 5Q + ECNN KV C TKEQEJGV PQVG 1H EQWTUG CV C UNQY VGORQ VJKU UCOG FQVVGF SWCTVGT
PQVG YQWNF PQV DG C TKEQEJGV PQVG CV CNN DWV YQWNF DG CP almost on the beat PQVG CNOQUV QP 

'ZCORNG 

6JG UGEQPF RTQDNGO KP VJKU ȳIWTG YKNN DG VJG NCUV PQVG DGKPI RNC[GF VQQ UQQP CU CP WRDGCV IGUVWTG CU KV NQQMU 
#ICKP HQT C TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ KV TKIJV QP VJG DGCV C HGY VKOGU 6JGP TGKPVTQFWEG VJG UNKIJV
CPVKEKRCVKQP ITCEG PQVG VQ VJG DGCV KFGC #NUQ KV YQWNF DG IQQF JGTG VQ VQPIWG VJG UYKPIKPI GKIJVJ PQVG
UWDFKXKUKQPU QP VJG FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVG KP DCT VYQ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

'ZCORNG  CDQXG KU QDXKQWUN[ C RCTVKEWNCTN[ FKHȳEWNV TJ[VJO VQ RNC[ RTGEKUGN[ YKVJ VJG YJQNG DCPF 6JKU
KU GXGP C FKHȳEWNV ȳIWTG VQ UWDFKXKFG GKIJVJ PQVG NKPGU VJTQWIJ DGECWUG QH VJG URGGF CPF EQORNGZKV[
5WDFKXKFKPI OKIJV JGNR QP VJG ȳTUV PQVG VQ VJG UGEQPF PQVG DWV VJGP DGEQOGU OQTG FKHȳEWNV VJCP KV KU
YQTVJ 6JKU KU CP GZCORNG QH YJGTG O[ PGY VGTOKPQNQI[ TGCNN[ YQTMU YGNN VQ GUVCDNKUJ C OGPVCN CRRTQCEJ
CPF C WPKV[ QH EQPEGRV # IQQF RTCEVKEG VGEJPKSWG YQWNF DG VQ RNC[ VJKU ȳIWTG OWEJ UNQYGT DWV UVKNN KP 
NQPI OGVGT  GORJCUK\KPI 1P VJG $GCV #NOQUV QP VJG $GCV 4KEQEJGV QHH VJG $GCV 1P VJG 7RDGCV CPF 1P
VJG $GCV 6JGP ITCFWCNN[ URGGF WR

'ZCORNG  DGNQY KU C UKOKNCT RTQDNGO DWV OQTG GZVGPFGF CPF YQWNF NGPF KVUGNH YGNN VQ VJG VGEJPKSWG
FGUETKDGF HQT 'ZCORNG  'ZCORNG  CNUQ KNNWUVTCVGU VJCV VJG TKEQEJGV CRRTQCEJ PQV QPN[ CRRNKGU VQ VJG FQVVGF
SWCTVGT PQVG DWV ECP DG VJG CRRTQCEJ HQT IGVVKPI UVCTVGF YKVJ C NKPG QH GKIJVJ PQVGU YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCV

'ZCORNG  CDQXG KNNWUVTCVGU C IQQF RQKPV KP VJG UGEQPF DCT VJCV VJG NKVVNG PQVG YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCV QH
VYQ KU CNUQ RNC[GF CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV GXGP VJQWIJ KV IQGU VQ C FKHHGTGPV PQVG KPUVGCF QH DGKPI VKGF + JCXG
HQWPF VJCV VJGTG KU OWEJ OQTG TJ[VJOKE XKVCNKV[ CPF CEEWTCE[ YJGP VJGUG NKVVNG PQVGU CTG UPCRRGF VKIJV VQ
VJG DGCV KPUVGCF QH JQY VJG[ CTG QHVGP RNC[GF C NKVVNG GCTN[ IKXGU CP CNOQUV CTJ[VJOKE HGGNKPI  #NUQ PQVG
that in the third bar the tied eighths that are functioning as a syncopated quarter note must be articulated
UJQTV &16 QT VJG TKEQEJGV KU FKHȳEWNV VQ RNC[ EQTTGEVN[

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO ] 2CIG 

'ZCORNG  CDQXG RQKPVU WR CPQVJGT XGT[ EQOOQP RTQDNGO QH IGVVKPI UVWEM QP VKGU VQQ NQPI 6JG VKG KP
TGCNKV[ KU OKPKUEWNG UKPEG VJG WRDGCV PQVG VJCV UVCTVU VJG VKG KU CNOQUV QP VJG DGCVȅQPN[ C IPCVȉU G[GDTQY
DGHQTG VJG DGCV VJGP KV KU XGT[ NKVVNG FKHHGTGPV VJCP LWUV RNC[KPI VJG UGEQPF PQVG QH VJG VKG VJG FQYPDGCV
PQTOCNN[ 6JKU KU CPQVJGT GZCORNG QH EQPFKVKQPKPI VJCV YG CNN GZRGTKGPEG HTQO VJG VKOG YG CTG [QWPIȅYG
YCPV VJG VKGF PQVG VQ DG NQPIGT VJCP KV TGCNN[ KU 6JKU KU CNUQ CP KUUWG KP VJG NCUV DCT QH  CDQXG #NUQ PQVG
VJCV VJG NCUV PQVG QH VJG ȳIWTG 'ZCORNG  KU C TKEQEJGV PQVG

'ZCORNG  CDQXG JGNRU VQ KNNWUVTCVG OCMKPI VJG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP RNC[KPI C PQVG QP VJG CPF QT
WRDGCV CPF RNC[KPI KV CU C TKEQEJGV PQVG

'ZCORNG  DGNQY KU CP GZCORNG EQODKPKPI OQUV QH VJG KUUWGU CDQXG CNN KP QPG RJTCUG *GTG CICKP
FQPȉV IGV UVWEM QP VJG VKG KP VJG NCUV OGCUWTG

'ZCORNG  PGZV RCITG KU CPQVJGT UWOOCT[V[RG NKPG DWV CNUQ KNNWUVTCVGU JQY VQ FGEKFG KH C PQVG KU CNOQUV
QP VJG DGCV QT KH KV KU C TKEQEJGV PQVG 6JG FKHHGTGPEG KU VJG VGORQ 5KPEG NKPG  KU OWEJ UNQYGT VJCP VJG
RTGXKQWU NKPGU VJG WRDGCV QH  KP DCT  KU CNOQUV QP VJG PGZV DGCV #V C HCUVGT VGORQ KV YQWNF DG C TKEQEJGV
note.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Springboard Notes
6JGTG CTG EGTVCKP PQVGU KP C TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTG YJKEJ KH JGNF NQPI GPQWIJ URTKPIDQCTF VJG YJQNG ȳIWTG VQ UYKPI
+H PQV JGNF NQPI GPQWIJ VJG[ URTKPIDQCTF VJG YJQNG ȳIWTG VQ HCKNWTG 6JGUG PQVGU + ECNN Ȋ5RTKPIDQCTF 0QVGUȍ
+ FKUEQXGTGF C FTCOCVKE GZCORNG QH VJKU YJGP + YCU UVKNN KP JKIJ UEJQQN CPF VTCPUETKDGF %CPPQPDCNN #FFGTN[ȉU
solo on So What off the Kind of Blue CNDWO QH /KNGU &CXKU *GTG KU VJG RCTV QH %CPPQPȉU UQNQ VJCV + CO
TGHGTTKPI VQ

+ VTKGF VQ ȳIWTG QWV JQY VQ PQVCVG VJG TJ[VJO QP VJG NCUV DCT CPF + TGCNK\GF VJCV VJGTG YCU PQ QVJGT YC[
VJCP GKIJVJ SWCTVGT GKIJVJȅUVCPFCTF U[PEQRCVKQP $WV QJ JQY KPUVTWEVKXG KU %CPPQPȉU NGPIVJ QP VJG ȳTUV
GKIJVJ PQVG 6JCV KU C Ȋ5RTKPIDQCTF 0QVGȍ CV KVU ȳPGUV %JGEM QWV VJG NGPIVJ QP VJG ȳTUV GKIJVJ PQVGU QH VJG
U[PEQRCVKQPU RTGEGFKPI VJCV QPG CU YGNN

+ JCXG HQWPF ITGCV UWEEGUU KH + ECP JGNR VJG GPUGODNG FGȳPG CPF OCTM KPVQ VJG RCTVU YJGTG VJG URTKPIDQCTF
PQVGU CTG + JCXG VJGO WUG C UVCPFCTF VGPWVQ OCTMKPI QXGT VJG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU $[ FGȳPKPI LWUV C HGY PQVGU
that the band really has to lay on, everything else starts to fall into place.

5Q JGTG CTG UQOG GZCORNGU QH URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU 6JG[ VGPF VQ HCNN TGIWNCTN[ KP EGTVCKP RTGFKEVCDNG RNCEGU
+ CO WUKPI VJG VGPWVQ OCTMKPI VQ KPFKECVG YJGTG VJG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU CTG

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO ] 2CIG 

*GTG CTG C EQWRNG QH GZCORNGU QH JQY + YQWNF JGNR VJG GPUGODNG FGȳPG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU KP C RCTVKEWNCT
RCUUCIG QH C EJCTV #ICKP URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU CTG KPFKECVGF YKVJ VJG VGPWVQ OCTMKPI

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Does Swing Rhythm Change When the Tempo is Fast?
+ JCXG JGCTF UQOG XGT[ IQQF LC\\ RNC[GTU VJCV + TGURGEV QVJGTYKUG VGCEJ VJCV YG ECPPQV UYKPI YJGP VJG
VGORQ KU HCUVȅVJG HCUVGT VJG VGORQ VJG UVTCKIJVGT VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU +V TGOKPFU OG QH C UVWFGPV YJQ ECOG
KPVQ O[ QHȳEG OCP[ [GCTU CIQ HQT C NGUUQP CPF JCF FQPG CP KORTGUUKXG VTCPUETKRVKQP QH CP WRVGORQ 2JKN
9QQFU UQNQ + CUMGF JKO VQ RNC[ KV + EQWNF VGNN KOOGFKCVGN[ VJCV JG YCU RNC[KPI VJG GKIJVJPQVG NKPGU XGT[
UVTCKIJV + UCKF VQ JKO Ȋ6JCV KU CP KORTGUUKXG VTCPUETKRVKQP QH a lot QH PQVGU DWV [QW CTG PQV UYKPIKPIȍ
*G SWKEMN[ TGURQPFGF Ȋ1J [QW ECPȉV UYKPI YJGP KV KU VJKU HCUV 2JKN 9QQFU FQGUPȉV UYKPI KVȍ Ȋ4GCNN[ȍ +
UCKF Ȋ*CXG [QW IQV VJG VCRG ȍ 6JKU YCU NQPI GPQWIJ CIQ VJCV JG RWNNGF QWV C ECUUGVVG VCRG QH 2JKNȉU UQNQ

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO ] 2CIG 

9G RWV KV KPVQ O[ /CTCPV\ VYQ URGGF VCRG TGEQTFGT CPF DGICP VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG UQNQ CV HWNN URGGF + EQWNF
VGNN VJCV 2JKN YCU UYKPIKPI DWV KV YQWNF JCXG DGGP FKHȳEWNV VQ FGVGTOKPG VJCV YKVJ CP WPVTCKPGF GCT + UCKF
Ȋ.GVȉU UGG YJCV KV UQWPFU NKMG CV JCNH URGGFȍ + RQRRGF VJG UYKVEJ QP VJG VCRG TGEQTFGT FQYP VQ JCNH URGGF
9J[ 2JKN YCU UYKPIKPȉ JKU VCKN QHH

+ ITCPV [QW VJCV [QW YKNN ȳPF XCTKCVKQPU QP VJG FGITGG QH UYKPI QWV VJGTG DGVYGGP XCTKQWU RNC[GTU DWV +
VJKPM KP VJG DKI DCPF GURGEKCNN[ KH YG CTG RNC[KPI UVCPFCTF UYKPI UVWHH UWEJ CU CP WRVGORQ 0GUVKEQ EJCTV
YG OCMG C DKI OKUVCMG KH YG UWRRQUG VJCV KV FQGU PQV UYKPI DGECWUG KV KU HCUV # ITGCV YC[ VQ JGNR VJG DCPF
MGGR UYKPIKPȉ CV HCUV VGORQU KU VQ ECTGHWNN[ FGȳPG VJG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU CPF JCPI QPVQ VJQUG PQVGU C NKVVNG
GZVTC GXGP KH KV HGGNU NKMG YGȉNN PGXGT IGV VJG PGZV PQVGU RNC[GF KP VKOG &QPȉV YQTT[ [QW YKNN

#PQVJGT IQQF TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG HQT YQTMKPI QP CP WRVGORQ EJCTV KU VQ RNC[ VJG EJCTV FQYP VGORQ HQT
C YJKNG CPF IGV VJG DCPF TGCNN[ UYKPIKPI KV PKEGN[ 6JGP ITCFWCNN[ URGGF KV WR QXGT UGXGTCN TGJGCTUCNU WPVKN
KV KU DWTPKPȉ DWV UVKNN UYKPIKPȉ

Math or Feel?
1PG OQTG VJQWIJV QP UYKPI TJ[VJO +V KU ETKVKECN VJCV VJG UVWFGPVU DG NKUVGPKPI CNN VJG VKOG VQ UYKPI OWUKE
KH VJG[ JQRG VQ UYKPI 9G ECP VGCEJ C NQV QH KORQTVCPV EQPEGRVU CDQWV UYKPI TJ[VJO CU QWVNKPGF CDQXG DWV
KV YKNN HCNN UJQTV KH VJG UVWFGPVU CTG PQV GZRGTKGPEKPI VJG UYKPI HGGN TGIWNCTN[ 6JGTG CTG KPVCPIKDNGU VJCV YG
ECPPQV VGCEJ VJCV ECP QPN[ DG CESWKTGF GZRGTKGPVKCNN[

+U UYKPI TJ[VJO C OCVJ RTQDNGO QT ECP KV QPN[ DG VTWN[ EQPEGKXGF CV C HGGNKPI NGXGN 9G ECP VGCEJ VJG
OCVJ RCTV QH KV DWV WNVKOCVGN[ UYKPI TJ[VJOU JCXG VQ DG HGNV CU ȳIWTGU VJCV HGGN IQQF YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO
UGEVKQP 5QOGVKOGU YJGP C TJ[VJO JCU DGEQOG XGT[ ȊUVWFKGFȍ CPF VJGTGHQTG UVKHH + CUM VJG DCPF VQ UKPI
VJG ȳIWTG YKVJ OG YKVJQWV NQQMKPI CV KV C HGY VKOGU + CUM VJGO VQ EQPEGKXG QH VJG TJ[VJO CU C ȳIWTG
KPUVGCF QH C OCVJ RTQDNGO CPF VQ OCMG KV HGGN IQQF YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP 6JGTG KU WUWCNN[ C FTCOCVKE
FKHHGTGPEG KP VJG HGGN CPF VJG RTGEKUKQP QH VJCV ȳIWTG

+ QHVGP VCNM CDQWV VKOG HGGN DGKPI XGTVKECN QT JQTK\QPVCN 5YKPI TJ[VJO VGPFU VQ DG OQTG JQTK\QPVCN CU KV KU
EQPEGKXGF KP HQTYCTF OQXKPI NKPGU .CVKP CPF 4QEM TJ[VJOU JCXG VQ DG EQPEGKXGF OQTG XGTVKECNN[ KP JQY
VJG[ TGNCVG VQ VJG GXGP UWDFKXKUKQP QH VJG DGCV 9G YKNN IGV KPVQ VJCV OQTG KP %JCRVGT 

Using These Rhythmic Approaches in Non-Swing Music

6JGUG UCOG TJ[VJOKE OGPVCN CRRTQCEJGU CNUQ YQTM LWUV CU YGNN KP QVJGT UV[NGU QH OWUKE 6JKU KPENWFGU
.CVKP QT HWPM QT TQEM UV[NGU (QT GZCORNG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

+P HWPM UV[NG RNC[KPI YJGTG VJG TJ[VJOU CTG YTKVVGP KP UKZVGGPVJ PQVGU VJG UCOG OGPVCN CRRTQCEJGU ECP DG
CRRNKGF DWV PQY YG CTG VJKPMKPI KP SWCTVGT PQVGU KPUVGCF QH JCNH PQVGU CPF CRRN[KPI VJG KFGC QH CNOQUV QP VJG
DGCV QT TKEJQEJGVKPI QHH VJG DGCV QT QP VJG WRDGCV VQ UKZVGGPVJ PQVGU 1H EQWTUG YG ECP CNUQ UWDFKXKFG DQVJ
OGPVCNN[ CPF YKVJ VJG VQPIWGȅVJG VQPIWG HQT RTCEVKEG QPN[ VQ CKF YKVJ OGPVCN UWDFKXKUKQP 6JG NCDGNU TGHGT
VQ VJG PQVG LWUV WPFGTPGCVJ QT LWUV CDQXG 5VCTV HTQO DGNQY VJGP FQFIG CDQXG DCEM VQ WPFGTPGCVJ GVE

(WPM 6JKPMKPI KP 

CNOQUV QP CNOQUV QP CNOQUV

QP TKEJQEGV CNOQUV QP QP QP QP CNOQUV TKEJQEJGV

# NKVVNG RTCEVKEG VJKPMKPI VJKU YC[ YKNN TGCNN[ JGNR VQ UQNKFKH[ TJ[VJOKE VJKPMKPI CPF YKNN VTWN[ JGNR YKVJ
UKIJVTGCFKPI 9JGP + IGV C ITQWR VJKPMKPI VJKU YC[ VJG RTGEKUKQP TGCNN[ VKIJVGPU WR

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 4J[VJO ] 2CIG 

Chapter 9 Swing Style Articulation
$[ PQY [QW ECP VGNN VJCV + VJKPM KV KU XGT[ KORQTVCPV VQ UVCTV YKVJ VJG 5YKPI 5V[NG 6JKU KU VJG RQKPV QH
FGRCTVWTG HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI CNN VJG TGNCVGF EQPVGORQTCT[ UV[NGU 9G JCXG CNTGCF[ VCNMGF CDQWV VKOG CPF
TJ[VJO CPF GZRGTKGPEKPI HGGN 6JG VJKTF RCTV QH VJKU VTKCF KU VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP +V VCMGU CNN QH VJG CDQXG VQ
TGCNN[ IGV CP GPUGODNG UYKPIKPI

9JGP + CO CFLWFKECVKPI + QHVGP ȳPF O[UGNH UC[KPI QP VJG VCRG UQOGVJKPI NKMG VJKU Ȋ6Q UQOGQPG YJQ
URGCMU VJG LC\\ NCPIWCIG KV FQGUPȉV UQWPF NKMG [QWȉCNN FQȍ 9G QHVGP JGCT C LC\\ DCPF VT[KPI VQ URGCM
LC\\ YKVJ C EQPEGTV DCPF CEEGPV 9G OWUV DGEQOG DKNKPIWCN WNVKOCVGN[ RQN[NKPIWCN VJGUG FC[U #PF +
YCPV VQ DG VTWG QT RWTG VQ YJCVGXGT KV KU VJCV + CO URGCMKPI CV VJG OQOGPV #TVKEWNCVKQP KU C JWIG RCTV QH
FGȳPKPI UV[NG CPF OWUV PQV DG NGHV VQ EJCPEG

*QY &Q 9G &GȒPG VJG %QSSGDV "SVKDWN:VKQPU

+ JCXG JGCTF YJKNG QDUGTXKPI KP ENCUUTQQOU VJG LC\\ DCPF FKTGEVQT UC[ Ȋ2NC[ VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP VJG
YC[ KV KU YTKVVGP VJGTG &Q [QW UGG VJCV UNWT ȍ 6JKU KU WUWCNN[ C NCTIG OKUVCMG VQ KPUKUV QP IGVVKPI YJCV
KU YTKVVGP 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ YJCV KU YTKVVGP KU PQV FGRGPFCDNG CPF KU TCTGN[ YJCV [QW TGCNN[ YCPV VJG
DCPF VQ FQ 5Q VJG ȳTUV ETKVKECN RTKPEKRNG QH CTVKEWNCVKQP VQ WPFGTUVCPF KU VJCV YG CTVKEWNCVG CEEQTFKPI
VQ RTKPEKRNG PQV CEEQTFKPI VQ YJCV KU YTKVVGP 1P VJG YTKVVGP RCTV UNWTTKPI KU CNOQUV CNYC[U YTQPI
5QOGVKOGU VJG &QV PQVGU CTG KPFKECVGF EQTTGEVN[ DWV UQOGVKOGU PQV /CP[ VJKPIU CTG PQV KPFKECVGF
CV CNN UWEJ CU &W9CJȉU CPF )JQUVGF 0QVGU $[ NGCTPKPI VJG RTKPEKRNGU QH UYKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VJGKT
CRRNKECVKQP VJG UVWFGPV ECP DGEQOG KPFGRGPFGPV KP RTQDNGO UQNXKPI 6JKU KU RTGHGTCDNG VQ OCMKPI
VJGO FGRGPFGPV QP [QW D[ LWUV VGNNKPI VJGO YJCV VQ FQ YKVJQWV VGCEJKPI VJG RTKPEKRNG DGJKPF KV 6JG
HQNNQYKPI RTKPEKRNGU JCXG DGGP EQFKȳGF QXGT OCP[ [GCTU QH NKUVGPKPI RNC[KPI CPF VGCEJKPI GZRGTKGPEG
5Q YJCV CTG VJG RTKPEKRNGU QH UYKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP .GVȉU IGV UVCTVGF

Swing Articulation and Phrasing Principles

+ CO IQKPI VQ IKXG VJG GZVGPFGF GFWECVQT XGTUKQP ȳTUV CPF VJGP + YKNN IKXG C UVWFGPV CDDTGXKCVGF XGTUKQP
UGEQPF + YKNN GXGP KPENWFG C DCUKE DGIKPPGTU XGTUKQP VJKTF + YQWNF PQV IKXG VJG UVWFGPVU VJKU ȳTUV GZVGPFGF
XGTUKQP +V YQWNF DG NKMG IKXKPI VJGO C FTKPM QWV QH VJG ȳTG J[FTCPV +P VJG GZVGPFGF XGTUKQP + YKNN IKXG
VJG RTKPEKRNG CPF VJGP OCMG EQOOGPVU KP DTCEMGVU +V YKNN DG ETKVKECN KP VJKU UGEVKQP VQ TGHGT VQ VJG XKFGQ
GZCORNGU VQ JGCT VJG CRRNKECVKQP QH VJG RTKPEKRNGU

1. Running Eighth-Note Principle:

Ȏ4WPPKPI EQPUGEWVKXG GKIJVJ PQVGU UJQWNF DG UYWPI KP VTKRNGVK\GF HCUJKQP   CPF UJQWNF DG
RNC[GF YKVJ C XGT[ NGICVQ CRRTQCEJ CTVKEWNCVKPI every WRDGCV PQVG YKVJ C Ȋ&CJȍ VQPIWG CPF UNWTTKPI VQ
VJG FQYPDGCV PQVGU 6JG DCUKE UNWTTKPI HTQO VJG WRDGCV VQ VJG FQYPDGCV GKIJVJ PQVG EQPEGRV KU YJCV + ECNN
ȊFGHCWNV OQFGȍ DWV GXGT[ QVJGT RTKPEKRNG VCMGU RTGEGFGPEG QXGT KV CNVJQWIJ YG PQTOCNN[ TGVWTP VQ FGHCWNV
OQFG CU UQQP CU VJG TGCUQP HQT FGRCTVWTG JCU IQPG D[

Ȏ'ZEGRVKQP TGCUQP HQT FGRCTVWTG HTQO FGHCWNV OQFG  6QR PQVGU QH EQPVQWTU CTG CNYC[U VQPIWGF CPF CEEGPVGF
+H YG FTCY C NKPG VJCV HQNNQYU VJG WR CPF FQYP EQPVQWTU QH VJG PQVGU VJGTG YKNN DG RGTKQFKE PQVGU VJCV UKV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

KP VJG RGCMU QH VJQUG EQPVQWTU 'XGT[ VKOG VJG NKPG EJCPIGU FKTGEVKQP VJGTG YKNN DG C PGY VQR PQVG 6JKU
FQGU PQV EJCPIG QWT UNWTTKPI RCVVGTP YJGP VJG VQR PQVG KU CP WRDGCVȅYG YGTG CNTGCF[ IQKPI VQ VQPIWG KV
CP[YC[ $WV YJGP VJG VQR PQVG KU C FQYPDGCV CV NGCUV  PQVGU KP C TQY YKNN DG VQPIWGFȅVJG WRDGCV VJCV
RTGEGFGU VJG VQR PQVG VJG VQR PQVG VJCV KU VJG FQYPDGCV CPF VJG PGZV WRDGCV PQVG VQ IGV VJG FGHCWNV OQFG
RCVVGTP IQKPI CICKP 5GG 0QVGU   CPF 

*GTG KU C UKORNG UECNG GZCORNG VJCV + QHVGP WUG VQ VGCEJ VJKU RTKPEKRNG

+P VJG ȳTUV UECNG VJG VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT KU VJG WRDGCV UQ VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP RCVVGTP FQGU PQV PGGF VQ
EJCPIG DWV KP VJG UGEQPF GZCORNG VJG VQR PQVG KU C FQYPDGCV YJKEJ EJCPIGU VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP RCVVGTP

*GTG KU C OQTG UQRJKUVQECVGF TWPPKPI GKIJVJ PQVG GZCORNG VTCPUETKDGF HTQO %JCTNKG 2CTMGT

6JG GZCORNG CDQXG KU EQTTGEVN[ GFKVGF DWV QHVGP KP C RWDNKUJGF EJCTV KV OC[ NQQM NKMG VJG PGZV GZCORNG
VQQ OWEJ UNWTTKPI CPF UQOG QH VJG CEEGPVU CTG KP VJG YTQPI RNCEGU 

Ȏ#EEGPVU KP VJG NKPG UJQWNF HCNN CU[OOGVTKECNN[ PGXGT KP C OGVJQFKE QT RTGFKEVCDNG HCUJKQP 6JG DGIKPPKPI
PQVG CPF UQOGVKOGU VJG GPFKPI PQVG CPF VJG VQR PQVGU QH EQPVQWTU FGȳPG VJG QPN[ PQVGU YG V[RKECNN[ CEEGPV KP
C RJTCUG 'ZVTC WPYCPVGF CEEGPVKPI YKNN UGTKQWUN[ JWTV VJG NKPG &1 016 CEEGPV every WRDGCV 6JCV KU C
UWTG TGEKRG VQ FGUVTQ[ UYKPI 9JGP KV KU VGORVKPI VQ CEEGPV GXGT[ WRDGCV KP C NKPG ETGUEGPFQ VJTQWIJ VJG
NKPG KPUVGCF *GTG KU C PQPGZCORNG QH CEEGPVKPI GXGT[ WRDGCV

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

+V KU LWUV CU OWEJ C RTQDNGO VQ CEEGPV CNN QH VJG FQYPDGCVU CU UJQYP KP VJG PGZV GZCORNG

#EEGPVU CTG RGTHQTOGF YKVJ CP GZVTC UWTIG QH CKT CDQXG VJG DCUKE RNC[KPI NGXGN DWV FQ PQV FTQR DGNQY VJCV
DCUKE NGXGN +P QVJGT YQTFU YG FQ PQV FGEC[ DGNQY VJG DCUKE NGXGN CU YG OKIJV KP ENCUUKECN CEEGPVKPI CU
UGGP KP VJG HQNNQYKPI FTCYKPIU 5GG 0QVG 

AiJrrhaJi )aadlsr
cdaJw nl dJae(

)ho CJyy )aadlsr

uhsents cdaJw(

Ȏ+P C UGEVKQP GXGT[QPG UJQWNF CEEGPV YJGTG VJG NGCF RCTV PCVWTCNN[ CEEGPVU KG VQR PQVGU QH EQPVQWTU GXGP
VJQWIJ KP VJG JCTOQP[ RCTVU KV OC[ DG WPPCVWTCN VQ CEEGPV KP VJQUG RNCEGU 4GHGT VQ %JCRVGT  HQT C OQTG
GZRCPFGF FKUEWUUKQP QH WPKH[KPI CEEGPVU KP VJG UGEVKQP

Ȏ+H YG CTG TGCFKPI UKZVGGPVJ PQVGU VJGP YG JCXG VQ FGVGTOKPG KH VJG UKZVGGPVJU CTG CEVWCNN[ CEVKPI CU KH VJG[
CTG VTKRNGVU KP VJG NKPG WUWCNN[ VJG ECUG KH VJGTG KU LWUV QPG UGV QH UKZVGGPVJU KP C NKPG QH GKIJVJU KP YJKEJ
ECUG VJG VTKRNGV UNWTTKPI RTKPEKRNGU KP  CRRN[ QT KH VJG UKZVGGPVJU CTG CEVWCNN[ FQWDNG VKOG WUWCNN[ VJG ECUG
KH VJGTG CTG OWNVKRNG UGVU QH TWPPKPI UKZVGGPVJU KP YJKEJ ECUG CNN QH VJG GKIJVJ PQVG UNWTTKPI CPF CEEGPVKPI
RTKPEKRNGU HTQO CDQXG CRRN[ȅLWUV VYKEG CU HCUV 5GG 0QVG 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 NOTE #1 6JGTG CTG UQOG EQTQNNCTKGU VJCV EQOG HTQO VJG RTKPEKRNG CDQXG VJCV + YQWNF NKMG VQ WPFGT
UEQTG

 '8'4; 72$'#6 /756 $' 610)7'& +0 '+)*6* 016' .+0'5 6JG QPN[ UNWTU VQ WRDGCVU
YG ECP CNNQY YKNN EQOG KPVQ VJG NKPG YJGP YG KPVTQFWEG &W9CJȉU QT 6TKRNGVU

 9' 0'8'4 5.74 /14' 6*#0 691 016'5 +0 # 419 DWV OCP[ PQVGU KP C TQ Y OC[ DG
VQPIWGFȅGXGP WR VQ GXGT[ PQVG 4GHGT VQ 0QVG 

 01 6 14 6#* #66#%-5 *#22'0 +0 ,#<< #46+%7.#6+10 '8'4;6*+0) +5 & 14 &#*

14 0 14 0#* 6 QT 6CJ FQGU PQV ȳV KPVQ UYKPI CPF VYQ 6ȉU QT 6WJ6WJ KU CPVKUYKPI 6JG QPN[ RNCEG
YG WUG VJG 6 KP UYKPI KU VQ GPF C PQVG PGXGT VQ UVCTV KV GZEGRV KH YG PGGF VQ DG FGNKDGTCVGN[ EQTP[ YJKEJ
FQGU JCRRGP QEECUKQPCNN[

;QWPI RNC[GTU QHVGP JCXG C RTQDNGO QH VQPIWKPI YKVJ 6CJ KPUVGCF QH &CJ + ȳPF + CO CNYC[U UVTWIINKPI
YKVJ RNC[GTU VQ IGV VJGO VQ RNC[ DQVJ CTVKEWNCVG CPF NGICVQ CV VJG UCOG VKOG 6JG VTKEM KU VQ MGGR VJG CKT
OQXKPI DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU CPF VQPIWG YKVJ C NGICVQ &CJ VQPIWG 6JG VQPIWG OWUV OCMG EQPVCEV HQT C
OKPKOCN VKOG KP VJG CVVCEM CPF YKVJFTCY SWKEMN[ NKMG VQWEJKPI C JQV UVQXG 2NC[GTU YJQ DGIKP VQ OCUVGT
VJG NGICVQ FGHCWNV OQFG OC[ UVKNN JCXG VJG RTQDNGO QH 6WJ6WJ UNKRRKPI KP YJGP VJG[ JCXG VQ VQPIWG
VYQ QT OQTG PQVGU KP C TQY UWEJ CU KP C VQRPQVGQHEQPVQWT UKVWCVKQP + YKNN UQOGVKOGU JCXG VJQUG RNC[
GTU VQPIWG GXGT[ PQVG HQT C NKVVNG YJKNG WPVKN VJG[ ECP FQ KV NGICVQ 6JGP YJGP VJG[ IQ DCEM VQ VJG WUWCN
UNWTTKPI RCVVGTPU DWV PGGF VQ VQPIWG OWNVKRNG PQVGU KP C TQY VJG[ ECP UVKNN DG NGICVQ YJGP FQKPI KV

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NOTE #2 2NGCUG PQVG VJCV KP RTKPEKRNG  YG CTG FGȳPKPI VJG OCZKOWO COQWPV QH UNWTTKPI PQV VJG
OCZKOWO COQWPV QH VQPIWKPI %NKHHQTF $TQYP CNYC[U VQPIWGF GXGT[ PQVG 5QOGVKOGU %CPPQPDCNN
QT &GZVGT QT $TGEMGT HQT GZCORNG VQPIWG GXGT[ PQVG DWV CNYC[U UVKNN NGICVQ *QYGXGT OQUV QH VJG VKOG
RTQHGUUKQPCN RNC[GTU YKNN DG WUKPI VJG UNWTTKPI RTKPEKRNGU UVCVGF CDQXG

+ ȳPF VJCV O[ VTWORGV RNC[GTU YKNN VT[ VQ UNWT VQQ OWEJ UQ UQOGVKOGU + YKNN UC[ VQ O[ DTCUU UGEVKQP
Ȋ'XGT[VJKPI KU VQPIWGF WPVKN HWTVJGT PQVKEGȍ 1T Ȋ+H KP FQWDV VQPIWG OQTGȍ 1H EQWTUG VTQODQPG RNC[GTU
CTG CNTGCF[ VQPIWKPI GXGT[ PQVG CNN QH VJG VKOG DWV VJG[ PGGF VQ NGCTP VQ FQ KV UQ KV KU XGT[ NGICVQ CPF KOK
VCVGU VJG UQWPF QH VJG UCZQRJQPGU CPF VTWORGVU VQPIWKPI WRDGCVU CPF UNWTTKPI VQ FQYPDGCVU

9KVJ [QWPI RNC[GTU KV KU C TGCN RTQDNGO VQ MGGR VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU NGICVQ CPF + WUWCNN[ ȳPF GKVJGT VJG CKT
QT VJG VQPIWG CV HCWNV 6JG CKT OC[ PQV DG EQPUVCPV CPF OC[ PQV DG IQKPI VJTQWIJ DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU
1HVGP VJG CKT KU FGEC[KPI KPUVGCF QH OCKPVCKPKPI QP GCEJ QH VJG FQYPDGCV PQVGU 1T VJG VQPIWG KU UVC[KPI
QP VJG TGGF QT VJG VGGVJ VQQ NQPI YJGP VQPIWKPI CPF ECWUGU C URCEG DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU

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NOTE #3 +V KU CNUQ EQOOQP HQT [QWPI RNC[GTU VQ OKUU VJG VQPIWKPI CV VJG VQR QH VJG EQPVQWT QT VQ NGV VJG
VQRQHEQPVQWT VQPIWKPI NGCF VQ DCEMYCTF UNWTTKPIȅVQPIWKPI VJG FQYPDGCVU CPF UNWTTKPI VQ VJG WRDGCVU
YJKEJ YKNN CNYC[U UQWPF NKMG VJG TJ[VJO JCU UVTCKIJVGPGF QWV CPF UYKPI JCU UVQRRGF  #NYC[U EQTTGEV
VJGUG FGVCKNU YJGPGXGT VJG[ CTG YTQPI 0GXGT NGV VJGUG VJKPIU UNKFG KP TGJGCTUCNU

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

NOTE #4 /CP[ [GCTU CIQ CHVGT C RGTHQTOCPEG C [QWPI OCP ECOG WR VQ OG CPF UCKF Ȋ*QY FQ [QW
IGV VJCV & GHHGEV KP [QWT RNC[KPI ȍ & GHHGEV +U VJKU MKF QP FTWIU + FKFPȉV IGV KV WPVKN CDQWV HQWT FC[U
NCVGT YJGP KV UWFFGPN[ JKV OGȅȊ& 'HHGEV ;GCJ UQOG PQVGU CTG KP [QWT HCEG CPF UQOG PQVGU CTG KP
VJG DCEMITQWPF +V ETGCVGU C VJKTF FKOGPUKQP KP QWT RNC[KPIȍ #U + VJQWIJV CDQWV KV + TGCNK\GF VJCV VJKU KU
C XGT[ CRV FGUETKRVKQP QH VJG CEEGPVKPI RCVVGTPU VJCV UJQWNF JCRRGP KP $GDQR NKPGU VQ DTKPI VJG RTKOCT[
OGNQFKE PQVGU HQTYCTF CPF MGGR VJG CEEQORCP[KPI PQVGU KP VJG DCEMITQWPF +V FGUETKDGU $KTFȉU RNC[KPI
XGT[ YGNN + JCXG WUGF VJG & 'HHGEV HQT VGCEJKPI $GDQR CEEGPVU GXGT UKPEG

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NOTE #5 6JG DGUV YC[ VQ JGNR VJG DCPF YKVJ FQWDNG VKOG ȳIWTGU KU VQ TGJGCTUG VJG UKZVGGPVJU CU
GKIJVJU JCNH CU HCUV 4GCNN[ IGV VJKPIU UYKPIKPI CPF CTVKEWNCVGF RTQRGTN[ CPF VJGP ITCFWCNN[ URGGF WR
WPVKN GXGT[VJKPI KU UVKNN VJGTG YJGP KV KU DCEM WR VQ FQWDNG VKOG URGGF +V YQWNF JCXG VQ DG TKFKEWNQWUN[
HCUV HCUVGT VJCP + VJKPM + JCXG GXGT UGGP YTKVVGP HQT C YJQNG DKI DCPF HQT OG VQ FKUECTF CP[ QH VJG RTKP
EKRNGU QH CTVKEWNCVKQP QT CEEGPVKPI VJCV YG JCXG VCNMGF CDQWV +V KU RQUUKDNG HQT C UQNQKUV VQ RNC[ C FQWDNG
QT SWCFTWRNG VKOG VJCV KU UQ HCUV VJCV KV KU PQV RQUUKDNG VQ EQPVKPWG VJG PQTOCN CTVKEWNCVKQP RCVVGTPU +P
VJCV ECUG VJGTG OC[ DG OQTG UNWTTKPI VJCP WUWCN DWV VJG CEEGPVU QP VJG VQR PQVGU YQWNF DG CTVKEWNCVGF
CPF VJG IGPGTCN GHHGEV YQWNF UVKNN UGGO VJG UCOG

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NOTE #6 9J[ KUPȉV VJG UGEQPF PQVG QH VJG VTKRNGV VJG VQR PQVG +V KU QPN[ C FGEQTCVKQP QT GODGNNKUJOGPV
VQ VJG VTWG VQR PQVG YJKEJ KU VJG ȳTUV PQVG QH VJG VTKRNGV

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NOTE #7 Remember that all of the principles, including this one, are helping to define the
OCZKOWO COQWPV QH UNWTTKPI PQV VQPIWKPI 1PG OC[ CNYC[U VQPIWG OQTG CPF KH KP FQWDV
VQPIWG OQTG PQV NGUUCNYC[U MGGRKPI NGICVQ QH EQWTUG

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NOTE #8 5QOGVKOGU + IJQUV QT JCNHVQPIWG C PQVG QT VYQ LWUV DGHQTG VJG VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT 6JGP
the top note really pops out front.

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NOTE #9: 5QOGVKOGU VJG VTCFKVKQPCN UVCEECVQ OCTMKPI KU WUGF KPUVGCF DWV VGEJPKECNN[ VJCV KU KPEQTTGEV
+ WUG VJCV OCTMKPI QPN[ HQT YJGP + YCPV UQOGVJKPI FGNKDGTCVGN[ EQTP[ 1H EQWTUG + UVKNN KPVGTRTGV VJG UVCEECVQ
OCTMKPI CU C Ȋ&QVȍ WPFGT PQTOCN EKTEWOUVCPEGU TGCNK\KPI VJG KPEQPUKUVGPEKGU QH RWDNKUJGF UJGGV OWUKE

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NOTE #10 +P VJG &QV QT &CJV CTVKEWNCVKQP VJG & OGCPU KV KU VQPIWGF VJG Q CJ OGCPU KV KU HCV CPF
VJG 6 OGCPU KV KU USWCTGF QHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG QP VJG PQVG GPFKPI YJKNG VJG CKT RTGUUWTG KU UVKNN HWNN[ WR
6JKU TGSWKTGU VJCV VJG CKT RTGUUWTG HQNNQY VJTQWIJ YKVJQWV CVVGPWCVKQP RCUV VJG VKOG VJG VQPIWG UVQRU
the sound.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Ȏ+H C PQVG KU C DNWG PQVG DGPF QT KPʏGEV KV 2NC[KPI C DNWG PQVG RNCKP QT UVTCKIJV VCMGU VJG UQWN QWV QH QWT
RNC[KPI

2. Triplet Principles:

•9JGP VTKRNGVU CTG KPVTQFWEGF KP VJG GKIJVJ PQVG NKPG VJGP QPG OC[ FQ OQTG UNWTTKPI +V KU RQUUKDNG VQ UNWT
CU OWEJ CU HTQO VJG RKEM WR PQVG DGHQTG VJG VTKRNGV CNN CETQUU VJG VTKRNGV VQ VJG PQVG CHVGT VJG VTKRNGV ȳXG
PQVGU VQ VJGP UVCTV VJG GKIJVJ PQVG FGHCWNV OQFG UNWTTKPI RCVVGTP CICKP

Ȏ+H VJG PQVG CHVGT VJG VTKRNGV KU VJG VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT KV YKNN PQTOCNN[ PGGF VQ DG VQPIWGFȅJGPEG QPN[
HQWT PQVGU YKNN DG UNWTTGF

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

Ȏ+H VJG ȳTUV PQVG QH VJG VTKRNGV KU CEVKPI CU VJG VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT KV YKNN PGGF VQ DG VQPIWGFȅCICKP QPN[
HQWT PQVGU CTG UNWTTGF 5GG 0QVG 

Ȏ/WNVKRNG TWPPKPI VTKRNGVU OC[ DG CNN UNWTTGF QT NGICVQ VQPIWGF QP VJG ȳTUV QH UQOG QH VJG VTKRNGVU CEEQTFKPI
VQ RGTUQPCN VCUVG 5GG 0QVG 

3. Ghosting Principles:

•)JQUVGF PQVGU OC[ DG PQVCVGF YKVJ ȊZȍ PQVG JGCFU QT KP RCTGPVJGUGU QT VJG[ OC[ PQV DG PQVCVGF CV CNN DWV
YG YQWNF UVKNN RNC[ VJGO IJQUVGF 

Ȏ)GPGTCNN[ VJG NQYGUV PQVG QH VJG NKPG EQPVQWT YKNN DG IJQUVGF YJKEJ UKORN[ OGCPU KV KU RNC[GF UQHVGT NGUU
KORQTVCPV VJCP VJG PQVGU CTQWPF KV 5GG PGZV GZCORNG QP PGZV RCIG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

5QOGVKOGU + YKNN IJQUV OQTG VJCP QPG DQVVQO PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT UWEJ CU KP VJKU GZCORNG

Ȏ 6JG IJQUVGF PQVG FQGU not FKUCRRGCT PQT KU KV GNKOKPCVGF CNVQIGVJGT +V KU ȳPIGTGF KV FQGU JCXG C RKVEJGF
VQPG CPF DGECWUG KV KU PQTOCNN[ CP WRDGCV KV KU CNUQ VQPIWGF CNVJQWIJ KV OC[ DG C UQHVGT Ȋ0ȍ V[RG VQPIWGȅ
YJCV KU UQOGVKOGU ECNNGF C JCNHVQPIWG +V KU VJG VQPIWG VJCV OWHʏGU KV PQV VJG CKT EJCPIKPICKT KU EQPUVCPV
1P VTWORGV IJQUVKPI OC[ CV VKOGU DG CEEQORNKUJGF YKVJ JCNHXCNXKPI VQQ 5GG 0QVG 

4. Longer Note Principle

Ȏ#NN PQVGU NQPIGT VJCP CP GKIJVJ PQVG CTG CNYC[U VQPIWGF GZEGRV KP C &W9CJ

Ȏ#P GZEGRVKQP OC[ EQOG KP UNWTTKPI C NQPIPQVG DCEMITQWPF NKPG

5. Dot Note Principles

+P IGPGTCN VJG &QV PQVGU CTG USWCTGUJCRGF PQVGU VJCV CTG EWV QHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG 9JGTG FQ VJG[ QEEWT

•'KIJVJ PQVGU QP CP WRDGCV DGHQTG C TGUV and CNN SWCTVGT PQVGU UJQWNF DG CTVKEWNCVGF Ȋ&QVȍ U[ODQN KU @ 
6JKU KU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV YJGP SWCTVGT PQVGU CTG U[PEQRCVGF 5GG 0QVG 

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

(QT GZCORNG

Or,

Ȏ*QYGXGT C UKPING FQYPDGCV SWCTVGT PQVG OC[ DG GKVJGT NQPI QT UJQTV FGRGPFKPI QP VCUVG CPF EQPVGZV

ȎȊ&QVȍ KU HCV PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ VJCV UJQTV  CPF KV KU USWCTGUJCRGF KG PQ VCRGTGF QT TGUQPCPV GPFKPI  YJKEJ
KU CEEQORNKUJGF YKVJ C VQPIWG EWVQHH

ȎȊ&QVȍ FQGU PQV PGEGUUCTKN[ KORN[ CP CEEGPV WPNGUU VJG NKPG YQWNF DG CEEGPVGF KP VJCV URQV HQT QVJGT
reasons.

Ȏ6JG XGT[ PCVWTG QH VJG Ȋ&QVȍ CTVKEWNCVKQP FQGU PQV RGTOKV UNWTTKPI KPVQ VJGUG PQVGU GXGP KH C UNWT KU YTKVVGP
QP VJG RCTV UWEJ CU KP VJG ȳTUV DCT QH VJG GZCORNG DGNQY (KZ VQ DG NKMG VJG UGEQPF DCT 5GG 0QVG 

ȎȊ&QVȍ KU Ȋ&QVȍ YJGVJGT YTKVVGP QP CP GKIJVJ PQVG QT C SWCTVGT PQVG QT VYQ GKIJVJU VKGF GVEȅVJGTG KU PQ FKH
HGTGPEG KP NGPIVJ .GPIVJ KU FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG VGORQ CPF UV[NG QH VJG VWPG UNQYGTHCVVGT HCUVGTUJQTVGT
+P UYKPI VJG NGPIVJ KU TQWIJN[  VJG XCNWG QH C SWCTVGT PQVG +P HWPM KV KU OWEJ UJQTVGT ETKURGTȅQHVGP
EJCPIKPI VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP U[NNCDNG VQ Ȋ&KVȍ

Ȏ6JG VQPIWG EWVQHH KU VJG XGT[ VJKPI VJCV ECWUGU NKPG VQ JCRRGP UWTRTKUG  PQV VJG QVJGT YC[ CTQWPF 9JGP
VQPIWG EWVQHHȉU CTG KPEQTTGEVN[ QOKVVGF VJG UGPUG QH NKPG KU UGXGTGN[ WPFGTOKPGF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

ȎȊ&QVȍ OC[ PQV DG YTKVVGP QP CP[ TJ[VJO YKVJ CP CEEWOWNCVGF XCNWG NQPIGT VJCP C SWCTVGT PQVG 5GG 0QVG


Ȏ%JCKPU QH U[PEQRCVGF SWCTVGT PQVGU ECP GKVJGT DG RNC[GF CNN NQPI Ȋ&QQȍ QT CNN Ȋ&QVȍ FGRGPFKPI QP VCUVG
CPF EQPVGZV DWV DG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ [QWTUGNH

Ȏ%JCKPU QH FQYPDGCV SWCTVGT PQVGU CTG WUWCNN[ RNC[GF CU Ȋ&QVȉUȍ YKVJ CEEGPVU KORNKGF QP    5GG 0QVG


6. Preceding the Dot Principles:

•6JG PQVG RTGEGFKPI VJG Ȋ&QVȍ UJQWNF DG RNC[GF NQPI CPF CTVKEWNCVGF Ȋ&QQȍ +P QVJGT YQTFU FQPȉV UNWT KPVQ
VJG PQVG RTGEGFKPI VJG Ȋ&QVȍ

Ȏ9JGP VJG PQVG RTGEGFKPI VJG Ȋ&QVȍ KU C FQVVGF QT VKGF PQVG XCNWG KV UJQWNF DG UNKIJVN[ FGEC[GF LWUV DGHQTG
VJG Ȋ&QVȍ PQVG

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

Ȏ+P DKI DCPF RNC[KPI VJGTG OC[ DG VKOGU YJGP VJG PQVG RTGEGFKPI VJG Ȋ&QVȍ KU EWV QHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG QP
the rhythmic dot or tie.

Ȏ6JG Ȋ&QQ&QVȍ RWPEVWCVKQP KU VJG VTCPUNKVGTCVKQP QH Ȋ$G $QRȍ YJKEJ KU VJG RWPEVWCVKQP VJCV ICXG VJG
NCPIWCIG KVU PCOG 2TQPWPEKCVKQP QH $ȉU CPF 2ȉU TGSWKTGU NKR KPXQNXGOGPV UQ YKVJ C JQTP QP VJG HCEG YG
JCXG VQ EJCPIG VJG $ȉU VQ &ȉU CPF VJG 2ȉU VQ 6ȉU VQ IGV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP QP VJG JQTPȅ&QQ &QV VQ UQWPF NKMG
$G $QR

7. The DuWah Principles:

•)GPGTCNN[ YJGP CP GKIJVJ PQVG QP VJG WRDGCV KU VKGF VQ C NQPIGT PQVG XCNWG VJCP KVUGNH KV KU C Ȋ9CJȍ PQVG VJG
TJ[VJO OC[ CNUQ DG YTKVVGP YKVJ C FQV KPUVGCF QH C VKG  6JG FQYPDGCV RTGEGFKPI VJG Ȋ9CJȍ PQVG KU CTVKEWNCVGF
Ȋ&Wȍ YJKEJ VJGP RTQFWEGU VJG Ȋ&W9CJȍ

Ȏ6JG Ȋ&W9CJȍ CTVKEWNCVKQP KU C F[PCOKE GHHGEV not C RKVEJDGPFKPI GHHGEV Ȋ&Wȍ KU UQHV QT ENQUGF OWHʏGF
CPF Ȋ9CJȍ KU UWFFGPN[ NQWF QT QRGP 5GG 0QVG 

ȎȊ9CJȍ KU PQTOCNN[ UNWTTGF DWV ECP DG VQPIWGF XGT[ NKIJVN[ UWEJ CU YJGP KV JGNRU VQ VQPIWG KP RGTHQTOKPI
C JKIJ TCPIG VJKPI KP C NGCF VTWORGV RCTVȅCU NQPI CU VJG F[PCOKE EJCPIG KU VJGTG CPF NGICVQ KV YKNN UVKNN
UQWPF NKMG &W9CJ 

Ȏ6JG RKVEJ DGPFKPI UQWPF QH VJG Ȋ9CJ KU CP CWVQOCVKE D[RTQFWEV QH VJG UWFFGP F[PCOKE UJKHV HTQO VJG
UQHV Ȋ&Wȍ VQ VJG NQWF Ȋ9CJȍ CPF KU PQV CEEQORNKUJGF D[ NKRRKPI .KRRKPI QT DGPFKPI KPVQ VJG Ȋ9CJȍ TGUWNVU
KP CP KOOCVWTGUQWPFKPI KPʏGEVKQP YJCV + ECNN ȊJKIJ UEJQQN UEQQRKPIȍ QT ȊLWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN UEQQRKPIȍ 

Ȏ#NN QH VJG CDQXG FGUETKDGU VJG ENCUUKE Ȋ&W9CJȍ YJGTG VJG Ȋ&Wȍ KU C NQYGT PQVG VJCP VJG Ȋ9CJȍ 5GG VJG
PGZV GZCORNG ȊENCUUKEȍ 5QOGVKOGU VJG Ȋ&Wȍ KU JKIJGT VJCP VJG Ȋ9CJȍ CPF KU HWPEVKQPKPI KP CP WRRGT
PQVGQHEQPVQWTV[RG RQUKVKQP 9JGP VJKU KU VJG ECUG DQVJ PQVGU OC[ DG CEEGPVGF CPF VJG Ȋ&Wȍ KU PQV CDNG
VQ DG UQHVGT QT OQTG OWHʏGF CNVJQWIJ + YQWNF RWV C UNKIJV FGEC[ DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU UQ VJG Ȋ9CJȍ YKNN
UQWPF OQTG CEEGPVGF 5GG VJG GZCORNG NCDGNGF ȊVQR PQVGȍ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JG DTCUU PQVCVKQP OGCPU &W QT ENQUGF CPF 1 OGCPU 9CJ QT QRGP

Ȏ5QOGVKOGU VJG Ȋ&Wȍ CPF VJG Ȋ9CJȍ CTG VJG UCOG GZCEV RKVEJ 9JGP VJKU KU VJG ECUG VJGP VJGTG is a little
RKVEJ FKR DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU VJCV ECP DG FQPG D[ NKRRKPI QT ȳPIGTU QT C EQODKPCVKQP QH VJG VYQ +V KU XGT[
KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG FKR DG VKOGF NCVG UQ VJCV YG CNUQ CTTKXG CV VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN CRRTQRTKCVGN[ NCVG HQT
UYKPI TJ[VJO 5VCTVKPI VJG FKR VQQ UQQP YKNN HQTEG VJG WRDGCV PQVG VQ EQOG VQQ UQQP CPF UYKPI TJ[VJO
KU FGUVTQ[GF 5GG 0QVG  6JKU KU JQY KV OC[ DG YTKVVGP DWV VJG NKVVNG ȊWȍ OC[ QT OC[ PQV DG YTKVVGP

$WV VJKU KU JQY + YQWNF VJKPM QH KV

Ȏ#PQVJGT KUUWG YQTVJ PQVKPI KU GZGORNKȳGF KP VJKU GZCORNG TGRGCVGF HTQO  KP VJG %JCRVGT  TJ[VJO
GZCORNGU

6JG VKGF PQVGU NQQM NKMG VJG[ UJQWNF DG VTGCVGF CU U[PEQRCVGF SWCTVGT PQVGU CPF VJGTGHQTG CTVKEWNCVGF &16
DWV UQOGJQY YG UGPUG VJCV VJG VKGF PQVGU CTG TGCNN[ FKUIWKUGF &W9CJU CPF UJQWNF DG VTGCVGF CU &W9CJ
YKVJ CP CHVGT VJQWIJV&W9CJ 1J #PF D[ VJG YC[&QQ &W9CJ TGHGT VQ VJG XKFGQU  *QYGXGT VJG

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

NCUV VKGF UGV QH GKIJVJ PQVGU KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C U[PEQRCVGF SWCTVGT CPF UJQWNF DG VQPIWGF &16

%NQUGN[ TGNCVGF VQ VJG &W9CJ PQVGU CTG VJG $YCJ PQVGU + VTGCV OQUV WRDGCV FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVGU CU $YCJ
CEEGPVGF CPF C SWKEM TKUG VQ HWNN RKVEJC XQECN GHHGEV  (QT EQPUKUVGPE[ UJQWNF DG &YCJ

Repeated Pitch Principles:

•(QWT QT OQTG PQVGU QH VJG UCOG RKVEJ TGRGCVGF KP C TQY CNYC[U KORN[ C ETGUEGPFQ CPF TGSWKTG ENGCT
articulation.

Ȏ5QOGVKOGU TGRGCVGF PQVGU YKNN CNUQ TGSWKTG CEEGPVKPI VJG WRDGCV PQVGU QT FGEKFKPI QP YJCV VJG JKRRGUV
CEEGPVKPI RCVVGTP YKNN DG HQT VJCV EQPVGZV 9JCVGXGT VJG FGEKUKQP KV FQGU PGGF VQ DG WPKȳGF

9. Long Note Values Principle:

•6JGTG KU WUWCNN[ CP KORNKGF UH\ETGUEGPFQ QT HQTVGRKCPQ YKVJ ETGUEGPFQ QP YJQNG PQVGU CPF QVJGT NQPI
PQVG XCNWGU YJGVJGT YTKVVGP QT PQV +P WRVGORQ EJCTVU VJG PQVG YQWNF WUWCNN[ DG EWV QHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG
CV HWNN XCNWG 6JKU OC[ PGGF VQ DG SWKVG GZCIIGTCVGF KP DKI DCPF RNC[KPI 5GG 0QVG 

10. Percussiveness Principles:

Ȏ9KVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH UQOG DCNNCF RNC[KPI CVVCEMU KP LC\\ CTG XGT[ RGTEWUUKXG 9G CNYC[U CVVCEM
NQWFGT VJCP YG UWUVCKP +P ENCUUKECN RNC[KPI YG WUWCNN[ CVVCEM UQHVGT VJCP YG UWUVCKP VQ MGGR C XGT[
UOQQVJ PQPCEEGPVGF CRRTQCEJ

Ȏ+P DKI DCPF RNC[KPI YG YCPV VJG CEEGPVGF CRRTQCEJ CPF YG exaggerate CVVCEMU CEEGPVU F[PCOKEU
GVE GXGP DG[QPF YJCV YG YQWNF FQ KP VJG EQODQ UGVVKPI +H YG HCKN VQ FQ VJKU VJG GPUGODNG UQWPF YKNN
DG NKOR CPF NCEM FGȳPKVKQP + CNYC[U CUM VJG UVWFGPVU HQT C NQV QH RWPEJ QP VJG CVVCEMU CPF C NQV QH OWUENG
WPFGT CNN QH VJG PQVGU 6JKU OCMGU C JWIG FKHHGTGPEG VQ VJG QXGTCNN ENCTKV[ CPF GZEKVGOGPV QH VJG DCPF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Ȏ+P DCNNCFU VJG NQPI PQVGU YKNN DG UJCRGF CEEQTFKPI VQ RJTCUKPI CPF IKXGP C TGUQPCPV GPFKPI OQTG NKMG
EQPEGTV DCPF QT QTEJGUVTCȅPQV EWVQHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG JQYGXGT VJCV VJG NQPI PQVGU
FQ PQV FKG 6[RKECNN[ C PQVG IQGU WR DGHQTG KV EQOGU FQYP +P QVJGT YQTFU ETGUEGPFQ C NKVVNG VJTQWIJ VJG
long note and decay only right on the end of the note for the resonant ending.

NOTE #11 + UQOGVKOGU HQT GZCORNG UGG C &QV YTKVVGP QP C FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVG 6JKU OWUV DG
CVVTKDWVGF VQ C PQVCVKQPCN GTTQT CPF OWUV DG EQTTGEVGF CEEQTFKPIN[ PQV &QV 

_________________________

NOTE #12 + JCXG DGGP MPQYP VQ IQ FQYP VJG NKPG KP VJG UGEVKQPU CPF OCMG UWTG GXGT[ KPFKXKFWCN
WPFGTUVCPFU VJG EQPEGRV QH VQPIWG TGNGCUG + JCXG GXGP URGPV WR VQ  OKPWVGU QH C TGJGCTUCN
QP VJKU EQPEGRV +H VJG EQPEGRV KU PQV KP GXKFGPEG KV YKNN UWTGN[ UQWPF NKMG CP CVVGORV VQ URGCM
LC\\ YKVJ VJG YTQPI CEEGPV + JCXG JCF VTQODQPG RNC[GTU +ȉO PQV UWTG YJ[ KV KU CNYC[U VTQODQPG
RNC[GTU CTIWG YKVJ OG VJCV VJG[ ECPȉV EWV YKVJ VJG VQPIWG 5QOG [GCTU CIQ + JCF ,QJP (GFEJQEM
NGCF VTQODQPG 9QQF[ *GTOCP GVE GNCDQTCVG QP VTQODQPG VQPIWG TGNGCUG CPF HQT JKO KV YCU
XGT[ UKORNG Ȋ,WUV MGGR DNQYKPȉ CPF UVKEM [QWT VQPIWG KP VJG YC[ȍ + JCXG HQWPF YKVJ CNN RNC[GTU
VJCV XKQNCVKPI VJKU KFGC KU VJG DKIIGUV RTQDNGO YKVJ VJG &QV CTVKEWNCVKQP 6JG[ OC[ DG DTKPIKPI VJGKT
VQPIWG DCEM WR VQ EWV QHH VJG PQVG DWV VJG CKT CNTGCF[ GPFGF VJG PQVG DGHQTG VJG VQPIWG IQV VJGTG
+ CNYC[U JCXG VQ EQCEJ [QWPI RNC[GTU VQ HQNNQY VJTQWIJ YKVJ VJG CKT RTGUUWTG RCUV VJG VKOG VJG
VQPIWG JCU UVQRRGF VJG PQVG + CO UWTG [QW ECP UGPUG VJG KORQTVCPEG VJCV + HGGN CDQWV VJKU KUUWG

_________________________

NOTE #13 + QHVGP YTKVG &W9CJȉU KP VJG RCTV YKVJ DTCUU PQVCVKQP WUKPI VJG VQ OGCP UQHV HQT VJG
&W CPF 1 VQ OGCP QRGP HQT VJG 9CJ (QT UCZQRJQPKUVU + UWIIGUV RGTHQTOKPI VJG &W9CJ D[ RWNNKPI
VJG LCY DCEM VQ OWHʏG VJG UQWPF HQT VJG &W CPF VJGP VJTWUVKPI VJG LCY HQTYCTF HQT HWNN UQWPF HQT
VJG 9CJ 6JKU YQTMU VQ CP GZVGPV HQT DTCUU RNC[GTU VQQ

_________________________

NOTE #14 6JKU OC[ DG C IQQF VKOG VQ PQVG VJCV VJG UCOG GZCEV RTKPEKRNG CRRNKGU YJGP KPUGTVKPI
C VWTP QT QVJGT LC\\ FTCOCVKE FGXKEG DGVYGGP GKIJVJ PQVGU 9CKV CPF RNC[ VJG VWTP NCVG UQ KV FQGU
PQV HQTEG VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN VQ EQOG VQQ GCTN[ CPF WPFGTOKPG QWT GHHQTV VQ RNC[ UYKPI TJ[VJO

_________________________
NOTE #15 + YQWNF TGEQOOGPF QP NQPIGT PQVG XCNWGU FGNC[KPI VJG ETGUEGPFQ UQ CU PQV VQ RGCM VQQ UQQP
/QUV [QWPI DCPFU VGPF VQ ETGUEGPFQ VQQ UQQP CPF RGCM VQQ GCTN[ CPF KV OKPKOK\GU VJG GHHGEV

___________________________

Be sure to refer to the Swing Articulation Handouts! These are placed on separate pages at the
GPF QH VJKU DJ:RVGS UQ [QW D:P DQR[ VJGO :PF WUG VJGO YKVJ [QWS UVWFGPVU :U [QW UGG ȒV 0PG KU
KPVGPFGF HQS DQNNGIG QS JKIJ UDJQQN UVWFGPVU 6JG QVJGS KU UKORNKȒGF :PF KU KPVGPFGF HQS LWPKQS JKIJ
UDJQQN QS OKFFNG UDJQQN UVWFGPVU

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

 Using the Daily Warm Up to Teach Articulation Principles
6JG FCKN[ YCTO WR ECP RTQXKFG C IQQF YC[ VQ VGCEJ VJGUG RTKPEKRNGU VQ VJG DCPF 6JGP VJG CRRNKECVKQP YKNN
come as the rehearsal progresses to the charts for the day.

Scales and Chords in Warm Up

+P VJG YCTO WR + YQWNF UVCTV YKVJ UECNGU CPF EJQTFU VQ VGCEJ VJG DCUKE FGHCWNV OQFG HQT GKIJVJ PQVGU
VQPIWKPI VJG WRDGCVU CPF UNWTTKPI VQ VJG FQYPDGCVU KP C NGICVQ HCUJKQP 6JKU KU CNUQ C IQQF VKOG VQ TGEQIPK\G
VJCV GXGP VJG UECNGU CPF EJQTFU JCXG C VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT CPF KH YG CTG IQKPI VQ VJG th of the scale or
VJG EJQTF CU YG QWIJV VJGP KV YKNN DG C VQR PQVG QP VJG FQYPDGCV CPF YKNN TGSWKTG VJTGG PQVGU VQPIWGF KP C
TQY QXGT VJG VQR + CNUQ NKMG VQ FQ ȳXG PQVG UECNGU VJG ȳTUV ȳXG PQVGU QH VJG UECNG WR CPF FQYP  6JG ȳXG
PQVG UECNG CNUQ JCU C VQR PQVG QH VJG EQPVQWT QP VJG FQYPDGCV CPF UJQWNF DG CTVKEWNCVGF CEEQTFKPIN[ 6JKU
ECP DG EQODKPGF YKVJ QPG QH VJG F[PCOKEUKPVQPCVKQP GZGTEKUGU OGPVKQPGF KP %JCRVGT 

Rhythm and Articulation Warm Ups

0GZV + YQWNF JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ WR CPF FQYP UECNGU FQKPI EGTVCKP UVCPFCTF LC\\ TJ[VJOU YKVJ VJG EQTTGEV
TJ[VJOKE HGGN CPF VJG EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQP 6JKU KU CNUQ C IQQF VKOG VQ YQTM QP KPVQPCVKQP CU [QW IQ CPF
QH EQWTUG RTGEKUKQP CPF WPKV[

*GTG CTG UQOG GZCORNGU

Warm Ups

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JKU HQWTVJ GZGTEKUG VCMGU ECTG QH VJTGG KFGCU CV VJG UCOG VKOG  VJG &W9CJ CPF  VTGCVKPI NQPI PQVGU
YKVJ CP CEEGPV CPF C ETGUEGPFQ CPF  EWVVKPI QHH VJG PQVG LWUV DGHQTG VJG HCNN QT CEEGPV

;QW ECP EQOG WR YKVJ QVJGT UKOKNCT KFGCU HQT YCTO WR GZGTEKUGU VJCV FTKNN VJG DCPF QP EQOOQP TJ[VJOU
CPF CTVKEWNCVKQPU + CNYC[U WUG FKHHGTGPV UECNGU GCEJ FC[ CPF YQTM QP VWPKPI CV VJG UCOG VKOG

Rehearsing the Charts

During the rehearsal of the tunes, it is important to pay attention to the articulations and rhythms and
EQTTGEV VJGO CU PGEGUUCT[ QT RTQXKFG VQ VJG DCPF VJG YC[ [QW YQWNF NKMG VJGO VQ UVCPFCTFK\G VJG CRRTQCEJ
'XGT[DQF[ KP VJG GPUGODNG PGGFU VQ DG QP VJG UCOG RCIG YKVJ VJGUG KUUWGU

5KPEG KP OCP[ ECUGU [QWT CRRTQCEJ YKNN DG FKHHGTGPV VJCP VJG YC[ VJG EJCTV KU YTKVVGP KV KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV
VJG DCPF OGODGTU RGPEKN KP VJG CTVKEWNCVKQPU VJG YC[ VJG[ CTG FGEKFGF KP VJG TGJGCTUCN UQ VJG[ ECP RTCEVKEG
VJGO VJG UCOG YC[ GCEJ VKOG CPF OCMG VJGO EQPFKVKQPGF

6Q CKF VJG UVWFGPVU + FQ C NQV QH XGTDCNK\KPI QH VJG U[NNCDNGU HQT CTVKEWNCVKQP FWTKPI TGJGCTUCNU NKMG
NCPIWCIG VTCKPKPI  CPF + JCXG VJG DCPF UKPI VJGO CU YGNN 6JG HQNNQYKPI YQWNF DG CP GZCORNG QH VJCV

&QQ &WQQJ &WQQJ &C[ &QQ &QV $YCJ &W 9CJ

&YCJ

*GTG KU CPQVJGT GZCORNG

&QQ &WQQJ &C[W &WQQJ &WQQJ &W &C[ &WW &WQQJ &WQQJ &W &C[ &W &C[ &W &W 9CJ

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

;GV CPQVJGT GZCORNG

&QQ &WQQJ N Doo Dot Dot Dot N Doo N Du Wah

6JGUG GZCORNGU UJQY U[NNCDNGU VJCV YG YCPV VQ UQWPF HTQO VJG JQTP CPF VJCV EQOOWPKECVG VQ VJG VQPIWG
YJCV CEVWCNN[ JCRRGPU RJ[UKECNN[ QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV 1VJGT U[NNCDNGU ECP DG WUGF VJCV YQWNF DG OQTG NKMG
YJCV [QW YQWNF FQ VQ UECV UKPI QT NKMG [QW OKIJV XGTDCNK\G VJG RJTCUKPI CU [QW CTG JGCTKPI KV QP C TGEQTFKPI
9G CTG VGCEJKPI VJG NCPIWCIG QH LC\\ CPF CP[VJKPI [QW ECP FQ VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVUȉ CYCTGPGUU CPF EQPEGRV
QH RTQPWPEKCVKQP QP VJG JQTP KU XCNWCDNG

Note for the Rhythm Section Players

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RNC[GT QYGU C FGDV VQ %JCTNKG 2CTMGT PQ YJCV YJCV VJG KPUVTWOGPV 9JGP YQTMKPI YKVJ UVWFGPVU YJQ
are playing piano or guitar or even drum set for that matter, you must help them try to imitate in the best
YC[ RQUUKDNG JQY KV YQWNF UQWPF QP VJG UCZQRJQPG + JCXG JCF HQTOGT FTWO UVWFGPVU YJQ YGTG UVWF[KPI
CV 0GY 'PINCPF %QPUGTXCVQT[ QT $GTMNGG 5EJQQN QH /WUKE YJQ YGTG YQTMKPI YKVJ VJG %JCTNKG 2CTMGT
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QP LC\\ UV[NG CPF KORTQXKUCVKQP CPF YG YQTMGF QWV QH VJG %JCTNKG 2CTMGT 1OPKDQQM CPF UVTWIINGF YKVJ
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QT DCUU QT RKCPQ UQWPF NKMG C USWCTGUJCRGF VQPIWG EWVQHH 6JCV KU VJG MKPF QH EJCNNGPIG YG HCEG

Articulation and Rhythm in Improvisation

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________________________________

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________________________________

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Swing Articulation
(High School/College Version)

Dr. Ray Smith, Professor of Music

Brigham Young University

1. Running Eighth Notes

•Running eighth notes should be swung in a tripletized fashion (2/3 + 1/3) and should be
played with a very legato approach, articulating every upbeat note with a “Dah” tongue and slurring
to the downbeat notes. Exception: top notes of contours are always tongued and accented; when the
top note is a downbeat, at least 3 notes in a row will be tongued. We never slur more than two notes
in a row, but many notes in a row may be tongued if legato.

2. Longer Note Principle:

•All notes longer than an eighth note are always tongued, except in a DuWah.

•An exception may come in slurring a long-note background line.

3. DOT Notes

•Eighth notes on an upbeat before a rest and all quarter notes should be articulated “Dot”
(symbol is ^). This is especially important when quarter notes are syncopated.

•However, a single downbeat quarter note may be either long or short depending on taste
and context.

•“Dot” is fat (not necessarily that short), and it is square-shaped (i.e. no tapered or resonant
ending) which is accomplished with a tongue cut-off.

•“Dot” does not necessarily imply an accent, unless the line would be accented in that spot
for other reasons.

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 •The very nature of the “Dot” articulation does not permit slurring into these notes even if a
slur is written on the part.

•“Dot” is “Dot” whether written on an eighth note or a quarter note or two eighths tied,
etc.—there is no difference in length. Length is determined by the tempo and style of the tune,
slower=fatter, faster=shorter! In swing, the length is roughly 2/3 the value of the note. In funk, it is
much shorter, crisper—often changing the articulation syllable to “Dit”.

4. Preceding the DOT Note

•The note preceding the “Dot” should be played long and articulated “Doo”. In other
words, don’t slur into the note preceding the “Dot.”

•When the note preceding the “Dot” is a dotted or tied note value, it should be slightly
decayed just before the “Dot” note.

5. Du Wah’s

•Generally, when an eighth note on the upbeat is tied to a longer note value than itself, it is a
“Wah” note (the rhythm may also be written with a dot instead of a tie). The downbeat preceding the
“Wah” note is articulated “Du”. The brass notation + means Du or closed and O means Wah or open.

which then produces the “DuWah”. The “DuWah” articulation is a dynamic effect, not a pitch-bending
†‡‡†„•ǡ Ǧ–Dz Š” ”‡• ’ „Œ”† ȈŽ–‡ΪŒ† ȋ  Ǧ‰Dz Š” ”– †Œ™ Œ– ’ ‘†ǡ Ǧ‰Dz Š” ’ŽŒŒ™ ”Œ–’’† ›
but can be tongued very lightly (such as in a lead trumpet part).

•The pitch bending sound of the “Wah is an automatic by-product of the sudden dynamic
shift from the soft “Du” to the loud “Wah” and is not accomplished by lipping. Lipping or bending
Š• •‰† Ǧ‰Dz ’†”–Œ•” Š  ŠŽŽ•–’†Ǥ”– Šˆ ŠΪŒ†„•Š ȈǦ‹–Š’ ‰Šˆ‰ ”„‰Œ ”„‘ŠˆDzȋǡ

6. The Blue Notes

dz‰† ™– „ •†ŒŒ  •† Š”  ƒŒ–† •†› ˆŠ—† Š•  ŠΪŒ†„•Š› –”–ŒŒ™ ƒ† Šˆ Š•ǡ ‰Š” ˆŠ—†”
your playing more soul.

Ray Smith, 2018

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Swing Articulation
(Junior High/Middle School Version)

Dr. Ray Smith, Professor of Music

Brigham Young University

1. Running Eighth Note Principle

When playing many eighth notes in a row, such as a scale, the eighth notes should be swung
(uneven or tripletized) and played very legato. The tonguing must be done with a Dah tongue, not
Tah, and every upbeat is tongued. Then we slur to the downbeat notes unless one is the top note of
a contour in the line, in which case it must be tongued and accented. We never slur more than two
notes in a row, but many notes in a row may be tongued if legato.

2. Longer Note Principle:

•All notes longer than an eighth note are always tongued, except in a DuWah.

•An exception may come in slurring a long-note background line.

3. The DOT Notes

If an eighth note is on an upbeat just before a rest, then we tongue it DOT. The same is true
of most quarter notes, especially if syncopated. An exception can be made when there is one single
quarter note on a downbeat; then it can be either long or short depending on what sounds best to
you. We cannot slur into a DOT even if a slur is written; it must always be tongued and cut off with
the tongue to create a square-shaped note. DOTs are fat, but square notes.

4. The Note Before the DOT

The note before the DOT also has to be tongued, but it is long and sounds like DOO. So the
punctuation of the line is often DOO-DOT. (This can be seen in the examples above.)

%JCRVGT  5YKPI 5V[NG #TVKEWNCVKQP ] 2CIG 

5. The DuWah Notes

We have to learn to recognize when the notes should sound like DuWah. When an upbeat
eighth note is tied to a longer note value than itself, it sounds like WAH, while the note before it on
the downbeat should sound like DOO or DU. Put them together, and they sound like DuWah. The
ƒ’”” ••Š Ȍ Ž†” – ’ „Œ”† Ȉ”‡• ’ Ž–‡ΪŒ† ȋ   Ž†” ‰ ’ ‘† ȈŒ–  ‡–ŒŒȋǡ

6. The Blue Notes

‰† ™– „ •†ŒŒ  •† Š”  ƒŒ–† •†› ˆŠ—† Š•  ŠΪŒ†„•Š› –”–ŒŒ™ ƒ† Šˆ Š•ǡ ‰Š” ˆŠ—†” ™–’
playing more soul.

Ray Smith, 2018

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 10 Applying the Principles to Styles
Other than Swing: Latin/Rock/
Funk/Waltz, etc.
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up to this point.

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be happening in a given style.

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Other Styles That Still Swing

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Jazz Waltz

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be straight.

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Swing Ballad

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VQ JGNR VJG TJ[VJOKE FGXGNQROGPV QP UYKPI DCNNCFU 5YKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP FQGUPȉV EJCPIG YJGP RNC[KPI C UYKPI
DCNNCF 5QOGVKOGU KV KU GHHGEVKXG KP C UYKPI VTKRNGVK\GF DCNNCF VQ OCMG C HGY PQVGU UVTCKIJV 0QVG VJG
HQNNQYKPI GZCORNG

6JG UVTCKIJV GKIJVJU LWUV DGHQTG VJG FQWDNG DCT YKNN GCEJ DG RWUJGF QT CEEGPVGF UWEJ CU C XQECNKUV OKIJV FQ
VQ UV[NK\G VJKU V[RG QH ȳIWTG .KUVGP VQ VJG XKFGQ GZCORNG

*:NH6KOG (WPM QS 5JWHʏG (WPM

6JKU KU C UV[NG QH HWPM YJGTG VJG JQTPU UYKPI CV VJG UKZVGGPVJ PQVG NGXGN FQWDNGVKOG HGGN YJKNG VJG
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[U OQTG QH C JCNHVKOG TQEM HGGN YKVJ UPCTG CEEGPVU QP  CPF  DWV YKVJ UQOG WPFGTN[KPI
UYWPI UKZVGGPVJ PQVG HGGN KP VJG UWDFKXKUKQPU 6JGTG KU C XGTUKQP QH VJKU UV[NG MPQYP CU VJG 2WSFKG 5JWHʏG,
PCOGF HQT FTWOOGT $GTPCTF 2WTFKG QH #TGVJC (TCPMNKPȉU DCPF +P VJKU UV[NG QH HWPM VJGTG KU C EQPUVCPV VTKRNGV
WPFGTEWTTGPV HQT GXGT[DQF[ KP VJG DCPF YKVJ C DCEMDGCV QP  UPCTG IJQUVKPI VJG OKFFNG PQVGU QH VJG VTKRNGV
'ZCORNGU CTG 5VGGN[ &CP Babylon Sisters and Home at Last CPF 6QVQ 3QU:PP:

Afro Cuban, Bembe, and Other Triple Meter Styles

5V[NGU VJCV CTG KP C  HGGN EQWPVGF KP  YKVJ  VTKRNGVU RGT OGCUWTG JCXG C UYKPI GHHGEV CPF JQTP RNC[GTU
VGPF VQ RGTHQTO VJGO YKVJ C HGGN CPF CTVKEWNCVKQP UKOKNCT VQ UYKPI #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG EGTVCKP CTVKEWNCVKQPU
VJCV ECP DG WUGF KP VJGUG UV[NGU VJCV YQWNF PQV PQTOCNN[ DG WUGF KP UYKPI #ICKP KV KU VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP
that changes for these styles more than the horns.

Straight Eighth-Note Styles

/CP[ LC\\TGNCVGF UV[NGU FQ WUG UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ PQVGU DWV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP OC[ QT OC[ PQV DG VJG UCOG CU
UYKPI #NVJQWIJ VJG TJ[VJOU CTG GXGPN[ UWDFKXKFGF KP VJGUG UV[NGU NGV OG DG SWKEM VQ RQKPV QWV VJCV OQUV
QH VJGUG UV[NGU YGTG CFQRVGF CPF RGTHGEVGF D[ LC\\ RNC[GTU YJQ EQWNF UYKPI 'XGP VJQWIJ VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU
FQPȉV UYKPI KP VJGUG UV[NGU VJGTG KU UVKNN C JKPV KP VJG TGEQTFKPIU VJCV VJG RNC[GTU CTG CDNG VQ UYKPI GXGP KH
VJG[ FQPȉV EJQQUG VQ FQ UQ CV VJG OQOGPV 6JG RGTHQTOCPEG QH VJG GKIJVJU KU TCTGN[ WNVTC UVTCKIJV DWV JCU JKPVU
QH UYKPI KP VJG YC[ VJG ȳTUV PQVG YKNN DG C NKVVNG NQPIGT CPF KP VJG VQVCNN[ NGICVQ CRRTQCEJ VQ VJG NKPG 6JKU OC[
EJCPIG KP UQOG TQEM GZCORNGU

Bossa Nova

+P VJG DQUUC PQXC VJG TJ[VJO FQGU UVTCKIJVGP QWV CPF VJG JQTPU RNC[ UVTCKIJV TJ[VJO DWV VJG[ CTVKEWNCVG VJG
UCOG CU KP UYKPI *QYGXGT VJGTG CTG UQOG VJKPIU VJCV ECP DG FQPG KP .CVKP UV[NGU VJCV YG YQWNF V[RKECNN[
PQV FQ KP 5YKPI *GTG KU CP GZCORNG QP VJG PGZV RCIG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Samba

(QT VJG JQTP RNC[GTU VJG 5CODC KU TGCNN[ LWUV C URGF WR DQUUC 6JG TJ[VJOU CTG UVTCKIJV DWV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP
KU NKMG UYKPI GZEGRV HQT VJG GHHGEVU VJCV ECP DG CFFGF KP VJKU UV[NG VJCV FQPȉV WUWCNN[ ȳV KP UYKPI CU LWUV
PQVGF CDQXG 

Other Latin Styles

6JGTG CTG O[TKCFU QH QVJGT .CVKP ,C\\ UV[NGU CPF KV YQWNF DG KORQUUKDNG KP VJKU HQTOCV VQ GZRNQTG VJGKT
EQORNGZKVKGU KP OWEJ FGRVJ (QT VJG RWTRQUGU QH JQTP TJ[VJO CPF CTVKEWNCVKQP KP VJG DKI DCPF OQUV QH
VJGUG QVJGT .CVKP UV[NGU UWEJ CU 5QPIQ 5CNUC CPF VJG NKMG CTG UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCUGF TJ[VJOU CPF HQT VJG
LC\\ RNC[GT YJQ JCU DGGP TCKUGF QP UYKPI KV KU XGT[ GCU[ VQ IGV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQPU HQT VJGUG UV[NGU YKVJ C NKVVNG
NKUVGPKPI CPF RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPIU 9G YKNN IGV VQ OQTG QH VJG EJCPIGU VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP JCU
VQ OCMG HQT VJGUG UV[NGU KP 5GEVKQP  QH VJKU DQQM

Latin Dance Band Styles

.CVKP UV[NGU UWEJ CU %JC %JC 6CPIQ %WODKC )WCIWCPEQ /CODQ /GTKPIWG $QNGTQ CPF 5QP /QPVWPQ
CTG UVTCKIJVGKIJVJTJ[VJO VWPGU 6JGTG CTG FKHHGTGPEGU KP CTVKEWNCVKQP DGVYGGP VJGO (QT GZCORNG C
%JC%JC KU XGT[ ETKUR UVCEECVQ DWV VJG 6CPIQ VGPFU VQ DG OQTG UOQQVJ CPF NGICVQ # $QNGTQ KU C .CVKP
DCNNCF UQ KV KU UNQYGT CPF UOQQVJGT #ICKP VJG YC[ VQ RKP FQYP VJG UWDVNG FKHHGTGPEGU KU VQ NKUVGP VQ VJGO
CPF RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJGO QP %&U

The Jazz Ballad

2TQDCDN[ HCT OQTG QH VJG LC\\ DCNNCFU CTG UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCUGF VJCP CTG VTKRNGV DCUGF DWV VJCV KU VJG ȳTUV
VJKPI VQ FGVGTOKPG YJGP RNC[KPI C DCNNCF 9G VGPF VQ WUG NGUU VQPIWG EWVQHHU KP DCNNCFU HCXQTKPI VJG
VCRGTGF PQVG GPFU #V VJG FQWDNG VKOG NGXGN VJG NKPGU OC[ UVKNN UYKPI GXGP VJQWIJ VJG DCUKU KU UVTCKIJV CV
VJG JCNH VKOG $CNNCFU CTG FGCNV YKVJ KP OQTG FGVCKN KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGT $WV JGTG KU CP KORQTVCPV RQKPV
GXGP KP C UVTCKIJVGKIJVJPQVG DCNNCF + UVKNN CNYC[U UYKPI VJG &W9CJȉU 0QVG VJG HQNNQYKPI GZCORNGU

%JCRVGT  #RRN[KPI VJG 2TKPEKRNGU VQ 5V[NGU 1VJGT 6JCP 5YKPI .CVKP4QEM(WPM9CNV\ GVE ] 2CIG 
Rock and Funk (Tower of Power Type)

6JG TQEM UV[NGU WUG UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ PQVGU YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH VJG 5JWHʏG (WPM OGPVKQPGF CDQXG 6JG
CTVKEWNCVKQP JQYGXGT ECP DG SWKVG FKHHGTGPV HTQO UYKPI 6JGTG CTG UQOG VJKPIU YG YQWNF FQ KP TQEM VJCV
YG YQWNF PQV FQ KP UYKPI (QT GZCORNG

&W &KV &W &KV &W &KV &W 9CJ UH\ETGUEGPFQ &W 9QY
CNVJQWIJ PQV YTKVVGP

6JG UVCPFCTF UYKPI U[PEQRCVKQP CTVKEWNCVKQP UJQYP ȳTUV KP VJG PGZV GZCORNG KU EQORNGVGN[ TGXGTUGF KP
UQOG TQEM EJCTVU GURGEKCNN[ HTQO VJG U CU UJQYP KP VJG UGEQPF NKPG QH VJG GZCORNG

+P HWPM EJCTVU YG QHVGP VQPIWG OWNVKRNG UVCECVVQ PQVGU KP C TQY YKVJ C NQPI PQVG KPUGTVGF CV UQOG RQKPV

9G OC[ CNUQ FQ OKZGF UNWTTKPI CPF UVCECVVQ EQODKPCVKQPU VJCV CTG OWEJ NKMG ENCUUKECN CTVKEWNCVKQP RCVVGTPU
and may include the concept of cutting off the last note of the slur that precedes the stacatto note.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV RQKPV KP HWPM RNC[KPI KU VJCV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP KU WNVTC UJQTV CPF ETKUR 5WEEGUUKXG UVCEECVQ
GKIJVJU YKNN DG UWRGT UJQTV CU KP Ȋ&KVȍ + JCXG IQPG QWV QH C VJTGG JQWT HWPM IKI YKVJ DNQQF QP O[ TGGF HTQO
cutting my tongue playing so many incredibly short notes over such a long period of time.

6JG CDQXG GZCORNG KU IQKPI CNQPI KP  CPF VJG UJQTV PQVGU CTG DTKVVNG UJQTVȅYQWNF PGXGT YQTM VJKU YC[
KP UYKPI 6JG GZCORNG DGNQY KU KP  CPF CICKP VJG UJQTV PQVGU CTG DTKVVNG UJQTVȅ&KV

6JG QVJGT KORQTVCPV RQKPV CDQWV HWPM KU VJCV CNN QH VJG NQPIGT PQVGU ETGUEGPFQ WR VQ C USWCTG VQPIWG EWV QHH
4CTGN[ ECP CP[VJKPI VCRGTGF DG QH WUG KP HWPM UV[NGU 4GHGT VQ XKFGQ GZCORNGU 6JKU ECP DG UGGP KP VJG
PGZV GZCORNG DGNQY 5QOG ETGUEGPFQU CTG OCTMGF QVJGTU CTG PQV DWV YG UVKNN RWV VJGO KP

6JG JCNH PQVG KP DCT  CDQXG YKNN DG ETGUEGPFQGF GXGP VJQWIJ KV KV PQV YTKVVGP CU YKNN VJG NQPI PQVGU KP
DCT  6JG NQPI PQVG KP VJG NCUV DCT JCU C YTKVVGP ETGUEGPFQ DWV YG YQWNF UVKNN FQ KV KH KV YGTG PQV YTKVVGP

The Rock Ballad

6JG TQEM DCNNCF KU CNYC[U UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCUGF TJ[VJO CPF KU RTGVV[ UVTCKIJV HQTYCTF QVJGTYKUG
6JG CTVKEWNCVKQPU YKNN OCVEJ TQEM UV[NG CTVKEWNCVKQP

%JCRVGT  #RRN[KPI VJG 2TKPEKRNGU VQ 5V[NGU 1VJGT 6JCP 5YKPI .CVKP4QEM(WPM9CNV\ GVE ] 2CIG 
Fusion

(WUKQP CTVKEWNCVKQPU OC[ FGRGPF QP YJCV KV KU VJCV YG CTG HWUKPI 9G ECP HWUG LC\\ YKVJ ENCUUKECN 6JKTF
5VTGCO  LC\\ YKVJ .CVKP LC\\ YKVJ OCP[ QVJGT GVJPKEKVKGU LC\\ YKVJ TQEM LC\\ YKVJ RQR GVE +P LC\\ YG
VGPF VQ CEEGRV CPF CFQRV CP[VJKPI VJCV KU IQQF CPF UWDUVCPVKCN CPF HWUG QWTUGNXGU YKVJ KV + GXGP JCF C
UVWFGPV YJQ JCU IQPG QP VQ DG XGT[ UWEEGUUHWN KP 0CUJXKNNG VJCV YCU VT[KPI VQ HWUG DGDQR YKVJ EQWPVT[ 5Q
CTVKEWNCVKQPU CPF PQVG UJCRGU YKNN FGRGPF VQ C EGTVCKP GZVGPV QP YJCV YG CTG DQTTQYKPI HTQO .+56'0+0)
+5 6*' 10.; 9#; VQ IGV C JCPFNG QP VJG XCTKGV[ RQUUKDNG KP HWUKQP VWPGU

A Word About Swing Versus Straight Time Feel

+ JCXG HQWPF KV XGT[ WUGHWN KP TGJGCTUKPI VJG DCPF VQ FKHHGTGPVKCVG DGVYGGP C JQTK\QPVCN CPF C XGTVKECN VKOG
HGGN 5YKPI UV[NGU VGPF VQ DG JQTK\QPVCN KP VKOG HGGN YJKNG UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ UV[NGU VGPF VQ DG C XGTVKECN VKOG
HGGN $GECWUG VJG GKIJVJU CTG UVTCKIJV VJG[ IQ UVTCKIJV WR CPF FQYP YJKEJ IKXGU C XGTVKECN HGGN VQ VJG VKOG
+ VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ UWDFKXKFG KPVGTPCNN[ KP VJG UVTCKIJV WR CPF FQYP HGGN CPF VQ NQEM VJGKT TJ[VJOU
QPVQ VJQUG UWDFKXKUKQPU 6JG VTKRNG UWDFKXKUKQP DCUKU QH UYKPI IKXGU KV C OQTG TGNCZGF JQTK\QPVCN VKOG HGGN
6JGUG VGTOU YKVJ C NKVVNG FGOQPUVTCVKQP UGGO VQ TGCNN[ JGNR VJG GPUGODNG IGV QP VJG UCOG RCIG HQT VKOG
feel.

A Word About Teaching Musical Style

9JCV CTG VJG GNGOGPVU VJCV IQ KPVQ FKHHGTGPVKCVKPI DGVYGGP UV[NGU 6JKU YKNN DG C NKVVNG QXGTUKORNKȳGF DWV + VJKPM
YG ECP TGFWEG VJKU KUUWG VQ VGCEJKPI KP VJTGG CTGCU

 6KOG (GGN CPF 4J[VJOKE $CUKU

+U KV C JQTK\QPVCN VKOG HGGN QT C XGTVKECN VKOG HGGN &QGU KV JCXG C VTKRNG DCUKU QT C FWRNG DCUKU ȍ +U KV UYKPIQTKGPVGF
QT UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCUGF &Q VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU HGGN NKMG GKIJVJU QT NKMG SWCTVGTU YKVJ KPEKFGPVCN WRDGCVU 'VE

 #TVKEWNCVKQP CPF 0QVG 5JCRG

+U VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP DCUKECNN[ NGICVQ QT UVCEECVQ #TG VJG CVVCEMU RGTEWUUKXG KP IGPGTCN QT UOQQVJ PQPRGTEWUUKXG &Q
VJG PQVGU JCXG USWCTG UJCRGU QT VCRGTGF TQWPFGF UJCRGU *QY UJQTV KU UJQTV 'VE

 8KDTCVQ CPF 1VJGT &TCOCVKE &GXKEGU

9JCV MKPF QH XKDTCVQ WUG KU VJGTG +U KV CNN CETQUU VJG PQVG QT QPN[ VQYCTF VJG GPF QH VJG PQVG +U KV QP PGCTN[ GXGT[
PQVG QT QPN[ QP UQOG PQVGU *QY YKFG CPF JQY HCUV KU VJG XKDTCVQ 9JKEJ PQVGU CTG UEQQRGF KH CP[ *QY YKFG
CTG VJG UEQQRU *QY NQPI FQGU KV VCMG VJG UEQQR VQ IGV VQ HWNN RKVEJ 9JCV QVJGT FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU JGNR ETGCVG VJKU
UV[NG

#U [QW NKUVGP VQ LC\\ CPF TGNCVGF UV[NGU CPF CU [QW RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ TGEQTFKPIU KP VJGUG UV[NGU VT[ VQ ECVCNQI VJG
FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VJG UV[NGU KP VGTOU QH VJG CDQXG VJTGG ECVGIQTKGU ;QWT UGPUG QH UV[NG CPF JQY VQ VGCEJ KV YKNN
ITQY TCRKFN[

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 11 Teaching Ballad Playing
6JGTG KU C TGCUQP VJCV C DCNNCF KU TGSWKTGF KP [QWT HGUVKXCN UGV CPF UJQWNF DG RCTV QH GXGT[ RTQITCOȅVJG
DCNNCF UGRCTCVGU VJG OGP HTQO VJG DQ[U CPF HQTEGU VJG DCPF VQ EQOG HCEG VQ HCEG YKVJ KORQTVCPV OWUKECN
EQPEGRVU 6JGTG CTG VYQ RTKOCT[ KUUWGU KP IGVVKPI VJG DCNNCF KP [QWT UGV YQTMKPI JGNRKPI VJG UQNQKUV CPF
JGNRKPI VJG GPUGODNG 9G YKNN FGCN YKVJ JGNRKPI VJG DCNNCF UQNQKUV KP %JCRVGT  $WV KP VJKU EJCRVGT YG
CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ JGNRKPI VJG GPUGODNG UWEEGGF CPF URGEKȳECNN[ YKVJ YJCV KU FKHHGTGPV CDQWV RNC[KPI C DCNNCF
HTQO C UVTCKIJVCJGCF UYKPI EJCTV

Straight or Swung Eighths?

6JG ȳTUV VJKPI VJCV OWUV DG FGVGTOKPGF YJGP CRRTQCEJKPI C DCNNCF KU YJGVJGT KV KU C UYKPI QT VTKRNGVK\GF
DCNNCF QT YJGVJGT KV KU C UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ PQVG DCNNCF 'ZCORNGU QH C UYKPI DCNNCF YQWNF DG Georgia on My
Mind or Unforgettable +P VJKU ECUG VJG TJ[VJO VGPFU VQ DG RTGVV[ ENQUG VQ VJG VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQPU CPF VJG
CTVKEWNCVKQP KU DCUKECNN[ CNN VJG UCOG CU KH KV YGTG C OGFKWO UYKPI QT CP WRVGORQ UYKPI EJCTV 1H EQWTUG
VJG UNQY VGORQ FQGU JCXG CP KORCEV QP VJG NGPIVJ QH VJG &16 PQVGU YJKEJ YKNN DG HCVVGT CPF VJG NGPIVJ QH
GHHGEVU NKMG HCNNU YJKEJ YKNN DG NQPIGT $WV IGPGTCNN[ PQVJKPI TGCNN[ EJCPIGU +P UYKPI DCNNCFU UQOGVKOGU
+ FQ NKMG VQ ETGCVG CP GHHGEV KVȉU OQTG QH C XQECN GHHGEV D[ UVTCKIJVGPKPI QWV C UGV UQOGVKOGU OQTG QH
GKIJVJ PQVGU (QT GZCORNG

6JG PGZV VYQ GZCORNGU CTG DQVJ UYKPI VTKRNGVK\GF DCNNCFU YJGTG KV OCMGU UGPUG VQ UVTCKIJVGP QWV C UGV QT
more of eighth notes.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JGTG CTG HCT OQTG UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ DCNNCFU UWEJ CU Over the Rainbow or Misty 6JG UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCNNCF
involves a number of different performance practices besides straightening out the rhythm. And let me
UC[ DGHQTG YG VCEMNG VJCV VJG UVTCKIJV TJ[VJOU UVKNN KPXQNXG C NKVVNG OQTG YGKIJV QT NGPIVJ QP VJG FQYPDGCV
PQVGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG QPG VJCV UVCTVU VJG RJTCUG DWV VJGP + YQWNF FQ VJCV KP ENCUUKECN RNC[KPI CU YGNN

5Q OCP[ QH VJG FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJG UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCNNCF OKIJV DG UWOOGF WR WPFGT VJG KFGC VJCV YG UJCRG
PQVGU OQTG NKMG YG YQWNF KP EQPEGTV DCPF RNC[KPI QT QTEJGUVTCN RNC[KPI  9G WUWCNN[ FQPȉV EWV QHH YKVJ
VJG VQPIWG QP NQPI PQVGU QT GPFU QH RJTCUGU DWV TCVJGT YG ECP WUG VJG VCRGTGF TGUQPCPV PQVG GPFKPIU 6JG
RNC[KPI QH VJG NQPI PQVGU VJQWIJ KU WUWCNN[ C RTQDNGO HQT [QWPI RNC[GTU YJQ NGV VJG NQPI PQVGU VCRGT QT
FKG CETQUU OQUV QH VJG PQVG XCNWG 6JG NQPI PQVGU UJQWNF CV NGCUV OCKPVCKP WUWCNN[ ETGUEGPFQ DGHQTG CP[
VCRGTȅYJKEJ YQWNF QPN[ EQOG CV VJG GPF QH VJG PQVG + IKXG O[ UVWFGPVU VJG YCVEJ RJTCUG Ȋ)Q WR DGHQTG
[QW IQ FQYP QP VJG NQPI PQVGUȍ *QYGXGT YG CNUQ JCXG VQ DG QP IWCTF CICKPUV DWNIKPI QT OKNMKPI VJG NQPI
PQVGU #U WUWCN NKUVGPKPI KU VJG MG[ VQ WPFGTUVCPFKPI VJG UJCRGU QH VJGUG PQVGU

9JGP VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG JCU VQ RNC[ UGXGTCN UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ PQVGU KP C TQY VJG[ YQWNF QHVGP PGGF VQ DG
KPFKXKFWCNN[ ȊRWUJGFȍ QT CEEGPVGFȅVJQWIJ NGICVQ YKVJ NKPG FKTGEVKQPȅUKOKNCT VQ VJG YC[ LC\\ UKPIGTU
YQWNF FQ KV #NUQ CU RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF GXGP KP UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ PQVG DCNNCFU + YQWNF UVKNN UYKPI VJG
&W9CJȉU +P CFFKVKQP HQT UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCNNCFU YG OC[ [GV UYKPI EGTVCKP ȳIWTGU QT RCTVU UKOKNCT VQ
UVTCKIJVGPKPI UQOGVJKPI KP VJG UYKPI DCNNCF  (QT GZCORNG VJG NCUV DCTU QH VJG DTKFIG QP Skylark CTG UYWPI
CPF VJGP DCEM VQ UVTCKIJV CV VJG TGVWTP QH VJG # UGEVKQP

1H EQWTUG VJGTG CTG QVJGT UV[NGU QH DCNNCFU #NN TQEM DCNNCFU CTG GXGP GKIJVJ PQVG DCNNCFU 5QOG DCNNCFU CTG
 HGGN KP HQWT DWV YKVJ EQPVKPWQWU VTKRNGV HGGN  #P GZCORNG QH VJKU YQWNF DG %CTWDKCȉU CTTCPIGOGPV QH
At Last # $QNGTQ KU C .CVKP DCNNCF VJCV KU DCUGF QP UVTCKIJV GKIJVJ PQVGU UWEJ CU /KPV\GTȉU Carla.

%JCRVGT  6GCEJPI $CNNCF 2NC[KPI ] 2CIG 

 Double Time in Ballads
+V KU V[RKECN VQ JCXG UQOG FQWDNG VKOG ȳIWTGU QT VQ CEVWCNN[ OQXG KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG KP C DCNNCF 'XGP KP
VJG UVTCKIJV DCNNCFU VJG FQWDNG VKOG WUWCNN[ UYKPIU DWV + ECPPQV OCMG VJCV UVCVGOGPV CU C EQPETGVG TWNG
DGECWUG UQOGVKOGU KV FQGUPȉV UYKPI *QY FQGU QPG MPQY KH KV UJQWNF UYKPI QT PQV .KUVGPKPI CPF GZRGTKGPEG
CTG VJG QPN[ YC[ VQ TGCNN[ MPQY DWV KH KP FQWDV KV KU RTQDCDN[ UCHGT VQ UYKPI KV

5QOG DCNNCFU OCMG WUG QH YJCV + YQWNF ECNN ȊKORNKGF FQWDNG VKOGȍ 6JKU KU YJGTG VJG DCPF FQGU PQV OQXG
KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG CU CP GPVKTG GPUGODNG DWV RCTVU QH VJG DCPF OC[ OQXG KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG YJKNG QVJGT RCTVU
FQ PQV (QT GZCORNG VJG JQTPU OC[ JCXG C FQWDNG VKOG ȳIWTG DWV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP FQGU PQV IQ KPVQ
FQWDNG VKOG YKVJ VJGO 1T VJG FTWOOGT JGNRU C FQWDNG VKOG ȳIWTG KP VJG JQTPU DWV VJG DCUU RNC[GT
EQPVKPWGU VQ RNC[ CV VJG JCNHVKOG

9JGP ȳIWTGU CTG KP FQWDNG VKOG VJGP CNN QH VJG WUWCN UYKPI TWNGU QH CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF TJ[VJO CRRN[ +H VJG
YJQNG GPUGODNG OQXGU KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG VJGP GXGT[QPG YKNN RNC[ VJG UCOG CU KH VJG YJQNG EJCTV YGTG VJCV
OGFKWO VQ OGFKWO HCUV UYKPI VGORQȅUCOG TJ[VJOKE CPF UCOG CTVKEWNCVKQP RTKPEKRNGU

Dynamics in the Ballad

6JGTG OC[ DG RCTVU QH VJG DCNNCF VJCV CTG UQHVGT VJCP YG WUWCNN[ RNC[ KP QVJGT EJCTVU +V KU QHVGP CRRTQRTKCVG VQ
WUG UWDVQPG KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP VQ IGV XGT[ UQHV DWV KV KU WUWCNN[ PGEGUUCT[ VQ YQTM QP OCKPVCKPKPI VQPG
CPF RKVEJ CV VJG UQHV NGXGNU 5GG %JCRVGTU  CPF  HQT KFGCU QP VJKU *QYGXGT VJG F[PCOKEU OC[ XCT[ YKFGN[
KP VJG UCOG DCNNCF CPF VJG UJQWV UGEVKQP UJQWNF PQTOCNN[ DG C YCNN QH UQWPF 5QOGVKOGU VJG PQVKQP VJCV VJG
DCNNCF KU UWRRQUGF VQ DG RTGVV[ CPF RTGVV[ KU UQHV CPF IGPVNG OC[ IGV KP VJG YC[ QH CUMKPI HQT VJG MKPF QH DKI
DCPF RQYGT VJCV UJQWNF DG KP HQTEG CV VJG UJQWV UGEVKQP .KUVGP VQ UQOG 5VCP -GPVQP DCNNCFU CPF [QW YKNN
MPQY YJCV + CO VCNMKPI CDQWV

Motion Versus Emotion

+V KU VJG OQVKQP KP VJG NKPGU VJCV OCMGU OWUKE JCRRGP 6JG UNQY VGORQ QH VJG DCNNCF FQGU PQV RTQXKFG OWEJ
PCVWTCN OQVKQP CPF VJG EJCNNGPIG KU VQ ETGCVG OQVKQP YKVJQWV VJG CKF QH VJG VGORQȅQDXKQWUN[ TWUJKPI KU
PQV CP QRVKQP +H VJGTG KU PQ OQVKQP VJGP VJGTG KU CNUQ 01 GOQVKQP CPF VJG VWPG HCKNU 6JKU KU C RCTVKEWNCT
EJCNNGPIG YKVJ [QWPI DCPFU *QY FQ YG JGNR VJGO ETGCVG OQVKQP

#PQVJGT YC[ QH VCNMKPI CDQWV VJKU OQVKQP XGTUWU OWUKE KUUWG KU VQ VCNM CDQWV VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG KP VJG OWUKE
5VTCXKPUM[ UCKF KV YGNN YJGP JG UCKF OWUKE JCU VQ JCXG TGURKTCVKQP 9JCV FKF JG OGCP 4GURKTCVKQP KPENWFGU
KPJCNCVKQP VGPUKQP CPF GZJCNCVKQP TGNGCUG QT TGNCZCVKQP  +V KU VJG TGURKTCVKQP QT VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG VJCV
DTGCVJGU VJG DTGCVJ QH NKHG KPVQ CNN VJQUG QVJGTYKUG FGCF PQVGU 6JCV NKHG KP VJG NKPGU ETGCVGU VJG OQVKQP YJKEJ
brings about the emotion in the music.

2U[EJQNQIKUVU QH OWUKE JCXG NQPI VJGQTK\GF VJCV VJG VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG RCVVGTPU KP VJG OWUKE CTG YJCV IKXG
OWUKE VJG RQYGT VQ VQWEJ QWT GOQVKQPU 6JGUG VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG RCVVGTPU ECRVWTG U[ODQNKECNN[ VJG TJ[VJOU QH
QWT QYP GOQVKQPCN NKHG 6JGP YJGP YG NKUVGP VQ VJG OWUKE YG KFGPVKH[ PQTOCNN[ UWDEQPUEKQWUN[ YKVJ VJQUG
GOQVKQPCN GZRTGUUKQPU CPF VJG GOQVKQPU YG JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF KP VJG RCUV KP QWT QYP NKXGU 1H EQWTUG VJKU
EQPEGRV CRRNKGU VQ CNN YGUVGTP OWUKE CV YJCVGXGT VGORQ DWV KV KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ C EJCNNGPIG VQ OCMG KV JCRRGP
CV VJG UNQY VGORQ QH C DCNNCF CPF VJG DCNNCF OCMGU C ITGCV XGJKENG HQT VGCEJKPI VJG EQPEGRV VQ VJG DCPF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JKU DTKPIU WR VJG PGEGUUKV[ QH GCEJ OWUKEKCP ETGCVKPI HQT JKOUGNH C ECVCNQI QH VGPUKQPRTQFWEKPI FGXKEGU
and release devices. Here is a beginning list to help start the development of the catalog.

Tension-Producing Musical Devices

Ȏ2NC[KPI NQWFGT QT OCMKPI C ETGUEGPFQ

Ȏ2NC[KPI JKIJGT KP VJG VGUUKVWTC QH VJG KPUVTWOGPV U

•Playing faster or busier

Ȏ2NC[KPI OQTG EQORNGZ TJ[VJOKECNN[

Ȏ%TGCVKPI ITGCVGT JCTOQPKE EQORNGZKV[ QT FKUUQPCPEG

Ȏ7UKPI FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU UWEJ CU UJCMGU FQKVU ITQYNU CPF VJG NKMG

•Repetition of an idea over and over

Ȏ5KNGPEGȅDWV QPN[ YJGP KV KU UGV WR RTQRGTN[ UQ VJCV KV ETGCVGU C VGPUKQP

Musical Release Devices

Ȏ2NC[KPI UQHVGT QT OCMKPI C FKOKPWGPFQ

Ȏ%QOKPI FQYP KP VJG TCPIG QH PQVGU

Ȏ5NQYKPI FQYP QT UKORNKH[KPI VJG TJ[VJOU

•Harmonic resolution

Ȏ5KNGPEGȅYJGP UGV WR HQT TGNGCUG

Ȏ(CNNU

#ICKP VJGUG NKUVU CTG VQ RTKOG VJG RWOR CPF VJG OWUKEKCP UJQWNF NKUVGP HQT GZCORNGU QH VJGUG FGXKEGU CPF
CFF VQ VJG NKUVU CU QVJGT KFGCU CTG FKUEQXGTGF YJKNG NKUVGPKPI CPF GZRGTKGPEKPI OWUKE 6JKU NKUV KU CNUQ
GUUGPVKCN HQT VJG KORTQXKUGT YJQ OWUV EQPVTQN VGPUKQP NGXGNU FWTKPI JKU UQNQȅOQTG KP %JCRVGT 

9JGP + CO YQTMKPI QP C DCNNCF YKVJ VJG DCPF + WUWCNN[ UVCTV YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VQ JGNR VJGO ETGCVG
VJG VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG KP VJG CEEQORCPKOGPV #U VJG[ DGIKP VQ UGG VJCV VJG VGPUKQPTGNGCUG RCVVGTPU CTG
DWKNV KPVQ VJG JCTOQPKE EJQTF EJCPIGU CPF V[RKECNN[ QEEWT GXGT[ VYQ OGCUWTGU GXGT[ HQWT OGCUWTGU CPF
GXGP OQTG GXGT[ GKIJV OGCUWTGU VJG[ ECP CRRN[ VJG FGXKEGU NKUVGF CDQXG CU VJG[ OCMG WR VJGKT RCTVU VQ
bring the music out of the chord changes. When the band hears the accumulations of tension and releases
VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU ETGCVKPI VJGP + ECP IWKFG VJGO VQ CNUQ WUG VJG FGXKEGU NKUVGF CDQXG CU VJG[ KPVGTRTGV
VJGKT YTKVVGP NKPGU VQ OCVEJ VJG VGPUKQPTGNGCUG RNCEGU QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP 6JKU ETGCVGU VJG NKHG VJG
OQVKQP VJG GOQVKQP YG JCXG DGGP VCNMKPI CDQWV 4GHGT VQ VJG XKFGQ GZCORNGU HQT VJKU EJCRVGT VQ UGG CPF
JGCT FGOQPUVTCVKQPU QH VJKU EQPEGRV 6JG UQNQKUV OWUV CNUQ DG IWKFGF DQVJ KP KPVGTRTGVKPI JKU YTKVVGP NKPGU
CPF KP JKU KORTQXKUGF NKPGU VQ WUWCNN[ OCVEJ VJG VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG RCVVGTPU KPJGTGPV KP VJG EJCPIGU CPF
in the rhythm section.

%JCRVGT  6GCEJPI $CNNCF 2NC[KPI ] 2CIG 

Chapter 12 Rehearsing the Big Band:
Philosophies, Techniques, and Ideas
Rehearsal Philosophies
6JG HQNNQYKPI KU C NKUV QH IGPGTCN RJKNQUQRJKGU VJCV + DGNKGXG CTG ETKVKECN VQ DGEQOKPI OQTG GHHGEVKXG KP
rehearsing the big band.

1) The success of the ensemble depends completely on the educator up front!! No amount of
TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG QT FKUEKRNKPG QT CHʏWGPV FGOQITCRJKEU ECP OCMG WR HQT VJG GFWECVQTȉU RGTUQPCN OWUKECN
FGȳEKGPEKGU 5Q KV KU ETKVKECN VJCV VJG GFWECVQT DG KP C EQPUVCPV RTQITCO QH RGTUQPCN KORTQXGOGPV +V KU
CNUQ ETKVKECN VJCV VJG GFWECVQT DG RTGRCTGF QP VJG URGEKȳE OWUKE HQT GCEJ TGJGCTUCN &Q UQOG NKUVGPKPI CPF
CPCN[UKU QP VJG UEQTG CPF CPVKEKRCVG VJG KUUWGU VJCV [QW PGGF VQ DG TGCF[ HQT ;QW OKIJV GXGP VCMG QWV [QWT
KPUVTWOGPV CPF RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI D[ GCT CPF HGGN QWV VJG UV[NG CPF CRRTQCEJ HQT VJG VWPG #NUQ
RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI HTQO C EQWRNG QH VJG RTKPVGF RCTVU CPF IGV UQOG KPUKIJV KPVQ EQPEGRVU VJCV
YKNN PGGF VQ DG VCWIJV

;QWT RGTUQPCN ECRCEKV[ VQ OQFGN YJCV [QW CTG VGCEJKPI KU [QWT DKIIGUV CUUGV +V KU YQTVJ UQOG GZVTC GHHQTV VQ
OCMG [QWT UGNH C YQTVJ[ OQFGN

 6:MG VJG VKOG VQ VG:DJ RSKPDKRNGU KP VJG SGJG:SU:NU S:VJGS VJ:P LWUV IKXKPI FKSGDVKQPU 6JG UVWFGPV
YJQ WPFGTUVCPFU IWKFKPI RTKPEKRNGU ECP DGIKP VQ VJKPM HQT JKOUGNH CPF UQNXG RTQDNGOU YKVJQWV [QW 6JKU
WNVKOCVGN[ OCMGU [QWT LQD GCUKGT CPF RTGRCTGU VJG UVWFGPV VQ DGEQOG CP KPFGRGPFGPV OWUKEKCP 9JGP +
UVWFKGF YKVJ 'WIGPG 4QWUUGCW JG YQWNF QHVGP UC[ Ȋ/[ LQD KU VQ DGEQOG WUGNGUU CU UQQP CU RQUUKDNGȍ +P
QVJGT YQTFU YG CTG PQV VT[KPI VQ TGKPHQTEG VJG UVWFGPVUȉ FGRGPFGPEG QP WU DWV TCVJGT YG YCPV VJGO VQ
DGEQOG KPFGRGPFGPV HWPEVKQPKPI OWUKEKCPU 6JKU ECP QPN[ JCRRGP KH RTKPEKRNGU CTG VCWIJV #P GHHGEVKXG
FCKN[ YCTO WR RGTKQF KU C ITGCV VKOG VQ VGCEJ RTKPEKRNGU CPF EQPEGRVU KP C OGVJQFKECN YC[

 A huge key to developing a superior ensemble is working on DETAIL!!! # NKVVNG FGVCKN YQTM
TGCNN[ RC[U QHH 9JGP VJG DCPF MPQYU VJCV [QW JGCT everything and that you are serious about the detail
QH VJG EJCTV VJG[ UKV WR CPF FKI KP CPF VJKPIU TGCNN[ UVCTV EQOKPI VQIGVJGT +H [QW OCMG C EQOOGPV HQNNQY
KV VJTQWIJ VQ C OGCPKPIHWN EJCPIG +H VJGTG KU PQ EJCPIG CHVGT [QWT KPKVKCN EQOOGPV VJGP UVKEM YKVJ KV WPVKN
[QW IGV VJG EJCPIG [QW PGGF 5QOGVKOGU + HGGN VJCV + ECPPQV IQ QP WPVKN + IGV VJG EJCPIG + CO CUMKPI HQT
DWV QVJGT VKOGU VJG EJCPIG + PGGF KU VQQ DKI VQ GZRGEV KP QPG FC[ + OC[ IKXG CP CUUKIPOGPV YKVJ C EJGEM
up date built into it.

9G ECPPQV CUUWOG YG JCXG FQPG QWT FWV[ YJGP YG JCXG OCFG CP CUVWVG EQOOGPV DWV PQVJKPI EJCPIGU
'XGT[ FGVCKN QH CTVKEWNCVKQP FTCOCVKE FGXKEG F[PCOKEU RJTCUKPI TJ[VJO VKOG HGGN CPF GPUGODNG RTGEKUKQP
OWUV DG FGCNV YKVJ ;QW ECPPQV CHHQTF VQ NGCXG CP[ QH VJGUG VJKPIU VQ EJCPEG

 We will ultimately get what we ask for from the students! +H YG FQPȉV CUM HQT KV YG YKNN PGXGT
IGV KV 9G OC[ JCXG VQ CUM QHVGP DWV YG PGGF VQ RGTUKUV WPVKN YG IGV YJCV YG CUM HQT KP VJG TGJGCTUCNU +
VJKPM YG OCMG C OKUVCMG VQ CUUWOG VJCV [QWPI UVWFGPVU ECPPQV FQ QT WPFGTUVCPF C EGTVCKP FKHȳEWNV VJKPI +
DGNKGXG YG ECP CEJGKXG CUVQPKUJKPI TGUWNVU YKVJ GXGP XGT[ [QWPI UVWFGPVU KH YG CTG PQV CHTCKF VQ IQ KPVQ KV
CPF CUM VJGO HQT KV 9KVJ VJG [QWPIGT UVWFGPVU YG FQ JCXG VQ VGCEJ UOCNNGT COQWPVU OQTG ITCFWCNN[ QXGT
C NQPIGT RGTKQF QH VKOG DWV VJG[ ECP ITCUR OQUV VJKPIU ;QWPI UVWFGPVU ECP RNC[ YKVJ C IQQF UQWPF CPF KP
VWPG ;QWPI UVWFGPVU ECP FGCN YKVJ UV[NG ;QWPI UVWFGPVU ECP KORTQXKUG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

  Achieving excellence is the ultimate ensemble morale builder! Sometimes it seems more fun
LWUV VQ TGCF VJTQWIJ QPG EJCTV CHVGT CPQVJGT +V OC[ UGGO NKMG YG YKNN NQUG VJG MKFU KH YG UVCTV YQTMKPI QP
VQQ OWEJ FGVCKN CPF UNQY FQYP VJG TGJGCTUCN 6JKU CRRTQCEJ YKNN UGGO HWP HQT VJG UVWFGPVU CV ȳTUV DWV KV
YKNN ITCFWCNN[ UCR VJG OQTCNG QWV QH VJG DCPF YJGP VJG[ TGCNK\G VJG[ CTG PQV RCTV QH CP[VJKPI URGEKCNȅKP
HCEV RCTV QH UQOGVJKPI VJCV KU UQOGYJGTG DGVYGGP RQQT CPF OGFKQETG $WV VJG TGJGCTUCN CRRTQCEJ VJCV
FGOCPFU GZEGNNGPEG CPF FQGU VJG PKVV[ITKVV[ FGVCKN YQTM YKNN WNVKOCVGN[ DWKNF VJG OQTCNG QH VJG GPUGODNG
YJGP VJG UVWFGPVU TGCNK\G VJG[ CTG RCTV QH UQOGVJKPI TGCNN[ ITGCV

 Sight-reading regularly is a key to developing a great ensemble! 6JG DCPFU VJCV UKIJVTGCF QHVGP
DGEQOG HCUVGT CPF TGJGCTUCNU IQ DGVVGTȅPQV VQ OGPVKQP VJG UVWFGPVU FGXGNQR QPG QH VJGKT OQUV KORQTVCPV
RTQHGUUKQPCN UMKNNU + CNYC[U VJKPM QH O[ HTKGPF ,GHH 6QYGT CV *GOGV *KIJ 5EJQQN YJGP + VJKPM QH UKIJV
TGCFKPI QHVGP ,GHH JCF QPG QH VJG ITGCVGUV JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ DCPFU KP VJG EQWPVT[ HQT C NQPI TWP ,GHH YQWNF
JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UKIJVTGCF GXGT[ TGJGCTUCN HTQO VJG DGIKPPKPI QH UEJQQN WPVKN CDQWV 6JCPMUIKXKPI *G
YQWNF MGGR PQVGU QP VJG EJCTVU JG NKMGF CPF VJGP IQ DCEM VQ VJQUG EJCTVU YJGP JG DGICP TGJGCTUKPI VJG DCPF
$[ VJCV VKOG VJG UVWFGPVU YGTG UWEJ IQQF TGCFGTU VJCV VJG TGJGCTUCNU YGPV HCUV CPF NGUU TGJGCTUCN YCU PGGFGF

Rehearsal Ideas and Techniques

1PG QH VJG ITGCV EJCNNGPIGU GFWECVQTU JCXG KU VQ ETGCVG C VKIJV RTGEKUG GPUGODNG #NVJQWIJ YG JCXG CNTGCF[
FKUEWUUGF OCP[ KFGCU VJCV YKNN JGNR WU CEEQORNKUJ VJKU KP VJG TGUV QH VJKU EJCRVGT + YKNN VT[ VQ IKXG C UWOOCT[
QH CU OCP[ TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWGU CPF KFGCU CU RQUUKDNG HQT ETGCVKPI C ENGCP RTGEKUG ITGCVUQWPFKPI GPUGODNG

+ 6KIJVGPKPI VJG 6KOG (GGN

6KIJVGPKPI VJG VKOG YCU FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGT  DWV JGTG CTG UQOG CFFKVKQPCN VGCEJKPI KFGCU VJCV YKNN JGNR
6JG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP EQPEGRVU YKNN DG GNCDQTCVGF OQTG KP 5GEVKQP  QP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP

6[RKECN 6KOG +UUWGU

 .QEMKPI +P VJG 6KOG $GVYGGP $CUU CPF &TWOU + VGCEJ VJG  QȉENQEM CPCNQI[ 6JG RWNUG JKVU
CV  QȉENQEM CPF GCEJ RNC[GT OWUV JKV TKIJV CV  5QOGVKOGU KPFKXKFWCN EQPEGRVU CTG FKHHGTGPV CPF QPG
RNC[GT YKNN RNC[ CV  YJKNG VJG QVJGT RNC[GT RNC[U EQPUKUVGPVN[ CV  'CEJ OC[ DG RNC[KPI IQQF VKOG
CPF PGKVJGT TWUJKPI PQT FTCIIKPI DWV VJG[ CTG PQV RNC[KPI VQIGVJGT 6JKU ETGCVGU CP WPEQOHQTVCDNG VKOG
UEJKUO VJCV YKNN JWTV DCPF WPKV[ )GVVKPI VJG DCUU RNC[GT CPF VJG FTWOOGT VQ HQEWU QP GCEJ QVJGT CPF UVTKMG
RGTHGEVN[ VQIGVJGT QP VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU KU VJG MG[ȅPQV O[UVGTKQWU DWV UVKNN EJCNNGPIKPI )KXG VJGO UQOG VKOG
CNQPG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT VQ YQTM QP VJKU CPF IKXG VJGO HTGSWGPV HGGFDCEM FWTKPI TGJGCTUCNU

 )GVVKPI 'PGTI[ KP VJG 6KOG (GGN RGTUQPCN GPGTI[ XU GNGEVTQPKE GPGTI[  $CUU RNC[GTU VGPF VQ
TGN[ VQQ OWEJ QP VJG GNGEVTKEKV[ VQ RTQXKFG VJG GPGTI[ CPF XQNWOG *CXG VJG DCUU RNC[GT VWTP FQYP VJG
COR DWV RNC[ LWUV CU NQWFN[ D[ KPXGUVKPI OQTG RGTUQPCN GPGTI[ 6JKU RTQFWEGU C FKHHGTGPV VKOG HGGN VJCV JCU
OQTG GPGTI[ CPF FTKXG 6JG DCUU RNC[GT PGGFU VQ DG EQCEJGF VQ RTQXKFG C UVTQPI CVVCEM CPF C IQQF UWUVCKP
HQT GXGT[ PQVG KP VJG DCUU NKPG 6JKU YKNN RTQXKFG ENCTKV[ VQ VJG RWNUG CPF CKF VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG

 9QTMKPI YKVJ %QORKPI 6JG RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT QT CP[ QVJGT EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU OWUV CNUQ RNC[
IQQF VKOG YKVJ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU +H VJG IWKVCTKUV KU WUKPI C (TGFFKG )TGGP SWCTVGT PQVG UV[NG QH EQORKPI

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

VJGP JG OWUV JKV GZCEVN[ CV  QȉENQEM YKVJ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU 6JG EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU VJCV CTG ETGCVKPI
U[PEQRCVKQPU VQ VJG SWCTVGTPQVG HGGN OWUV OCVEJ VJG UCOG TJ[VJOKE EQPEGRVU VJCV VJG JQTPU CTG WUKPIȅHQT
GZCORNG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN KU CNOQUV QP VJG HQNNQYKPI FQYPDGCV FQYPDGCVU CTG GZCEVN[ QP VJG FQYPDGCV
etc.

 )GVVKPI VJG *QTPU VQ 2NC[ 6KOG YKVJ VJG 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 6JG JQTPU UJQWNF DG RNC[KPI YKVJ
SWCTVGTPQVG HGGN CPF VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU OWUV JKV TKIJV CV  QȉENQEM YKVJ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU #NN VJG JQTPU
PGGF VQ KPFKXKFWCNN[ NQEM VJGKT RGTUQPCN VKOG KP YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQPȅ016 HQNNQYKPI GCEJ QVJGT
YJKEJ D[ FGȳPKVKQP RWVU VJGO DGJKPF

 1HVGP VJG VKOG JCUUNGU KP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CTG ECWUGF D[ RNC[GTU VT[KPI VQ RNC[ YKVJ VQQ OWEJ
EQORNGZKV[ 9JGP VKOG HGGN KU C ȳIJV IGV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU VQ UKORNKH[ YJCV VJG[ CTG FQKPI 6JGP
IGV VJG JQTP RNC[GTU VQ UKORNKH[ D[ VJKPMKPI KP VJG NQPI OGVGT CPF TGNCZKPI 6T[KPI too hard is often an
enemy.

6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU HQT 6KOG 9QTM

 #U RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF WUG VJG OGVTQPQOG QT FTWO OCEJKPG 6WTP KV QP CPF IGV VJG VGORQ
VJGP VWTP KV QHH CPF UVCTV VJG VWPG #HVGT  QT  DCTU UVQR CPF VWTP KV QP CICKP 5GG YJCV JCU JCRRGPGF VQ
VJG VKOG CPF OCMG CFLWUVOGPVU VJGP VT[ CICKP 9KVJ C FTWO OCEJKPG RTQITCO KV VQ JKV OQTG URCTUGN[ UWEJ
CU GXGT[ HQWT DCTU 6JKU KU XGT[ TGXGCNKPI 6JG CYCTGPGUU KU VJG DKI VJTWUV QH VJKU VGEJPKSWG

 7UG ȊVJG 56+%-ȍ VQ NKPG WR VJG VKOG $CPI C JGCX[ FTWO UVKEM QP C EQYDGNN CPF RTQXKFG C RWNUG
VJCV GXGT[QPG ECP JGCT HQT C UGEVKQP QH VJG EJCTV KP SWGUVKQP CPF COC\KPI EJCPIGU YKNN VCMG RNCEG 6JKU
EQWNF CNUQ DG FQPG YKVJ C OGVTQPQOG RKRGF VJTQWIJ C URGCMGT HQT XQNWOG #ICKP ETGCVKPI CYCTGPGUU KU C
NCTIG RCTV QH VJG FKTGEVQTȉU TQNG 1PN[ VJTQWIJ CYCTGPGUU YKNN EJCPIG DG RQUUKDNG

 *CXG VJG GPUGODNG UKPI VJG ȳIWTGU YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[KPI 6JG JQTP RNC[GTU ECP JGCT
CPF HGGN OQTG JQY VJG[ CTG CNKIPKPI YJGP VJG[ CTG PQV UVTWIINKPI CV VJG UCOG VKOG YKVJ VJG VGEJPKSWG QH
VJG JQTP 6JG[ ECP CNUQ JGCT DGVVGT YJGP VJGKT RGTUQPCN XQNWOG KU PQV QXGTUJCFQYKPI VJG VJKPIU VJG[ PGGF
VQ JGCT KP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP +V KU CNUQ GCUKGT HQT [QW CU VJG FKTGEVQT YJGP VJG[ CTG PQV RQYGTKPI VJTQWIJ
VJG JQTPU VQ VCNM QXGT VJGO VQ IKXG VJGO KPUVCPV HGGFDCEM

 +V KU TGCNN[ GPNKIJVGPKPI CPF ETGCVGU ITGCV CYCTGPGUU VQ JCXG VJG DCPF IQ DCEM CPF HQTVJ DGVYGGP
JCNH VKOG CPF FQWDNG VKOG YJKNG C OGVTQPQOG KU DNCTKPI VJTQWIJ C URGCMGT + YQWNF FQ VJKU YKVJ DQVJ UYKPI
OQXKPI VQ FQWDNG VKOG UYKPI CPF DQUUC PQXC OQXKPI VQ FQWDNG VKOG YJKEJ GPFU WR DGKPI DCUKECNN[ C UCODC
6JG PQTOCN RTQDNGO KU OQXKPI C NKVVNG HCUVGT VJCP FQWDNG VKOG YJGP OQXKPI WR CPF OQXKPI VQ C NKVVNG UNQYGT
VJCP JCNH VKOG YJGP OQXKPI DCEM FQYP

 +V KU RQUUKDNG VQ ETGCVG ENCRRKPI GZGTEKUGU VJCV OC[ DG JGNRHWN *CXG VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[ CPF
VJG JQTPU ENCR KP XCTKQWU RCVVGTPU *CXG VJGO ENCR QP    CPF QP    6JGP JCXG VJGO ENCR QPN[ QP 
QT QPN[ QP  VJGP OC[DG  KP QPG OGCUWTG CPF  KP VJG HQNNQYKPI OGCUWTG GVE *QY VKIJV KU VJG ENCRRKPI
%CP [QW IGV VJGO VQ DG TGCNN[ CEEWTCVG CPF TGCNN[ VQIGVJGT

 (KZKPI TJ[VJOU KP VJG JQTPU QT EQORKPI KPUVWOGPVU YKNN CNUQ JGNR C NQV VQ UQNKFKH[ VKOG HGGN
+FGCU HQT VJKU CTG QWVNKPGF KP %JCRVGTU  CPF  CPF KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQP QH VJKU EJCRVGT

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 ++ 6KIJVGPKPI VJG 3J[VJOU
# NQV QH KFGCU HQT VKIJVGPKPI TJ[VJOU JCXG CNTGCF[ DGGP QWVNKPGF KP %JCRVGT  $G UWTG VQ TGCF VJCV ȳTUV KH
[QW JCXGPȉV 5Q OWEJ QH YJCV YG PGGF VQ FQ KU IGV GXGT[ KPFKXKFWCN KP VJG DCPF QP VJG UCOG YCXGNGPIVJ
in their rhythmic approach.

6[RKECN 4J[VJOKE +UUWGU KP 5YKPI

 6JG OQUV EQPUVCPV EJCNNGPIG YG JCXG KP UYKPI TJ[VJO KU IGVVKPI VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN VQ DG RNC[GF
NCVG GPQWIJ KP VJG DGCV VQ UYKPI + WUGF VQ VGCEJ Ȋ&QPȉV RNC[ VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN UQ GCTN[ KP VJG DGCVȍ 0QY
+ ȳPF O[UGNH VGCEJKPI Ȋ2NC[ VJG FQYPDGCV C NQV NQPIGTȅCNOQUV VJG YJQNG DGCV NQPIȍ 6JGP VJG WRDGCV
PQVG ECPPQV EQOG VQQ UQQP + VGCEJ Ȋ6JG PQVG YTKVVGP QP VJG WRDGCV KU RNC[GF NKMG C ITCEG PQVG VQ VJG PGZV
FQYPDGCVȅȆCNOQUV QP VJG DGCVȉȍ 2TQDNGOU YKVJ VJKU EQPEGRV OC[ DG VJG DKIIGUV FGVGTTGPV VQ TJ[VJOKE
tightness in the school band.

6JGTG KU C NQV QH RTGEQPFKVKQPKPI HTQO XGT[ GCTN[ VQ VTGCV YTKVVGP WRDGCV OCVGTKCN CU CP WRDGCV IGUVWTGȅ
RNC[GF KP VJG WRDGCV UWDFKXKUKQP QH VJG DGCV 6JKU CHHGEVU XKTVWCNN[ GXGT[ TJ[VJO YG JCXG VQ RNC[ + VJKPM
QH VJG YTKVVGP WRDGCV OCVGTKCN CU JCXKPI PQVJKPI YJCVUQGXGT VQ FQ YKVJ VJG WRDGCV DWV TCVJGT KU RCTV QH VJG
FQYPDGCV IGUVWTG CPF PGCTN[ QP VJG PGZV FQYPDGCV #NN YTKVVGP WRDGCV OCVGTKCN KU EQPEGKXGF QH KP TGNCVKQP
VQ VJG PGZV FQYPDGCV PQV EQPEGKXGF QH KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG WRDGCV KP YJKEJ KV KU YTKVVGP

 6JKU KFGC QH EQWTUG NGCFU VQ YJCV + CO ECNNKPI SWCTVGT PQVG HGGN CU FKUEWUUGF GCTNKGT KP %JCRVGTU
 CPF  6JG GKIJVJPQVG NKPGU HGGN OQTG NKMG SWCTVGT PQVGU VJCV NQEM KP YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP SWCTVGT
PQVGU YKVJ KPEKFGPVCN PQVGU KP DGVYGGP 9JGP VJGTG KU PQ GXKFGPEG QH VJKU EQPEGRV KP VJG DCPF VJGP VJGTG
KU CPQVJGT OCLQT KUUWGȅNKR UGTXKEG VQ UYKPI /QUV QH VJG UYKPI VJCV + JGCT CV LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN CPF UGPKQT
JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ HGUVKXCNU KU KP VJG ECVGIQT[ QH IKXKPI NKR UGTXKEG VQ UYKPI CPF VJGTG KU PQ GXKFGPEG QH VTWG
UYKPI EQPEGRV ,WUV RNC[KPI VJG GKIJVJ PQVGU WPGXGPN[ FQGU PQV GPUWTG VJCV YG YKNN DG UYKPIKPI

 /QUV CNN QH VJG UVWFGPVU VJCV + IGV CV VJG WPKXGTUKV[ MPQY VJCV GKIJVJ PQVGU CTG PQV RNC[GF UVTCKIJV
CPF OQUV QH VJGO MPQY VJCV VJG[ UJQWNF DG UWDFKXKFGF KPVQ VTKRNGVU DWV XGT[ HGY QH VJGO UGGO VQ MPQY
that every QVJGT TJ[VJO CNUQ PGGFU VQ UYKPI CPF KH YG CTG UWDFKXKFKPI KP VTKRNGVU VJGP every other rhythm
CNUQ PGGFU VQ DG RNC[GF YKVJ VTKRNGV UWDFKXKUKQPU

 #PQVJGT TJ[VJOKE KUUWG YG UGGO VQ GPEQWPVGT QHVGP KU VJG UVWFGPVU YCPVKPI VJG TJ[VJO VQ DG
UQOGVJKPI QVJGT VJCP YJCV KV CEVWCNN[ KU 9JGP YG NQQM CV C EJCKP QH FQVVGF SWCTVGT PQVGU HQT GZCORNG YG
YCPV CNN QH VJG PQVGU VQ DG GSWKFKUVCPV CPF EQGSWCN 6JKU KU PQV VJG ECUG CV CNN CPF VJG WRDGCV FQVVGF SWCTVGTU
CTG C FKHHGTGPV XCNWG VJCP VJG FQYPDGCV FQVVGF SWCTVGTU +V KU C EJCNNGPIG VQ UGG CEEWTCVGN[ JQY VQ KPVGTRTGV
VJG PQVCVKQP VJCV YG CTG NQQMKPI CV

 + ȳPF CPQVJGT EQPFKVKQPKPI KUUWG KU YCPVKPI CNN QH VJG VKGF PQVGU VQ DG NQPIGT VJCP VJG[ TGCNN[
CTG LWUV DGECWUG VJG[ NQQM NQPIGT CPF YG JCXG DGEQOG EQPFKVKQPGF VQ VJKPM QH VJGO CU NQPIGT +P UYKPI
because of the lateness of the upbeat material, the tied notes end up being hardly any longer than the note
YQWNF DG YKVJQWV VJG VKG

 +PVTQFWEKPI VWTPU FKRU QT QVJGT GODGNNKUJOGPVU KPVQ VJG GKIJVJ PQVG NKPG HTGSWGPVN[ ECWUGU VJG
UYKPI HGGN VQ DG NQUV 6JG GODGNNKUJOGPV KU RNC[GF VQQ UQQP HQTEKPI VJG WRDGCV OCVGTKCN VQ EQOG VQQ GCTN[
VJWU PGICVKPI VJG UYKPI HGGN &GNC[KPI VJG GHHGEV QT GODGNNKUJOGPV YKNN FGNC[ VJG WRDGCV CPF JGNR RTGUGTXG
UYKPI HGGN

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

 4J[VJOKE 4GJGCTUCN +FGCU

 + YQWNF UWIIGUV VJG WUG QH UECNGU CPF EJQTFU CPF RCVVGTPU CU GKIJVJ PQVG OCVGTKCN HQT VJG DCPF
YCTO WR 6JGP JGNR VJG DCPF VQ CEJKGXG IQQF TJ[VJOKE HGGN QP GKIJVJ PQVG NKPGU 6JKU GZGTEKUG ECP CPF
UJQWNF DG EQODKPGF YKVJ VJG EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQPȅNGICVQ VQPIWKPI CPF UNWTTKPI EQTTGEV CEEGPVU GVE

 (QT KPKVKCNN[ VGCEJKPI VJG UYKPI EQPEGRV CPF YJGP YQTMKPI QP C UYKPI DCNNCF + YQWNF JCXG
VJG DCPF YCTO WR QP UECNGU EJQTFU EJCTV RCUUCIGU CPF VJG NKMG YJKNG CEVWCNN[ UWDFKXKFKPI VTKRNGVU YKVJ
VJG VQPIWG CPF CEEGPVKPI YJGTG VJG TGCN PQVGU CTG +P QVJGT YQTFU VJGTG CTG VYGNXG VTKRNGV PQVGU KP GXGT[
OGCUWTG CPF VJG DCPF PGGFU VQ DG CDNG VQ CRRQTVKQP VJG PQVGU KP VJG OGCUWTG VQ GZCEVN[ VJG TKIJV VTKRNGV QP
YJKEJ VJG[ UJQWNF QEEWT 9KVJ C [QWPI DCPF C FQUG QH VJKU GXGT[ FC[ YQWNF TGCNN[ RC[ QHH QXGT C RGTKQF
of time.

 + YQWNF CNUQ WUG VJG YCTO WR RGTKQF VQ RNC[ EGTVCKP UVCPFCTF LC\\ TJ[VJOU CPF WPKH[ VJGO 6JKU
KU QWVNKPGF KP %JCRVGT  7UG VJKU QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ JGNR VJG DCPF NGCTP VQ CVVCEM VJG PQVGU RGTEWUUKXGN[ȅGCEJ
PQVG KU CVVCEMGF NQWFGT VJCP KV KU UWUVCKPGF

 9JGP YQTMKPI VQ UJQTG WR C TJ[VJO VJCV KPXQNXGU YTKVVGP WRDGCV OCVGTKCN + YQWNF UWIIGUV QPN[
CU C TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWG IGVVKPI TKF QH VJG WRDGCV CPF JCXKPI VJG PQVG JKV TKIJV QP VJG FQYPDGCV 6JGP RWV
VJG WRDGCV DCEM KP DWV JGNR VJGO RGTHQTO KV CU C PQVG PGCTN[ QP VJCV FQYPDGCV NKMG C ITCEG PQVG QT ʏCO VQ
VJCV FQYPDGCV #U UVCVGF CDQXG OQUV UVWFGPVU YKNN RNC[ VJCV WRDGCV OCVGTKCN VQQ GCTN[ CPF VJKU KU C YC[ VQ
IGV VJGO VQ RNC[ KV NCVGT + QHVGP VGNN VJGO VJCV RGTHQTOKPI VJG WRDGCV KU NKMG RNC[KPI EJKEMGP Ȋ*QY ENQUG
ECP + RWV VJCV PQVG VQ VJG FQYPDGCV YKVJQWV CEVWCNN[ RWVVKPI KV QP VJG FQYPDGCV *QY ENQUG ECP + IGV VQ VJG
GFIG YKVJQWV CEVWCNN[ HCNNKPI QXGT VJG GFIG QPVQ VJG FQYPDGCV ȍ 6JKPM KP  HQT VJGUG GZGTEKUGU

 5RTKPIDQCTF PQVGUȅEGTVCKP PQVGU YJGP JGNF NQPI GPQWIJ URTKPIDQCTF VJG ȳIWTG VQ UYKPI QT
YJGP PQV JGNF NQPI GPQWIJ URTKPIDQCTF VJG ȳIWTG VQ HCKNWTG 5GG %JCRVGT  ȅCTG C JWIG MG[ VQ IGVVKPI
VJG DCPF VQ UYKPI VQIGVJGT CPF GURGEKCNN[ JGNRHWN VQ RTGUGTXG UYKPI HGGN CV HCUVGT VGORQU +V KU YQTVJ VJG
VKOG KP VJG TGJGCTUCN VQ FGȳPG YJKEJ PQVGU CTG VJG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU KP C RCUUCIG UQ VJG YJQNG DCPF MPQYU
GZCEVN[ YJKEJ QPGU VJG[ CTG 6JKU OGCPU GXGT[ RNC[GT OCTMU JKU RCTV YKVJ C RGPEKN 6JG OCTMKPI VQ WUG
YQWNF DG VJG UVCPFCTF VGPWVQ NKPG CDQXG VJG PQVG OC[DG GURGEKCNN[ YKFG KP UQOG ECUGU 

 +P C EQPFWEVKPI ENCUU QH OCP[ [GCTU CIQ O[ KPUVTWEVQT YCU VT[KPI VQ KNNWUVTCVG JQY VQ IGV VJG
OWUKEKCPU VQ GPVGT QP CP WRDGCV *G UJQYGF WU VJCV KH YG YQWNF RTQXKFG VJG FQYPDGCV KP YJCV JG ECNNGF C
ȊIGUVWTG QH U[PEQRCVKQPȍ VJGP VJG RGTHQTOGTU EQWNF DQWPEG QHH VJCV FQYPDGCV VQ OCMG VJGKT WRDGCV GPVTCPEG
+P GHHGEV VJKU KU YJCV VJG FTWOOGT KU FQKPI YJGP JG RTQXKFGU YJCV YG ECNN ȊUGVWRUȍ HQT VJG DCPF *G FQGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

C UGV WR VJCV NCPFU DGHQTG VJG DCPF GPVTCPEG KP UWEJ C YC[ VJCV VJG RGTHQTOGTU ECP DQWPEG QHH QH KV HQT VJGKT
entrance.

9JGP VJG FTWOOGT FQGU C IQQF UGV WR VJG TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTG KP VJG DCPF YKNN DG C NQV VKIJVGT 6JKU KU QPG
QH VJQUG VJKPIU VJCV YG QHVGP JCXG VQ CUM HQT YKVJ [QWPIGT FTWOOGTU 9G OC[ CNUQ PGGF VQ RTQXKFG
CP GZCORNG QH C ȳNN TJ[VJO VJG[ EQWNF RNC[ VJCV YKNN GPF WR KP VJG TKIJV RNCEG VQ URWT VJG DCPF VQ RNC[ VJG
TJ[VJO EQTTGEVN[ 6JGP IKXG VJGO C EJCPEG VQ TGRGCV FTKNN KV UGXGTCN VKOGU VQ GUVCDNKUJ VJG EQQTFKPCVKQP
needed.

9JGP + CO TGJGCTUKPI C [QWPI DCPF + ȳPF + JCXG VQ RC[ URGEKCN CPF EQPUVCPV CVVGPVKQP VQ VJKU KUUWG CPF
+ CO QHVGP UKPIKPI FTWO UGVWRU VQ VJG FTWOOGT 'XGP DGVVGT KH [QW ECP UKV FQYP CPF UJQY JKO QT JCXG
UQOGQPG EQOG KP YJQ ECP .KUVGPKPI VQ %&U HQT VJKU EQPEGRV KU MG[ȅDQVJ HQT VJG FTWOOGT CPF VJG
director.

5GG %JCRVGT  HQT C OQTG GZVGPUKXG FKUEWUUKQP QH VJG TQNG QH VJG FTWOOGT KP UGVWRU CPF MKEMKPI VJG DCPF

+++ 6KIJVGPKPI VJG "SVKDWN:VKQP

#TVKEWNCVKQP RTKPEKRNGU JCXG DGGP FKUEWUUGF HCKTN[ EQORTGJGPUKXGN[ KP %JCRVGTU  CPF  $G UWTG VQ
TGXKGY VJQUG EJCRVGTU KP VJG EQPVGZV QH VJKU FKUEWUUKQP

6[RKECN 5YKPI #TVKEWNCVKQP +UUWGU

 /QUV [QWPI DCPFU JCXG NCTIG KUUWGU YKVJ UVC[KPI NGICVQ KP VJG NKPGU 6JG[ QHVGP WUG 6 QT 6CJ VQPIWKPI
YJGP CNN QH VJG CVVCEMU UJQWNF DG FQPG YKVJ C & QT &CJ QT &QQ VQPIWG 9JGP VQPIWKPI OWNVKRNG PQVGU KP C TQY
6WJ6WJ KU QHVGP C DKI RTQDNGO +V JCRRGPU YJGP [QWPI UVWFGPVU FGEC[ OQUV QH VJG NQPIGT PQVG XCNWGU FQYP
DGCV PQVGU  ETGCVKPI C EJQRR[ PQPNGICVQ UQWPF VJGP WUG 6ȉU HQT VQPIWKPI $NQYKPI EQPVKPWQWUN[ VJTQWIJ VJG
PQVGU KU C FKHȳEWNV VJKPI VQ IGV HTQO UVWFGPVU CPF UQOGVKOGU IGVVKPI EQPUKUVGPV & CTVKEWNCVKQPU ECP RTGUGPV C
EJCNNGPIG $QVJ CTG ETKVKECN VQ UYKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP

 #EEGPVKPI CNN VJG WRDGCVU KP CP GKIJVJ PQVG NKPG KU QPG QH VJG UWTGUV YC[U VQ RTGXGPV KV HTQO GXGT
UYKPIKPI ;'5 + UCKF VJCV CPF + OGCP KV + JCXG QHVGP JGCTF VJKU CEVWCNN[ VCWIJV DWV NKUVGP VQ VJG OWUKE KV KU
PQV XCNKFCVGF +V YQWNF DG XGT[ TCTG VQ ȳPF CP[VJKPI NKMG CEEGPVKPI GXGT[ WRDGCV QT CEEGPVKPI GXGT[ FQYPDGCV
6JG ȊTGCNȍ RNC[GTU CEEGPV KP CU[OOGVTKECN WPRTGFKEVCDNG RNCEGU TCTGN[ OGVJQFKECNN[ȅPGKVJGT CNN WRDGCVU PQT
CNN FQYPDGCVUȅDWV TCVJGT VQR PQVGU QH EQPVQWTU 9JGP RTGFKEVCDNG CEEGPVU CTG C RTQDNGO UWDUVKVWVG C ETGUEGPFQ
through the line to help avoid it.

 +V KU V[RKECNN[ C RTQDNGO HQT UVWFGPVU VQ NGV VJG VQR PQVG QH C EQPVQWT IQ YKVJQWV C VQPIWG QT CP CEEGPV 9G
LWUV JCXG VQ EQTTGEV VJKU YJGP KV JCRRGPU 9JGP YG FQ IGV VJGO VQ FQ KV VJGP KV QHVGP VWTPU KPVQ C 6WJ6WJ RTQDNGO
CPF YG JCXG VQ YQTM QP OCMKPI KV NGICVQ DWV UVKNN VQPIWGF YKVJ &QQ

 /QUV DCPFU JCXG JWIG RTQDNGOU YKVJ VQPIWG EWVQHHȉUȅVJG USWCTGUJCRGF &16 PQVGU 6JG[ CTG GKVJGT
PQV WUKPI VJG VQPIWG EWVQHHȉU QT VJG[ CTG VQQ UJQTV HQT VJG VGORQ QT UV[NG 6JGTG KU CNUQ QHVGP C NCEM QH WPKV[ QP
YJKEJ PQVGU UJQWNF DG VJG &16 PQVGU CPF JQY NQPI QT UJQTV VJG[ UJQWNF DG 6JGTG CTG FGOQPUVTCVKQPU QH VJGUG
RTQDNGOU CPF ȳZKPI VJGO KP VJG XKFGQU

 /QUV DCPFU JCXG C RTQDNGO YKVJ ETGCVKPI EQPUKUVGPV RGTEWUUKXG CVVCEMU CPF VJG TGUWNV KU C NKOR
ensemble effect.

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

  +V KU CPQVJGT EQOOQP RTQDNGO HQT NQPI PQVGU VQ ETGUEGPFQ VQQ UQQP CPF VJGP RGCM VQQ GCTN[ 9G
JCXG VQ IGV VJG DCPF VQ FGNC[ VJG ETGUEGPFQ WPVKN NCVGT KP VJG PQVG UQ VJG RGCM KU CV VJG GPF QH VJG PQVG

 5WUVCKPKPI NQPIGT PQVG XCNWGU YKVJQWV FGEC[ KU CPQVJGT EQOOQP KUUWG /QUV [QWPI RNC[GTU
DGIKP VJG FGEC[ CU UQQP CU VJG[ JKV VJG PQVG -GGRKPI VJG PQVG WR YKNN DTKPI CDQWV C OWEJ OQTG OCVWTG
sound in the band.

 6JGTG KU CNUQ QHVGP C NCEM QH WPKV[ QP YJKEJ PQVGU UJQWNF TGEGKXG CEEGPVU 6JKU KU RCTVKEWNCTN[
RTQDNGOCVKE HQT JCTOQP[ RNC[GTU YJQ PGGF VQ CEEGPV VJG UCOG PQVGU CU VJG NGCF RNC[GT

 /QUV DCPFU JCXG VJG RTQDNGO VJCV VJG PQVG EWVQHH RQKPVU CTG PQV WPKȳGF +P QTEJGUVTCN CPF DCPF
RNC[KPI VJG PQVGU VCRGT QHH VQ PQVJKPI CPF VJGTG KU C NQV QH ETQUUHCFKPI QH VJG RCTVU UQ EWVQHH RQKPVU CTG
WUWCNN[ PQV CP KUUWG 6JKU KU LWUV VJG QRRQUKVG KP VJG LC\\ DCPF GZEGRV HQT UQOG DCNNCF RNC[KPI  9G USWCTG
QHH VJG PQVGU CPF VJGTGHQTG VJG[ OWUV GPF LWUV CU RTGEKUGN[ VQIGVJGT CU VJG[ UVCTVGF 9G QHVGP FGȳPG YKVJ
C RGPEKN QP VJG RCTVU YJGTG VJQUG EWVQHHȉU YKNN DG (QT GZCORNG + OC[ YTKVG QXGT VJG VQR QH C FQVVGF JCNH
PQVG  YJKEJ OGCPU + YKNN EWV QHH VJG PQVG QP DGCV  YKVJ VJG VQPIWG CPF YKVJ GXGT[QPG GNUG  9G CNUQ
JCXG VQ WPKH[ NGPIVJU QH GXGP C SWCTVGT PQVG &16 UKPEG KV KU IQKPI QHH USWCTG YKVJQWV C VCRGT 6JQUG NGPIVJU
CTG FGȳPGF D[ VGORQ DWV YG JCXG VQ VCNM CDQWV KV CPF WPKH[ VJQWIJV

 0QVGU DGHQTG HCNNU QT RWPEJGU CTG QHVGP PQV ENGCP CPF VJG HCNN QT RWPEJ NQUGU KVU KORCEV 6JGTG
UJQWNF DG FC[NKIJV DGHQTG VJG HCNN QT FGEC[ LWUV DGHQTG VJG RWPEJ +H VJG HCNN QT RWPEJ KU QP VJG QHHDGCV VJG
RTGXKQWU PQVG KU EWV QHH YKVJ VJG VQPIWG QP VJG FQYPDGCV 6JKU CRRTQCEJ OWUV CNUQ DG WPKȳGF

6[RKECN (WPM CPF 4QEM #TVKEWNCVKQP +UUWGU

 +P HWPM VJG UKPING DKIIGUV KUUWG KU VJCV VJG UJQTV PQVGU CTG PQV &16ȉU VJG[ CTG &+6ȉU +P QVJGT
YQTFU VJG ȊUJQTVȍ PQVGU CTG OWEJ UJQTVGTȅKP HCEV DTKVVNGETKUR UJQTV /QUV DCPFU CTG PQV GXGP KP VJG
DCNNRCTM HQT JQY UJQTV VJGUG PQVGU UJQWNF DG

 +P VJG QNFGT TQEM KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV VJG V[RKECN U[PEQRCVKQP ȳIWTG GKIJVJSWCTVGTGKIJVJ
KU PQV QPN[ UVTCKIJV TJ[VJO DWV VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP CEVWCNN[ VWTPU CTQWPF HTQO UYKPI YKVJ VJG GKIJVJ UJQTV CPF
the quarter long.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 4GJGCTUCN +FGCU HQT #TVKEWNCVKQP

 6CMG VJG VKOG VQ WPKH[ YKVJ C RGPEKN KP GXGT[ RNC[GTȉU RCTV GZCEVN[ YJKEJ PQVGU CTG UJQTV CPF
NQPI YJKEJ PQVGU CTG CEEGPVGF YJGTG VJG EWVQHHȉU CTG HQT NQPIGT PQVGU YJGTG VJG URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU CTG
YJKEJ PQVGU OC[ DG UNWTTGF YJGTG VJG F[PCOKE PWCPEGU CTG YJGTG VJG F[PCOKEU EJCPIGU CTG YJGTG VJG
DuWah’s are, etc. etc.

 9JGP OCMKPI C IGPGTCN TGSWGUV VQ VJG DCPF HQT CP[ QH VJG CDQXG KUUWGU CPF VJG DCPF FQGU PQV
TGURQPF YKVJ VJG PGGFGF EJCPIG QT VJG PGGFGF WPKV[ + FQ QPG QT DQVJ QH CV NGCUV VYQ VJKPIU

C )Q FQYP VJG NKPG QH GCEJ UGEVKQP CPF JCXG KPFKXKFWCNU EQORNGVG VJG TGSWGUV %QCEJKPI
CPF TGRGVKVKQP YKNN RTQDCDN[ DG PGGFGF 5QOGVKOGU JCXKPI QPG QT VYQ RNC[GTU HTQO GCEJ UGEVKQP RNC[
CNQPG YKNN UGPF C OGUUCIG VQ GXGT[QPG GNUG CPF [QW ECP LWUV JCXG VJG GPUGODNG RNC[ KV CICKP CPF KV YKNN
DG ȳZGF 5QOGVKOGU KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ JGCT GXGT[ KPFKXKFWCN KP VJG DCPF RNC[ KV CNQPG VQ IGV KV ȳZGF

D *CXG VYQ QT OQTG KPFKXKFWCNU RNC[ CV C VKOG GXGP HTQO FKHHGTGPV UGEVKQPU CPF WPKH[
6JKU KU TGCNN[ VJG UCOG CU RQKPV C GZEGRV [QW ECP JCXG OQTG KPFKXKFWCNU RNC[ CV QPEG CPF KV OC[ UCXG
VKOG CPF DG CFGSWCVG VQ ȳZ VJG RTQDNGO

 +P EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ VJG WUG QH UECNGU CPF EJQTFU CPF RCVVGTPU CU GKIJVJ PQVG OCVGTKCN KP VJG
DCPF YCTO WR JGNR VJG DCPF VQ CEJKGXG VTWG NGICVQ NKPGU YKVJ EQTTGEV CEEGPVU CPF VQPIWKPI &W9CJȉU GVE

 #NUQ WUG VJG YCTO WR RGTKQF VQ VGCEJ CNN QH VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP RTKPEKRNGU CPF VJGP EQPUKUVGPVN[
HQNNQY WR FWTKPI VJG TGJGCTUCN QH VJG EJCTVU + NKMG VQ JCXG VJG DCPF RNC[ WPKUQP JGCFU QT WPKUQP GZGTEKUGU
FWTKPI VJG YCTO WR YJGTG YG CTG CNN YQTMKPI QP VJG UCOG EQPEGRV QP VJG UCOG OCVGTKCN CV VJG UCOG VKOG
6JKU KU OQUV QHVGP PQV VJG ECUG KP VJG EJCTVU YG CTG YQTMKPI QP

 %QPUVCPVN[ CUM VJG DCPF VQ DG OQTG CTVKEWNCVG CPF OQTG RGTEWUUKXG KP CVVCEMU YJKNG OCKPVCKPKPI VJG
legato.

 (GY VJKPIU CTG OQTG GHHGEVKXG VJCP VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT DTKPIKPI QWV JKU KPUVTWOGPV CPF OQFGNKPI
GZCEVN[ JQY JG YQWNF NKMG C RCTVKEWNCT RCUUCIG VQ UQWPF /QFGN YJCV [QW YCPV CPF YJCV [QW FQPȉV YCPV
5JQY VJG FKHHGTGPEG CPF YJ[ [QW PGGF KV C EGTVCKP YC[ +H [QW FQ PQV JCXG CP KPUVTWOGPV VJCV NGPFU KVUGNH
VQ VJKU QT KP GKVJGT ECUG  UKPI KV VQ VJG DCPF VJG YC[ [QW PGGF KV CPF GXGP JCXG VJGO UKPI KV DCEM DGHQTG
trying to play it again.

 +V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT DG XGT[ EQPUKUVGPV KP CUMKPI VJG DCPF VQ RNC[ RCUUCIGU

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

based on the same principles that have been taught and the same decisions that have been made in previous
TGJGCTUCNU +V KU VJG DCPF FKTGEVQTȉU TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ GUVCDNKUJ C WPKȳGF OGPVCN CRRTQCEJ VQ GXGT[ CURGEV
QH RGTHQTOKPI VJG OWUKEȅTJ[VJOKE EQPEGRV CPF HGGN CEEWTCE[ QH TJ[VJOU URTKPIDQCTF PQVGU CEEGPVU
dynamics, etc. Absolute consistency and never letting things slide is very important in training a band to
be an ensemble.

+7 6KIJVGPKPI VJG 5GDVKQP 5QWPF QH ':DJ 5GDVKQP

4GJGCTUCN +FGCU VQ *GNR 'CEJ 5GEVKQP

 (KTUV ȳZ VJG PQVGU + ȳPF + ECP UCXG C NQV QH TGJGCTUCN VKOG D[ WUKPI VJG  UGEQPF PQQFNG KFGCȅ
IKXG VJG DCPF QPG QT VYQ OKPWVGU LWUV VQ PQQFNG VJG EJCNNGPIKPI RCUUCIG KP VJGKT RCTV CPF UQNXG RGTUQPCN
PQVG KUUWGU QP VJG ȳIWTG DGKPI TGJGCTUGF

+ CNUQ QHVGP WUG VJG JQNFKPI PQVGU KFGCȅJCXG VJQUG YJQ RNC[ VJG SWGUVKQPCDNG PQVGU UWUVCKP VJG PQVGU
VQIGVJGT QPG PQVG CV C VKOG 2TQDNGOU YKNN DG KOOGFKCVGN[ CRRCTGPV CPF ECP DG EQTTGEVGF

 7UG VJG QPGQPQPG VGEJPKSWG VQ VKIJVGP GCEJ RGTUQP KP VJG UGEVKQP VQ VJG NGCFȅNGCF RNC[GT YKVJ
UGEQPF NGCF RNC[GT YKVJ VJKTF NGCF YKVJ HQWTVJ GVE 6JKU YKNN TGCNN[ RQKPV QWV YJCV GCEJ RNC[GT OWUV FQ VQ
ȳZ JKU RCTV HQT VJG IQQF QH VJG UGEVKQP 6JKU KPETGFKDN[ XCNWCDNG TGJGCTUCN KFGC KU FGUETKDGF KP ITGCV FGVCKN
KP %JCRVGT 

 $G UWTG KP VJG RCTVU QH VJG EJCTV VJCV CTG WPKSWG VQ VJG UGEVKQP VJCV [QW JCXG VCMGP VJG VKOG VQ WPKH[
CEEGPVU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV KP C UQNK  WPKH[ F[PCOKE PWCPEGU EWVQHHȉU CPF QVJGT CTVKEWNCVKQPU LWUV CU [QW
YQWNF YKVJ VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG $G UWTG VJG UGEVKQP JCU OCTMGF VJGUG VJKPIU KP VJGKT RCTVU YKVJ C RGPEKN

 #NUQ DG UWTG VQ WPKH[ DTGCVJKPI RNCEGUȅOCTM KP DTGCVJKPI RNCEGU UQ RJTCUKPI YKNN DG VJG UCOG +P
C HGY ECUGU VJKU OC[ OGCP OCTMKPI KP JQY VJG DTGCVJKPI RNCEGU YKNN DG UVCIIGTGF VQ CXQKF DTGCVJKPI VQIGVJGT

 +V KU CV VJG UGEVKQP NGXGN YJGTG YG ECP DGUV UQNXG KUUWGU KPXQNXKPI VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP
DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF 6GCEJ VJG KPFKXKFWCN RNC[GTU VQ NKUVGP VQ VJGOUGNXGU CPF EQTTGEV RQQT VQPG SWCNKV[ QT ȳZ
DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF KUUWGU +H DTCUU DGNNU CTG PQV WR QXGT VJG UVCPF CPF CKOGF QWV DCNCPEG KU UGXGTGN[ CHHGEVGF

+ VGCEJ O[ RNC[GTU VQ RWV VJGKT OWUKE UVCPFU KP C OWEJ NQYGT RQUKVKQP CPF VJGP ʏCVVGP VJG VTC[ UQ VJG[ ECP
UVKNN UGG VJG OWUKE 6JGP VJG[ ECP JQNF VJGKT DGNNU QXGT VJG UVCPF OQTG GCUKN[ + CUM VJGO PQV VQ WUG VJG OWUKE
stand as a mute.

6JG UCZGU YKNN JCXG RTQDNGOU DCNCPEKPI CPF DNGPFKPI KH UQOG CTG WUKPI LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGU CPF UQOG CTG PQV
5GG %JCRVGT 

 +PVQPCVKQP RTQDNGOU ECP DGUV DG UQNXGF KH YG WUG VJG KFGC QH JQNFKPI QWV PQVGU QPG CV C VKOG 6JG
UQWTEG QH RTQDNGOU DGEQOG OQTG CRRCTGPV CPF ECP DG ȳZGF 7UG QH C EJTQOCVKE VWPGT FQYP VJG NKPG ECP JGNR
UQNXG RTQDNGOU SWKEMN[ D[ DTKPIKPI CP CYCTGPGUU QH YJGTG VJG RTQDNGOU CTG 5GG %JCRVGT  HQT OQTG KFGCU

 +V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV CNN TGSWKTGF OWVGU QT YQQFYKPF FQWDNGU DG CV GXGT[ TGJGCTUCN UQ VJG TGUWNVCPV
pitch and balance issues can be properly addressed.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 7 6KIJVGPKPI "DSQUU VJG *QSP 5GDVKQPU

+FGCU HQT 4GJGCTUKPI (KIWTGU VJCV )Q #ETQUU 5GEVKQPU

 + NKMG VQ WUG ETQUUUGEVKQP EJGEMKPI QH RCTVU (QT GZCORNG JCXG VJG NGCF VTWORGV CPF VJG DCUU
VTQODQPG RNC[ VQIGVJGT RGTJCRU YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP QT VJG DCTKVQPG UCZ CPF VJG DCUU VTQODQPG CPF
the upright bass.

 5KOKNCTN[ + NKMG VQ JGCT VJG NGCFU QH GCEJ UGEVKQP RNC[ VQIGVJGT 6JKU IKXGU WU C EJCPEG VQ WPKH[
CNN QH VJG KUUWGU OGPVKQPGF CDQXG CETQUU VJG NGCFU 6JGP + NKMG VQ JGCT VJG PFU QH GCEJ UGEVKQP VJGP VJG
TFU QH GCEJ UGEVKQP VJGP VJG VJU VJGP VJG VJU *GCTKPI C UGV QH RNC[GTU CV C VKOG ECP TGCNN[ JGNR RKPRQKPV
intonation, articulation, balance, and rhythmic problems.

 +V ECP DG XGT[ JGNRHWN YJGP NKPKPI WR ȳIWTGU VJCV PGGF VQ DG EQQTFKPCVGF DGVYGGP UGEVKQPU VQ
UKORN[ OCMG VJG CHHGEVGF RNC[GTU CYCTG QH JQY VJKPIU CTG UWRRQUGF VQ ȳV (QT GZCORNG VJG DTCUU RWPEJGU
JCXG VQ ȳV CV EGTVCKP RQKPVU KP VJG UCZ GKIJVJPQVG NKPG 5JQY VJGO JQY VJKU KU UWRRQUGF VQ YQTM D[ ȳTUV
FGUETKDKPI KV CPF VJGP JCXKPI C TGRTGUGPVCVKXG HTQO GCEJ UGEVKQP RTQDCDN[ NGCFU RNC[ KV UNQYGF FQYP UQ
CNN ECP JGCT JQY KV UJQWNF ȳV

 +P CP GHHQTV VQ DTKPI CDQWV VJG EQPUKUVGPE[ QH PQVG EWVQHHȉU + VGCEJ VJCV EWVVKPI QHH VQIGVJGT QP
NQPI PQVGU KU NKMG CTVKEWNCVKPI VJG TGUV +P QVJGT YQTFU YJGP + CO JQNFKPI C FQVVGF JCNH PQVG VJCV UJQWNF EWV
QP  VJG EWVQHH QP  KU VJG UCOG CU CTVKEWNCVKPI VJG TGUV VJCV UVCTVU QP  9JGP VJGUG EWVQHHȉU CTG FGȳPGF
CPF VKIJV VJG PGZV GPVTCPEG YKNN DG OWEJ VKIJVGT DGECWUG QH KV

 +PVQPCVKQP CETQUU UGEVKQPU YKNN DG ITGCVN[ DGPGȳVGF CICKP D[ JQNFKPI PQVGU CPF EJQTFU LWUV
NKMG KP VJG UGEVKQPU 6JKU OC[ DG C OCVVGT QH JQNFKPI PQVGU DGVYGGP VJG DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG CPF VJG DCUU
VTQODQPG QT VJG NGCF VTWORGV CPF VJG DCUU VTQODQPG QT PFU QT TFU QT YKVJ VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG #ICKP
TGHGT VQ %JCRVGT 

 + ȳPF KV XGT[ KORQTVCPV VQ VGCEJ VJG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP RTKOCT[ OWUKECN OCVGTKCN CPF UGEQPFCT[
OWUKECN OCVGTKCN 6JG UVWFGPVU JCXG VQ DG EQCEJGF VQ TGEQIPK\G YJGVJGT VJG[ JCXG UGEQPFCT[ OCVGTKCN VJCV
OWUV PQV EQORGVG YKVJ VJG RTKOCT[ OCVGTKCN QT YJGVJGT VJG[ JCXG RTKOCT[ OCVGTKCN VJCV OWUV DG RTQLGEVGF
to be more out front.

 + QHVGP UKPI RJTCUGU HQT VJG DCPF VQ JGNR WPKH[ EQPEGRVWCN CRRTQCEJ CPF JCXG VJGO KOKVCVG KV D[
UKPIKPI KV DCEM 6JKU UKPIKPI KU CP KORQTVCPV TGJGCTUCN KFGC VJCV PQV QPN[ JGNRU WPKH[ VJG CRRTQCEJ DWV CNUQ
UCXGU EJQRU 9G ECP FTKNN C ȳIWTG OCP[ VKOGU YJKNG UKPIKPI DWV KH YG RNC[GF KV VJCV OCP[ VKOGU KV YQWNF
DG YGCTKPI FQYP EJQRU GURGEKCNN[ HQT VJG DTCUU 1HVGP VJG RJTCUKPI YKNN TGSWKTG UGGKPI YJGP C TGUV KU
TGCNN[ PQV C TGUV DWV TCVJGT C YC[ QH YTKVKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP CU UJQYP KP VJG HQNNQYKPI GZCORNG

%QWNF JCXG DGGP YTKVVGP

PQ FKHHGTGPEG CV CNN

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

  # NQV QH VJKPIU CTG UQNXGF UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ KP VJG GPUGODNG KH + ECP IGV VJG CKT IQKPI VJTQWIJ VJG
JQTPU 6QPG RTQFWEVKQP KUUWGU KPVQPCVKQP KUUWGU DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF KUUWGU EJQRU GPFWTCPEG KUUWGU TCPIG
KUUWGU GXGP CTVKEWNCVKQP KUUWGU CTG OQTG SWKEMN[ UQNXGF YJGP VJG CKT KU FQKPI OQTG QH VJG YQTM

+ VGCEJ VJCV VCMKPI C HWNN DTGCVJ KU NKMG RWNNKPI DCEM C UYKPI YJGP YG CTG UYKPIKPI UQOGQPG QP C UYKPI
UGVȅKV IGVU OQTG PCVWTCN OQOGPVWO IQKPI KP VJG CKT UVTGCO CPF VCMGU C EGTVCKP COQWPV QH VJG DWTFGP QHH
VJG EJQRU +H YG RWNN VJG UYKPI DCEM QPN[  KPEJGU CPF NGV KV IQ YG CTG PQV IQKPI VQ JCXG CP[ DKI VJTKNNU
5KOKNCTN[ KH YG DCTGN[ KPJCNG YJGP YG DTGCVJ VJGTG YKNN DG NKVVNG OQOGPVWO DGJKPF VJG CKT UVTGCO UQ VJG
GODQWEJWTG YKNN JCXG VQ IGV OQTG KPXQNXGF CPF RKPEJKPI YKNN MKNN VQPG KPVQPCVKQP CPF GPFWTCPEG

*CXG VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG DNQY VJG NKPG [QW CTG YQTMKPI QP YKVJ LWUV VJG CKT UVTGCO DWV RKVEJGF C NKVVNG
NKMG C JCNHYJKUVNG  +PUKUV QP EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQP CV VJG UCOG VKOG 6JKU KU C ITGCV VKOG VQ CNUQ YQTM QP
VQPIWG EWVQHHȉU ETKURPGUU GVE 5QOGVKOGU + WUG VJKU VGEJPKSWG LWUV VQ YQTM QP VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP KP VJG ȳTUV
RNCEG +ȉNN JCXG VJG DCPF DNQY VJG RCUUCIG YKVJ VJG CKT ȳTUV HQT CEEWTCE[ QH RKVEJ 6JGP YJGP VJG RKVEJ KU
UGEWTG +ȉNN CUM VJGO VQ RWV C NQV OQTG CKT KPVQ VJG GZGTEKUG +OOGFKCVGN[ CHVGTYCTF YG RNC[ KV YKVJ VJG
JQTPU CPF KV KU CNYC[U COC\KPI VQ JGCT VJG FKHHGTGPEG YJGP VJG CKT KU YQTMKPI OQTG CU KV UJQWNF 4GHGT VQ
%JCRVGT  HQT OQTG FGVCKN QP VJKU KFGC CPF TGHGT VQ XKFGQ GZCORNGU

 (CNNU FQKVU DGPFU DNWG PQVG KPʏGEVKQPU UJCMGU CPF CNN UWEJ FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU OWUV CNUQ DG
WPKȳGF CETQUU VJG GPUGODNG %GTVCKP SWGUVKQPU OWUV DG CPUYGTGF KP GCEJ RNC[GTȉU OKPF CDQWV CP[ IKXGP
GHHGEVȅJQY NQPI YKNN KV NCUV *QY YKFG YKNN KV DG *QY OWEJ YKNN YG FQ *QY HCUV YKNN YG FQ KV #PF CTG
VJG CPUYGTU VQ VJGUG SWGUVKQPU CHHGEVGF D[ UV[NG CPF VGORQ FKHHGTGPEGU #NN QH VJGUG VJKPIU PGGF VQ EQOG
HTQO C WPKȳGF OGPVCN CRRTQCEJ ETGCVGF D[ VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT

#NUQ SWGUVKQPU CDQWV XKDTCVQ ECPPQV DG NGHV VQ EJCPEG 9G PGGF VQ FGȳPG VJG XKDTCVQ CRRTQCEJ CRRTQRTKCVG VQ
VJG UV[NG #PF TGOGODGT YG FQPȉV WUG XKDTCVQ KP WPKUQP 4GHGT VQ %JCRVGT  HQT OQTG FGVCKN QP XKDTCVQ

 +V KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV VJCV YG FGȳPG GURGEKCNN[ HQT QWTUGNXGU CU FKTGEVQTU JQY NQPI VJG NCUV PQVG
QH VJG RKGEG YKNN DG /QUV QH VJG NCUV PQVGU QH RKGEGU + JGCT YJGP + CO CFLWFKECVKPI CTG RNC[GF VQQ UJQTV
HQT ȳPCNKV[ UQWPFKPI CDTWRV + CNYC[U JQNF QWV NQPI NCUV PQVGU CPF + YCTP VJG RNC[GTU VQ DG UWTG VJG[ IGV
C DTGCVJ VJCV YKNN DG CFGSWCVG HQT C NQPI ȳPCN PQVG 'XGP YJGP VJG EJCTV GPFU QP C UJQTV PQVG UWEJ CU C
SWCTVGT PQVG QT CP GKIJVJ PQVG + YKNN JCXG VJG DCPF JQNF KV XGT[ HCV HQT ȳPCNKV[

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

  6JG QNF CFCIG Ȋ# RKEVWTG KU YQTVJ C VJQWUCPF YQTFUȍ KU TGCNN[ VTWG YJGP YQTMKPI YKVJ C DKI
DCPF )KXG VJG DCPF C UQWPF RKEVWTG #U OWEJ CU RQUUKDNG YQTM QP VWPGU HQT YJKEJ [QW JCXG C TGEQTFKPI
2TQXKFG VQ VJG DCPF C YC[ QH NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG VJKPIU [QW CTG YQTMKPI QP CPF KPURKTG VJGO VQ NKUVGP CPF RNC[
CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPIȅDQVJ YKVJ VJGKT RCTVU CPF CNUQ YKVJ KORTQXKUKPI 6JKU TGCNN[ ECP UCXG C NQV QH
YQTFU CPF C NQV QH TGJGCTUKPI

#U HCT CU EQR[TKIJV EQPEGTPU YG ECP EQR[ WR VQ  QH C YQTM HQT GFWECVKQPCN RWTRQUGU ;QW UJQWNF UVC[
YKVJKP VJCV NKOKV DWV VJGTG KU OWEJ [QW ECP FQ VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU YKVJKP VJQUG NKOKVU +V OC[ CNUQ DG
RQUUKDNG VQ JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU RWTEJCUG TGEQTFKPIU QT UVTGCO QP 5RQVKH[ QT C UKOKNCT UGTXKEG ;QW EQWNF CNUQ
OCMG RWTEJCUGU HTQO VJG DCPF CEEQWPV VQ FGXGNQR C OQTG GZVGPUKXG NKUVGPKPI TGRGTVQT[

A Word on Rehearsal Strategy

9JGP + DGIKP VJG TGJGCTUCN + WUWCNN[ NKMG VQ FQ UQOG DCPF YCTO WR GZGTEKUGU 6JGUG ECP DG CKOGF CV VQPG
RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP CTVKEWNCVKQP TJ[VJO CPF VJG NKMG QT VJG[ OC[ DG CKOGF CV VJGQT[ VGEJPKSWG CPF
KORTQXKUKPI CPF VJG NKMG 6JKU PGGFU VQ DG FGVGTOKPGF D[ VJG PGGFU QH VJG DCPF CPF YJGTG YG CTG CV KP
the ensemble training process.

6JG PGZV FGEKUKQP KU YJCV EJCTV FQ + UVCTV YKVJ + VT[ VQ UVCTV YKVJ C EJCTV VJCV NGVU VJG DCPF HGGN EQOHQTVCDNG
YKVJ VKOG DWV VJCV CNUQ NGVU VJG DTCUU EJQRU YCTO WR DGHQTG RNCEKPI ITGCVGT FGOCPFU QP VJGO

&WTKPI VJG TGJGCTUCN + VT[ VQ XCT[ VJG VGORQ CPF UV[NG QH UWEEGUUKXG EJCTVU VQ OCKPVCKP KPVGTGUV PQV WPNKMG
RTQITCOOKPI HQT C EQPEGTV  #NQPI VJG YC[ + VT[ VQ WUG VJG VGCEJKPI QH EQPEGRVU CPF VJG UKPIKPI QH NKPGU
and passages to spell off brass chops.

+ VT[ VQ GPF VJG TGJGCTUCN QP CP WR PQVG VQ UGPF VJG DCPF QWV GZEKVGF CDQWV YJCV KU IQKPI QP CPF GZEKVGF
CDQWV RTCEVKEKPI +H YG CTG KP VJG OKFFNG QH VJG EJCTV YJGP KV KU VKOG VQ SWKV + YKNN JCXG VJG DCPF UMKR VQ VJG
NCUV NGVVGT QH VJG EJCTV UQ YG ECP GPF VJG EJCTV CPF JCXG UQOG ȳPCNKV[ VQ VJG TGJGCTUCN

%JCRVGT  4GJGCTUKPI VJG $KI $CPF2JKNQUQRJKGU 6GEJPKSWGU CPF +FGCU ] 2CIG 

Chapter 13 Sight-Reading Development
'CEJ [GCT + FQ UWOOGT LC\\ ECORU YJGTG + YQTM HQT QPG YGGM YKVJ JKIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPVU KP C DKI DCPF
UGVVKPI 9G UVCTV TGJGCTUKPI /QPFC[ CPF FQ C EQPEGTV QP (TKFC[ PKIJV QT 5CVWTFC[ +V KU C TGCN EJCNNGPIG VQ
RWV VQIGVJGT CDQWV HQWT VWPGU KP C YGGM + JCXG PQVKEGF VJCV VJG UKIJVTGCFKPI CDKNKV[ QH VJGUG JKIJ UEJQQN
UVWFGPVU KU YGCM CV DGUV 6JKU KU C RCTVKEWNCT EQPEGTP YJGP + EQPUKFGT VJCV UKIJVTGCFKPI KU QPG QH O[ OQUV
critical professional capacities as a professional musician.

+ TCTGN[ FQ RTQHGUUKQPCN YQTM YJGTG UKIJVTGCFKPI KU PQV PGGFGF 6JGTG CTG VJQUG IKIU YJGTG + LWUV ECNN
VWPGU CPF KORTQXKUG CPF PGXGT QRGP C DQQM DWV QVJGT VJCP VJCV + JCXG VQ UKIJVTGCF CV GXGT[ TGJGCTUCN
GXGT[ EQPEGTV CPF GXGT[ TGEQTFKPI UGUUKQP +H + YGTG WPCDNG VQ UKIJV TGCF UWEEGUUHWNN[ + YQWNF UGXGTGN[
limit my professional opportunities.

+V UGGOU VJCV NKVVNG GORJCUKU KU RNCEGF QP UKIJVTGCFKPI FGXGNQROGPV KP OQUV RWDNKE UEJQQN RTQITCOU +
MPQY QH UEJQQNU VJCV YQTM QP XKTVWCNN[ VJG UCOG VJTGG EJCTVU CNN [GCT CU VJG[ CPVKEKRCVG TGIKQP CPF UVCVG
LC\\ HGUVKXCNU + VJKPM VJGTG KU NKVVNG GFWECVKQPCN XCNWG KP VJKU CRRTQCEJ + OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT O[ HTKGPF ,GHH
6QYGT HTQO *GOGV *KIJ 5EJQQN YJQ YQWNF JCXG JKU DCPF UKIJVTGCF HTQO VJG KPEGRVKQP QH VJG UEJQQN
[GCT WPVKN CDQWV 6JCPMUIKXKPI 9JCV C ITGCV VJKPI HQT VJQUG UVWFGPVU 9KVJ O[ QYP DCPF + VT[ VQ UKIJV
TGCF GXGT[ TGJGCTUCN WPNGUU YG CTG TKIJV QP VQR QH C EQPEGTV 5QOGVKOGU + JCXG VJG DCPF UKIJVTGCF QP VJG
concert.

# HGY [GCTU CIQ + IQV C ECNN HQT C SWCTVGV HQT C YGFFKPI IKI 6JG DTKFGȉU OQVJGT CUMGF KH YG EQWNF RNC[ C
EGTVCKP VWPG + VQNF JGT KV YCU PQV QPG YG WUWCNN[ RNC[GF DWV YG YQWNF DG INCF VQ RNC[ KV KH UJG EQWNF QDVCKP
VJG UJGGV OWUKE # EQWRNG QH YGGMU NCVGT UJG ECNNGF OG CPF GZEKVGFN[ VQNF OG VJCV UJG JCF QTFGTGF VJG UJGGV
OWUKE CPF UJG PQY JCF KV KP JCPF Ȋ6JCVȉU ITGCVȍ + UCKF Ȋ9GȉNN FQ KVȍ 5JG CUMGF Ȋ*QY HCT CJGCF QH VKOG
YKNN [QW PGGF VQ TGEGKXG VJG OWUKE ȍ + UCKF Ȋ*OO QJ CDQWV  UGEQPFUȍ Ȋ9JCV ȍ 5JG GZENCKOGF Ȋ;QW
ECP LWUV TGCF VJG OWUKE NKMG VJCV ȍ + EQWPVGTGF Ȋ9GNN YJGP [QW TGCF UQOGVJKPI KP 'PINKUJ FQ [QW JCXG VQ
RTCEVKEG VJG YQTFU CPF RJTCUKPI QT ECP [QW LWUV TGCF KV ȍ Ȋ1J + IGV KVȍ UJG UCKF Ȋ;QW ECP LWUV TGCF OWUKE
NKMG [QW ECP TGCF 'PINKUJȍ 9GNN IGPGTCNN[ Ȋ;GUȍ

.GCTPKPI VQ UKIJVTGCF OWUKE KU XGT[ OWEJ NKMG NGCTPKPI VQ UKIJVTGCF 'PINKUJ *QY FQ YG NGCTP VQ UKIJV
TGCF 'PINKUJ #FOKVVGFN[ CV ȳTUV YG CTG UNQYN[ UQWPFKPI QWV YQTFU DWV CHVGT C NQV QH RTCEVKEG OQUV QH WU
ECP UKIJVTGCF YQTFU VJG ȳTUV VKOG YKVJ QPN[ HGY GZEGRVKQPU YJGP UQOGVJKPI HQQNU WU + JCXG YCVEJGF O[
[QWPIGT MKFU EQOG JQOG YKVJ TGCFKPI CUUKIPOGPVU UWEJ CU Ȋ4GCF  OKPWVGU GXGT[ PKIJV CPF JCXG [QWT
RCTGPVU UKIP VJKU EJCTV YJGP [QW JCXG EQORNGVGF KVȍ 1T Ȋ9JQGXGT TGCFU VJG OQUV DQQMU VJKU OQPVJ YKPU
VJG TGCFKPI EQPVGUVȍ 1T Ȋ6JQUG YJQ TGCF  RCIGU D[ VJG GPF QH VJG [GCT ECP EQOG VQ VJG KEG ETGCO
RCTV[ȍ We need to get our music students reading a lot more so they can develop sight-reading skills.
4GCFKPI YKVJ VJG GPUGODNG KU KPXCNWCDNG CPF HQT O[ UVWFGPVU TGCNN[ HQEWUKPI QP TGCFKPI UMKNNU + UWIIGUV
VJG[ IGV C RCTVPGT VJG[ ECP TGCF YKVJ QP C TGIWNCT DCUKU $QVJ TGCFKPI YKVJ CP GPUGODNG QT TGCFKPI YKVJ C
RCTVPGT YKNN DG OQTG GHHGEVKXG VJCP RTCEVKEKPI UKIJVTGCFKPI CNQPG

Tips for Swing Sight-Reading Development

+ CO IQKPI VQ UWIIGUV CP CRRTQCEJ VQ NGCTPKPI VQ UKIJVTGCF UYKPI EJCTVU YKVJ VGORQU HTQO OGFKWO UNQY
VQ HCUV #HVGT IGVVKPI VJKU CRRTQCEJ IQKPI YKVJ UYKPI VJGP YG ECP CRRN[ KV VQ QVJGT UV[NGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

  6JG ȳTUV RQKPV YG JCXG CNTGCF[ OCFG SWKVG CFGSWCVGN[ Sight-read often and regularly!!

 Try to never actually sight-read any more than you have to! 6JCV UQWPFU EQPVTCFKEVQT[ 9JCV
+ OGCP D[ VJCV CPF + VGCEJ VJKU VQ VJG UVWFGPVU 7UG [QWT VKOG DGHQTG VJG FQYPDGCV IQGU FQYP VQ UECP VJG
EJCTV CPF IGV CP CFXCPEG NQQM CV CU OCP[ MG[ KUUWGU CU RQUUKDNG 9JCV KU VJG TQCFOCR 9JGTG KU VJG UKIP
CPF VJG EQFC 9JGTG FQGU VJCV TGRGCV IQ DCEM VQ #TG VJGTG CP[ MG[ EJCPIGU &QGU CP[VJKPI UC[ Ȋ5QNQȍ
QT Ȋ5QNKȍ .QQM CV VJCV ȳTUV DGECWUG [QW YKNN DG OQTG GZRQUGF VJGTG &QGU CP[VJKPI NQQM RCTVKEWNCTN[
DNCEM QT FKHȳEWNV 6CMG C ENQUG CFXCPEG NQQM (KPIGT VJTQWIJ VJG RCUUCIG +V KU QDXKQWU VJCV VJG NGUU + CO
UWTRTKUGF D[ CP[ QH VJQUG VJKPIU VJG DGVVGT HQT UKIJVTGCFKPI

 Learn to read the notes! 5Q OWEJ QH PQVG TGCFKPI OKUVCMGU ECP DG VTCEGF DCEM VQ HCKNKPI VQ NQQM
CV VJG MG[ UKIPCVWTG QT HCKNKPI VQ ECVEJ CP CEEKFGPVCN VJCV ECTTKGU VJTQWIJ VJG DCT + VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU
VQ DG CDNG VQ VGNN OG YJCV MG[ VJG[ CTG KP CV CP[ IKXGP OQOGPV YKVJQWV NQQMKPI #HVGT CNN YG CTG LC\\
RNC[GTU YG UJQWNF MPQY YJCV MG[ YG CTG KP 6JKU OC[ DG YJ[ MG[ UKIPCVWTGU CTG PQV WUWCNN[ TGRGCVGF CV
VJG DGIKPPKPI QH GCEJ NKPG KP LC\\ YTKVKPI CU VJG[ WUWCNN[ CTG KP ENCUUKECN PQVCVKQP

+ CNUQ VT[ VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ ECNN VJG PQVGU D[ VJGKT EQTTGEV PCOGU PQV VJGKT GPJCTOQPKE PCOGU +H YG
CTG ECNNKPI C & CP 'D VJGP YG OC[ PQV ECVEJ VJG CEEKFGPVCN ECTT[ VJTQWIJ QP VJCV & CV VJG GPF QH VJG DCT

6JG QVJGT DKI JGNR KP PQVG TGCFKPI KU NGCTPKPI VQ TGCF RCVVGTPU QT ITQWRKPIU QH PQVGU KPUVGCF QH LWUV PQVG
VQPQVG +H + ECP UGG VJCV VJGUG UKZVGGPVJ PQVGU CTG C ) OCLQT UECNG QT C ) OCLQT UECNG GZEGRV HQT VJCV EJTQ
OCVKE % QT C EJTQOCVKE UECNG QT YJCVGXGT UECNG VJGP + ECP LWOR TKIJV KP QP KV #NN + TGCNN[ PGGF VQ MPQY
KU YJGTG VQ IGV QP QT IGV QHH QT YJGTG VQ OCMG VJG VWTP 6JG UCOG YQWNF DG VTWG KH + ECP UGG VJCV + CO FGCNKPI
YKVJ C URGEKȳE EJQTFȅOC[DG KVȉU C FKOKPKUJGF th EJQTF QT C OKPQT EJQTF YKVJ C OCLQT th. Of course, it
YQWNF DG GSWCNN[ JGNRHWN KH + ECP URQV CP[ QVJGT MKPF QH OGNQFKE RCVVGTP QT UGSWGPVKCN OQXGOGPV KP VJG NKPG
+ QHVGP SWK\ VJG UVWFGPVU VQ UGG KH VJG[ TGEQIPK\G C RCTVKEWNCT EJQTF UECNG QT RCVVGTP + OC[ GXGP CUM VJGO
YJGP KV KU CRRTQRTKCVG VQ YTKVG KP VJG EJQTF U[ODQNU VJG[ YQWNF RNCEG QXGT C RCTVKEWNCT RCUUCIG

+ CNUQ VT[ VQ HCEKNKVCVG VJG UVWFGPVUȉ ECRCEKV[ VQ WUG FGFWEVKQP KP TGCFKPI +H + UGG KP C RCUUCIG QH PQVGU VJCV
VJGTG KU CP ( PCVWTCN YTKVVGP VJGP + JCXG VQ FGFWEG VJCV VJGTG OWUV DG CP ( KP VJG MG[ UKIPCVWTG VJCV +
JCXG HQTIQVVGP 6JKU ECP UCXG OG C NQV QH GTTQTU 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ KV KU PQV HQQN RTQQH $GECWUG PQVCVKQP KU PQV
EQORNGVGN[ UVCPFCTFK\GF CPF DGECWUG PQVCVKQP GTTQTU CTG OCFG VJGTG CTG VKOGU YJGP VJCV ( PCVWTCN OC[ DG
UWRGTʏWQWU 6JGTG OC[ DG C ECWVKQPCT[ CEEKFGPVCN VJCV UGPFU VJG YTQPI OGUUCIG YJGP KV UJQWNF DG RNCEGF
VJGTG VQ JGNR #U + JCXG UCKF OCP[ VKOGU KH VJG EQORQUGT WUGU RQQT PQVCVKQP UVTCVGIKGU VJGP JG IGVU YJCV
JG IGVU YJKEJ OC[ DG GTTQTU QP VJG ȳTUV TGCFKPI

 -G:SP VQ SG:F L:\\ SJ[VJOU +V UGGOU VQ OG VJCV TJ[VJOKE TGCFKPI KU VJG DKIIGUV KUUWG YG JCXG
YKVJ UVWFGPVU YJGP UKIJVTGCFKPI 6JG[ WUWCNN[ FQ DGVVGT YKVJ PQVGU VJCP TJ[VJOU #V CWFKVKQPU VJQUG
YJQ ECP GXGP OCKPVCKP C EQPUVCPV RWNUG YJKNG VJG[ UKIJVTGCF CTG KP VJG VQR  QH TGCFGTU HQT VJG FC[
+ YQWNF NKMG VQ UWIIGUV C OGVJQF HQT KORTQXKPI TJ[VJOKE TGCFKPI VJCV + JCXG DGGP WUKPI YKVJ EQPUKFGTCDNG
UWEEGUU 6JGUG RTKPEKRNGU YKNN UQWPF HCOKNKCT KH [QW JCXG TGCF VJG RTGXKQWU EJCRVGTU

The Keys to Improving Rhythmic Sight-Reading

C *GNR VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP VQ VJKPM KP VJG NQPIGT OGVGT CU FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGT  9JGP VJG
UVWFGPVU CTG VJKPMKPI KP NQPI OGVGT VJG[ CTG HCT OQTG TGNCZGF CPF NGUU NKMGN[ VQ IGV KPVQ HTCPVKE RCPKE OQFG
KP VJGKT OKPFU 9JGP VJKPMKPI KP NQPI OGVGT VJG UVWFGPVU YKNN CNUQ DG NGUU NKMGN[ VQ CFF C DGCV QT FTQR C
DGCV YJKEJ KU UQ GCU[ VQ FQ YJGP VJKPMKPI KP SWCTVGT PQVGU #V VJG JCNH PQVG NGXGN FTQRRKPI QT CFFKPI C

%JCRVGT  5KIJV4GCFKPI &GXGNQROGPV ] 2CIG 

DGCV YQWNF DG FTQRRKPI QT CFFKPI CP GPVKTG JCNH OGCUWTG 6JKU KU GCUKGT VQ FGVGEV CPF RTGXGPV YJGP VJKPMKPI
KP VJG NQPI OGVGT + YQWNF JCXG GCEJ UVWFGPV DGCV JKU HQQV QP    KP GCEJ DCT

D 9JGP YG CTG VJKPMKPI KP NQPI OGVGT VJGP GXGT[ VKOG VJG HQQV FTQRU YG CTG GKVJGT CV VJG ȳTUV QH
VJG DCT QT VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT 5Q VJG UGEQPF UVGR KU VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP VQ TGEQIPK\G SWKEMN[ YJGTG
VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT KU 5GG 0QVG

5GGKPI VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT KU TGCNN[ VJG QPN[ EJCNNGPIG UKPEG UGGKPI VJG ȳTUV QH VJG DCT KU C PQDTCKPGT + YKNN
JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU VCMG C RGPEKN CPF KP TGCN VKOG OCTM UNCUJ OCTMU FQYP VJTQWIJ VJG UVCHH QT XGTVKECNN[ LWUV
CDQXG VJG UVCHH QP VJG ȳTUV QH VJG DCT VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT VJG ȳTUV QH VJG DCT VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT VJG
ȳTUVȒȒȒ 9JGP VJG[ CTG SWKEM VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG ȳTUV CPF OKFFNG QH GCEJ DCT VJGP YG LWUV JCXG VQ VKG the
rhythms to these big beats.

Note: 4GEQIPK\KPI VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT RTGUWRRQUGU VJCV VJG TJ[VJOU JCXG DGGP YTKVVGP
EQTTGEVN[ YJKEJ KU PQV CNYC[U VJG ECUG 6JG TWNG HQT YTKVKPI TJ[VJOU KU VJG[ PGGF VQ DG
YTKVVGP UQ VJG G[G ECP KOOGFKCVGN[ FKUEGTP VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT 5Q JGTG KU CP GZCORNG QH
C TJ[VJO VJCV KU YTKVVGP KPEQTTGEVN[ CPF VJGP EQTTGEVN[ UKFG D[ UKFG 9JGP UQOGQPG YTKVGU
C TJ[VJO UQ VJCV VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT KU FKHȳEWNV VQ UGG VJGP + UC[ VJCV IW[ KU IQKPI VQ IGV
YJCV JG FGUGTXGU YJGP JKU EJCTV KU UKIJVTGCF

E 6[KPI VJG TJ[VJOU VQ VJG DGCVU HQT OG DGEQOGU C OCVVGT QH VGCEJKPI VJG UVWFGPVU VJCV VJGTG CTG
QPN[ HQWT RNCEGU C PQVG YKNN EQOOQPN[ DGIKPȅTKIJV QP VJG DGCV CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV TKEQEJGV QHH VJG DGCV
QT TKIJV QP VJG WRDGCV KG YJGP VJG PQVG KU QP  QT  YJKEJ CTG VJG WRDGCVU YJGP VJKPMKPI KP ȅVJG NQPI
OGVGT  6JKU KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP ITGCV FGVCKN KP %JCRVGT  2NGCUG TGHGT DCEM VQ VJCV EJCRVGT QP JQY VQ IGV VJG
students using this approach to rhythms.

+ JCXG DGGP COC\GF CV YJCV GXGP SWKVG [QWPI UVWFGPVU JCXG DGGP CDNG VQ CEEQORNKUJ KP TJ[VJOKE UKIJV
TGCFKPI YJGP + JCXG NGF VJGO VJTQWIJ VJKU RTQEGUU QXGT C RGTKQF QH YGGMU

F 2TQXKFKPI EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQPU KP UKIJVTGCFKPI OC[ DG XGT[ FKHȳEWNV KH YG CTG GXCNWCVKPI CPF
CRRN[KPI RTKPEKRNGU HQT CTVKEWNCVKPI GCEJ PQVG KP GCEJ OGCUWTG TCRKF ȳTG CU YG TGCF +H JQYGXGT YG JCXG
EQPFKVKQPGF VJG EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQPU HQT GXGT[ UECNG GXGT[ EJQTF CPF GXGT[ TJ[VJOKE RCVVGTP VJCV YG JCXG
RTCEVKEGF 5GG %JCRVGT   VJGP YJGP YG ECNN WR VJCV OCVGTKCN KP UKIJVTGCFKPI QT KORTQXKUKPI  KV YKNN
EQOG YKVJ VJG EQTTGEV CTVKEWNCVKQP CNTGCF[ CVVCEJGF 6JKU YKNN MGGR CTVKEWNCVKQP FGEKUKQPU VJCV JCXG VQ DG
made on the spot to a minimum.

G #V VJG RTQHGUUKQPCN NGXGN KV KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV YG ECP CEVWCNN[ VWTP CNN VJGUG PQVGU CPF TJ[VJOU
CPF CTVKEWNCVKQPU KPVQ OWUKE VJCV KU GZRTGUUKXG CPF VTWG VQ VJG UV[NG 6JKU KU C VCNN QTFGT HQT RWDNKE UEJQQN

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

UVWFGPVU CPF KH YG ECP IGV VJKU RCTV QH TGCFKPI KV YKNN VTWN[ DG VJG HTQUVKPI QP VJG ECMG $WV YG FQ JCXG VQ
UVTKXG VQ IGV VJG UVWFGPVU VQ UGG VJG F[PCOKEU CPF RJTCUKPI CPF QVJGT OWUKECN KUUWGU YJKNG VJG[ CTG TGCFKPI

Tips for Applying This Sight-Reading Approach to Other Styles

1PEG VJG DCPF JCU NGCTPGF VQ UKIJVTGCF GHHGEVKXGN[ KP UYKPI VJGP KV KU PQV FKHȳEWNV VQ CRRN[ VJG UCOG
CRRTQCEJGU VQ .CVKP UV[NGU QT VQ HWPM EJCTVU +P OCP[ .CVKP UV[NGU UWEJ CU 5CODC QT /CODQ YG YKNN DG VJKPMKPI
KP  KP VJG NQPI OGVGT CPF RNC[KPI PQVGU VJCV CTG QP VJG DGCV CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV TKEQEJGVKPI QHH VJG DGCV
QT CTG QP VJG WRDGCV +V TGCNN[ KUPȉV FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJKPMKPI VJQUG VJKPIU KP C UYKPI EJCTV

+P VJG HWPM EJCTV YG OC[ DG VJKPMKPI UKZVGGPVJ PQVG ȳIWTGU KPUVGCF QH GKIJVJ PQVG ȳIWTGU CPF VJKPMKPI
KP SWCTVGT PQVGU KPUVGCF QH JCNH PQVGU +P UYKPI YG VJKPM KP JCNH PQVGU HQT VJG NQPI OGVGT HGGN DWV
KP HWPM YG VJKPM KP SWCTVGT PQVGU HQT VJG UCOG MKPF QH NQPI OGVGT HGGN +P HWPM VJG UKZVGGPVJDCUGF
TJ[VJOU CTG RTQXKFKPI C FQWDNG VKOG HGGN UKOKNCT VQ VJG GKIJVJDCUGF TJ[VJOU KP NQPIOGVGT UYKPI
6JG UCOG CVVKVWFGU CPF CRRTQCEJGU NKUVGF CDQXG HQT UYKPI CTG UVKNN XCNKF 5GG %JCRVGT  HQT CP KNNWUVTCVKQP
QH HWPM TJ[VJO VJKPMKPI

6JG DCNNCF KU C UNQY VWPG VJCV FQGU PQV NGPF KVUGNH VQ VJKPMKPI KP VJG NQPI OGVGT WPNGUU KV IQGU KPVQ FQWDNG
VKOG QT FQWDNGVKOG ȳIWTGU  6JG TJ[VJOKE EJCNNGPIGU CTG WUWCNN[ PQV GZVTGOG CPF TGCFKPI UJQWNF EQOG
fairly naturally for the ballad.

#V VJG UNQYGT VGORQU KP YJCVGXGT UV[NG TJ[VJOKECNN[ YG JCXG VQ UQNXG HQT  DGCVU KP GCEJ DCT KPUVGCF QH 
9G UVKNN PGGF VQ UGG VJG OKFFNG QH VJG DCT CPF YG UJQWNF DG UWDFKXKFKPI KP QWT OKPFU VQ OCMG VJG TJ[VJOU
CEEWTCVG +V KU UVKNN RQUUKDNG VQ VJKPM QP VJG DGCV QT CNOQUV QP VJG DGCV CU C IGPGTCN CRRTQCEJ 9G YQPȉV UGG
TKEQEJGV PQVGU DGECWUG VJG PQVGU VJCV NQQM NKMG TKEQEJGV PQVGU YKNN KPUVGCF DG PQVGU VJCV CTG CNOQUV QP VJG PGZV
DGCV DGECWUG QH VJG UNQY VGORQ 5GG 'ZCORNG  KP %JCRVGT  9G YKNN QHVGP JCXG VQ RNC[ PQVGU TKIJV
QP VJG WRDGCV WPNGUU KV KU C UYKPI DCNNCF  CPF YG JCXG VQ VGCEJ VJCV VJG WRDGCV KU C FGȳPKVG RNCEG PQV C
PGDWNQWU UQOGYJGTG KP VJG WRDGCV CTGC

$G UWTG VQ YCVEJ VJG XKFGQ FGOQPUVTCVKQP QH VJKU CRRTQCEJ VQ FGXGNQRKPI UKIJVTGCFKPI UMKNNU

%JCRVGT  5KIJV4GCFKPI &GXGNQROGPV ] 2CIG 

 Section 4

The Rhythm Section:

It Don’t Mean a Thing if
it Ain’t in Time . . .

So let’s spend some time with the

rhythm section . . .
Chapter 14 Helping Your Rhythm Section
Players Develop Concept
+ CO PQV C FTWOOGT QT C DCUU RNC[GT QT C RKCPQ RNC[GT PQT C IWKVCTKUV CPF + FQPȉV RTGVGPF VQ ETGCVG C HWNNQP
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP TGHGTGPEG JGTG 4CVJGT + YQWNF VT[ KP VJG PGZV ȳXG EJCRVGTU VQ QHHGT UQOGVJKPI VJCV OC[ DG
QH OQTG XCNWG VQ OQUV QH [QW CP[YC[ RGTURGEVKXGU HQT YQTMKPI YKVJ CPF DWKFKPI [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP HTQO
C PQPTJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTȉU UVCPFRQKPV /QUV DCPF FKTGEVQTU CTG OQTG RTGRCTGF VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG JQTP
UGEVKQPU DWV YG JCXG VQ NGCTP VQ JCPFNG VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VQ ETGCVG C ȳTUVTCVG GPUGODNG 6JG TJ[VJO
UGEVKQP KU VJG DCUKU QH GXGT[ LC\\ ITQWR PQ OCVVGT JQY OCP[ QT JQY HGY JQTPU YG CFF VQ KV 0Q LC\\ ITQWR
ECP UWEEGGF YKVJQWV C YGNNHWPEVKQPKPI TJ[VJO UGEVKQP +V ECPPQV DG KIPQTGF QT NGHV VQ EJCPEG 6JG HQNNQYKPI
ȳXG EJCRVGTU CTG VJG VJKPIU + JCXG FQPG QT YQWNF FQ KH + YGTG DWKNFKPI C UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF

Concept
+ YQWNF ȳTUV UWIIGUV VJG FKTGEVQT JGNR JKU UVWFGPV TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU FGXGNQR C EQPEGRV QH DKI DCPF
RNC[KPI CPF TJ[VJO UGEVKQP HWPEVKQPU D[ NKUVGPKPI VQ TGEQTFKPIU QH ITGCV DKI DCPFU YKVJ ITGCV TJ[VJO
UGEVKQPU 1DXKQWUN[ VJG FKTGEVQT CNUQ PGGFU VQ FQ VJKU HQT JKOUGNH (QT VJKU VQ DG TGCNN[ XCNWCDNG CPF
GURGEKCNN[ CU [QW NGCTP VQ CTVKEWNCVG FKHHGTGPEGU KP RGTHQTOCPEG RTCEVKEG DGVYGGP UV[NGU [QW PGGF VQ NKUVGP
ECTGHWNN[ VQ GCEJ HCEGV QH YJCV KU JCRRGPKPI QP GCEJ QH VJG KPUVTWOGPVU 9JCV KU VJG RKCPKUV FQKPI TJ[VJOKECNN[
*CTOQPKECNN[ *QY FQGU VJG IWKVCT FKHHGT HTQO VJG RKCPKUV #PF YJGP KU KV VJG UCOG *QY FQGU
VJG DCUU RNC[GT HWPEVKQP TJ[VJOKECNN[ #PF JQY FQGU JG ETGCVG NKPGU 9JCV KU VJG FTWOOGT FQKPI QP VJG
JKJCV 9JCV CDQWV VJG UPCTG FTWO 6JG DCUU FTWO +U VJGTG CP[ WUG QH VJG VQOU 6JG JKIJGT VQOU 6JG
NQYGT VQO 9JCV KU IQKPI QP YKVJ VJG TKFG E[ODCN QT QVJGT E[ODCNU #TG VJGTG CP[ QVJGT KPUVTWOGPVU DGKPI
WUGF UWEJ CU EQYDGNN QT YQQFDNQEM *GNR [QWT UVWFGPVU FQ VJKU MKPF QH NKUVGPKPI VQQ
9JQ UJQWNF YG NKUVGP VQ #NN QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU YKNN DG DGPGȳVVGF HTQO NKUVGPKPI VQ CPF RNC[KPI CNQPI
YKVJ CP[ QH VJG OCLQT DKI DCPFU QH VJG OQFGTP GTC CPF NCVGT VJG QNFGT DKI DCPFU CU YGNN  6JGUG DCPFU KPENWFG
$WFF[ 4KEJ /C[PCTF (GTIWUQP %QWPV $CUKG 9QQF[ *GTOCP 5VCP -GPVQP 4QD /E%QPPGNN 6JCF ,QPGU
/GN .GYKU $QD /KPV\GT )QTFQP )QQFYKP $QD (NQTGPEG CPF VJG NKMG 6JGUG OQFGN DKI DCPFU YKNN JCXG ITGCV
GZCORNGU QH FTWO UGV DCUU RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT RNC[KPI 0QV CNN QH VJG DCPFU JCXG IWKVCT DWV OQUV QH VJGO FQ

6JG DGUV RNCP KU YJGP VJG UVWFGPVU RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ TGEQTFKPIU QH VJG VWPGU VJG UEJQQN DCPF KU EWTTGPVN[ YQTMKPI
QP +V KU YKUG VQ RTQITCO EJCTVU HQT YJKEJ [QW ECP QDVCKP IQQF TGEQTFKPIU .KUVGPKPI CPF RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ
VJGUG TGEQTFKPIU KU GUUGPVKCN # RKEVWTG KU YQTVJ C VJQWUCPF YQTFU GXGP KH KV KU C UQWPF RKEVWTG

# PGY CRR VJCV YKNN DG JWIGN[ JGNRHWN YKVJ VJKU KU ECNNGF A-ccompany 6JQUG DGJKPF VJKU PGY NGCTPKPI VQQN
JCXG UGNGEVGF VQR OWUKEKCPU KG 9C[PG $GTIGTQP $QD 5JGRRCTF #NCP -CRNCP $TKCP 5ECPNQP ,QJP $GCUNG[
-TKU ,QJPUQP ,C[ .CYTGPEG CPF OCP[ QVJGTU KPENWFKPI O[UGNH VQ TGEQTF VJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ RNC[GF DKI DCPF
EJCTVU KP VJG UEJQQNU 6JG[ RCKPUVCMKPIN[ TGEQTFGF GCEJ KPUVTWOGPVCNKUV KP C YC[ VJCV CNNQYU [QWT UVWFGPVU VQ
KUQNCVG VJGKT RCTVKEWNCT RCTV CPF KPVKOCVGN[ NGCTP JQY C TGCN RTQ YQWNF CRRTQCEJ KV 6JG[ ECP CNUQ OWVG VJCV VTCEM
CV CP[ VKOG CPF ȊUKV KPȍ YKVJ VJKU KPETGFKDNG DCPF

+P CFFKVKQP VJG[ȉNN DG CDNG VQ RTCEVKEG VJG OWUKE CU UNQYN[ CU PGGFGF WPVKN VJG[ ECP RNC[ KV WR VQ URGGF RTCEVKEG
VJTQWIJ UQNQ UGEVKQPUȅDQVJ YKVJ TGEQTFGF RTQHGUUKQPCN UQNQU CPF YKVJ LWUV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP and even record
VJGKT RCTV YKVJ #EEQORCP[ȉU DCPF 6JGTG KU PQ DGVVGT YC[ VQ NGCTP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JG OQFGN DCPF QP VJGUG VTCEMU UQWPFU RJGPQOGPCN 6JKU RTQLGEV KU UKOKNCT VQ YJCV VJG ,C\\ CV .KPEQNP
%GPVGT DCPF JCU FQPG YKVJ 'NNKPIVQP EJCTVU YKVJ C RTQITCO ECNNGF Tutti YJKEJ KU CNUQ RJGPQOGPCN  DWV
A-ccompany JCU GZRCPFGF VQ C OWEJ YKFGT UGNGEVKQP QH EJCTVU VJCV CTG OQUV QHVGP RNC[GF D[ JKIJ UEJQQNU
CPF EQNNGIGU CPF UQOG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU CPF JCU CNUQ GZRCPFGF VJG RTCEVKEG VQQNU VJCV CTG CXCKNCDNG
YKVJ KV #PF VJG NKDTCT[ KU GXGTGZRCPFKPI

#U 5W\WMK RWV KV YG NGCTP VQ RNC[ VJG UCOG YC[ YG NGCTP VQ VCNM +P QVJGT YQTFU YG NGCTP VQ RNC[ D[
UCVWTCVGF NKUVGPKPI CPF CEVKXG GOWNCVKQP 6JCV KU YJCV VJKU YJQNG KFGC KU DCUGF QP CPF KV VCMGU C OCLQT UVGR
VQYCTFU OWUKE DGKPI CP CWTCN CTV PQV LWUV C XKUWCN CTV #PF VJKU KU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV HQT VJG TJ[VJO
section players.

+ UGG VJKU YC[ QH NGCTPKPI CU VJG YC[ QH VJG HWVWTG CPF VJG RCUV DWV ITGCVN[ GZRCPFGF ȅEQODKPKPI VJG DGUV
QH VGEJPQNQI[ YKVJ RGTUQPCN KPKVKCVKXG VQ DG KP CP CRRTGPVKEGUJKR UKVWCVKQP VJCV JCU PGXGT RTGXKQWUN[ DGGP
RQUUKDNG VQ VJKU FGITGG 6JG XCNWG QH JCXKPI [QWT FTWOOGT CRRTGPVKEG YKVJ ,C[ .CYTGPEG VQ UQNQ ,C[ D[
JKOUGNH CPF JGCT GXGT[ PWCPEG CPF VJGP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ JKO WPVKN GOWNCVKQP KU PCKNGF CPF VJGP GNKOKPCVG
JKO CPF RNC[ CPF TGEQTF VJG FTWO RCTV YKVJ VJG TGOCTMCDNG #EEQORCP[ $CPFȅVJG XCNWG QH VJKU RTQEGUU
ECPPQV DG QXGTGUVKOCVGF #PF VJKU KU CXCKNCDNG HQT GXGT[ RCTV KP VJG DCPFȅ[QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU
VJG UGEQPF CNVQ RNC[GT VJG VJKTF VTQODQPG RNC[GT VJG NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT 1J O[ IQUJ VJKU KU C FTGCO
come true!! What a tool for us music educators!

#PF CU + OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT CPQVJGT UKIPKȳECPV TGUQWTEG UKOKNCT VQ A-ccompany comes through Jazz at
.KPEQNP %GPVGT ,#.% CPF KU ECNNGF Tutti 6JG .KPEQNP %GPVGT ,C\\ 1TEJGUVTC RGTHQTOU VJG RKGEGU VJCV
CTG VJG PGY 'UUGPVKCNN[ 'NNKPIVQP RKGEGU HQT VJG [GCT CPF UVWFGPVU ECP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG .KPEQNP %GPVGT
RNC[GTU YJKNG WUKPI VJGKT QYP EJCTVU HTQO VJGKT UEJQQN DCPF QT TGCF VJGO QHH VJG UETGGP 'CEJ DCPF FKTGEVQT
ECP UGV VJKU WR HQT VJG UEJQQN WUKPI C EQPVGPV EQFG YJKEJ ECP DG QDVCKPGF D[ XKUKVKPI LC\\QTIGG QT D[ GOCKNKPI
GG"LC\\QTI CPF VJGP VJG UVWFGPVU ECP CEEGUU CNN QH VJG 'UUGPVKCNN[ 'NNKPIVQP EQPVGPV HQT HTGG +V YQTMU ITGCV QP
K2JQPG CPF K2CF CU YGNN CU VJG EQORWVGT 6JG RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ ITGCV OWUKEKCPU JCXG
PGXGT DGGP ITGCVGT QT GCUKGT +V FGȳPKVGN[ DGCVU .QWKU #TOUVTQPI NKUVGPKPI VQ -KPI 1NKXGT VJTQWIJ C ETCEM
KP VJG FQQT QH VJG ENWD CPF VJGP VT[KPI VQ KOKVCVG YJCV JG JGCTF QWV KP VJG CFLCEGPV ȳGNFȅUCOG RTQEGUU DWV
much more primitive means!!

5GRCTCVG HTQO VJG ,#.% EQPPGEVKQP VQ Tutti, for a small subscription fee, a student or band director can
CEEGUU YKVJ VJG Tutti CRR C NCTIG PWODGT QH TJ[VJO UGEVKQP GZCORNGU RNC[GF D[ ITGCV TJ[VJO UGEVKQP
RNC[GTU KPENWFKPI UYKPI UJWHʏG LC\\ YCNV\ CPF XCTKQWU V[RGU QH DCNNCFU HWPM UGEQPF NKPG %WDCP CPF
#HTQ%CTTKDGCP ITQQXGU NKMG /CODQ CPF %JC %JC CPF 4GIICG $TC\KNKCP ITQQXGU NKMG $QUUC 0QXC CPF
5CODC CPF 2CTVKFQ #NVQ CU YGNN CU XCTKQWU TQEM HGGNU 9KVJ GCEJ GZCORNG KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ UGG VJG RGTHQTOGTU
CU YGNN CU JGCT VJGO +V KU RQUUKDNG VQ KUQNCVG DQVJ XKFGQ CPF CWFKQ HQT GCEJ KPUVTWOGPV CU YGNN CU VQ OWVG
GCEJ KPUVTWOGPV 1PG ECP CNUQ UGG VJG UJGGV OWUKE HQT GCEJ QH VJG KPUVTWOGPVU QT VJG YJQNG UEQTG 6JKU KU
CP KPXCNWCDNG CKF VQ NGCTPKPI JQY GCEJ TJ[VJO KPUVTWOGPV HWPEVKQPU YKVJKP C JWIG XCTKGV[ QH UV[NGU 6JKU
KU WUGF CV VJG $GTMNGG 5EJQQN HQT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KPUVTWEVKQP 6JGTG KU CNUQ C UGRCTCVG IWKVCT VWVQTKCN KP VJKU
CRR 6JG UVWFGPV ECP IQ VQ YYYVWVVKRNC[GTEQO CPF LQKP CPF CEEGUU CNN QH VJKU 5QOG QH VJG VWVQTKCNU HQT
rhythm section styles are free.

$CEM VQ VJG OQFGN RTQHGUUKQPCN DCPFU QH VJG RCUV HQT VJG FTWOOGTU VJGTG CTG DCUKECNN[ VJTGG UEJQQNU QH
DKI DCPF FTWOOKPIȅ6JG $WFF[ 4KEJ 5EJQQN VJG /GN .GYKU 5EJQQN CPF VJG 5QPP[ 2C[PG 5EJQQN 5Q
+ YQWNF UVCTV YKVJ NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG $WFF[ 4KEJ $CPF VJG 6JCF ,QPGU/GN .GYKU ,C\\ 1TEJGUVTC CPF 6GTT[
)KDDU &TGCO $CPF /GN .GYKU  CPF VJG %QWPV $CUKG $CPF  YJGP 5QPP[ 2C[PG YCU RNC[KPI
1H EQWTUG KV YKNN DG JGNRHWN VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG FTWOOGTU QH CP[ QH VJG QVJGT DKI DCPFU RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP &GXGNQR %QPEGRV ] 2CIG 

9KVJ C HGY QH VJGUG TGEQTFKPIU CPF C RCKT QH GCTRJQPGU VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU ECP JCXG OCP[ JQWTU QH
RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ VJG ITGCVU VQ FGXGNQR C EQPEGRV QH DKI DCPF RNC[KPI 6JKU KU UWEJ C ETKVKECN RCTV QH NGCTP
KPI VJG CTV DGECWUG XGT[ NKVVNG QH YJCV C TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GT OWUV FQ KU YTKVVGP QP VJG RCIG 6JG YJQNG
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU KORTQXKUKPI VJGKT RCTVU VJG OCLQTKV[ QH VJG VKOG WPNGUU VJG[ JCXG UQOG URGEKȳE YTKVVGP
ȳIWTGU #U RTGXKQWUN[ OGPVKQPGF KV KU VTWG QH GXGT[ KPUVTWOGPV KP VJG DCPF DWV GURGEKCNN[ VTWG HQT VJG
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VJCV YG NGCTP VQ RNC[ VJKU OWUKE D[ CRRTGPVKEGUJKRȅVJG OQFGNU QH TGEQTFGF RNC[GTU QH
the past, A-ccompany, Tutti, etc.

+ JCXG GORJCUK\GF DKI DCPF NGCTPKPI JGTG DWV KV KU GSWCNN[ XCNWCDNG VQ NKUVGP VQ CPF GOWNCVG UOCNN
ITQWR TGEQTFKPIU 6JG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP OQFGNU KP UOCNN ITQWR RNC[KPI CTG UWRGT XCNWCDNG HQT WPFGTUVCPFKPI
rhythm section functions and interaction and for learning to accompany the soloists in the solo sections of
the big band charts.

6JKU RTKPEKRNG KU FQEWOGPVGF KP C EQOOGPV OCFG KP  D[ VJG ITGCV LC\\ FTWOOGT 6QP[ 9KNNKCOU

Ȋ9JGP + YCU C MKF HQT CDQWV VYQ [GCTU + RNC[GF NKMG /CZ 4QCEJ /CZ KU O[ HCXQTKVG FTWOOGT #TV $NCMG[
YCU O[ ȳTUV FTWO KFQN DWV /CZ YCU VJG DKIIGUV 5Q + YQWNF DW[ GXGT[ TGEQTF + EQWNF YKVJ /CZ QP KV CPF
VJGP + YQWNF RNC[ GZCEVN[ YJCV YCU QP VJG TGEQTF UQNQU CPF GXGT[VJKPI + CNUQ FKF VJCV YKVJ #TV $NCMG[
2JKNN[ ,QG ,QPGU ,KOO[ %QDD 4Q[ *C[PGU CPF CNN QH VJG FTWOOGTU + CFOKTGF + YQWNF GXGP VWPG O[
FTWOU LWUV NKMG VJG[ YGTG QP VJG TGEQTF

2GQRNG VT[ VQ IGV KPVQ FTWOU VQFC[ CPF CHVGT C [GCT VJG[ȉTG YQTMKPI QP VJGKT QYP UV[NG ;QW OWUV ȳTUV
URGPF C NQPI VKOG FQKPI GXGT[VJKPI VJCV VJG ITGCV FTWOOGTU FQ 6JGP [QW ECP WPFGTUVCPF YJCV KV OGCPU
0QV QPN[ FQ [QW NGCTP JQY VQ RNC[ UQOGVJKPI DWV [QW CNUQ NGCTP YJ[ KV YCU RNC[GF 6JCVȉU VJG XCNWG QH
RNC[KPI NKMG UQOGQPG ;QW ECPȉV LWUV NGCTP C NKEM [QWȉXG IQV VQ NGCTP YJGTG KV ECOG HTQO YJCV ECWUGF VJG
FTWOOGT VQ RNC[ VJCV YC[ CPF C PWODGT QH VJKPIU &TWOOKPI KU NKMG CP GXQNWVKQPCT[ RCVVGTPȍ

Resources
6JGTG CTG CNUQ C PWODGT QH ITGCV RTCEVKEG TGUQWTEGU PQY HQT [QWPI TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU VJCV CTG CXCKNCDNG
HTQO ,COG[ #GDGTUQNF YYYLC\\DQQMUEQO CPF #NHTGF 2WDNKUJKPI #OC\QP  GVE (QT GZCORNG 8QNWOG
 Maiden Voyage QH VJG #GDGTUQNF RNC[CNQPI UGTKGU JCU C EQORCPKQP DQQM YJGTG CNN QH VJG FTWOOKPI
HTQO VJG CNDWO JCU DGGP VTCPUETKDGF CPF VJG [QWPI UVWFGPV ECP UVWF[ YJCV VJG FTWOOGT FKF HQT GCEJ QH
VJG UV[NGU CPF VJGP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI KOKVCVKPI VJG RTQHGUUKQPCN FTWOOGT 6JGTG KU CNUQ C
EQORCPKQP DQQM HQT RKCPQ HQT VJCV XQNWOG YJGTG CNN QH VJG RKCPQ XQKEKPIU CPF TJ[VJOU CTG VTCPUETKDGF
6JG RKCPKUV ECP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG RKCPKUV QP VJG TGEQTFKPI CPF VJGP WUKPI VJG DCNCPEG EQPVTQN JG ECP
VWPG QWV VJG RKCPQ CPF RNC[ YKVJ LWUV VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU VT[KPI VQ KOKVCVG JQY VJG RKCPKUV QP VJG TGEQTFKPI
JCPFNGF TJ[VJOU CPF XQKEKPIU 6JGTG KU CNUQ 8QNWOG $ QH VJG RNC[CNQPI UGTKGU Rhythm Section Workout,
VJCV JCU C PWODGT QH VWPGU YJGTG VJG FTWOOGT ECP UGG VTCPUETKRVKQPU QH YJCV VJG FTWOOGT FKF QP VJG TGEQTFKPI
CPF ECP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ JKO DWV ECP CNUQ VWPG VJG FTWOU QWV WUKPI VJG DCNCPEG EQPVTQN CPF RNC[ YKVJ VJG DCUU
RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT YJKNG VT[KPI VQ KOKVCVG VJG FTWOOGT HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN TGEQTFKPI 6JG DCUU RNC[GT ECP FQ
VJG UCOG VJKPI VWTPKPI VJG DCNCPEG EQPVTQN VQ VJG QRRQUKVG UKFG 6JKU UGGOU JWIGN[ JGNRHWN VQ OG KP JGNRKPI
a young student develop.

8QNWOG # RTQXKFGU VJG UCOG RQUUKDKNKVKGU HQT VJG RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV 9KVJ VJG DCNCPEG EQPVTQN VJG
RKCPKUV ECP VWPG QWV VJG RKCPQ CPF RNC[ YKVJ FTWOU DCUU CPF IWKVCT QT VJG IWKVCTKUV ECP DCNCPEG VJG QRRQUKVG
FKTGEVKQP VQ RNC[ YKVJ RKCPQ DCUU CPF FTWOU 6JGTG CTG EQORCPKQP DQQMU HQT OCP[ QH VJG RNC[CNQPIU VJCV
JCXG VJG VTCPUETKDGF RKCPQ XQKEKPIU CPF TJ[VJOU KPENWFKPI 8QNWOGU        IQQF HQT

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

.CVKP TJ[VJOU   GVE 5KOKNCTN[ VJGTG KU C EQORCPKQP DQQM VQ 8QNWOG  YKVJ CNN VJG IWKVCT XQKEKPIU CPF
rhythms transcribed. Of course, it is far more valuable if the students do these transcriptions themselves, but the
RWDNKUJGF VTCPUETKRVKQPU ECP RTQXKFG C RQKPV QH FGRCTVWTG CPF UQOG KPURKTCVKQP VQ FQ QPGȉU QYP VTCPUETKDKPI
#NN QH VJGUG OCVGTKCNU ECP DG HQWPF CV YYYLC\\DQQMUEQO

6JGTG CTG QVJGT RNC[CNQPIU VJCV CNNQY VJG [QWPI FTWOOGT VQ RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ DQQM CPF %& VQ &WMG
'NNKPIVQP VWPGU .CVKP DKI DCPF VWPGU CPF QVJGT DKI DCPF ENCUUKEU 8QNWOG  Good Time provides similar
QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT VJG DCUU VQ RNC[ YKVJ LWUV FTWOU QT VJG FTWOU YKVJ LWUV DCUU $CUU NKPGU CTG VTCPUETKDGF HTQO
8QNWOGU            6JG [QWPI DCUU RNC[GT ECP UVWF[ DCUU NKPG EQPUVTWEVKQPȅCPF
HGGNȅYKVJ UQOG QH VJG ITGCVGUV DCUU RNC[GTU NKMG 4QP %CTVGT 4WHWU 4GKF $QD %TCPUJCY CPF VJG NKMG
#HVGT OCUVGTKPI HGGN CPF PWCPEGU VJG UVWFGPV ECP VJGP VWPG VJG DCUU QWV YKVJ VJG DCNCPEG EQPVTQN CPF RNC[
YKVJ QPN[ VJG RKCPQ CPF FTWOU +PXCNWCDNG

#NHTGF 2WDNKUJKPI JCU C PWODGT QH VJG UCOG MKPF QH DQQMU YKVJ %&U UWEJ CU VJG Gordon Goodwin Big
Phat Play-Along: Drums, Volume 1 and Volume 2 6JG [QWPI UVWFGPV ECP RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ $GTPKG &TGUUGN
YKVJ VJG CEVWCN )QTFQP )QQFYKP DCPF YKVJ VJG UJGGV OWUKE KP HTQPV QH JKO #NHTGF CNUQ JCU Sittin’ In With
The Big Band Jazz Ensemble—Drum Edition HQT GXGP [QWPIGT FTWOOGTU CPF VJGTG KU C 8QNWOG  (QT
FTWOU DCUU CPF RKCPQ VJGTG KU C DQQM KP VJG #NHTGF Jazz Play-Along Series, Volume 4, that provides
RNC[CNQPIU HQT )QTFQPȉU VWPGU YKVJ VTCPUETKDGF RKCPQ EQORKPI CPF DCUU NKPGU 6JG OR %& VJCV EQOGU
YKVJ VJG DQQM CNUQ RTQXKFGU UQHVYCTG HQT UNQYKPI FQYP VJG VTCEMU HQT RTCEVKEG VGORQU #PF YGȉTG LWUV
IGVVKPI UVCTVGF =6JG )QTFQP )QQFYKP RNC[CNQPIU CTG CNUQ CXCKNCDNG KP OWNVKRNG XQNWOGU HQT VTWORGV
VTQODQPG CNVQ UCZQRJQPG CPF VGPQT UCZQRJQPG>

$[ PQY KV UJQWNF DG QDXKQWU VJCV VJG DGUV VJKPI [QW ECP FQ HQT [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU KU IGV VJGO
TGEQTFKPIU QH VJG EJCTVU [QW CTG YQTMKPI QP YKVJ VJG DCPF #NHTGF CICKP JCU DGGP XGT[ JGNRHWN JGTG DGECWUG
[QW ECP IGV CP OR QH PGCTN[ CP[ QH VJG EJCTVU [QW YQWNF DW[ HTQO VJGO D[ IQKPI VQ YYYCNHTGFOWUKEEQO
+ VJKPM OQUV QH VJG QVJGT RWDNKUJGTU CTG CNUQ VT[KPI VQ OCMG TGEQTFKPIU CXCKNCDNG QPNKPG QH VJG EJCTVU VJG[
UGNN #PF YG CTG DCTGN[ UETCVEJKPI VJG UWTHCEG QH CNN VJG QPNKPG NGCTPKPI RQUUKDKNKVKGU VJGTG CTG PQY

# VJQWIJVHWN DCPF FKTGEVQT JCU VJG TGUQWTEGU VQ IWKFG JKU UVWFGPVU VQ UWEEGUU 6JGTG KU PQ TGCUQP VQ UJQY
WR CV VJG TGIKQP LC\\ HGUVKXCN YKVJ C F[UHWPEVKQPCN TJ[VJO UGEVKQP

Big Band Recordings

*GTG CTG UQOG PQVCDNG DKI DCPF TGEQTFKPIU XCNWCDNG HQT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU CPF VJG TGUV QH VJG DCPF
CU YGNN 

Ȏ %QWPV $CUKG The Roulette Years, The Complete Atomic Basie, Live at the Sands

Ȏ $WFF[ 4KEJ Swingin’ New Big Band, Big Swing Face, Wham!, The Best of Buddy Rich

Ȏ 6JCF ,QPGU/GN .GYKU Central Park North, Consummation, Live at the Village Vanguard, Body and Soul

Ȏ /C[PCTF (GTIWUQP The Maynard Ferguson Years, SiSi Maynard Ferguson, The Best of Maynard Ferguson

Ȏ 5VCP -GPVQP  QP VJG 3KDJVGS 5D:NG, Live at Brigham Young University, Sketches on Standards,
Artistry in Rhythm, A Kenton Celebration

Ȏ 4QD /E%QPPGNN CPF VJG $QUU $TCUU Tribute, Louisiana

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP &GXGNQR %QPEGRV ] 2CIG 

Ȏ $QD /KPV\GT The Art of the Big Band, Live at MCG, Swing Out

Ȏ )QTFQP )QQFYKP XXL, Act Your Age, That’s How We Roll, Life in the Bubble

Ȏ &WMG 'NNKPIVQP The Best of Duke Ellington, Digital Duke, Sounds of Music

Ȏ 6QO -WDKU Slightly Off the Ground, At Last

Ȏ 6KVQ 2WGPVG Top Percussion/Dance Mania $GCT (COKN[ 4GEQTFU 

Ȏ /CEJKVQ Machito and His Afro Cubans: At the Crescendo

Ȏ .QWKU $GNNUQP 150 MPH

Ȏ 6GTT[ )KDDU &SG:O $:PF 7QN 

Small Group Recordings

Note that it is also useful to listen to smaller jazz groups for the concepts that relate to different styles and
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KPVGTCEVKQP 9JGP VJG UQNQKUV UVGRU VQ VJG OKE VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF VJG UQNQKUV CTG PQY
HWPEVKQPKPI NKMG C UOCNN ITQWR GXGP KH VJG JQTPU CTG RTQXKFKPI DCEMITQWPFU

Ȏ /KNGU &CXKU Kind of Blue, Milestones

• Cannonball Adderly Quintet Live in Chicago

• Roy Haynes Fountain of Youth, We Three

• John Coltrane Giant Steps, Live at Birdland

Ȏ #TV $NCMG[ Moanin’

Ȏ %NKHHQTF $TQYP /CZ 4QCEJ 6JG $GUV QH KP %QPDGSV, Daahoud

Ȏ %JKEM %QTGC Three Quartets, Light as a Feather

• Jeff Hamilton Symbiosis

Ȏ 9[PVQP /CTUCNKU Live at Blues Alley

Ȏ 2GVGT 'TUMKPG Sweet Soul

Ȏ /E%Q[ 6[PGT The Real McCoy

Ȏ &CXG $TWDGEM Time Further Out

• Poncho Sanchez Baila Mi Gente

Ȏ 'FFKG 2CNOGTK Llego La India

Ȏ 6QYGT QH 2QYGT Great American Soul Book

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Ȏ 'CTVJ 9KPF CPF (KTG Greatest Hits

• Chicago Chicago II

And so many others!

Technical Resources
+V YQWNF CNUQ DG IQQF VQ TGCF DQQMU VJCV JCXG DGGP YTKVVGP URGEKȳE VQ GCEJ KPUVTWOGPV D[ URGEKCNKUVU QP
those instruments.

Drum Books

• The Drummer’s Workbook: A Six-Pronged Approach D[ ,C[ .CYTGPEG

• Essential Techniques for Drum Set: Book 1 by Ed Soph

• The All-American Drummer D[ %JCTNKG 9KNEQZKP

• Rudimental Swing Solos D[ %JCTNKG 9KNEQZKP

• Syncopation D[ 6GF 4GGU

• Drum Set Reading D[ 4QP (KPM

• The Jazz Drummer’s Reading Workbook D[ 6QO /QTICP

• Secret Weapons for the Modern Drummer D[ ,QLQ /C[GT &8&

• Stick Control D[ )GQTIG .CYTGPEG 5VQPG

• Accents and Rebounds D[ )GQTIG .CYTGPEG 5VQPG

• Master Studies D[ ,QG /QTGNNQ

• The Art of Playing with Brushes D[ 5VGXG 5OKVJ &8&

• The Art of Bop Drumming by John Riley

• Beyond Bop Drumming by John Riley

• Advanced Funk Etudes D[ 4KEM .CVJCO

• Code of Funk D[ &CXKF )CTKDCNFK

• Afro Brazilian Rhythms for the Drum Set D[ &WFWMC &C (QPUEGEC

• Afro Cuban Rhythms for the Drum Set D[ (TCPM /CNCDG

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP &GXGNQR %QPEGRV ] 2CIG 

Bass Books

• Big Band Bass by John Clayton

• How to Play Bass in a Big Band by Jeff Campbell

• The Evolving Bassist by Rufus Reid

• The Ray Brown Bass Method D[ 4C[ $TQYP

• Michael Moore Bass Method D[ /KEJCGN /QQTG

• Concepts for Bass Soloing D[ %JWEM 5JGT CPF /CTE ,QJPUQP

ȅ 6JG %QORNGVG 'NGDVSKD $:UU 2N:[GS 7QNU  D[ %JWEM 4CKPG[

• Modern Electric Bass by Jaco Pastorious

• Funk Bass D[ ,QJP .KGDOCP

• The Total Funk Bassist D[ &CXKF 1XGTVJTQY

• The True Cuban Bass by Del Puerto

• Afro Cuban Bass Grooves D[ /CPP[ 2CVKPQ CPF ,QTIG /QTGPQ

Piano Books

• How to Play Piano in a Big Band D[ $KNN &QDDKPU

• Jazz Keyboard for Pianists and Non-Pianists D[ ,GTT[ %QMGT

• Voicings for Jazz Keyboard D[ (TCPM /CPVQQVJ

• Jazz Piano Voicing Skills by Dan Haerle

• Jazz Piano Masterclass with Mark Levine: The Drop 2 Book D[ /CTM .GXKPG

• Jazz/Rock Voicings for the Contemporary Keyboard Player by Dan Haerle

• Jazz Keyboard Harmony D[ 2JKN &G)TGI

• Jazz Piano and Harmony A Fundamental Guide D[ ,QJP / (GTTCTC

• Jazz Piano and Keyboard An Advanced Guide D[ ,QJP / (GTTCTC

• An Approach to Comping, 7QN  by Jeb Patton

• The Real Latin Piano D[ -KMK 5CPEJG\

• Hal Leonard Jazz Piano Method D[ /CTM &CXKU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Guitar Books

• How to Play Guitar in a Big Band D[ $QD 5PGKFGT

• Comping Styles, Chords and Grooves D[ ,KO (GTIWUQP

• Mel Bay’s Complete Book of Harmony, Theory, and Voicings for Guitar D[ $TGV 9KNNOQVV

• Mel Bay’s Complete Jazz Guitar Method D[ /KMG %JTKUVKCPUGP

• Jazz Rhythm Guitar D[ ,CEM )TCUUGN

• Three Note Voicings and Beyond D[ 4CPF[ 8KPEGPV

• A Rhythmic Concept for Funk/Fusion Guitar D[ 2GVGT 1ȉ/CTC

• Exploring Jazz Guitar by Phil Capone

• The Brazilian Guitar Book D[ 0GNUQP (CTKC

• Brazilian Jazz Guitar D[ /KMG %JTKUVKCPUGP CPF ,QJP <CTCFKP

• Salsa, Afro-Cuban Montunos for Guitar by Carlos Campos

• Chords Galore D[ ,CEM 2GVGTUGP

• Modern Chords 8KE ,WTKU

ȅ *:SOQPKD /GDJ:PKUOU HQS )WKV:S 7QNU  D[ )GQTIG 8CP 'RU

• The Advancing Guitarist D[ /KEM )QQFTKEM

• Jazz Scales for Guitar by Corey Christiansen

ȅ 7QN  *QY VQ 2N:[ ,:\\ ] (QS )WKV:S by Jamey Aebersold and Corey Christiansen

• Guitar Comping D[ $CTT[ )CNDTCKVJ

• Comping Concepts for Jazz Guitar D[ /CTM $QNKPI

ȅ ,:\\ )WKV:S 5V:PF:SFU 7QN  :PF 7QN  /GN $C[ %QORKNCVKQP #NHTGF 2WDNKUJKPI

• Getting into Jazz Fusion Guitar D[ 5EQVV /KNNGT

• Chord Chemistry D[ 6GF )TGGPG

Ȏ HTGFFKG ITGGPQTI HQT JGNR YKVJ (TGFFKG )TGGP XQKEKPIU CPF CRRTQCEJ

• Quartal Harmony and Voicings for Guitar D[ 6QO (NQ[F

ȅ %JQSF 6QPG 5QNQKPI HQS )V /:UVGS "SRGIIKQ $:UGF 5QNQKPI HQS ,:\\ )WKV:S D[ , #NGZCPFGT

• Barry Galbraith #3 - Guitar Comping C RNC[CNQPI CXCKNCDNG CV LC\\DQQMUEQO

• Joe Pass Guitar Chords - Learn the Sound of Modern Chords and Chord Progressions by Joe Pass

• Joe Pass Guitar Style: Learn the Sound of Modern Harmony and Melody by Joe Pass
%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP &GXGNQR %QPEGRV ] 2CIG 
 Professional Help
+ VJKPM KV KU CNUQ XGT[ YKUG VQ WUG UQOG QH VJG HWPFU KP VJG DCPF MKVV[ VQ DTKPI KP C RTQHGUUKQPCN FTWOOGT HTQO
VJG CTGC VQ YQTM YKVJ [QWT FTWOOGT QT RKCPKUV QT DCUUKUV QT IWKVCTKUV VQ YQTM YKVJ [QWT QVJGT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP
RNC[GTU HTQO VKOG VQ VKOG GXGP YKVJKP VJG EQPVGZV QH [QWT DKI DCPF TGJGCTUCN 6JKU KU QH EQWTUG PQV QPN[
KPFKXKFWCN JGNR HQT [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU DWV CNUQ HQT [QW 5Q RC[ CVVGPVKQP CPF VCMG PQVGU 9JCV
DGVVGT YC[ KU VJGTG VQ NGCTP CDQWV VJKPIU [QW ECP FQ CU CP GFWECVQT KP VJG HWVWTG 6JG RTQU ECP YCVEJ CPF
EQOOGPV DWV + YQWNF CNUQ CUM VJGO VQ UKV KP CPF RNC[ YKVJ VJG DCPF YJKNG [QWT RNC[GTU YCVEJ CPF NGCTP +V
OC[ GXGP DG RQUUKDNG VQ DTKPI KP C ȊTJ[VJO UGEVKQP VGCOȍ QH NQECN RTQHGUUKQPCNU VQ YQTM YKVJ [QWT TJ[VJO
section altogether but also give a lot of individual help.

Private Lessons
6JKU KU PQV LWUV VTWG HQT VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU DWV HQT GXGT[QPG KP [QWT DCPF +H [QW ECP IGV VJGO
UVWF[KPI RTKXCVGN[ YKVJ CTGC RTQHGUUKQPCNU QP C YGGMN[ QT CV NGCUV TGIWNCT DCUKU KV YKNN OCMG [QWT LQD UQ
OWEJ GCUKGT CPF UGTXG [QWT UVWFGPVU KP C OQUV XCNWCDNG YC[ *CXKPI VJCV RTQHGUUKQPCN EQOG KPVQ [QWT DCPF
rehearsal may facilitate the private lesson relationship for the future.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 15 Helping Your Rhythm Section
Players with Good Gear

Rhythm Section Equipment

Drums

2CTV QH VJG TQCF VQ UQWPFKPI IQQF KU VJG DGUV RQUUKDNG IGCT .GVȉU UVCTV YKVJ VJG FTWO UGV 9JGP + JCXG DGGP
QWV KP VJG UEJQQNU + JCXG UGGP UQOG QH VJG OQUV CYHWN FTWO UGVUȅOKUOCVEJGF UK\GU DCVVGTGF JGCFU
DTQMGP ENWVEJGU RQQTN[ VWPGF GVE +H + YGTG CESWKTKPI QT WRITCFKPI C FTWO UGV HQT O[ UEJQQN + YQWNF
enlist the help of a professional drummer in the area to help guide size selection and matching, choice of
E[ODCNU GVE .KMG GXGT[VJKPI GNUG E[ODCNU GURGEKCNN[ CTG PQV ETGCVGF GSWCN + YQWNF PQV LWUV VCMG YJCVGXGT
YCU UJKRRGF QT FGNKXGTGF VQ OG ;QW YCPV VQ JGCT VJG E[ODCNU DGHQTG RWTEJCUG #NUQ LC\\ FTWOOGTU QHVGP
NKMG VQ WUG TKXGVU KP VJG TKFG E[ODCN HQT C OQTG NGICVQ UQWPF

)GPGTCNN[ VJG LC\\ FTWO UGV KU UOCNNGT VJCP VJG TQEM FTWO UGV 6JG DCUU FTWO OC[ QPN[ DG  KPEJGU
CPF GXGT[VJKPI UECNGU FQYP HTQO VJGTG ;QWT DKI DCPF FTWOOGT YKNN PQV PGGF VYQ NCTIG DCUU FTWOU HQT
GZCORNG 6JG DCUU FTWO CPF VJG VQOU UJQWNF DG UJCNNQY UK\GU PQV FGGR FTWOU QT RQYGT UK\GU  +P LC\\
VJG VKOG KU MGRV QP VJG E[ODCNU YJGTGCU KP TQEM VJG VKOG KU MGRV QP VJG FTWOU )QQF UQWPFKPI E[ODCNU
JGNR VJG UQWPF QH [QWT DCPF C NQV )GV UQOG JGNR

)GV UQOG JGNR VQ VWPG VJG FTWOU CU YGNN 5QOG FTWO UGVU KP VJG UEJQQNU LWUV UQWPF DCF DGECWUG VJG[ JCXG
PQV DGGP RTQRGTN[ VWPGF 6JGTG CTG FKHHGTGPV RJKNQUQRJKGU QP JQY VQ VWPG VJG FTWOU (QT GZCORNG /GN
.GYKU VWPGF VJG DCUU FTWO VJGP VJG NQY VQO VJGP VJG JKIJ VQO VQ C $D OCLQT VTKCF CRRTQZKOCVGN[ $WV
most drummers just suggest tuning each drum until you hear the best resonance from it. No doubt,
IGVVKPI C RTQHGUUKQPCN FTWOOGT KP [QWT CTGC VQ JGNR [QW YKVJ VJKU KU VJG DGUV UQNWVKQP DWV FQPȉV LWUV NGCXG
KV WPFQPG QT NGCXG KV VQ EJCPEG 6JG UQWPF QH LC\\ FTWOU VGPFU VQ DG EQCVGF JGCFU VWPGF JKIJGT VJCP TQEM
VWPKPI /QWPVGF VQOU UJQWNF CNYC[U DG OQWPVGF QP VJG DCUU FTWO CPF VJG ʏQQT VQO UJQWNF CNYC[U DG QP
KVU QYP NGIU

5VKEMU CTG CNUQ CP KUUWG 6JG UVKEMU WUGF KP VJG DKI DCPF CTG PQV OQPUVGT UVKEMU CPF LC\\ FTWOOGTU WUG
YQQFVKRRGF UVKEMU /[ HTKGPFU TGCNN[ NKMG VJG ,CEM &G,QJPGVVG OQFGN QH VJG 8KE (KTVJ UVKEMU DWV QVJGT
IQQF EJQKEGU KPENWFG CP[ UVKEM VJCV KU CDQWV UK\G # QT $ CPF JCU C YQQF VKR 6JG RNCUVKE VKRRGF UVKEMU
CTG WUGCDNG DWV VJG[ FQ OCMG VJG FTWOU UQWPF VJKPPGT CPF VJG E[ODCNU UQWPF DTKIJVGT +V KU CNUQ GUUGPVKCN VQ
JCXG C RCKT QH DTWUJGU CPF C RCKT QH UQHV OCNNGVU YKNN EQOG KP JCPF[ CV VKOGU CU YGNN +P C .CVKP VWPG KV ECP
DG JGNRHWN VQ JCXG C EQYDGNN QT C LCO DNQEM VJCV ECP DG OQWPVGF QP VJG UGV

.KMG QVJGT KPUVTWOGPVU VJG FTWO UGV PGGFU TGIWNCT OCKPVGPCPEG +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGRNCEG JGCFU RGTKQFKECNN[
CPF ȳZ DTQMGP ENWVEJGU CPF VCMG ECTG QH CP[ QVJGT KUUWGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Bass

.GVȉU OQXG QP VQ DCUU GSWKROGPV #U HCT CU CP KPUVTWOGPV RTQDCDN[ PGCTN[ CNN QH VJG DCUU RNC[GTU CTG UVWEM
YKVJ YJCVGXGT CEQWUVKE DCUU VJG UEJQQN ECP RTQXKFG HQT VJGO $WV VJGTG KU C NQV VJCV ECP DG FQPG YKVJ VJG
UVTKPIU UVTKPI JGKIJV RKEMWR CORNKȳGT CPF VJG NKMG VJCV ECP TGCNN[ JGNR [QWT DCUU RNC[GT

#U HCT CU UVTKPIU IQ OQUV LC\\ RNC[GTU WUG VJG &T 6JQOCUVKM /GFKWO TGIWNCT ICWIG QT 9GKEJ NKIJVGT
ICWIG 5RKTQEQTG 5VTKPIU 6JGUG UVTKPIU JCXG C NKVVNG OQTG UVTGVEJ CPF VJG[ JCXG C DKI UQWPF CPF YKNN TKPI
NQPIGT VJCP VJG CXGTCIG UVTKPI YJKEJ KU XGT[ FGUKTCDNG HQT VJG YCNMKPI DCUU UQWPF YG YCPV VQ ETGCVG 6JG
&ȉ#FFCTKQ *GNCEQTG 2K\\CECVQ 5VTKPIU CTG CNUQ XGT[ IQQF CPF CTG NGUU GZRGPUKXG (QT DCUU RNC[GTU YJQ
PGGF VQ WUG VJG UCOG DCUU KP VJG UEJQQN QTEJGUVTC CPF VJG LC\\ DCPF &ȉ#FFCTKQ CNUQ OCMGU *[DTKF 5VTKPIU
VJCV YQWNF DG C IQQF UQNWVKQP

Adjusters on the bridge are a good investment, especially if your bass player has to use the same bass for
QTEJGUVTC CPF HQT LC\\ DCPF 6JG UVTKPI JGKIJV KU WUWCNN[ C NKVVNG ENQUGT HQT LC\\ RNC[KPI VJCP U[ORJQPKE
RNC[KPI VQ CKF KP VJG NQPI UVTGVEJGU QH RK\\KECVQ 6JGTG KU CNYC[U C VTCFGQHH DGVYGGP ENQUGPGUU HQT GCUG QH
VGEJPKSWG CPF HCEKNKV[ CPF HCTVJGT CYC[ HQT DKIPGUU QH UQWPF +V KU C RGTUQPCN EJQKEG VJCV [QW YKNN JCXG VQ
guide your player through.

6JG RKEMWR HQT VJG CEQWUVKE DCUU KU C JWIG KUUWG 1XGT VJG [GCTU VJG (KUJOCP RKEMWR JCU DGGP VJG QNF
UVCPFD[ KP VJG UEJQQNU DWV KP TGEGPV [GCTU + JCXG DGEQOG CYCTG QH QVJGT TGCNN[ VGTTKȳE RKEMWRU OCFG D[
&CXKF )CIGȅVJG Ȋ4GCNKUVȍ --ȅVJG $CUUOCUVGT 2TQ CPF VJG 7PFGTYQQF 6JG KORQTVCPV VJKPI KU VQ
EJQQUG C JKIJ SWCNKV[ RKG\Q V[RG RKEMWR FGUKIPGF HQT WRTKIJV DCUU VJCV JCU C HWNN UQWPF CPF TQWPF SWCNKV[
DWV CNUQ IQQF ENCTKV[ CPF FGȳPKVKQP

%JQQUKPI VJG TKIJV KPUVTWOGPV HQT VJG LQD KU KORQTVCPV CPF YJGTG RQUUKDNG VJG CEQWUVKE DCUU UJQWNF DG
WUGF HQT UYKPI CPF LC\\ EJCTVU CPF VJG GNGEVTKE DCUU HQT TQEM HWPM CPF UQOG .CVKP VWPGU

6JG GNGEVTKE DCUU UVTKPIU VJCV O[ HTKGPFU TGEQOOGPF CTG VJG &4 QT VJG &ȉ#FFCTKQ

#PQVJGT RKGEG QH IGCT VJCV KU ETKVKECN KP VJG DCUU UQWPF EJCKP KU VJG CORNKȳGT # UOCNNGT URGCMGT UK\G KU RTQDCDN[
DGUV VQ CXQKF DQQOKPGUU CPF HGGFDCEM +V KU IQQF VQ WUG C ITQWR QH ȍ URGCMGTU QT QPG ȍ URGCMGT QT
ȍURGCMGTU 6JG VYKP ȍ URGCMGTU CTG QRVKOCN HQT DKI DCPF DWV VJG NCTIGT VJG[ IGV VJG ITGCVGT VJG
FCPIGT QH HGGFDCEM *QY VJG URGCMGTU CTG '3ȉF KU VJG DKIIGT HCEVQT VJCV YG YKNN FKUEWUU KP %JCRVGT 

9JGP EJQQUKPI CP CORNKȳGT YG YCPV QPG VJCV JCU C ENGCT YCTO UQWPF DWV VJCV FQGUPȉV EQNQT VJG UQWPF
QH VJG DCUU UQ VWDG CORU CTG DGUV )GP\DGP\ OCMGU C UOCNN VWDG RTGCOR VJCV KU NGUU EQNQTGF 1VJGT IQQF
DTCPFU KPENWFG #IWKNCT #ORGI /CTMDCUU *CTVMG )CNNKGP-TWGIGT CPF 4KEM ,QPGU #EQWUVKE +OCIG #ORU
ECP DG RWTEJCUGF CU C UGRCTCVG ȊJGCFȍ COR YKVJ C UGRCTCVG URGCMGT QT CU C EQODKPCVKQP CORURGCMGT KP QPG
ECDKPGV (QT VTCXGN VJG NKIJVGT EQODKPCVKQP KU PKEG

#ICKP GPNKUVKPI VJG JGNR QH C NQECN RTQHGUUKQPCN RNC[GT KU YKUG YJGP OCMKPI VJGUG FGEKUKQPU HQT [QWT
school.

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU 9KVJ )QQF )GCT ] 2CIG 
Guitar Gear

9JGP KV EQOGU VQ VJG KPUVTWOGPV VJG LC\\ IWKVCT KU C JQNNQY DQF[ IWKVCT ECRCDNG QH YCTOGT FCTMGT UQWPFU
6JG LC\\ IWKVCT UJQWNF WUG VJG PGEM RKEMWR HQT C YCTOGT UQWPF 6JG KFGCN IWKVCTU HQT C [QWPI LC\\ IWKVCTKUV
YQWNF DG VJG +DCPG\ #TVEQTG VJG 'CUVOCP )WKVCTU QT 6JG 'RKRJQPG 5*'4#610 ++ 6JG[ CTG KP VJG 
TCPIG DWV UQWPF EQORCTCDNG VQ IWKVCTU KP VJG  TCPIG 5NKIJVN[ OQTG GZRGPUKXG CTQWPF  VJG
)WKNF 5VCTȳTG +8 CNUQ RNC[U NKMG IWKVCTU VJCV CTG VYQ VQ VJTGG VKOGU OQTG GZRGPUKXG 6JG 'RKRJQPG CPF
)WKNF CTG CEVWCNN[ UGOKJQNNQY DQF[ IWKVCTU YJKEJ CTG VJKPPGT DWV UVKNN JCXG VJG CTEJ VQR CPF CTEJ DCEM
CPF HJQNGU CPF VGPF VQ DG GCUKGT VQ EQPVTQN HGGFDCEM +H VJG UVWFGPV YKNN QYP QPN[ QPG IWKVCT VJG
UGOKJQNNQY DQF[ ECP DG C IQQF EJQKEG DGECWUG KV KU OQTG XGTUCVKNG CPF ECP DG WUGF KP C TQEM QT HWPM
UGVVKPI KH PGEGUUCT[ DWV KH VJG UVWFGPV ECP CHHQTF OQTG VJCP QPG IWKVCT C UQNKF DQF[ IWKVCT KU [GV DGVVGT HQT
VJG TQEMHWUKQP UV[NGU

# RGFCN DQCTF KU C PKEG CFFKVKQP VQ VJG IWKVCT UGVWR CPF VJG UVWFGPV UJQWNF YQTM VQYCTF QYPKPI C XCTKGV[
QH RGFCNU UWEJ CU FKUVQTVKQP YCJYCJ EJQTWU TGXGTD FGNC[ RGFCNU GVE +V ECP CNUQ DG XGT[ XCNWCDNG KP C
DKI DCPF VQ JCXG C XQNWOG RGFCN VQ UJKHV SWKEMN[ DGVYGGP UQNQ XQNWOG CPF EQORKPI XQNWOG QT VQ ETGCVG
F[PCOKE PWCPEGU YKVJKP VJG OWUKE /[ HTKGPF 6QFF %QQNOCP WUGU C XQNWOG RGFCN HQT VJQUG TGCUQPU

9JGP EJQQUKPI UVTKPIU OGFKWO QT JGCXKGT ʏCV YQWPF UVTKPIU CTG QHVGP VJG EJQKEG 4QWPF YQWPF UVTKPIU
are also used, but they must be medium to heavier gauge strings, not the light ones, and they must be made
HQT LC\\ D[ VJG OCPWHCEVWTGT %JGEM VJCV VJG[ CTG KPFGGF KPVGPFGF HQT LC\\

9JGP EJQQUKPI CP CORNKȳGT VJG (GPFGT 6YKP #ORU CTG IQQF HQT LC\\ CPF CTG VKOG RTQXGP 4QNCPF %WDG
#ORU HQT IQQF HQT UOCNNGT CORU # NKVVNG NCTIGT VJG 4QNCPF ,C\\ %JQTWU ,% #ORU CPF CNUQ VJG ,%
CTG ITGCV *GPTKMUGP ,C\\ #ORU Ȋ6JG $WFȍ 5QNKF 5VCVG #ORU CTG ITGCV 6JG[ CTG C HCKTN[ UOCNN EWDG DWV
CTG NQWF CPF JCXG C ITGCV UQWPF CPF QPN[ YGKIJ CDQWV  RQWPFU 6JG VWDG CORU NKMG VJG (GPFGT ECP DG C
NKVVNG JCTFGT VQ OCKPVCKP KP C UEJQQN UGVVKPI DGECWUG VJG VWDGU IGV LQUVNGF CTQWPF C NQV 6JG UQNKFUVCVG CORU
NKMG VJG 4QNCPF JQNF WR DGVVGT YKVJ NGUU OCKPVGPCPEG KP C UEJQQN 6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV CURGEV QH EJQQUKPI C LC\\
COR KU KVU CDKNKV[ VQ RTQFWEG C ENGCP VQPG 6JG CORU CKOGF OQTG CV TQEM CPF DNWGU VGPF VQ FKUVQTV VJG UQWPF
XGT[ GCUKN[ +V KU CNUQ ETKVKECN VQ OCMG UWTG VJG COR JCU VJG ECRCEKV[ VQ '3 VJG NQY OKF CPF JKIJ TCPIGU QH
VJG VQPG PQV LWUV NQY CPF JKIJ

9JGP UGNGEVKPI C RKEM WUG C VJKEMGT RKEM JGCX[ VQ GZVTC JGCX[ ICWIG

Piano Gear

(QT VJG CEQWUVKE RKCPQ YG CTG RTGVV[ OWEJ CV VJG OGTE[ QH YJCVGXGT RKCPQ YG JCRRGP VQ JCXG CPF YG RTC[
VJCV KV JCU DGGP VWPGF KP VJG TGEGPV RCUV +P [QWT UEJQQN [QW UJQWNF OCMG UWTG VJCV VJGTG KU C RNCP HQT VJG
regular tuning of your classroom and auditorium pianos.

+V YKNN DG PGEGUUCT[ KP QRGTCVKPI C HWNN LC\\ RTQITCO CV [QWT UEJQQN VQ JCXG CP GNGEVTQPKE MG[DQCTF HQT WUG
KP .CVKP TQEM HWPM CPF HWUKQP UV[NGU 6JG MG[DQCTFU YKVJ YGKIJVGF MG[U CTG C NKVVNG OQTG GZRGPUKXG CPF C
NKVVNG JGCXKGT DWV OQTG NKMG C RKCPQ CPF GCUKGT VQ RNC[ 1H EQWTUG JCXKPI C MG[DQCTF YKNN CNUQ PGEGUUKVCVG
C IQQF MG[DQCTF COR *GTG CTG UQOG UWIIGUVKQPU DCUGF QP RTKEG NGXGNU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 -G[DQCTFU 

• Casio Privia–good piano sounds, and decent other sounds

Ȏ %CUKQ 2: QT 

Ȏ ;COCJC 2

-G[DQCTFU 

Ȏ -QTI 58  QT  MG[ XGTUKQP˜VWDG FTKXGTECP QXGTFTKXG CPF IGV C NKVVNG OQTG
ETWPEJ[ JCU C NQV QH GHHGEVU QP DQCTF CU YGNN

Ȏ -CYCK /2

Ȏ 4QNCPF 52 QT 4&

Ȏ -G[DQCTFU 

Ȏ 0QTF 'NGEVTQ

Ȏ ;COCJC /QPVCIG

Ȏ 4QNCPF 4&

Ȏ -CYCK /2

#ORNKȳGTU

Ȏ 4QNCPF -% UGTKGU-% KU C ITGCV COR DWV JGCX[

Ȏ $GJTKPIGT 7NVTCVQPG 5GTKGU

Ȏ 2GCXG[ -$ 5GTKGU

Ȏ /QVKQP 5QWPF -$  QT 

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU 9KVJ )QQF )GCT ] 2CIG 
Chapter 16 Rhythm Section Rehearsal Issues
and Approaches
The Rehearsal
0QY NGVȉU FGCN YKVJ VJG EQOOQP VJKPIU [QW YKNN PGGF VQ VGCEJ CPF EQTTGEV KP [QWT TGJGCTUCNU

Setup Issues

(KTUV NGVȉU GPUWTG VJCV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU UGV WR UQ VJG[ ECP TGCNN[ YQTM VQIGVJGT YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT CPF
YKVJ VJG DCPF 5VCTV YKVJ VJG FTWOOGT CPF RNCEG JKO HQTYCTF GPQWIJ VJCV JG KU KP HTQPV QH VJG VTWORGV
UGEVKQP UQ JG ECP JGCT VJG NGCF VTWORGV CPF TGCNN[ YQTM YKVJ JKO QP CNN VJG GPUGODNG ȳIWTGU 6JKU YKNN
WUWCNN[ RWV JKO KP C RNCPG YKVJ VJG VTQODQPGU GCTU GSWCN VQ VJG DGNNU CPF DCTGN[ DGJKPF VJG UCZGU

6JG DCUU ECP VJGP UGV WR QP GKVJGT UKFG QH VJG FTWOU DWV UJQWNF DG KP ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ 5QOG HGGN VJG DCUU
UJQWNF DG VQ VJG FTWOOGTȉU TKIJV DGVYGGP VJG FTWOU CPF RKCPQ UQ JG KU PGCT VJG TKFG E[ODCN HQT VKOG CPF
PGCT VJG RKCPQ VQ JGCT JCTOQPKECNN[ 6JG QRRQUKVG ECOR HGGNU VJG DCUU UJQWNF DG QP VJG QVJGT UKFG QH VJG
FTWOOGT YJGTG JG ECP DG PGZV VQ VJG FTWOOGTȉU JK JCV CPF KPVGTHCEG DGVVGT YKVJ VJG DCPF $QVJ JCXG DGGP
WUGF CPF GKVJGT YKNN YQTM DWV + VGPF VQ RTGHGT VJG ȳTUV UEGPCTKQ

6JG RKCPQ NKF UJQWNF QRGP KPVQ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU HQT JGCTKPI CPF G[G EQPVCEV RWVVKPI VJG RKCPKUVȉU DCEM
VQYCTF VJG CWFKGPEG +H VJG RKCPQ KU CP WRTKIJV VJG DCEM QH VJG RKCPQ UJQWNF HCEG KPVQ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU
HQT UQPKE TGCUQPU DWV VJKU OCMGU G[G EQPVCEV OQTG FKHȳEWNV

6JG IWKVCT UJQWNF UKV PGZV VQ VJG RKCPQ QP VJG RKCPKUVȉU TKIJV JKIJ QEVCXG QH VJG MG[DQCTF YJGTG KV KU GCU[
VQ JCXG G[G EQPVCEV YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT CPF GCU[ VQ JGCT GCEJ QVJGT $QVJ VJG IWKVCTKUV CPF VJG DCUUKUV UJQWNF
DG RNCEGF KP HTQPV QH VJGKT TGURGEVKXG CORNKȳGTU UQ VJG[ ECP JGCT VJGOUGNXGU CPF LWFIG CEEWTCVGN[ VJGKT
personal volume.

+ ECOG VQ FQ C ENKPKE YKVJ C JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF GCTN[ QPG OQTPKPI CPF VJG DCPF TQQO YCU DWKNV YKVJ
ITCFWCVGF EKTEWNCT TKUGTV[RG UVGRU EQPEGTV DCPF UV[NG 6JG FTWO UGV YCU QP CDQWV VJG VJKTF TKUGT UVGR CPF VJG
IWKVCT QP CDQWV VJG ȳHVJ TKUGT UVGR KP VJG DCEM YJGTG JG EQWNF TGCEJ CP QWVNGV VQ RNWI KP JKU COR 6JG DCUU
YCU QP VJG ȳTUV TKUGT UVGR QXGT CICKPUV VJG YCNN YJGTG JG EQWNF TGCEJ CP QWVNGV HQT JKU COR CPF VJG WRTKIJV
RKCPQ YCU CV VJG HTQPV QH VJG TQQO YKVJ VJG UQWPF DQCTF RWUJGF CICKPUV VJG HTQPV YCNN +V YCU HTCPMN[ NCWIJCDNG
6JGTG YCU PQ RTQZKOKV[ CPF PQ YC[ VJGUG RQQT UVWFGPVU EQWNF GXGP DGIKP VQ HWPEVKQP CU C TJ[VJO UGEVKQP
6JG UGVWR YCU VJG ȳTUV VJKPI YG EJCPIGF VJCV OQTPKPI

Gear Issues

2NGCUG DG UWTG VQ TGHGT VQ %JCRVGT  HQT JGNR YKVJ IWKFKPI [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU CPFQT RWTEJCUKPI
GSWKROGPV HQT VJG UEJQQN 'URGEKCNN[ PQVG VJCV [QWT IWKVCTKUV UJQWNF DG WUKPI C LC\\ JQNNQY DQF[ IWKVCT CPF
[QWT DCUUKUV UJQWNF DG WUKPI CRRTQRTKCVG LC\\ UVTKPIU QP VJG WRTKIJV DCUU ;QWT FTWOOGT UJQWNF WUG C LC\\
V[RG FTWO UGV YJGTG VJG FTWOU CTG PQV VQQ NCTIG CU C TQEM MKV YQWNF DG 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 General Piano and Guitar Issues
;QWT RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV CTG IQKPI VQ PGGF JGNR YKVJ UVTWEVWTKPI CRRTQRTKCVG LC\\ XQKEKPIU HTQO EJQTF
U[ODQNU CPF WUKPI CRRTQRTKCVG TJ[VJOU HQT EQORKPI +P EJCTVU FGUKIPGF HQT [QWPIGT DCPFU VJG XQKEKPIU
CPF TJ[VJOU CTG QHVGP YTKVVGP QWV 6JKU OC[ JGNR CV ȳTUV CU C IWKFG DWV KV KU OQTG NKMG ENCUUKECN TGCFKPI
VJCP RNC[KPI LC\\ 'XGT[ [QWPI RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV UJQWNF JCXG VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ NGCTP VQ HWPEVKQP KP C
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VJG YC[ TGCN LC\\ RNC[GTU FQ YJKEJ KU VQ ETGCVG VJGKT QYP XQKEKPIU CPF TJ[VJOU HTQO VJG
EJQTF U[ODQNU 6JGTG KU C NQV QH FKTGEVKQP HQT JGNR QP VJKU KUUWG KP %JCRVGT  YJGTG OCP[ TGUQWTEGU HQT
JGNRKPI [QWT RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV CTG URGNNGF QWV $WV JGTG CTG C HGY DCUKE RTKPEKRNGU

6JG TWNG QH VJWOD HQT CNN OQFGTP XQKEKPIU KU VJCV VJGTG OWUV DG C JCTOQPKE TWD FKUUQPCPEG KP GXGT[
EJQTF 6JGTGHQTG KP IGPGTCN CNN EJQTFU CTG XQKEGF VQ VJG VJ EJQTF NGXGN CPF FQOKPCPV UGXGPVJ EJQTFU CTG
XQKEGF YKVJ VJG VJ QT VJ KPUVGCF QH VJG VJ 9JGP RNC[KPI KP C OKPQT MG[ VJG VQPKE OKPQT EJQTF YKNN
DG XQKEGF YKVJ VJG OCLQT VJ QT VJ KPUVGCF QH VJG DVJ CPF CNN QH VJG FQOKPCPV VJ EJQTFU YKNN DG CNVGTGF
TCKUGF QT ʏCVVGF VJU CPF VJU KP EQODKPCVKQP  =0QVG 6JG HQNNQYKPI IWKVCT XQKEKPIU CTG FKHȳEWNV ȳPIGTKPIU
HQT UOCNN JCPFU CPF DGVVGT XQKEKPIU HQT VJG [QWPI IWKVCTKUVU CTG HQWPF QP VJG HQNNQYKPI RCIG 1HVGP [QWPI
IWKVCTKUVU OC[ DGIKP YKVJ VJG TQQV VJKTF CPF UGXGPVJȅQT GXGP LWUV VJG VJKTF CPF UGXGPVJ ECNNGF
UJGNNXQKEKPI VGEJPKSWG>

Piano:

Guitar:

1H EQWTUG VJG RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV CNUQ PGGF VQ NGCTP VQ HWPEVKQP YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT CU QWVNKPGF KP %JCRVGT 
6JG EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU PQTOCNN[ WUG TQQVNGUU XQKEKPIU KP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF NGCXG VJG TQQVU HQT VJG
DCUU *QYGXGT EGTVCKP IWKVCT XQKEKPIU OC[ KPENWFG VJG TQQV 5GG GZCORNGU QP VJG PGZV RCIG

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU ] 2CIG 

6JG VQR NKPG CDQXG CTG GZCORNGU QH QPG JCPF XQKEKPIU VJCV EQWNF DG RNC[GF KP GKVJGT VJG TKIJV JCPF QT VJG
NGHV JCPF 6JG TQQVU CTG PQVGF DWV YQWNF DG NGHV WPRNC[GF KP C TJ[VJO UGEVKQP

6JG UGEQPF GZCORNG CDQXG KNNWUVTCVGU JQY VJG RKCPKUV ECP GZRCPF VQ VYQ JCPF YKFGT XQKEKPIU #ICKP VJG
TQQVU VJCV CTG PQVCVGF YQWNF PQV DG RNC[GF KP TQQVNGUU XQKEKPIU 5GG %JCRVGT  HQT TGUQWTEGU HQT VYQ JCPF
XQKEKPIU $GNQY CTG UKOKNCT GZCORNGU HQT IWKVCT XQKEKPIU 6JGUG CTG ++ 8 + XQKEKPIU

6JGTG CTG UQOG UKORNG IWKFGNKPGU HQT CEJKGXKPI UOQQVJ XQKEG NGCFKPI DGVYGGP EQORKPI EJQTFU HQT IWKVCT
CPF RKCPQ CPF XKDGU 6JG HQNNQYKPI IWKFGNKPGU CTG GZGORKȳGF KP CNN VJG GZCORNGU QP VJKU RCIG CDQXG
9JGVJGT XQKEKPIU CTG HQWT PQVGU UWEJ CU IWKVCT QT XKDGU QT QPG JCPF QH VJG RKCPQ QT VYQJCPF URTGCF XQKEKPIU
UWEJ CU RKCPQ VJG XQKEG NGCFKPI HQT E[ENG EKTENG QH HQWTVJU OQXGOGPV YKNN OQXG HTQO C EJQTF YKVJ VJG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

TF QP VJG DQVVQO TQQVNGUU VQ C EJQTF YKVJ VJG VJ QP VJG DQVVQO VQ VJG PGZV EJQTF YKVJ VJG TF QP VJG
DQVVQO 5Q UQOG UKORNG DNQEM XQKEKPIU YQWNF NQQM NKMG VJKU /CLQT %JQTFU  QT  /KPQT
%JQTFU DD QT DD QT &QOKPCPV VJ %JQTFU D QT D 6JGTGHQTG KP C ++ 8 +
RTQITGUUKQP VJG PWODGTU VQ ETGCVG IQQF XQKEG NGCFKPI YQWNF NQQM NKMG VJKU DD VQ D VQ 
14 DD VQ D VQ  6JCVȉU C NQV QH PWODGTU ,C\\ RNC[GTU CNYC[U VJKPM KP PWODGTU UQ KV
ECP DG CRRNKGF SWKEMN[ VQ CP[ MG[ DWV NGVȉU RWV VJKU KP VJG MG[ QH ( 6JG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP YQWNF DG ) VQ
% VQ ( /CLQT CPF VJG PQVGU YQWNF DG $D&(# VQ $D&'# QPG PQVG OQXGU VQ #%') QT CNVGTPCVGN[
(#$D& VQ '#$D& CICKP QPN[ QPG PQVG OQXGU VQ ')#% +H VJG UOQQVJPGUU QH VJG XQKEG NGCFKPI
KU PQV [GV CRRCTGPV UKV FQYP CV VJG RKCPQ CPF RNWPM QWV VJGUG PQVGU RNC[ VJG GZCORNGU QP VJG RTGXKQWU
RCIG  CPF [QW YKNN JCXG CP Ȋ#JCȍ OQOGPV

+V KU C EQOOQP RTQDNGO HQT [QWPI RKCPKUVU VQ WUG VJG RGFCN VQQ OWEJ VJWU UOGCTKPI VJG EJQTFU 6JG RKCPQ
OWUV DG VJQWIJV QH CU C RGTEWUUKQP KPUVTWOGPV HQT OQUV EQORKPI GZEGRV KP DCNNCFU YJGTG VJG RGFCN OC[
DG OQTG WUGHWN ;QWT RKCPKUV YKNN RTQDCDN[ JCXG VQ DG EQCEJGF VQ RWV OQTG DQF[ YGKIJV KPVQ VJG MG[U CPF
RNC[ OQTG RGTEWUUKXGN[ $G UWTG VJG NKF KU QRGP HWNN UVKEM QP C ITCPF RKCPQ +V KU PQV WPEQOOQP HQT VJG [QWPI
RKCPKUV VQ XQKEG VQQ NQY OWFF[ QT VQQ JKIJ VKPP[ VKPMN[  8QKEKPIU UJQWNF DG KP VJG OGCV[ RCTV QH VJG
RKCPQȅLWUV CDQXG CPF DGNQY VJG OKFFNG % CTGC

;QWPI IWKVCTKUVU WUWCNN[ PGGF JGNR YKVJ VJG CORNKȳGT UGVWR CPF XQNWOG #HVGT GZRGTKOGPVKPI YKVJ '3
EQPVTQNU HQT VJG TKIJV VQPCN EQPEGRV VWTP FQYP VJG COR CPF IGV VJG RNC[GT VQ FKI KP OQTG CEQWUVKECNN[ /QTG
JWOCP GPGTI[ CPF NGUU GNGEVTKECN GPGTI[ CNYC[U [KGNFU C OWEJ ENGCPGT UQWPF CPF C OQTG RGTEWUUKXG TJ[VJOKE
RGTHQTOCPEG 6[RKECNN[ VJGTG YQWNF CNUQ DG NKVVNG QT PQ TGXGTD QT EJQTWUKPI VWTPGF QP CV VJG COR HQT C
UYKPI VWPG 6JGTG CTG GZEGRVKQPU VQ VJKU KP TQEMRQR UV[NGU QH EQWTUG /CP[ [QWPI IWKVCTKUVU EQOG WUKPI
XKDTCVQ CPF $$ -KPI UV[NG DGPFU 5VGGT VJGO CYC[ HTQO VJQUG YJGP HWPEVKQPKPI CU C EQORKPI KPUVTW
OGPV ;QW YKNN CNUQ PGGF VQ GPUWTG VJCV [QWT IWKVCTKUV KU WUKPI QPN[ FQYP UVTQMGU QT UVTWOUȅPQ WR UVTQMGU
(QT VJG (TGFFKG )TGGP UV[NG QH EQORKPI YJKEJ KU OQTG HGNV VJCP JGCTF UGG %JCRVGT   VJG COR YQWNF DG
XGT[ OKPKOCN DWV KH VJG IWKVCTKUV KU EQORKPI OQTG NKMG VJG RKCPKUV VJGP VJG XQNWOG YQWNF PGGF VQ DG JKIJGT
HQT RTQRGT VQPG CPF RTQLGEVKQP CPF UQ VJG UQNQKUV ECP JGCT VJG EQORKPI +P VJKU ECUG VJG UQWPF PQV LWUV VJG
HGGN KU KORQTVCPV CU KV KU YJGP VJG RKCPQ KU EQORKPI  *QYGXGT VJG KFGC QH OCKPVCKPKPI C ENGCP UQWPF D[
PQV QXGTFTKXKPI VJG COR KU UVKNN XGT[ KORQTVCPV CPF JWOCP GPGTI[ QXGT GNGEVTKECN GPGTI[ YKNN CNYC[U JGNR
YKVJ VJG ENCTKV[ 6JG DCPF FKTGEVQT OWUV CNYC[U IKXG IWKFCPEG VQ VJG IWKVCTKUV CDQWV JKU QT JGT RGTUQPCN
volume in relationship to the rhythm section and to the band.

9JGP VJG DCPF KU GZRCPFKPI VQ HWPM QT TQEM QT .CVKP UV[NGU KV OC[ DG CRRTQRTKCVG VQ WUG C FKHHGTGPV IWKVCT
DQF[ CPF XCTKQWU GHHGEVU RGFCNU +V KU EQOOQP KP HWPM HQT GZCORNG VQ WUG C UQNKF DQF[ IWKVCT CPF RGFCNU
VJCV OC[ CFF EJQTWU QT TGXGTD QT FGNC[ CPF VJG NKMG &QYP UVTQMGU CPF WR UVTQMGU YKNN DG WUGF KP VJG TQEM
CPF HWPM UV[NGU +V KU CICKP JGNRHWN VQ NQQM CV VJG TGHGTGPEG DQQMU KP %JCRVGT  YCVEJ XKFGQ VWVQTKCNU
CPF 6WVVK 2NC[GT  RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ TGEQTFKPIU VCMG RTKXCVG NGUUQPU GVE 6JG UCOG KU VTWG HQT VJG MG[DQCTF
RNC[GT KH JG QT UJG UYKVEJGU VQ CP GNGEVTKE MG[DQCTF HQT FKHHGTGPV UV[NGU

6Q UWOOCTK\G CPF ENCTKH[ VJG UVTWOOKPI VGEJPKSWGU OGPVKQPGF CDQXG KV KU PQTOCN KP UYKPI CPF .CVKP
UV[NGU VQ WUG QPN[ FQYP UVTQMGU QT UVTWOU $WV KP TQEM CPF HWPM UV[NGU DQVJ FQYP CPF WR UVTWOU QT UVTQMGU
OC[ DG WUGF 6Q GZRCPF HWTVJGT VJG ȳPIGTU UVTWO YJGP RNC[KPI EJQTFU CPF VJG ȳPIGTU ȊRNWEMȍ YJGP RNC[KPI
UKPING PQVGU VJG RNWEMKPI OC[ IQ GKVJGT FKTGEVKQP WR QT FQYP +P EGTVCKP MKPFU QH EQORKPI VJG IWKVCTKUV OC[
RNWEM KPUVGCF QH UVTWO CPF QH EQWTUG KH VJG IWKVCTKUV KU RNC[KPI C UQNQ YKVJ UKPING PQVG NKPGU RNWEMKPI YKNN
be the technique used.

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU ] 2CIG 

General Bass Issues
6JG OQUV EQOOQP KPUVTWEVKQPCN PGGF HQT VJG DCUU RNC[GT UVCTVU YKVJ VJG KUUWG QH UWUVCKP KP RK\\KECVQ RNC[KPI
1EECUKQPCNN[ VJG DCUUKUV YKNN RNC[ CTEQ DWV VJG XCUV OCLQTKV[ QH VJG VKOG VJG DCUUKUV YKNN DG YCNMKPI
C RK\\KECVQ DCUU NKPG 1PG RK\\ PQVG OWUV UWUVCKP WPVKN VJG PGZV RK\\ PQVG KP C EQPVKPWWO QH PQVGU VJCV
CTG EQPPGEVGF 6Q IGV VJG TKIJV HGGN KP C DCUU NKPG VJG RK\\ CVVCEMU CTG RWPEJ[ DWV UWUVCKPGF EQPVKPWQWUN[ KP
DGVYGGP VJG PQVGU 6JG RK\\ PQVGU CTG FGEC[KPI DWV CTG UVKNN XKDTCVKPI YJGP VJG PGZV PQVG KU RNC[GF 6Q IGV
VJCV UWUVCKP YKVJ [QWPI RNC[GTU ECP DG C EJCNNGPIG DGECWUG KV TGSWKTGU C UVTQPI ITKR KP VJG NGHV JCPF VQ JQNF
VJG UVTKPI CNN VJG YC[ FQYP VKIJV TKIJV WR WPVKN VJG SWKEM UJKHV VQ VJG PGZV PQVG +H VJG ȳPIGTU EQOG WR C NKVVNG
GCTN[ VQ OQXG VQ VJG PGZV PQVG VJG PQVG YKNN UVQR XKDTCVKPI CPF VJGTG YKNN DG PQ UWUVCKP QT EQPPGEVKQP CPF
PQ UYKPI HGGN .GVVKPI QHH VJG NGHV JCPF GCTN[ YKNN IKXG VJG CNNWUKQP QH C FWRNG FKXKUKQP KP VJG DGCV YJKEJ KU
CPVKUYKPI .KUVGP VQ XKFGQ GZCORNG /QUV LC\\ DCUUKUVU UGV VJGKT CEVKQP C NKVVNG NQYGT VQ OCMG VJKU GCUKGT
+V KU OWEJ OQTG FKHȳEWNV KH VJG DCUU KU UGV WR QTEJGUVTCNN[ ,C\\ DCUUKUVU CNUQ WUG LC\\ UVTKPIU QT CV NGCUV
J[DTKF UVTKPIU DGECWUG VJG[ XKDTCVG DGVVGT CPF UWUVCKP NQPIGT 2NGCUG EQPUWNV EJCRVGT  HQT OQTG FGVCKN

#PQVJGT VGEJPKECN EJCNNGPIG KU VQ IGV VJG TKIJV JCPF RNWEMKPI RTQRGTN[ $CUUKUVU WUG VJG UKFG QH VJGKT KPFGZ
ȳPIGT VQ RWNN JCTF GPQWIJ QP VJG UVTKPI VJCV VJG KPFGZ ȳPIGT UVQRU QP VJG CFLCEGPV UVTKPI 9KVJQWV VJKU VGEJPKSWG
VJGTG YKNN PQV DG GPQWIJ RGTEWUUKXGPGUU KP VJG CVVCEM +V KU GCU[ VQ ȳPF [QWVWDG ENKRU YJGTG VJGUG VGEJPKSWGU
ECP DG QDUGTXGF DWV GZCORNGU CTG CNUQ GCUKN[ UGGP YKVJ VJG VWVVKRNC[GT CRR FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGT 

%QPUVTWEVKPI DCUU NKPGU HTQO EJQTF U[ODQNU KU C XKVCN UMKNN QH VJG DCUUKUV #ICKP KP EJCTVU HQT [QWPIGT
DCPFU VJGUG NKPGU OC[ DG YTKVVGP QWV DWV KV KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV VJG [QWPI DCUUKUV NGCTP VQ FQ VJKU HQT JKOUGNH
%JCRVGT  EKVGU OCP[ TGUQWTEGU HQT JGNRKPI [QWT DCUUKUV YKVJ NGCTPKPI VJKU ETKVKECN CDKNKV[ # UVCTVKPI RNCEG
OKIJV CNUQ DG VQ JCXG [QWT UVWFGPV YTKVG QWV JKU QYP DCUU NKPGU CV ȳTUV 6JG DCUKE CRRTQCEJ YQWNF DG VQ
YTKVG VJG TQQV QH VJG EJQTF QP GCEJ DGCV  6JGP YTKVG C EJTQOCVKE PQVG QP GCEJ DGCV  VJCV NGCFU VQ VJG
PGZV PQVG QP  +V ECP GKVJGT DG HTQO C JCNH UVGR CDQXG QT C JCNH UVGR DGNQY 0QY ȳNN KP DGCVU  CPF  YKVJ
CP[ PQVGU HTQO GKVJGT VJG UECNG QT VJG EJQTF CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG EJQTF U[ODQN HQT VJG OGCUWTG 'ZCORNG

#U YKVJ VJG IWKVCT VJG DCUU RNC[GT PGGFU VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG CORNKȳGT 1H EQWTUG VJG ȳTUV KUUWG HQT VJG CEQWUVKE
DCUU KU QDVCKPKPI C IQQF RKEMWR UQ JG ECP RNWI KPVQ CP COR 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ %JCRVGT  HQT JGNR YKVJ RKEMWRU CPF
CORU /QUV UEJQQN DCUU RNC[GTU JCXG VJG COR ETCPMGF YC[ VQQ JKIJ CPF VJG TGUWNVKPI UQWPF NCEMU FGȳPKVKQP
CPF ENCTKV[ + QHVGP CUM C [QWPI DCUUKUV VQ RNC[ C YCNMKPI NKPG RGTJCRU HTQO C UGEVKQP QH VJG EJCTV DGKPI

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

YQTMGF QP 6JGP + CUM JKOJGT VQ VWTP VJG XQNWOG MPQD QP VJG COR JCNH YC[ FQYP CPF VJGP RNC[ CICKP
OCVEJKPI VJG XQNWOG QH VJG ȳTUV VKOG +H VJCV KUPȉV GPQWIJ + JCXG JKOJGT FQ KV CICKPȅEWV VJG COR XQNWOG
KP JCNH DWV RNC[ LWUV CU NQWF +V KU COC\KPI JQY VJG UQWPF ENGCPU WR CPF JQY OWEJ OQTG CVVCEM KU JGCTF
PQY 6JGP + OCMG VJG RQKPV VJCV JWOCP GPGTI[ ETGCVGU C YJQNG FKHHGTGPV UQWPF CPF HGGN VJCP TGN[KPI VQQ
much on electrical energy. Also, no vibrato should be turned on at the amp if that setting is there.
'URGEKCNN[ KP VJG EQPEGTV JCNN YG OC[ [GV FGUKTG OQTG ENCTKV[ CPF CVVCEM HTQO VJG DCUU UQ YG IQ CHVGT VJG
VQPG EQPVTQNU QP VJG CORNKȳGT 6JG OQUV EQOOQP VJKPI + UGG KU VQ VWTP VJG DCUU '3 MPQD FQYP CPF VJG
VTGDNG '3 MPQD WR DWV + FQ PQV VJKPM VJKU RTQFWEGU FGUKTCDNG TGUWNVU 6JG UVTKPIU CTG USWGCM[ CPF NQY GPF
KU IWVVGF QWV + JCXG JGCTF OQTG RNGCUKPI TGUWNVU D[ NGCXKPI VJG DCUU CPF VTGDNG CNQPG CPF GZRGTKOGPVKPI
YKVJ DQQUVKPI VJG OKFTCPIG EQPVTQNU WUWCNN[ DQQUVKPI VJG JKIJ OKFU OC[DG NQYGTKPI VJG NQY OKFU WUG
[QWT GCTU 

Electric Bass

+ CNYC[U YCPV O[ DCUU RNC[GT VQ RNC[ VJG KPUVTWOGPV VJCV KU VJG DGUV EJQKEG HQT VJG UV[NG QH VJG EJCTV 6JG
GNGEVTKE DCUU KU [QWT DGUV EJQKEG QP C HWPM QT TQEM EJCTV CPF QHVGP QP C .CVKP UV[NG EJCTV 6JG GNGEVTKE DCUU KU
PQV VJG KFGCN KPUVTWOGPV HQT UYKPI EJCTVU QT DCNNCFU WPNGUU KV KU C TQEM DCNNCF + UVTQPIN[ DGNKGXG VJCV UYKPI
UV[NG KU VJG RNCEG VQ UVCTV UQ CNN QH O[ KPKVKCN EQOOGPVU CTG CDQWV VJG CEQWUVKE DCUU CPF UYKPI UV[NG $WV CU
VJG DCPF DTCPEJGU QWV HTQO UYKPI KPVQ .CVKP QT (WPM QT 4QEM VJG DCUU RNC[GT PGGFU VQ IGV KPVQ VJG GNGEVTKE
DCUU # EQORNGVG DCUU RNC[GT PGGFU VQ FQWDNG QP CEQWUVKE DCUU CPF GNGEVTKE DCUU +H [QWT DCUUKUV EQOGU
OQTG UGV WR HQT GNGEVTKE DCUU VJGP JGUJG PGGFU VQ IGV KPVQ VJG CEQWUVKE DCUU CPF IGV JKOJGT RNC[KPI KP VJG
QTEJGUVTC CPF NGCTPKPI VJG DQY VQQ  KH OQTG UGV WR HQT CEQWUVKE VJGP VJG GNGEVTKE DCUU PGGFU VQ DG NGCTPGF
+P VJG DQQM TGHGTGPEGU KP %JCRVGT  VJGTG CTG UQOG IQQF TGUQWTEGU HQT DQVJ DCUUGU CPF OWNVKRNG UV[NGU

General Drum Issues

Setting Up the Big Band Rhythmic Figures

6JG DKIIGUV KUUWG VQ HCEG YKVJ [QWT FTWOOGT KU JKU ECRCEKV[ VQ UGG VJG TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTG EQOKPI KP VJG JQTPU
UGV KV WR CPF VJGP CTVKEWNCVG KV YKVJ VJG DCPF + VJKPM QH VJG FTWOOGTȉU LQD JGTG UKOKNCT VQ C EQPFWEVQT YJGP JG
YCPVU VQ DTKPI JKU OWUKEKCPU KP QP CP WRDGCV +P EQPFWEVKPI LCTIQP KV KU ECNNGF C ȊIGUVWTG QH U[PEQRCVKQPȍ 6JG
EQPFWEVQT IKXGU VJG FQYPDGCV UQ VJG OWUKEKCPU YKNN TGURQPF QP VJG WRDGCV 5KOKNCTN[ VJG FTWOOGT OCMGU
IGUVWTGU VJCV YG ECNN ȊUGVWRUȍ QT ȊNCWPEJ RCFUȍ UQ VJG DCPF YKNN TGURQPF VQIGVJGT 5Q KH VJG DCPF JCU VQ
RNC[ C JCNH PQVG QP DGCV  VJG FTWOOGT IKXGU C UVTQPI UGVWR PQVG QP DGCV  6JGP VJG FTWOOGT CNUQ
CEEGPVWCVGU DGCV  YKVJ VJG DCPF DWV VJG UGVWR KU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI JG FQGU +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ MPQY
VJCV KH VJG UGVWR KU RNC[GF QP VJG DCUU FTWO VJGP VJG CEEGPVKPI QH VJG ȳIWTG YKNN DG FQPG QP VJG UPCTG FTWO
CPF KH VJG UGVWR KU FQPG QP VJG UPCTG FTWO VJGP VJG DCUU FTWO YKNN CEEGPV VJG ȳIWTG YKVJ VJG DCPF 2TGEGFKPI VJG
UGVWR PQVG VJG FTWOOGT FQGU C ȳNN VJCV NGCFU VQ VJG UGVWR 5Q WNVKOCVGN[ VJG QTFGT QH GXGPVU KU RNC[ VKOG
ȳNN UGVWR RWPEJ VJGP DCEM VQ RNC[KPI VKOG )GVVKPI VJG JCPI QH VJKU TGCNN[ FQGU TGSWKTG C NQV QH NKUVGPKPI
CPF RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ TGEQTFKPIU 6JG TWNG HQT UGVWRU KU VJG[ JCRRGP QP VJG FQYPDGCV DGHQTG VJG ȳIWTG
+ȉXG VTKGF VQ UJQY C HGY GZCORNGU QP VJG XKFGQU 6JG YQTFU RWPEJ JKV MKEM UVCD CPF ȳIWTG CNN TGHGT VQ
YJCV VJG FTWOOGT RNC[U YKVJ VJG JQTPU

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU ] 2CIG 

+ ȳPF VJCV YKVJ [QWPI FTWOOGTU + JCXG VQ CEVWCNN[ UKPI C UKORNG TJ[VJOKE KFGC CPF UJQY VJGO GZCEVN[
YJGTG VQ RWV KV KP VJG OGCUWTG 6JGP YG FTKNN KV QXGT CPF QXGT VQ IGV VJG EQQTFKPCVKQP DWKNV WR $GKPI
EQPUEKGPVKQWU CDQWV VJKU YKNN KORTQXG VJG RTGEKUKQP QH [QWT GPUGODNG KP C TGOCTMCDNG YC[ 1H EQWTUG KH
you as the educator are going to be able to provide ideas for your drummer, then you have also got to pay
[QWT QYP FWGU NKUVGPKPI CPF ȊRNC[KPI FTWOU QP VJG UVGGTKPI YJGGNȍ YJKNG [QW CTG FTKXKPI  =&QPȉV VGNN
CP[QPG + UCKF VJCV>

*GTG CTG UQOG YTKVVGP GZCORNGU QH JQY C FTWOOGT YQWNF ȳNN UGV WR VJG DCPF CPF VJGP CTVKEWNCVG VJG ȳI
WTG YKVJ VJGO 6JG PQVGU VJCV CNUQ JCXG : JGCFU QP VQR CTG VJG PQVGU DGKPI UGVWR CPF CEEGPVWCVGF

+V UGGOU VQ DG C EQOOQP RTQDNGO YKVJ FTWOOGTU VJCV FWTKPI VJTGG OQPVJU QT UQ QH YQTMKPI QP VJG UCOG
EJCTV VJG[ VGPF VQ NQUG VJG EJCTV CPF LWUV UVCTV IQKPI D[ OGOQT[ QP YJCV VJG ȳIWTGU YGTG CPF IGV UNQRR[
6JG[ PGGF VQ DG TGHGTGPEKPI VJG EJCTV YJGP VJG[ RNC[ C EQPEGTV QT C HGUVKXCN UQ VJG[ ECP DG CEEWTCVG

Delineating Form

#PQVJGT OCLQT TQNG QH VJG FTWOOGT KU VQ FGNKPGCVG VJG HQTO QH VJG VWPG DGKPI RNC[GF (QT GZCORNG KH VJG
VWPG KU DCUGF QP CP ##$# HQTO UVTWEVWTG VJGTG YQWNF RTQDCDN[ DG C EJCPIG QH EQNQT QT VGZVWTG HQT VJG $
UGEVKQP YJKEJ KU C EQPVTCUV VQ VJG # UGEVKQPU +P CFFKVKQP VJG FTWOOGT RNCEGU C ȳNN VJCV CEEGPVWCVGU CPF
OCTMU YJGTG VJG UGEVKQP EJCPIGU 6JKU PQTOCNN[ QEEWTU GXGT[  DCTU QT  KP C UVCPFCTF DNWGU  5Q KP C
VWPG VJCV JCU  DCT RJTCUGU VJG FTWOOGT YQWNF FQ C ȳNN KP DCT  VJCV NCPFU QP VJG ȳTUV DGCV QH VJG PGZV 
DCT UGEVKQP 6JKU OCMGU KV ENGCT VQ VJG DCPF YJGTG VJGUG UGEVKQPU CTG DWV KV KU GURGEKCNN[ KORQTVCPV VQ VJG
UQNQKUV VQ TGEGKXG EQPȳTOCVKQP VJCV JG KU UVKNN KP VJG TKIJV RNCEG KP VJG VWPG CU JG KORTQXKUGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

+V KU CNUQ GUUGPVKCN VJCV VJG FTWOOGT VJKPM KP VGTOU QH FGNKPGCVKPI VJG HQTO HQT VJG GPVKTG CTTCPIGOGPV (QT
GZCORNG JG OC[ RNC[ QPG V[RG QH EQNQT CPF VGZVWTG HQT VJG QTKIKPCN UVCVGOGPV QH VJG OGNQF[ VJG JGCF 
DWV VJGP EJCPIG VJG EQNQT CPF VGZVWTG HQT VJG UCZ UQNK CPF CICKP HQT GCEJ FKHHGTGPV UQNQKUV 6JGP VJGTG YKNN
DG C DKI EJCPIG HQT VJG UJQWV EJQTWU QT YJKURGT EJQTWU  6JG FTWOOGT KU PQV UKORN[ C OGVTQPQOKE
DGCV VJCV PGXGT EJCPIGU KP UQWPF DWV TCVJGT C OWUKEKCP YJQ KU TGURQPFKPI VQ VJG EJCPIGU KP VJG EJCTV CPF
leading out to help the band create music.

+V YQWNF DG ITGCV VQ YCVEJ VJG ʏQY QH CP GPVKTG DKI DCPF EJCTV CPF QDUGTXG JQY VJG FTWOOGT CEEQORNKUJGU
OCTMKPI VJG UGEVKQPU CPF EJCPIKPI EQNQTU VQ OCMG OWUKE +V OKIJV TWP UQOGVJKPI NKMG VJKU

&TWOOGT UVCTVU YKVJ OCP[ RWPEJGU CPF MKEMU HQT C DKI KPVTQ UGVVNGU KPVQ C Ȋ HGGNȍ HQT VJG JGCF OGCPKPI
VJCV VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU CTG OCMKPI KV HGGN NKMG KV KU CP GCU[  RNC[KPI QP  CPF  YKVJ NKVVNG GODGNNKUJ
OGPVU  VJGP IQGU KPVQ C Ȋ HGGNȍ HQT VJG ȳTUV UQNQ UVCPFCTF VKOG RNC[KPI SWCTVGTU QP CNN HQWT DGCVU YJKNG
RNC[KPI VJG TKFG E[ODCN QP VJG NGHV UKFG HQT VJG PGZV UQNQKUV VJG FTWOOGT EJCPIGU VJG TKFG E[ODCN UQWPF
D[ IQKPI VQ VJG TKIJV UKFG E[ODCNȅRGTJCRU KV KU C E[ODCN YKVJ TKXGVU VJCV ETGCVGU C EQORNGVGN[ FKHHGTGPV
UQWPF HQT VJG DCUU UQNQ VJG FTWOOGT IQGU VQ OQUVN[ LWUV VJG JKJCV CPFQT DTWUJGU CPF VJG VGZVWTG TGCNN[
VJKPU QWV VJGP HQT VJG UCZ UQNK VJG FTWOOGT UYKVEJGU QXGT VQ C TKO ENKEM QP VJG UPCTG FTWO QP  QT OC[DG VJG
EJKPCUYKUJ E[ODCN UQWPF DCEM VQ UVKEMU  YJGP VJG EJCTV IQGU VQ VJG YJKURGT EJQTWU VJG FTWOOGT UYKVEJGU
DCEM VQ DTWUJGU CPF TGCNN[ NKIJVGPU WR VJG VGZVWTG VJGP CU VJG UJQWV EJQTWU EQOGU QP VJG FTWOOGT UYKVEJGU
DCEM VQ UVKEMU CPF FQGU UQOG JGCX[ ȳNNU CPF UGVWRU CPF RWPEJGU CPF OKIJV GXGP IQ VQ RNC[KPI JGCX[ CE
EGPVU QP DGCVU  CPF  VJGP CV VJG GPF RGTJCRU VJGTG CTG C UGTKGU QH HGTOCVCU HQT VJG DCPF YKVJ FTWO UQNQU
KP DGVYGGP QT GXGP C ʏCVQWV FTWO UQNQ VJCV EQOGU VQ VJG GPFKPI VJGP HQT VJG XGT[ GPFKPI VJG FTWOOGT
FQGU C ȳNN FWTKPI VJG NCUV JGNF PQVG CPF C ETCUJ QP VJG EWVQHH

6JKU KU LWUV CP GZCORNG QH JQY C FTWOOGT OKIJV VJKPM FWTKPI VJG ʏQY QH C EJCTV 6JGTG KU CP GZCORNG KP
VJG XKFGQU VJCV JCU UQOG UKOKNCTKVKGU VQ VJKU MKPF QH ʏQY

+P TGJGCTUCNU + QHVGP WUG C FTWO UVKEM QP C EQYDGNN VQ ETGCVG C RWNUG HQT VJG DCPF YJCV + ECNN  QȉENQEM KP
O[ VKOG CPCNQI[ȅUGG %JCRVGTU  CPF   +V KU UGTKQWU OCIKE VJCV JCRRGPU YJGP GXGT[QPG MPQYU GZCEVN[
YJGTG VJG RWNUG KU 6JKU ECP JGNR FGȳPG HQT VJG DCPF YJCV NQEMKPI WR VJG VKOG TGCNN[ KU

#PQVJGT VJKPI + JCXG HQWPF WUGHWN HQT DTKPIKPI VKOG CYCTGPGUU KU VJKU UGV C OGVTQPQOG OCTMKPI HQT VJG
VWPG CPF UGV WR VJCV VGORQ QP VJG OGVTQPQOG 5VCTV VJG VWPG YKVJ VJG OGVTQPQOG CPF VJGP VWTP KV QHH
YJKNG VJG DCPF RNC[U  DCTU -GGR VJG RWNUG IQKPI VJG DCPF YCU NCUV RNC[KPI CU [QW EWV VJGO QHH 6WTP QP VJG
OGVTQPQOG *QY FQGU KV EQORCTG &KF VJG DCPF URGGF WR QT UNQY FQYP 9G ECP NGCTP UQOGVJKPI CDQWV
QWTUGNXGU VJKU YC[ 4GRGCV VJG RTQEGUU YKVJ RJTCUGU QH KPETGCUKPI NGPIVJ 6JKU ECP TGCNN[ JGNR VQ TCKUG
CYCTGPGUU QH VKOG CPF QH VGPFGPEKGU CPF RGTUQPCN KFKQU[PETCUKGU #PF KV UJQWNF DG FQPG VJTGG YC[U YKVJ
LWUV VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU LWUV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF YKVJ VJG YJQNG DCPF

+ CNUQ ȳPF VJCV QHVGP VJG FTWOOGT YKNN TWUJ KP VJG UQNQ DTGCMU NKMG VYQ HQWT QT  DCT FTWO ȳNNU 6JG RNC[GT
KU UQ WUGF VQ JCXKPI VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG QP JKU DCEM CPF JCXKPI VQ FTKXG CPF FTCI VJGO VJCV YJGP GXGT[DQF[
IGVU QHH JKU DCEM HQT C UJQTV VKOG VJG DWTFGP JCU DGGP NKHVGF CPF VJG FTWOOGT HGGNU OWEJ NKIJVGT CPF VCMGU QHH
6JKU KU UQOGVJKPI VJCV PGGFU C EQOOGPV KP VJG TGJGCTUCN CPF UQOG FTKNN VQ OCMG VJG VKOG UQNKF

#PQVJGT EQOOQP RJGPQOGPQP KU TWUJKPI YJGP OQXKPI HTQO TGIWNCT VKOG VQ FQWDNG VKOG CPF VJGP DCEM
#ICKP VJKU PGGFU VQ DG FTKNNGF DCEM CPF HQTVJ VQ GUVCDNKUJ VJG TKIJV HGGN QXGT C EQPUVCPV RWNUG 6JKU QHVGP
JCRRGPU KP C DCNNCF VJCV KU UNQY DWV IQGU KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG KP VJG OKFFNG CPF VJGP OQXGU DCEM HQT VJG GPFKPI
+ JCXG QHVGP JGCTF VJG VKOGHGGN EJCPIG OKUGTCDN[ TWUJGF CV C NQV QH HGUVKXCNU

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU ] 2CIG 

 Issues with Playing Various Parts of the Set

Playing the Ride Cymbal

+V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG FTWOOGT NGCTP JQY VQ UVTKMG VJG TKFG E[ODCN VQ CEJKGXG QRVKOCN UQWPF # NKVVNG GZ
RGTKOGPVCVKQP YKNN SWKEMN[ UJQY VJG FKHHGTGPV UQWPFU VJCV TGUWNV HTQO JKVVKPI VJG E[ODCN KP FKHHGTGPV RNCEGU
&KHHGTGPV UQWPFU ECP DG WUGHWN DWV HQT VJG DCUKE TKFG E[ODCN UQWPF VJG UYGGV URQV KU WUWCNN[ ȍ KP HTQO
VJG QWVUKFG GFIG 6JKU OC[ XCT[ HTQO E[ODCN VQ E[ODCN UQ GZRGTKOGPV

6JG OCPPGT QH UVTKMKPI VJG E[ODCN UJQWNF DG CU KH VJG UVKEM YCU IQKPI VQ IQ TKIJV VJTQWIJ VJG E[ODCN 6JKU
KU VJG CVVKVWFG QH IGVVKPI VJG UVKEM to the cymbal, not getting away HTQO KV  PQV NKMG +ȉO VT[KPI VQ RTQVGEV VJG
E[ODCN CPF JCPFNKPI KV KP C RQNKVG OCPPGT QT NKMG RWNNKPI CYC[ HTQO C JQV UVQXG 6JG CVVKVWFG QH IGVVKPI
CYC[ HTQO VJG E[ODCN YKNN PQV [KGNF VJG CVVCEM CPF UQWPF VJCV KU PGGFGF VQ FTKXG VJG DCPF 5GG VJG XKFGQ
GZCORNG

Playing the Hi-Hat

+ ECP IQ CNN FC[ CV C JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ HGUVKXCN CPF PGXGT JGCT C JKJCV + YCPV O[ FTWOOGT VQ DG FCPEKPI
YKVJ JKU JGGN WR QP VJG JKJCV YKVJ C IQQF ETKUR UQWPF 6JKU WUWCNN[ VCMGU UQOG KPUVTWEVKQP VQ JCXG VJG
FTWOOGT QRGP VJG FKUVCPEG C NKVVNG DGVYGGP VJG JKJCV E[ODCNU CPF VJGP UVQOR QP VJCV E[ODCN VQ OCMG C
XGT[ ETKUR UQWPF 5GG VJG XKFGQ GZCORNG

Playing the Bass Drum

6JKU KU CP CTGC VJCV ECP TGCNN[ DG RTQDNGOCVKE KP CEJKGXKPI VJG TKIJV UQWPF HQT [QWT DKI DCPF 6JG LC\\ DCUU
FTWO CU PQVGF DGHQTG KU PQV TGCNN[ NCTIG CPF KV UJQWNF JCXG JGCFU QP DQVJ UKFGU 6JG RWTRQUG HQT VCMKPI
QHH VJG HTQPV JGCF CPF UVWHȳPI C RKNNQY KP KV KU VQ IGV C OWEJ FGCFGT UQWPF VJCV ECP DG IQQF HQT TQEM $WV
KV KU PQV IQQF HQT [QWT LC\\ VWPGU 6JGTG UJQWNF CNUQ PQV DG C JQNG KP VJG JGCF QH VJG DCUU FTWO 6JG DCUU
FTWO UJQWNF EQORNKOGPV VJG UQWPF QH VJG DCUU +H VJG DCUU RNC[GT KU RNC[KPI CP CEQWUVKE DCUU VJGP VJG DCUU
FTWO UJQWNF JCXG C TQWPFGT YCTOGT UQWPF +H VJG DCUU RNC[GT KU FQKPI UNCR CPF RQR HWPM DCUU VJGP VJG
VKIJVGT FT[GT UQWPF HQT VJG DCUU FTWO OCMGU UGPUG

+P C EQODQ UGVVKPI KV KU EQOOQP HQT VJG DCUU FTWO VQ DG RNC[GF QPN[ HQT CEEGPVWCVKPI JKVU FTQRRKPI
DQODU  DWV KV KU EQOOQP KP C DKI DCPF UGVVKPI HQT VJG DCUU FTWO VQ JKV CNN HQWT SWCTVGTU KP VJG DCT
GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG $WFF[ 4KEJ.QWKU $GNNUQP UEJQQN QH FTWOOKPI  *QYGXGT KH VJG DCUU FTWO KU VQQ NQWF
YJGP RNC[KPI ȊHQWT QP VJG ʏQQTȍ VJGP VJKU KU VQQ EQORGVKVKXG YKVJ VJG DCUU UQWPF CPF ECWUGU C EQPHWUKQP
QH VGZVWTGU 6JG DCUU FTWO UJQWNF DG ȊHGCVJGTGFȍ QT RNC[GF XGT[ NKIJVN[ GZEGRV YJGP MKEMKPI DCPF ȳIWTGU
6QPKIJV 5JQY FTWOOGT 'F 5JCWIJPGUU[ ECNNGF VJG JGCX[ DCUU FTWO RNC[KPI ȊIQTKNNC HQQVȍ 6GCEJ [QWT
drummer to avoid this!

Playing The Snare Drum

6JG TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTGU RNC[GF QP VJG UPCTG FTWO VGPF VQ DG EQORNKOGPVCT[ VQ VJG RKCPQ EQORKPI TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTGU
CPF KV VCMGU ECTGHWN NKUVGPKPI CPF EQQTFKPCVKQP DGVYGGP VJG FTWOOGT CPF VJG RKCPKUV VQ ETGCVG C UWEEGUUHWN VGZVWTG
/QTG YKNN DG UCKF CDQWV VJGUG EQORKPI TJ[VJOU KP CPQVJGT EJCRVGT #NUQ UGG XKFGQ GZCORNGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JGTG KU C EGTVCKP EQPXGPVKQPCN VJKPI VJCV KU FQPG QP VJG UPCTG FTWO FWTKPI UCZ UQNKU VJCV YQWNF DG YQTVJ
PQVKPI 6JG FTWOOGT NC[U JKU UVKEM CETQUU VJG UPCTG FTWO CPF RNC[U QP VJG TKO QP DGCV  VJTQWIJQWV VJG UCZ
UQNK 6JKU VGEJPKSWG QH ENKEMKPI VJG TKO KU UQOGVKOGU ECNNGF ȊTKO ENKEMU QT UKFG UVKEMKPIȍ &TWOOGTU CNUQ QHVGP
RNC[ UCZ UQNKU QP VJG EJKPCUYKUJ E[ODCN

#PQVJGT VJKPI CDQWV VJG UPCTG FTWO KU VJGTG CTG VKOGU YJGP VJG FTWOOGT YKNN PGGF VQ RNC[ DTWUJGU 6JKU KU
GURGEKCNN[ VTWG QP DCNNCFU DWV OC[ CNUQ JCRRGP QP OQTG WR VGORQ NKIJVGT RKGEGU QT UGEVKQPU $TWUJ RNC[KPI
KU CP GPVKTG CTV KP KVUGNH CPF [QW YKNN GCUKN[ ȳPF GPVKTG DQQMU QT XKFGQU LWUV CDQWV DTWUJ RNC[KPI /QUV
KORQTVCPV KU HQT VJG FTWOOGT VQ NGCTP VJG VGEJPKSWG EQOOQPN[ ECNNGF ȊUVKTTKPI UQWRȍ YJKEJ TGHGTU VQ VJG
EKTEWNCT YC[ VJG DTWUJGU CTG RNC[GF QP VJG UPCTG FTWO FWTKPI DCNNCFU %JGEM QWV VJG XKFGQ GZCORNGU

Auxiliary Percussion
9JGP GZVTC RGTEWUUKQP KU CFFGF VQ VJG VGZVWTG QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP GXGT[QPG UKORNKȳGU CPF RNC[U C DKV
NGUU KPENWFKPI VJG FTWO UGV RNC[GT 6JKU KU DCUGF QP VJG RTKPEKRNG QH MGGRKPI VJG VGZVWTG ENGCPȅNGUU DWU[
and uncluttered.

#P CFFKVKQPCN EJCNNGPIG YJGP YQTMKPI YKVJ JCPF RGTEWUUKQP KU VQ OCMG UWTG KV KU RNC[GF EQTTGEVN[ +V KU XGT[
VGORVKPI VQ MGGR MKFU QEEWRKGF D[ RWVVKPI C UOCNN RGTEWUUKQP KPUVTWOGPV KP VJGKT JCPFU 9KVJQWV CFGSWCVG
KPUVTWEVKQP VJKU ECP TGCNN[ DCEMȳTG 6JGUG KPUVTWOGPVU CTG PQV VQ[U CPF VJGTG CTG URGEKȳE RGTHQTOCPEG
VGEJPKSWGU CPF TJ[VJOKE RCVVGTPU VJCV OWUV DG RTCEVKEGF VQ DG UWEEGUUHWN 6JGTG CTG UQ OCP[ QH VJGUG
KPUVTWOGPVU CPF RCVVGTPU VJCV KV YQWNF DG YKUG VQ IGV JGNR HTQO C NQECN RTQHGUUKQPCN $G UWTG YJGP
UGGMKPI JGNR HQT [QWT RGTEWUUKQPKUV VQ UGGM HQT VJG FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP $TC\KNKCP CPF %WDCP RGTEWUUKQPȅ
VJG[ CTG PQV VJG UCOG 1H EQWTUG VJGUG FC[U [QW ECP ȳPF VWVQTKCNU HQT PGCTN[ CP[VJKPI QP NKPG )QQING KV
6JGTG CTG XKFGQ CPF CWFKQ GZCORNGU QH UQOG QH VJG OQTG EQOOQP QH VJGUG KPUVTWOGPVU QP VJG Tutti Player
CRR TGHGTTGF VQ GCTNKGT /KEJCGN FG/KTCPFC JCU QXGT C JWPFTGF GZCORNGU QP ;QW6WDG VJCV CTG GZEGNNGPV HQT
learning the different percussion instruments and patterns.

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 4GJGCTUCN +UUWGU CPF #RRTQCEJGU ] 2CIG 

Chapter 17 Helping Your Rhythm Section
Players Play Together as a Team

The Bass and Drums: Locking In the Time

6JG ȳTUV KUUWG YG OWUV FGCN YKVJ KU VQ IGV VJG FTWOOGT CPF VJG DCUU RNC[GT VQ ȊNQEM KPȍ VJG VKOG VQIGVJGT
+ TCTGN[ IQ KPVQ C UEJQQN CPF JGCT VJG FTWOOGT CPF VJG DCUU RNC[GT GXGP PQVKEKPI GCEJ QVJGT DWV KV KU
KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJG[ NGCTP VQ RNC[ RTGEKUGN[ VQIGVJGT $QVJ KPUVTWOGPVU CTG RNC[KPI SWCTVGT PQVGU VJG FTWOOGT
QP VJG TKFG E[ODCN CPF VJG DCUU RK\\KECVQ 9JGP VJGUG SWCTVGTU JKV GZCEVN[ VQIGVJGT EQPUKUVGPVN[ YG ECNN KV
NQEMKPI KP VJG VKOG QT HQEWUKPI VJG VKOG QT EGPVGTKPI VJG VKOG + JCXG EQORCTGF VJKU VQ C ENQEM YJGTG GXGT[
VKOG VJG OKNNKUGEQPF JCPF UYGGRU CTQWPF VJG ENQEM VQ  VJGTG KU VJG RWNUG 6JG EJCNNGPIG KU HQT VJG FTWOU
CPF VJG DCUU VQ JKV RTGEKUGN[ CV  QȉENQEM VQIGVJGT +V KU V[RKECN VJCV RGTJCRU VJG FTWOOGT KU JKVVKPI CV 
OKPWVGU VKNN  CPF VJG DCUU RNC[GT KU JKVVKPI CV  QT  OKPWVGU CHVGT  6JKU ETGCVGU C VKOG UEJKUO VJCV
EQPHWUGU VJG DCPF CPF VJG VKOG HGGNU DCF 9JGP VJG VKOG KU NQEMGF KP VJG RWNUG KU WPFGPKCDNG CPF VJG DCPF
JCU PQ EJQKEG DWV VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG GZCEV RQUKVKQP QH VJG DGCV

+FGCNN[ + YQWNF ȳPF VKOG HQT VJG DCUU RNC[GT CPF FTWOOGT VQ RNC[ VQIGVJGT LWUV VJG VYQ QH VJGO HQT CP
JQWT RGTKQFKECNN[ RGTJCRU YJKNG VJG JQTP UGEVKQPU CTG KP UGEVKQPCNU 6JGKT IQCN KU VQ HQEWU QP GCEJ QVJGT
WPVKN VJG[ ECP JKV VJG SWCTVGT PQVG GZCEVN[ VQIGVJGT EQPUKUVGPVN[ 6JKU KU DGUV CEEQORNKUJGF KH VJG[ YKNN
UKORNKH[ 1PG QH VJG DKIIGUV RTQDNGOU VJG FTWOOGT JCU KP MGGRKPI VKOG KU DGKPI VQQ DWU[ CPFQT VQQ
EQORNGZ 5Q VQ UKORNKH[ VJG FTWOOGT RNC[U QPN[ SWCTVGTU QP VJG TKFG E[ODCN CV ȳTUV CPF VJG DCUU RNC[GT CNUQ
RNC[U QPN[ SWCTVGTUȅPQ VTKRNGVU QT FQVVGF GKIJVJ UKZVGGPVJU GVE 6JGP VJG FTWOOGT CFFU KP VJG JKJCV QP 
CPF  CPF GXGPVWCNN[ VJG UPCTG GVE 6JG DCUU RNC[GT ECP ITCFWCNN[ CFF KP UQOG CDGTTCVKQPU VQ VJG SWCTVGT
CPF VJG FTWOOGT ECP CU YGNN DWV VJGUG CFFKVKQPU FQ PQV CNVGT VJG DCUKE SWCTVGT PQVG HGGN YKVJ VJG SWCTVGTU
JKVVKPI GZCEVN[ VQIGVJGT +H VJG SWCTVGT HGGN EJCPIGU VJGP YG IQ DCEM VQ VJG UKORNGT CRRTQCEJ HQT C NQPIGT
VKOGȅVJCV EQWNF DG FC[U QT YGGMU

9JKNG VJG JQTPU CTG KP UGEVKQPCNU CPF VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU CTG YQTMKPI VQIGVJGT KV YQWNF DG CP KFGCN VKOG
HQT VJG IWKVCT CPF RKCPQ VQ YQTM VQIGVJGT CNUQ 6JKU KU VKOG YJGTG VJG[ ECP YQTM QP EQQTFKPCVKPI EQORKPI
CPF JQY VJG[ YKNN RNC[ VQIGVJGT

The Piano and Guitar and Other Comping Instruments

+P OQFGTP UYKPI GCEJ RNC[GT KP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP JCU C TQNG VQ RNC[ 6JG DCUU RNC[GT KU VJG CPEJQT QH
VJG VKOG CPF UVCVGU VJG SWCTVGT PQVG QT DCUKE RWNUG WPKV OQTG QT NGUU EQPVKPWQWUN[ *G CNUQ RTQXKFGU VJG
JCTOQPKE HQWPFCVKQP 6JG FTWOOGT RNC[U VJG VKOG CPF UVCVGU VJG SWCTVGT PQVG QP VJG TKFG E[ODCN C NQV DWV
FQGU PQV HGGN CP[ QDNKICVKQP VQ FQ UQ KH JG PGGFU VQ FQ ȳNNU QT UGVWRU QT MKEM VJG DCPF QT ETGCVG EQNQTU KP
UQOG YC[ 6JG TQNG QH VJG RKCPKUV KU VQ CEEQORCP[ QT EQOR D[ ETGCVKPI EQPʏKEVU QT U[PEQRCVKQPU VQ VJG
RWNUG VJCV KU DGKPI FGȳPGF D[ VJG DCUU CPF FTWOU .QWKU #TOUVTQPI YCU ȳTUV VQ UC[ VJCV LC\\ FQGU PQV GZKUV
YKVJQWV C EQPʏKEV QH TJ[VJOU 6JKU KU YJCV VJG RKCPKUV FQGU +P VJG OQFGTP TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VJKU KU YJCV VJG
IWKVCT FQGU VQQ CPF VJCV KU YJCV ECWUGU CNN VJG RTQDNGOU VJCV YG YKNN VCNM CDQWV KP VJKU EJCRVGT

+P VJG QNFGT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CRRTQCEJ UC[ [QW YGTG VT[KPI VQ CWVJGPVKECNN[ TGRTQFWEG C UV[NG HTQO VJG ȉU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

VJG TJ[VJO CRRTQCEJ KU YJCV + YQWNF ECNN TGKVGTCVKXG 6JCV KU GXGT[QPG TGKVGTCVGU VJG SWCTVGT PQVG 6JG DCUU
RNC[GT RNC[U CNN VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU VJG FTWOOGT RNC[U CNN VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU CV NGCUV QP VJG DCUU FTWO CPF C
NQV QP VJG E[ODCN  VJG IWKVCT RNC[U CNN VJG SWCTVGT PQVGU YJCV YG ECNN VJG Ȋ(TGFFKG )TGGPȍ UV[NG HTQO VJG
$CUKG DCPF  CPF VJG RKCPQ FQGU SWCTVGT PQVGDCUGF VJKPIU +V TGUWNVU KP C XGT[ ȊEJWPM[ȍ HGGN KP VJG VKOG
+P ȉU $GDQR VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP UVCTVGF OQXKPI CYC[ HTQO VJKU YKVJ VJG OQTG OQFGTP TQNG CUUKIPOGPVU
6JTQWIJ VJG ȉU VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP EQPEGRV QH VQFC[ OCVWTGF CPF UOQQVJGF QWV C NQV YKVJ VJG /KNGU
&CXKU TJ[VJO UGEVKQPU NGCFKPI VJG YC[

5Q KP OQUV QH VJG EJCTVU [QWT DCPF RNC[U VQFC[ [QW YCPV VJKU OQTG OQFGTP TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CRRTQCEJ
WPNGUU QH EQWTUG [QW CTG FGNKDGTCVGN[ YQTMKPI VQ TGETGCVG VJG UV[NG QH VJG QNFGT EJCTVU +V ECPPQV DG
emphasized enough the essential necessity of listening to these styles and comparing and contrasting
VJG UV[NGU HQT QPGUGNH 6JGTG KU PQ YC[ VJCV LWUV TGCFKPI CDQWV KV YKNN FQ VJG LQD HQT [QW CU VJG FKTGEVQT
or for your students.

5Q DCUGF QP VJG OQFGTP CRRTQCEJ NGVȉU FGCN YKVJ VJG RTQDNGOU QH VJG RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT JCXKPI ECTDQP EQR[
roles. Having the same roles creates a competitive climate. When both piano and guitar are rhythmically
CEVKXG CPF JCTOQPKECNN[ CEVKXG CV VJG UCOG VKOG VJG TGUWNV KU CP QXGTDWU[ ENWVVGTGF VGZVWTG VJCV SWKEMN[
DGEQOGU C OGUU 6JKU KU QHVGP EQORQWPFGF KP UGEQPFCT[ UEJQQN UKVWCVKQPU YJGP VJG FKTGEVQT KU VT[KPI VQ
MGGR GXGT[QPG KPXQNXGF 6JG DCPF OC[ JCXG VYQ IWKVCTU CPF XKDGU CPF GXGP VYQ RNC[GTU CV VJG RKCPQ RNWU
GZVTC RGTEWUUKQP +ȉXG UGGP VJKU  0QY VJGTG CTG OWNVKRNG RNC[GTU YKVJ VJG UCOG TQNG CPF VJG VGZVWTG KU
VJKEM CPF ENWVVGTGF 6JKU UJQWNF PGXGT JCRRGP KP VJG LC\\ DCPF CP[ OQTG VJCP VJGTG UJQWNF DG  VTWORGVU
CPF  UCZQRJQPGU +V KU C FKUVQTVKQP QH VJG TGCN VJKPI VJCV PGXGT [KGNFU VJG DGUV TGUWNVU 'XGP KH C FKTGEVQT
KPXQNXGU OQTG UVWFGPVU KP TGJGCTUCNU VJG DCPF UJQWNF PGXGT IQ QP UVCIG EQPEGTVU HGUVKXCNU GVE YKVJ CP[
QH VJGUG ȊGZVTCUȍ CV VJG UCOG VKOG 9QTM QWV TQVCVKPI 5QOG GZEGRVKQPU VQ VJKU OC[ DG LWUVKȳGF CV VJG LWPKQT
high or middle school level.

$WV CUUWOKPI YG LWUV JCXG QPG RKCPQ CPF QPG IWKVCT PGKVJGT YKNN RNC[ PGCTN[ CU OWEJ CU KH VJG QVJGT YGTG
PQV VJGTG =6JKU KU CNUQ PQTOCNN[ VTWG YJGP KPVTQFWEKPI CP CWZKNKCT[ RGTEWUUKQPKUV KPVQ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQPȅ
DQVJ VJG FTWOOGT CPF VJG RGTEWUUKQPKUV YKNN RNC[ CDQWV C VJKTF CU OWEJ CU WUWCN>

5Q QPG QH VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV EQPEGRVU KU VJCV VJGTG UJQWNF PQV GXGT DG VYQ KPUVTWOGPVU EQORKPI HWNN DQTG
CV VJG UCOG VKOG 5QOG [GCTU CIQ + JCF /KEJCGN $TGEMGT IWGUV UQNQKPI YKVJ O[ DCPF #V VJG TGJGCTUCN /KEJCGN
UWFFGPN[ UVQRRGF VJG DCPF CPF VWTPGF CTQWPF KPVQ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF UCKF Ȋ2NGCUG QPN[ QPG EQORKPI
KPUVTWOGPV CV C VKOG DGJKPF OGȍ #PF VJKU YCU QP C HWPMDCUGF VWPG # HGY OQPVJU NCVGT + UCY /KMGȉU
SWKPVGV CV VJG 5CNV .CMG #TVU (GUVKXCN *G JCF ,QG[ %CNFGTC\\Q QP RKCPQ CPF /KMG 5VGTP QP IWKVCT VYQ QH
VJG JGCXKGU  CPF VJG[ RTGVV[ OWEJ PGXGT RNC[GF CV VJG UCOG VKOG CU GCEJ QVJGT ,QG[ YQWNF LWUV UKV HQT NQPI
UVTGVEJGU YJKNG /KMG 5VGTP EQORGF CPF VJGP VJG[ YQWNF VTCFG TQNGU CPF /KMG YQWNF LWUV UKV YJKNG ,QG[
EQORGF 9JGP C RNC[GT FQGUPȉV RNC[ HQT C NKVVNG YJKNG YG ECNN VJCV ȊUVTQNNKPIȍ 5Q VJKU KU QPG QRVKQP HQT
UQNXKPI VJG RKCPQIWKVCT FKNGOOCȅLWUV VCMG VWTPU NC[KPI QWV 6JKU ECP DG C NKVVNG EJCNNGPIKPI YJGP FGCNKPI
YKVJ [QWPI NGUU RCVKGPV RNC[GTU CPF UQOGVKOGU LWUV HTQO C ENCUUTQQO FKUEKRNKPG UVCPF RQKPV KV OCMGU UGPUG
VQ MGGR DQVJ QH VJGO RNC[KPI

# UGEQPF YC[ VQ EQQTFKPCVG RKCPQ XU IWKVCT YJGTG VJG[ CTG DQVJ RNC[KPI KU VQ RTGFGEKFG YJQ YKNN DG VJG
CEVKXG EQORGT CPF YJQ YKNN VCMG C UGEQPFCT[ TQNG CPF VJGP YJGP TQNGU YKNN DG UYCRRGF 6JG OCKP TWNG KU
VJCV VJGTG CTG PGXGT VYQ EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU VJCV CTG TJ[VJOKECNN[ CPF JCTOQPKECNN[ CEVKXG CV VJG UCOG
VKOG 5Q VJG RTKOCT[ EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPV KU DQVJ TJ[VJOKECNN[ CPF JCTOQPKECNN[ HTGG CPF CEVKXG YJKNG
VJG QVJGT UGEQPFCT[ EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPV KU RCUUKXG DQVJ TJ[VJOKECNN[ CPF JCTOQPKECNN[ 5Q HQT GZCORNG
VJG RCUUKXG EQORGT YKNN RNC[ XGT[ UKORNG XQKEKPIU QHVGP QPN[ TFU CPF VJU YJCV KU QHVGP ECNNGF UJGNN
XQKEKPIU NGCXKPI VJG CEVKXG EQORGT HTGG VQ FQ OQTG EQORNGZ XGTUKQPU QH VJG EJQTFU QHVGP CFFKPI CNVGTGF

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU 2NC[ 6QIGVJGT CU C 6GCO ] 2CIG 
PQVGU QT UWDUVKVWVKQPU #V VJG UCOG VKOG VJG RCUUKXG EQORGT YKNN WUG NQPI PQVG UVCVKE TJ[VJOU NGCXKPI VJG
CEVKXG EQORGT RNGPV[ QH TQQO VQ RNC[ OQTG EQORNGZ U[PEQRCVGF TJ[VJOU 6JG RCUUKXG EQORGT ECP NKUVGP
HQT C NKVVNG JQNG JGTG CPF VJGTG KP VJG CEVKXG EQORKPI YJGTG JG ECP KPVGTLGEV C NKVVNG CEVKXG ȳNN YKVJQWV IGVVKPI
KP VJG YC[ QT EQORGVKPI YKVJ VJG RTKOCT[ EQORKPI 6JG OQTG VJG[ JCXG RNC[GF VQIGVJGT CPF VJG OQTG
VJG[ MPQY GCEJ QVJGTȉU RNC[KPI VJG DGVVGT VJG[ ECP CPVKEKRCVG YJGP VQ KPVGTLGEV VJGUG UOCNN ȳNNU 6JGP CV C
EGTVCKP RQKPV VJG TQNGU ECP DG UYCRRGF 6JGUG UCOG RTKPEKRNGU YKNN CRRN[ KH VJG QVJGT EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPV
is vibraphone.

# VJKTF YC[ VQ JCXG IWKVCT CPF RKCPQ RNC[ VQIGVJGT TGCNN[ QPN[ YQTMU YGNN QP UYKPI EJCTVU 6JG IWKVCTKUV KP
VJG %QWPV $CUKG $CPF YCU (TGFFKG )TGGP CPF (TGFFKG JCF C UV[NG CNN JKU QYP *G RNC[GF TGNCVKXGN[ UKORNG
XQKEKPIU KP EQPUVCPV SWCTVGT PQVGU CPF JG RNC[GF WPCORNKȳGF YKVJ C JQNNQY DQF[ IWKVCT *G YCUPȉV JGCTF
KP CP[ RTQOKPGPV YC[ DWV JG YCU FGȳPKVGN[ HGNV *KU RNC[KPI QH EQPVKPWCN SWCTVGT PQVGU YQWNF NKPG WR YKVJ
VJG SWCTVGTU QH VJG DCUU CPF VJG TKFG E[ODCN +V KU XGT[ KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV VJG IWKVCTKUV UJQWNF QPN[ RNC[
FQYP UVTQMGUȅPQ WR UVTQMGUȅCPF VJGTG VGPFU VQ DG C IGPVNG CEEGPV QP  CPF  UKOKNCT VQ YJCV YQWNF
NKMGN[ DG JCRRGPKPI QP VJG TKFG E[ODCN  9KVJ VJG IWKVCT RNC[KPI VJKU YC[ VJG RKCPKUV ECP EQOR HTGGN[

6JG RTQDNGO + JCXG HTGSWGPVN[ QDUGTXGF KP UEJQQN DCPFU KU VJG IWKVCTKUV VT[KPI VQ FQ (TGFFKG )TGGP UV[NG
DWV VJG IWKVCT KU CORNKȳGF CPF YC[ VQQ NQWF CPF JGCX[ CPF QHVGP VJG UVTQMGU CTG DQVJ WR CPF FQYP 5VTWOOKPI
KU C PQ PQ 6JKU KU CNUQ ECNNGF  VQ VJG DCT EQORKPI CPF KU EJCTCEVGTK\GF D[ UKORNG XQKEKPIU WUWCNN[ LWUV
TQQVU TFU CPF VJU (TGFFKG QHVGP WUGF LWUV VYQ PQVGU  CPF  CPF UQOGVKOGU QPN[ QPG +V KU RTQDCDN[
PQV TGCUQPCDNG VQFC[ VQ RNC[ WPCORNKȳGF DWV VJG GNGEVTKECN GPGTI[ KU XGT[ OKPKOCN CPF VJG JWOCP GPGTI[
KU OCZKOK\GF +V KU UVKNN C HGGN OQTG VJCP C UQWPF +V TGCNN[ KU LWUV TJ[VJO IWKVCT

#PQVJGT YC[ VQ WUG EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU YKVJQWV JCXKPI VJGO ENWVVGT VJG EQORKPI KU VQ JCXG VJGO RNC[
OGNQF[ NKPGU YKVJ VJG DCPF 6JKU EQWNF DG C IQQF UQNWVKQP YKVJ GKVJGT IWKVCT QT XKDGU +V KU EQOOQP HQT
GZCORNG HQT VJG IWKVCT VQ FQWDNG VJG NGCF CNVQ NKPG QXGT C UCZQRJQPG UQNK QT HQT VJG XKDGU QT IWKVCT VQ FQWDNG
VJG NGCF VTWORGV NKPG QXGT VJG UJQWV EJQTWU 1HVGP EJCTVU CTG YTKVVGP OCMKPI WUG QH VJGUG KFGCU DWV KH PQV
VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT ECP FQ C NKVVNG QTEJGUVTCVKPI YJGP FGUKTCDNG

6JG UCOG RTKPEKRNG QH MGGRKPI C ENGCP WPENWVVGTGF VGZVWTG CNUQ CRRNKGU YKVJKP VJG HWNN GPUGODNG EQPVGZV
9JGP VJG JQTP UGEVKQPU IGV XGT[ DWU[ VJG IWKVCT CPF RKCPQ UJQWNF PQV EQORGVG YKVJ VJG JQTPU CPF ENWVVGT
VJG VGZVWTG +V KU QHVGP DGUV VQ LWUV UVTQNN NC[ QWV CPF YCKV CPF NKUVGP HQT VJCV JQNG YJGTG C NKVVNG ȳNN ECP DG
KPVGTLGEVGF 5QOGVKOGU VJKU OC[ DG PQ OQTG VJCP C YGNNRNCEGF QEVCXG ȊDNKPIȍ HTQO VJG RKCPQ +P UQOG
EJCTVU VJG CTTCPIGT YKNN YTKVG TGUVU HQT VJG EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPVU FWTKPI VJG UJQWV EJQTWU QT NKVVNG ȳNNU

6JGTG CTG VKOGU QH EQWTUG YJGP VJG RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT RCTVU CPFQT XKDGU CTG YTKVVGP QWV YKVJ XGT[ URGEKȳE
PQVGU CPF TJ[VJOU VJCV VJG CTTCPIGT YCPVU 6JGTG KU PQ RTQDNGO YKVJ RNC[KPI VQIGVJGT KP VJKU ECUG +V KU
PGXGT C RTQDNGO VQ RNC[ GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU GCEJ QVJGT 6JG RTQDNGOU CTG ETGCVGF YJGP VJG EQORKPI
KPUVTWOGPVU CTG RNC[KPI MKPF QH VJG UCOG CU GCEJ QVJGT +P QVJGT YQTFU YJGP GCEJ KU RNC[KPI YKVJ VJGKT
QYP XGTUKQPU QH TJ[VJOU CPF VJGKT QYP XGTUKQPU QH EJQTFU VJGP VJG VGZVWTG YKNN DWU[ CPF ENWVVGTGF CPF HWNN
QH ENCUJGU 9G YCPV VQ JCXG ENGCP VTCPURCTGPV VGZVWTGU

*GTG KU CP GZCORNG QH JQY C RKCPKUV CPF IWKVCTKUV OKIJV RNCP VQ EQQTFKPCVG YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT KP VJG EQWTUG
QH C EJCTV +P VJG KPVTQ VJGTG KU C YTKVVGP WPKUQP RCTV VJCV VJG[ YKNN DQVJ RNC[ VJGP QP VJG OGNQF[ QT JGCF
HTQO NGVVGTU # VQ ' VJG[ YKNN DQVJ DG C DKV OQTG URCTUG DWV IWKVCT YKNN DG VJG CEVKXG EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPV
CPF VJG RKCPQ UGEQPFCT[ 6JGP CV ' VJG RKCPQ YKNN EQOR HQT VJG VGPQT UCZQRJQPG UQNQ CPF IWKVCT YKNN NC[
QWV 9JGP VJG VTQODQPG UQNQ UVCTVU VJG[ȉNN UYCR CPF VJG IWKVCT YKNN EQOR HQT VJG UQNQ YJKNG VJG RKCPQ
NC[U QWV (QT VJG VTWORGV UQNQ VJG[ YKNN UYKVEJ DCEM CPF RKCPQ YKNN EQOR CPF IWKVCT NC[U QWV QT VJG[ DQVJ
RNC[ DWV QPG KU RCUUKXG $QVJ YKNN RNC[ KP VJG DCPF WPKUQP YKVJ VJG JQTPU VJGP DQVJ TGUV KP VJG UJQWV EJQTWU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

NKUVGPKPI HQT CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ CFF C NKVVNG ȳNN DWV IGVVKPI G[G EQPVCEV YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT UQ VJG[ FQPȉV DQVJ IQ
HQT KV CV VJG UCOG VKOG +P VJG GPFKPI VJGTG CTG YTKVVGP RCTVU VJG[ YKNN DQVJ RNC[

+H VJG EJCTV UYKPIU KP C OQTG ENCUUKE UYKPI UGPUG YG OC[ FGEKFG VQ JCXG VJG IWKVCT RNC[ (TGFFKG )TGGP
UV[NG CPF VJG RKCPQ YQWNF DG VJG RTKOCT[ EQORKPI KPUVTWOGPV VJTQWIJ VJG EJCTV +V YQWNF UVKNN DG RQUUKDNG VQ
EJCPIG WR VGZVWTGU KP VJG UQNQ UGEVKQP +H VJG EJCTV KU $QUUC 0QXC QT (WPM UV[NG KV OC[ DG OQTG CRRTQRTKCVG
HQT VJG IWKVCTKUV VQ DG VJG RTKOCT[ EQORGT HQT C NQV QH VJG EJCTV +P #HTQ%WDCP CPF 5CNUC UV[NGU VJG RKCPKUV
YKNN DG RNC[KPI OQPVWPQ RCVVGTPU CPF VJG IWKVCTKUV YQWNF DG RNC[KPI ENCXG RCVVGTPU FGRGPFKPI QP VJG UV[NG
CPF ENCXG FKTGEVKQP HQTYCTF CPF TGXGTUG QH VJG EJCTV *QY YKNN VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT MPQY JQY VQ IWKFG VJKU
#ICKP VJGTG KU PQ UWDUVKVWVG HQT NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG QTKIKPCN TGEQTFKPI CPF OCMKPI UWTG [QWT UVWFGPVU JGCT KV
CPF JCXG CEEGUU VQ RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ KV CPF VTCPUETKDG CPF UVWF[ KV #NUQ C TGOKPFGT VJG Tutti Player app has
IQQF GZCORNGU QH CNN VJGUG UV[NGU CPF GCEJ KPUVTWOGPV ECP DG KUQNCVGF HQT ECTGHWN UVWF[

Just a reminder at this point that the guitarist and pianist need to be able to see and hear each
QVJGT 5GV WR UJQWNF DG KP ENQUG RTQZKOKV[ 6JG IWKVCT UJQWNF PQV DG UGV WR DCEM DGJKPF VJG
drums out of sight of the pianist, but rather bring the guitar right up adjacent to the piano.

The Value of Combo Work

#U PQVGF GCTNKGT VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP HWPEVKQPU OQTG NKMG C EQODQ YJGP VJG UQNQKUV IGVU WR VQ RNC[ UQ YJ[
PQV HQTO C EQODQ VJCV KPENWFGU [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF VYQ QT VJTGG QH [QWT DGUV JQTP UQNQKUVU 6JKU KU C
ITGCV YC[ VQ DWKNF [QWT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF [QWT UQNQKUVU CPF ECP IKXG [QWT DTCUU RNC[GTU C EJQRU DTGCM
CV VJG EQPEGTVU +V CNUQ JGNRU VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP MPQY YJCV VQ FQ FWTKPI VJG UQNQU KP VJG DKI DCPF EQPVGZV

1PG QH O[ HTKGPFU YJQ YCU VGCEJKPI CV 6KORXKGY *KIJ 5EJQQN KP 1TGO &CXKF (WNNOGT HQWPF C YC[ VQ
DTGCM JKU YJQNG DKI DCPF KPVQ CDQWV  QT  EQODQU HQT C RGTKQF QH C HGY YGGMU GCTN[ KP VJG [GCT 0QV CNN
QH VJG EQODQU EQWNF JCXG VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP FWTKPI VJGKT TGJGCTUCNU DWV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP U EQWNF TQVCVG
CPF OGCPYJKNG VJG QVJGT ITQWRU WUGF #GDGTUQNF RNC[CNQPIU HQT VJGKT TGJGCTUCN 6JGP &CXG YQWNF JCXG C
EQODQ EQPEGTV GCTN[ KP VJG [GCT YJGTG GCEJ EQODQ RNC[GF NKXG YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF VJGP &CXG
YQWNF OQXG QP VQ VJG DKI DCPF HQTOCV HQT VJG TGJGCTUCNU VJG TGUV QH VJG [GCT *KU DKI DCPF YCU CNYC[U
VGTTKȳE CPF RCTV QH VJCV YCU VJG KPFGRGPFGPV OWUKEKCPUJKR VJCV JCF DGGP HQUVGTGF KP VJG EQODQ TGJGCTUCNU CPF
EQPEGTV #PF RCTV QH KV YCU FWG VQ JCXKPI C YGNNHWPEVKQPKPI TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF DGVVGT VJCP CXGTCIG UQNQKUVU

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI ;QWT 4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 2NC[GTU 2NC[ 6QIGVJGT CU C 6GCO ] 2CIG 
Chapter 18 Rhythm Section Solos
'CEJ QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU YKNN CNUQ DG C UQNQKUV DWV VJG CRRTQCEJ HQT UQNQKPI YKNN DG C NKVVNG
different for each from their usual accompanying roles.

Piano and Guitar Solos

6JG RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT UQNQ CRRTQCEJGU CTG DCUKECNN[ VJG UCOG CU VJG JQTP UQNQ CRRTQCEJGU YJKEJ YKNN DG
GZRNQTGF KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGTU HQNNQYKPI VJKU QPG $WV VJGTG KU QPG DCUKE FKHHGTGPEG KP VJCV VJG IWKVCT CPF
RKCPQ CTG CDNG VQ CEEQORCP[ VJGOUGNXGU 6JG[ FQPȉV PGEGUUCTKN[ PGGF VQ RTQXKFG CEEQORCPKOGPV YKVJ
VJGKT QYP UQNQ +V KU RQUUKDNG HQT VJG IWKVCT VQ EQOR HQT VJG RKCPQ UQNQ CPF XKEGXGTUC $WV KV KU OQTG
EQOOQP YKVJ RTQHGUUKQPCNU HQT VJG RKCPKUV VQ EQOR HQT JKU QYP UQNQ YJKNG VJG IWKVCT NC[U QWV +V OC[ JCRRGP
OQTG QHVGP JQYGXGT VJCV VJG RKCPKUV VQ EQORU HQT VJG IWKVCT UQNQ

9JGP VJG RKCPKUV EQORU HQT JKU QYP UQNQ JG YKNN PQTOCNN[ KORTQXKUG UQNQ NKPGU YKVJ JKU TKIJV JCPF CPF
EQOR YKVJ QPG JCPF XQKEKPIU KP JKU NGHV JCPF +V KU QH EQWTUG RQUUKDNG HQT VJG RKCPKUV VQ RNC[ NKPGU KP
QEVCXGU QT FQWDNG QEVCXGU FWTKPI VJG UQNQ 6JG IWKVCT ECP CNUQ RNC[ KP QEVCXGU 6JKU YCU C TGCN VTCFGOCTM
UQWPF HQT VJG ITGCV IWKVCTKUV 9GU /QPVIQOGT[ $QVJ KPUVTWOGPVU ECP CNUQ RNC[ DNQEM EJQTFU KP UGEVKQPU QH
VJG UQNQ CPF VJKU ECP JGNR VQ DWKNF C ENKOCZ KP VJG UQNQ 8KDGU UQNQU YQWNF HQNNQY VJG UCOG KFGCU

+V CNUQ JCRRGPU QEECUKQPCNN[ YKVJ GKVJGT IWKVCT QT RKCPQ VJCV VJG[ ECP RNC[ EQORNGVGN[ WPCEEQORCPKGF +P
VJKU ECUG VJG[ PGGF VQ RTQXKFG DCUU PQVGU CV NGCUV RGTKQFKECNN[  EQORKPI EJQTFU CPF UQNQ NKPGU RGT
JCRU JCTOQPK\GF  6JKU KU CP CTV KP KVUGNH CPF OWUV DG NGCTPGF CICKP D[ CRRTGPVKEGUJKR 2KCPKUVU UJQWNF
NKUVGP VQ RGQRNG NKMG 'TTQNN )CTPGT 1UECT 2GVGTUQP CPF #TV 6CVWO GVE )WKVCTKUVU UJQWNF NKUVGP VQ ,QG 2CUU
Jim Hall, Johnny Smith, etc.

The Bass Solo

6JG IGPGTCN CRRTQCEJ VQ VJG DCUU UQNQ KU CNUQ NKMG VJG CRRTQCEJ QH VJG JQTPUȅKORTQXKUKPI UKPING NKPGU VJCV
YQTM YKVJ VJG EJQTF UVTWEVWTG *QYGXGT VJG DCUU KU ECRCDNG QH FQWDNG UVQRU CPF ECP CNUQ RNC[ WPCE
EQORCPKGF +P CFFKVKQP VJG DCUU JCU VJG CDKNKV[ VQ RNC[ YKVJ RGTEWUUKXG UQWPFU UWEJ CU UNCRU QP VJG DQF[ QH
VJG DCUU 6JG DCUU ECP CNUQ RNC[ CP CTEQ DQYGF UQNQ 5QOG ITGCV DCUU RNC[GTU JCXG GXGP UWPI CNQPI YKVJ
VJGKT UQNQU QT JWOOGF .KUVGP VQ 5NCO 5VGYCTV QT /KEJCGN /QQTG # DCUU UQNQ ECP CNUQ DG C YCNMKPI UQNQ

6JG CEEQORCPKOGPV QH VJG DCUU UQNQ ECP IQ OQTG VJCP QPG YC[ 6JG OQUV EQOOQP KU HQT VJG DCUU VQ RNC[
YKVJ LWUV VJG FTWOOGT 6[RKECNN[ VJG FTWOOGT YKNN OQXG VQ VJG JK JCV CPF MGGR OQUVN[ QWV QH VJG YC[ +H
VJG RKCPQ QT IWKVCT CEEQORCPKGU VJG DCUU VJG[ YKNN RNC[ JKIJGT NKIJVGT EQORKPI CPF UVC[ QWV QH VJG NQYGT
HTGSWGPEKGU YJGTG VJG DCUU NKXGU #NYC[U VJG IQCN KU VQ DG PQPEQORGVKVKXG CPF MGGR VJG VGZVWTG VTCPURCTGPV
CPF WPENWVVGTGF 6JG CEEQORCPKOGPVCN RNC[GTU UJQWNF CNYC[U DG NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG UQNQKUV CPF DCUG YJCV VJG[
EJQQUG VQ RNC[ QP YJCV VJG UQNQKUV KU EJQQUKPI VQ FQ 6JKU ECP CNUQ DG C XGTDCN FKUEWUUKQP KP TGJGCTUCNU
Ȋ*QY YQWNF [QW NKMG WU VQ CEEQORCP[ [QW QP [QWT UQNQ ȍ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 The Drum Solo
6JGTG CTG QHVGP FTWO UQNQU KP VJG RKGEGU YG RNC[ +P HCEV + QHVGP VT[ VQ RTQITCO C RKGEG CV VJG GPF QH VJG
EQPEGTV VJCV JCU C FTWO UQNQ DGECWUG QH VJG GHHGEV KV CNYC[U UGGOU VQ JCXG QP VJG CWFKGPEG +V KU QPG QH VJG
things that can help to ensure a demand for an encore.

&TWO UQNQU EQOG KP C XCTKGV[ QH HQTOU 5QOG CTG KP VKOG UQOG CTG PQV OCP[ CTG KP VJG HQTO DWV UQOG
CTG PQV 5QOG UQNQU CTG LWUV GZVGPFGF ȳNNU DGVYGGP OWNVKRNG ȊNCUVȍ HGTOCVC PQVGUȅKP YJKEJ ECUG + UJCRG KV
UQ GCEJ UQNQ KU C NKVVNG NQPIGT VJCP VJG RTGXKQWU 6JG QPG VJKPI VJG[ CNN JCXG KP EQOOQP KU VJCV VJG[ UJQWNF
JCXG C UJCRG VJCV ITQYU KP KPVGPUKV[ CPF GZEKVGOGPV WR VQ C ENKOCZ YJKEJ KU QHVGP YJGTG VJG DCPF EQOGU
DCEM KP #NVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG VKOGU YJGP KV OC[ DG OQTG CRRTQRTKCVG HQT VJG FTWOOGT VQ DTKPI KV FQYP CPF
TGGUVCDNKUJ VKOG DGHQTG VJG DCPF TGGPVGTU

5QNQKPI KU OQUVN[ C OCVVGT QH KORTQXKUKPI UVKEMKPIU QHVGP DCUGF QP TWFKOGPVU CPF QTEJGUVTCVKPI VJG
TJ[VJOU CTQWPF VJG XCTKQWU RCTVU QH VJG FTWO MKV YKVJ XCT[KPI F[PCOKEU 6JG UQNQKUV OWUV EJQQUG YJKEJ
TJ[VJOKE NGXGN VQ RNC[ CV VJ PQVGU VJ PQVGU SWCTVGT PQVGU GVE CPF VJGP QH EQWTUG VJKU ECP DG XCTKGF
+P LC\\ TQEM CPF QVJGT TGNCVGF UV[NGU VJG DCUU FTWO YKNN QHVGP DG RGTHQTOKPI VJG HWPEVKQP QH C VJKTF JCPF
KP GZGEWVKPI TJ[VJOKE KFGCU 1HVGP VJG FTWOOGT YKNN EJQQUG C DCUU FTWO CPF JK JCV HQQV QUVKPCVQ VQ RNC[
QXGT 6JG FTWO UQNQ UJQWNF ȳV YKVJKP VJG RCTVKEWNCT EJCTV DGKPI RNC[GF UQ KV JCU TGNGXCPEG VQ VJG VWPG CPF
UQ KV EQPVTKDWVGU VQ OCMKPI VJG OWUKE VJCV KU KPVGPFGF KP VJCV CTTCPIGOGPV

6JG ȳNNU VJCV YG JCXG OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT KP %JCRVGT  CTG TGCNN[ LWUV UJQTV UQNQU CPF VJG CEVWCN UQNQ KU TGCNN[
LWUV C NQPIGT ȳNN

#P[ CVVGORV VQ XGTDCNK\G GZCEVN[ YJCV VQ FQ KP QPG QH VJGUG UQNQU YKNN HCNN UJQTV KH [QWT FTWOOGT JCU PQV
JGCTF TGEQTFGF FTWO UQNQU CPF RNC[GF CNQPI CPF FGVGTOKPGF JQY VQ CRRTQCEJ VJGO 5Q OWEJ QH YJCV VJG
drummer has to learn in every facet including these solos is by apprenticeship. Again, try to choose repertory
HQT YJKEJ [QW JCXG TGEQTFKPIU GURGEKCNN[ GCTN[ QP UQ VJG FTWOOGT JCU C OQFGN CPF ECP RNC[ CNQPI CPF
NGCTP YJCV JG PGGFU VQ FQ CPF JQY VQ IQ CDQWV KV 6JCV KU VJG YJQNG MG[

+P VJG UCOG YC[ JQTP RNC[GTU RTCEVKEG UECNGU CPF EJQTFU CPF RCVVGTPU VJG FTWOOGT YKNN DGPGȳV HTQO
RTCEVKEKPI UVKEMKPI EQODKPCVKQPU JCPF CPF HQQV EQODKPCVKQPU CPF TWFKOGPVU +V KU GUUGPVKCN HQT FGXGNQRKPI
FTWOOGTU VQ KPVGTPCNK\G VJG  UVCPFCTF TWFKOGPVU CPF YQTM QWV QH )GQTIG .CYTGPEG 5VQPGȉU GZEGNNGPV
DQQM Stick Control.

/QUV FTWO UQNQU CTG WPCEEQORCPKGF DWV KV KU RQUUKDNG HQT VJG QVJGT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU VQ RNC[ JKVU QT
TJ[VJOU FWTKPI C UQNQ (QT GZCORNG OC[DG VJG DCUU RKCPQ CPF IWKVCT JKV C SWCTVGT PQVG YJGP VJG JCTOQP[
EJCPIGU QT OC[DG GXGT[ HQWT DCTU 5QOG EJCTVU CTG YTKVVGP HQT VJG FTWOOGT VQ VTCFG HQWTU QT GKIJVU YKVJ
VJG GPVKTG GPUGODNG QT HQT VJG FTWOOGT VQ UQNQ CTQWPF TJ[VJOKE ȳIWTGU VJCV CTG DGKPI RNC[GF D[ VJG DCPF
8CTKGV[ KU VJG URKEG

Summary
6JG OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[GTU ECP FQ VQ FGXGNQR CU UQNQKUVU KU VQ NGCTP D[ NKUVGPKPI CPF
GOWNCVKPI RNC[KPI CNQPI CPF VTCPUETKDKPI  6JGTG CNUQ PGGFU VQ DG CP QPIQKPI FKCNQIWG KP VJG TJ[VJO
UGEVKQP CDQWV JQY GCEJ UQNQKUV YQWNF NKMG VQ DG CEEQORCPKGF CPF CDQWV JQY VJG[ YKNN CEEQORCP[ VJG
JQTP UQNQKUVU  6JG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP UQNQKUVU ECP CNUQ RTQȳV D[ IQKPI VJTQWIJ VJG UCOG FGXGNQROGPVCN
RTQEGUUGU CU VJG JQTP RNC[GTU 6JCV YKNN DG VJG UWDLGEV QH VJG EJCRVGTU KP VJG PGZV UGEVKQP

%JCRVGT  4J[VJO 5GEVKQP 5QNQU ] 2CIG 

 Section 5

The Soloists:
It Don’t Mean a Thing if
there Ain’t No Jazz...

Let's jazz it up. . . . .

Chapter 19 General Ideas for Helping the
Soloists in Your Band

What Can a Band Director Really Do About the Soloists?

9G UVCTVGF VJKU DQQM YKVJ VJG RTGOKUG VJCV VQ FGXGNQR C ȳTUVTCVG LC\\ GPUGODNG HQWT VJKPIU CTG GUUGPVKCN
VGCEJKPI UQNKF RTKPEKRNGU QH KPUVTWOGPVCN VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP UGEVKQP RNC[KPI DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF
VGCEJKPI UQNKF RTKPEKRNGU QH UV[NG KPENWFKPI CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF TJ[VJO CPF VKOG UVCTVKPI YKVJ UYKPI UV[NG
CPF VJGP GZRCPFKPI FGXGNQRKPI C UVTQPI EQJGUKXG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF FGXGNQRKPI UVTQPI UQNQKUVU
+H CP[ QPG QH VJQUG CTGCU KU FGȳEKV VJG DCPF YKNN HCNN UJQTV QH VJG OCTM 9G JCXG FGCNV UQ HCT YKVJ VJG ȳTUV
VJTGG CTGCU 0QY YG PGGF VQ FGCN YKVJ JQY VQ FGXGNQR UVTQPI UQNQKUVU 6JKU OC[ UGGO NKMG VJG OQUV GNWUKXG
QH VJG HQWT +H KORTQXKUCVKQP KU C UECT[ VJQWIJV VQ [QW CU VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT KH [QW JCXG PGXGT IQPG VJTQWIJ
VJG RTQEGUU [QWTUGNH QT KH [QW JCXG VTKGF DWV PGXGT HGNV NKMG [QW UWEEGGFGF VJGP YJCV ECP [QW FQ VQ JGNR
VJG UQNQKUVU KP [QW DCPF

+ORTQXKUCVKQP KU VJG NKHGDNQQF QH LC\\ # HGY [GCTU CIQ + YCVEJGF .GQPCTF (GCVJGT TGPQYPGF LC\\ LQWTPCNKUV
CPF /CTM )TKFNG[ LC\\ JKUVQT[ CWVJQT FGDCVG YJGVJGT C RKGEG KU UVKNN LC\\ KH VJGTG KU PQ KORTQXKUCVKQP KP KV
/[ QYP DGNKGH KU VJCV RKGEGU YKVJQWV KORTQXKUCVKQP VJCV CTG UVKNN EQPUKFGTGF LC\\ CTG XGT[ TCTG 9JGP YG
RGTHQTO CV C LC\\ HGUVKXCN GCEJ EJCTV UJQWNF KPENWFG KORTQXKUCVKQP GXGP KH YG JCXG VQ CFF C UQNQ WR HTQPV
or create or lengthen a solo section. We have full latitude to modify the form of the chart to accomplish
QWT RWTRQUGU /CP[ [GCTU DCEM + CFLWFKECVGF C LC\\ DCPF RGTHQTOCPEG VJCV JCF PQ KORTQXKUCVKQP KP
VJG YJQNG UGV QH VJTGG EJCTVU + HGNV EQORGNNGF VQ EQOOGPV VQ VJG DCPF VJCV GXGP VJQWIJ + JGCTF UQOG
LC\\NKMG TJ[VJOU CPF NKPGU VJCV + JCF PQV JGCTF CP[ LC\\ KP VJGKT RGTHQTOCPEG +V YCU NKMG C EQPEGTV DCPF
VT[KPI VQ RNC[ LC\\ EJCTVU 9G ECPPQV GUECRG QWT TGURQPUKDKNKV[ VQ FGCN YKVJ KORTQXKUCVKQP YJCVGXGT QWT
RCUV GZRGTKGPEG

A Right Brain Approach

5Q YJCV ECP [QW TGCNN[ FQ VQ DWKNF UQNQKUVU +V KU EQOOQP HQT OG VQ JCXG UVWFGPVU EQOG VQ C NGUUQP CUMKPI
HQT JGNR YKVJ C UQNQ VJG[ YGTG IKXGP KP VJGKT UEJQQN DCPF +V KU VGORVKPI VQ LWOR KPVQ VJGQT[ CPF EJQTF
EQPUVTWEVKQP CPF KFGCU NKMG + OKIJV YKVJ C OQTG CFXCPEGF UVWFGPV DWV VJKU CRRTQCEJ TCTGN[ [KGNFU CP[
UCVKUHCEVQT[ TGUWNVU KP CP[ VKOGN[ YC[ +PUVGCF YG IGV VJG TGEQTFKPI CPF UVCTV RNC[KPI CNQPI D[ GCT YKVJ
VJG YJQNG VTCEM PQV LWUV VJG UQNQ UGEVKQP 9G IGV CESWCKPVGF D[ GCT YKVJ VJG OGNQFKE CPF TJ[VJOKE KFGCU QH
VJG EJCTV CPF YG GCT QWV YJCV VJG MG[ UKIPCVWTG KU CPF YJGTG KV UGGOU VQ EJCPIG MG[ 9G KORTQXKUG VJTQWIJ VJG
YJQNG EJCTV CPF TGCNN[ RU[EJG QWV VJG VWPG 6JGP YG RC[ ENQUGT CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG UQNQKUVU CPF VT[ VQ EQR[ D[ GCT
NKVVNG KFGCU YG NKMG KP VJG UQNQ QT ȳIWTG QWV YJCV VJQUG PQVGU CTG VJCV UQWPF EQQN VQ WU 5QOGVKOGU EQQN KFGCU
ECP GXGP EQOG HTQO VJG DCEMITQWPF ȳIWTGU KP VJG GPUGODNG +P CP JQWT VJG UVWFGPV KU QHVGP CNTGCF[ UQWPFKPI
RTGVV[ FGEGPV CPF ECP IQ JQOG CPF URGPF C NQV OQTG VKOG NKXKPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI +H YG JCXG PQ TGEQTFKPI +
YKNN RWNN QWV UQOGVJKPI VJCV KU KP C UKOKNCT MG[ QT UV[NG DWV VJKU KU C UVTQPI TGCUQP HQT VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT VQ EJQQUG
EJCTVU HQT YJKEJ VJGTG KU CP CXCKNCDNG TGEQTFKPI

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JG RTQEGUU LWUV FGUETKDGF KU YJCV + ECNN TKIJV DTCKP NGCTPKPI +V UGGOU NGUU GHȳEKGPV CV ȳTUV DWV KV KU C HCT
OQTG GHHGEVKXG YC[ VQ NGCTP KP VJG NQPI TWP 6JKU KU UQOGVJKPI ;17 ECP OQVKXCVG [QWT UVWFGPVU VQ FQ #PF
KV KU HWP #FOKVVGFN[ YJGP + FQ VJKU YKVJ VJG UVWFGPVU + JCXG O[ JQTP QWV RU[EJKPI QWV VJG EJCTV O[UGNH
CPF + CO IWKFKPI VJG UVWFGPV KP VJG FKUEQXGT[ RTQEGUU CPF URQQP HGGFKPI VJGO C NKVVNG + FQ VJKPM FQKPI VJKU
is more effective, but not essential to the right brain learning process if you are not yet able to do it yourself.
1H EQWTUG [QW EQWNF VCMG QWV [QWT KPUVTWOGPV KP [QWT QYP RTKXCE[ KH [QW CTG PQV EQPȳFGPV CPF FQ UQOG
QH VJKU YQTM [QWTUGNH CPF VJGP [QW ECP RTQXKFG OQTG KPHQTOGF IWKFCPEG KP VJG ENCUUTQQO 6JG GCTU CTG
ECRCDNG QH RTQXKFKPI C NQV QH KPHQTOCVKQP SWKEMN[ +V VCMGU C NQV QH VKOG VTCKPKPI UVWF[ CPF RTCEVKEG HQT VJG
G[GU VQ [KGNF CU OWEJ KPHQTOCVKQP 9G CTG EGTVCKPN[ UVTKXKPI HQT VJCV NGXGN QH RTQȳEKGPE[ DWV +ȉO CHTCKF KV
YQPȉV EQOG KP VKOG HQT [QWT PGZV RGTHQTOCPEG

9JGP RNC[KPI D[ GCT YG YKNN CNN RNC[ C ȊYTQPIȍ PQVG JGTG CPF VJGTG DWV TGCNK\G VJG TKIJV PQVG KU QPN[ C
JCNHUVGR CYC[ KP OQUV ECUGU KP GKVJGT FKTGEVKQP +V KU YQTVJ RTCEVKEKPI VJG UMKNN QH IGVVKPI QWV QH VJGUG YTQPI
PQVGU ITCEGHWNN[ 2GTJCRU C YTQPI PQVG DGEQOGU C ITCEG PQVG VQ VJG TKIJV PQVG 1T RGTJCRU VJG YTQPI PQVG
NGCFU VQ UQOG KPVGTGUVKPI EJTQOCVKEKUO VJCV GPFU WR QP C UVTQPI VCTIGV PQVG +V YQWNF DG KORQUUKDNG
VQ ECNEWNCVG JQY OCP[ ITCEG PQVGU QT DGPFU QT JKRUQWPFKPI KFGCU KP VJG JKUVQT[ QH LC\\ UVCTVGF QWV CU C
ȊYTQPIȍ PQVG +V KU C OCVVGT QH FGXGNQRKPI SWKEM TGʏGZGU VQ VWTP VJCV YTQPI PQVG KPVQ CP KFGC VJCV TGUQNXGU
VQ C TKIJV PQVG +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV UQOGVKOGU RGQRNG VCNM CDQWV TGRGCVKPI VJG YTQPI PQVG VQ OCMG KV
UQWPF TKIJV DWV VYQ PGICVKXGU OCMG C RQUKVKXG QPN[ KP OCVJ 6YQ PGICVKXGU KP OWUKE LWUV EQORQWPF JQY
DCF KV UQWPFU *QYGXGT KH VJG YTQPI PQVG JCU NGF VQ CP KPVGTGUVKPI EJTQOCVKEKUO KP C NKPG VJCV YJQNG KFGC
could be repeated.

+ UQOGVKOGU CUUKIP UVWFGPVU VQ FGNKDGTCVGN[ RNC[ YTQPI PQVGU CPF RTCEVKEG IGVVKPI QWV QH VJGO D[ WUKPI
VJGO ITCEGHWNN[ KP C NKPG 6JKU UJCTRGPU TGʏGZGU CPF KU C UMKNN VJCV QHVGP EQOGU VQ VJG TGUEWG 6JG $NWGU KU
C RCTVKEWNCTN[ IQQF XGJKENG HQT VJKU GZGTEKUG + WUGF VQ CUM C UVWFGPV YJ[ VJG[ RNC[GF VJCV YTQPI PQVG $WV
VJG TGCN SWGUVKQP KU Ȋ9J[ FKF [QW NGV VJCV PQVG DGEQOG YTQPI ȍ 9KVJ C NKVVNG FKUETGVKQP RTGVV[ OWEJ CP[
PQVG KP VJG EJTQOCVKE UECNG ECP DG RNC[GF +V KU YJCV KU FQPG YKVJ KV CHVGTYCTFU VJCV OCMGU VJG FKHHGTGPEG

Most Music Education is Left Brained

+ VJKPM VJGTG CTG IQQF TGCUQPU YJ[ OWUKE GFWECVKQP JCU OQXGF VQ C OWEJ OQTG NGHV DTCKPGF QTKGPVCVKQP DWV
KPKVKCNN[ KV KU UNQY CPF NGUU GHHGEVKXG .GV OG GZRNCKP YJCV + OGCP +P VJG ȳGNF QH TKIJV DTCKPGF NGHV DTCKPGF
VJKPMKPI YG PQTOCNN[ VJKPM QH VJG TKIJV DTCKP FQOKPCPV RGTUQP CU VJG KPVWKVKXG URQPVCPGQWU CTVKUVKE
ETGCVKXG V[RG YJKNG VJG NGHV DTCKP FQOKPCPV RGTUQP KU OQTG UEKGPVKȳE OCVJGOCVKECN NQIKECN CPF UVCVKUVKECN
5Q YCU QWT ITGCV OQFGN %JCTNKG 2CTMGT TKIJV DTCKP FQOKPCPV QT NGHV DTCKP FQOKPCPV + VJKPM CV ȳTUV YG
YQWNF DG KPENKPGF VQ UC[ TKIJV DTCKPGF DGECWUG JG YCU CP CTVKUV $WV YKVJ HWTVJGT VJQWIJV + VJKPM YG YQWNF
JCXG VQ EQPENWFG JG YCU FQWDNG FQOKPCPV $QVJ JGOKURJGTGU YGTG YQTMKPI VQIGVJGT VQ DTKPI HQTVJ UWEJ
DTKNNKCPEG + CEVWCNN[ DGNKGXG VJKU UJQWNF DG QWT IQCN YKVJ QWT UVWFGPVUȅVQ CKF VJGO KP FGXGNQRKPI FQWDNG
FQOKPCPEG KP VJGKT RNC[KPI 6JCV OGCPU YG PGGF VQ JGNR VJGO FGXGNQR DQVJ TKIJV DTCKP UMKNNU CPF NGHV DTCKP
UMKNNU 9G YKNN GZRCPF VJKU KFGC KP %JCRVGT 

Unfortunately, there is little attention to right brain development in most education today. Right brain
UMKNNU NKMG RNC[KPI D[ GCT CPF VTCPUETKDKPI CPF RNC[KPI QWT GOQVKQPU CTG FKHȳEWNV VQ VGCEJ VQ OGCUWTG
CPF GXCNWCVG VQ DCUG C ITCFG QP 4KIJV DTCKP VGCEJKPI KU PQV EWV CPF FTKGF CPF SWCPVKȳCDNG KVȉU XGT[
KORTGEKUG .GHV DTCKP UMKNNU NKMG VJGQT[ CPF UECNGU CPF PQVCVKQP TGCFKPI CTG GCU[ VQ RWV QP VJG DNCEMDQCTF
CPF VQ DCUG VGUVU CPF ITCFGU QP 6JG[ CTG URGEKȳE CPF GZCEV CPF FGRGPFCDNG 5OCNN YQPFGT VJCV CECFGOKE
GFWECVKQP KU OQTG NGHV DTCKPGF $WV + VJKPM OQUV RTKXCVG NGUUQPU CTG NGHV DTCKP EGPVTKE CU YGNN DGECWUG KV

%JCRVGT  )GPGTCN +FGCU HQT *GNRKPI VJG 5QNQKUVU KP ;QWT $CPF] 2CIG 
KU RCTVN[ C OCVVGT QH LQD UGEWTKV[ +H [QW EQOG VQ VJG NGUUQP CPF + IKXG [QW C TKIJV DTCKP CUUKIPOGPV NKMG
IQ JQOG CPF RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ VJG TCFKQ VYQ JQWTU C FC[ YJCV JCRRGPU CV VJG PGZV NGUUQP Ȋ&KF [QW RNC[
D[ GCT YKVJ VJG TCFKQ HQT VYQ JQWTU C FC[ ȍ Ȋ;GUȍ Ȋ)TGCV &Q VJCV CICKP VJKU YGGMȅ RNGCUGȍ *QY
NQPI FQGU KV VCMG [QW VQ TGCNK\G VJCV [QW TGCNN[ FQPȉV PGGF OG KP VJCV NQQR #PF KV YQWNF DG VJG UCOG KH +
CUUKIPGF UQOG VTCPUETKDKPI QT CUMGF [QW VQ VWTP QHH VJG NKIJVU KP [QWT DGFTQQO CV PKIJV CPF LWUV VT[ VQ RNC[
[QWT GOQVKQPU +V KU JCTF HQT WU CU GFWECVQTU VQ VTWUV VJG RTQEGUU CPF UVGR QWV QH VJG YC[ CPF NGV VJG UVWFGPVU
JCXG VJGKT QYP GZRGTKGPEG FKTGEVN[ YKVJ VJG OWUKE 2NWU KV LWUV OC[ NQQM NKMG YG CTG PQV FQKPI QWT LQD DWV
YG TGCNN[ CTG 9G CTG JGNRKPI UVWFGPVU MPQY YJCV VJG[ UJQWNF FQ OQVKXCVKPI VJGO VQ FQ KV CPF HQNNQYKPI
WR YKVJ CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ DG CEEQWPVCDNG D[ TGRQTVKPI CPF FGOQPUVTCVKPI VJGKT RTQITGUU ;QW YKNN DG UQ
OWEJ OQTG JGNRHWN VQ [QWT UVWFGPVU VJCV YC[ VJCP D[ VT[KPI VQ VGCEJ VJGQT[ CPF EQOKPI CV KV YKVJ PWODGTU

5JQWNF YG PQV VGCEJ VJGQT[ CPF JQNF UVWFGPVU CEEQWPVCDNG HQT UECNGU CPF EJQTFU VJGP 1H EQWTUG YG
UJQWNF $WV PQV CV VJG GZRGPUG QT KP NKGW QH JGNRKPI VJGO JCXG TKIJV DTCKP GZRGTKGPEGU FKTGEVN[ YKVJ VJG
OWUKE +P VJG PGZV EJCRVGT YG YKNN NQQM CV KFGCU HQT FGXGNQRKPI FQWDNG FQOKPCPEG 9G YKNN CNUQ IGV KPVQ
LC\\ VJGQT[ CPF LC\\ PQOGPENCVWTG $WV KP RTKQTKV[ KV KU DGVVGT HQT VJG TKIJV DTCKP FGXGNQROGPV VQ UVCTV ȳTUV
#PF CNN DCPF FKTGEVQTU ECP FQ VJCV HQT VJGKT UVWFGPVU GXGP KH VJGKT QYP GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ KORTQXKUCVKQP KU
OKPKOCN QT PQPGZKUVGPV

5KPEG [QW RCUUGF [QWT OWUKE FKEVCVKQP CPF UKIJV UKPIKPI ENCUUGU YG MPQY [QW ECP JGCT CNVJQWIJ VJQUG
ENCUUGU YGTG FKHȳEWNV HQT [QW DGECWUG EQNNGIG YCU VJG ȳTUV VKOG [QW YGTG CUMGF VQ TGCNN[ WUG [QWT GCTU
5GEQPFCT[ OWUKE GFWECVKQP JCU NCTIGN[ VWTPGF OWUKE KPVQ C XKUWCN CTV +H [QW CTG EQPUEKGPVKQWU CPF YCPV
VQ ITQY CU CP GFWECVQT RWUJ [QWTUGNH VQ FQ VJG TKIJV DTCKP FGXGNQROGPVCN GZGTEKUGU 6JG OQTG [QW CTG
ITQYKPI RGTUQPCNN[ CPF VJG OQTG [QW CTG CDNG VQ OQFGN YJCV [QW CTG VGCEJKPI VJG OQTG [QW YKNN KPURKTG
[QWT UVWFGPVU +P DCPFU VJCV JCXG UVTQPI UQNQKUVU CV VJG HGUVKXCNU VJGTG KU CNYC[U TKIJV DTCKP YQTM IQKPI QP
UQOGYJGTG DGJKPF VJG UEGPGU

6JCV KU YJGTG KV UVCTVU HQT [QWȅCPF [QWT UVWFGPVU $WV YG CNUQ PGGF VQ RWUJ QP KPVQ LC\\ VJGQT[ CPF JCTOQP[
EJQTF EQPUVTWEVKQP HWPEVKQPCN CPCN[UKU LC\\ OGNQFKE EQPUVTWEVKQP LC\\ TJ[VJO CPF LC\\ UV[NG 6JG GCTNKGT
EJCRVGTU QH VJKU DQQM IKXG C NQV QH KFGCU HQT YQTMKPI YKVJ LC\\ TJ[VJO LC\\ CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF LC\\ UV[NG
6JGUG KUUWGU CTG VJG UCOG YJGVJGT TGCFKPI QT KORTQXKUKPI 5Q KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGT YG YKNN HQEWU QP VJG NGHV
DTCKP VGTTKVQT[ DWV TGOGODGT KH VJKU IGVU VQQ UECT[ [QW CPF [QWT UVWFGPVU ECP IQ C NQPI YC[ YKVJ LWUV VJG
right brain approach suggested in the present chapter.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 20 Developing Double-Dominant
Improvisers
+P %JCRVGT  YG FKUEWUUGF VJG OGCPKPI QH FQWDNG FQOKPCPEG YJGTG VJG TKIJV DTCKP ETGCVKXKV[ KU
EQODKPGF YKVJ VJG NGHV DTCKP OCVJ VQ ETGCVG C OWUKECN RTQFWEV YJKEJ PGKVJGT QTKGPVCVKQP YQWNF DG ECRCDNG
QH RTQFWEKPI KPFGRGPFGPVN[ 0Q FQWDNG FQOKPCPV KU PQV VJG PCOG QH C EJQTF + JCXG C OGVCRJQT HQT VJG
KPVGTCEVKQP DGVYGGP VJG TKIJV DTCKP CPF VJG NGHV DTCKP +P VJG EQORWVGT VJGTG CTG VYQ V[RGU QH OGOQT[ VJG
JCTF FKUM QT RGTOCPGPV OGOQT[ CPF VJG 4#/ QT VGORQTCT[ OGOQT[ #NN VJG RGTOCPGPV UVQTCIG QH PWODGTU
KU JGNF KP VJG JCTF FKUM YJKEJ KU CPCNQIQWU VQ VJG NGHV DTCKP CPF VJG ETGCVKXG YQTM KU FQPG KP 4#/ YJKEJ
KU CPCNQIQWU VQ VJG TKIJV DTCKP 9JGP YG ENKEM QP C YQTF RTQEGUUKPI KEQP VJG PGEGUUCT[ KPHQTOCVKQP KU
CRRTQRTKCVGF HTQO VJG JCTF FKUM UQ YG ECP ETGCVG QWT FQEWOGPV KP 4#/ #U YG CTG YQTMKPI CNQPI YG
TGCNK\G YG YCPV VQ KPUGTV C RKEVWTG 4#/ OWUV TGCEEGUU VJG JCTF FKUM VQ DTKPI WR VJG KPHQTOCVKQP PGEGUUCT[
VQ YQTM YKVJ ITCRJKEU CPF VJGP YG ECP RTQEGGF +P C UKOKNCT OCPPGT VJG TKIJV DTCKP UC[U + YCPV VQ RNC[
ȊVJKUȍ C OGNQFKE KFGC  CPF VJG NGHV DTCKP KOOGFKCVGN[ TGURQPFU YKVJ VJG PGEGUUCT[ OCVGTKCN YJ[ VJCV KU
C OKPQT VJ EJQTF HTQO VJG VJ DD CPF UKPEG [QW CTG KP ( VJCV KU )#%') CPF JGTG CTG
VJG ȳPIGTKPIUȒȒ  #PF CNN VJKU JCRRGPU HCUVGT VJCP PCPQUGEQPFU

6JKU TKIJV DTCKPNGHV DTCKPEQORWVGT OGVCRJQT UWIIGUVU C VYQHQNF RTQEGUU HQT FGXGNQRKPI CU CP KORTQXKUGT
(KTUV YG JCXG VQ CEEWOWNCVG OCVGTKCNU HQT UVQTCIG KP VJG NGHV DTCKP CPF UGEQPF YG JCXG VQ NGCTP JQY VQ
CEEGUU CPF QTICPK\G VJQUG OCVGTKCNU KP VJG TKIJV DTCKP VQ ETGCVG C UQNQ + CO CYCTG VJCV CP[ IQQF OGVCRJQT
VCMGP VQQ HCT ECP IQ DCF DWV + VJKPM VJG IGPGTCN PQVKQP QH YJCV YG CTG VCNMKPI CDQWV JGTG KU JGCNVJ[ 5Q
NGVȉU NQQM CV VJG CEVKXKVKGU KPENWFGF KP GCEJ UKFG QH VJG GSWCVKQP

Right Brain Developmental Activities Left Brain Development Activities

• listening continually • learn theory

Ȏ RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ VJG TCFKQ Ȏ RTCEVKEG UECNGU

Ȏ RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ %&U Ȏ RTCEVKEG EJQTFU

Ȏ RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ RNC[CNQPIU Ȏ CPCN[\G EJQTF RTQITGUUKQPU CPF HQTO

• transcribe solos to the instrument • notate transcriptions on paper

Ȏ VTCPUETKDG NKEMU UJQTV OGNQFKE KFGCU Ȏ TGCF PQVGU TGCF EJQTFU

Ȏ RNC[ UKORNG OGNQFKGU KP CNN  MG[U Ȏ RNC[ TF QH GXGT[ EJQTF KP C VWPG GVE

Ȏ LWUV RNC[ [QWT GOQVKQPU Ȏ NGCTP RCVVGTPU KP CNN  MG[U

/QVKXCVKPI UVWFGPVU VQ FQ CNN QH VJGUG VJKPIU CPF VGCEJKPI VJGO VJG VGEJPKSWGU CPFQT VJGQT[ PGEGUUCT[ HQT
each activity is the role of the jazz music educator.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Helpful Thoughts on the Right Brain Development Activities

Listening

'XGT[VJKPI UVCTVU YKVJ NKUVGPKPI 4GOGODGT 5W\WMKȉU ȊOQVJGT VQPIWGȍ RTKPEKRNGȅYG NGCTP VQ RNC[ VJG
UCOG YC[ YG NGCTP VQ VCNM +V KU TGCNN[ KORQUUKDNG VQ NGCTP VQ URGCM C NCPIWCIG CWVJGPVKECNN[ KH [QW JCXG
PGXGT JGCTF KV URQMGP ;QW ECPȉV IGV KV D[ TGCFKPI VJG NCPIWCIG QT D[ WUKPI C EQPXGTUKQP FKEVKQPCT[ KG
(TGPEJ'PINKUJ %QPXGTUKQP &KEVKQPCT[ QT Ȋ%NCUUKECN,C\\ %QPXGTUKQP &KEVKQPCT[ȍ  6JKU KU VJG ȳTUV UVGR
VJGP IGV VJGO NKUVGPKPI ;QW OC[ JCXG C TGSWKTGOGPV GCEJ ITCFG VGTO HQT C EGTVCKP COQWPV QH NKUVGPKPI
CPF NKXG EQPEGTV CVVGPFCPEG 6JG UVWFGPVU ECP DGIKP D[ NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG EJCTVU [QW CTG YQTMKPI QP KP VJG
DCPF DWV VJG[ PGGF VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG UQWTEG OQFGNU HQT VJGKT URGEKȳE KPUVTWOGPV VJG[ ECP GZRCPF VQ QVJGT
KPUVTWOGPVU NCVGT 

+ DGNKGXG YG UJQWNF IQ DCEM VQ QWT EQOOQP RTCEVKEG RGTKQF VJG $GDQR 'TC QH VJG ȉU CPF VJGP YQTM
HQTYCTF HTQO VJGTG CPF NCVGT GXGP DCEM HTQO VJGTG  *QYGXGT UQOG UVWFGPVU OC[ DG TGCNN[ GPVJTCNNGF
YKVJ EWTTGPV HWUKQP V[RG OWUKE $WKNF QP VJCV GPVJWUKCUO CPF VJGP NGCF VJGO DCEM VQ VJG TGCN UQWTEG RGQRNG
6JCV OGCPU %JCTNKG 2CTMGT UCZQRJQPG  &K\\[ )KNNGURKG VTWORGV  ,, ,QJPUQP VTQODQPG  $WF 2QYGNN
RKCPQ  4C[ $TQYP DCUU  /CZ 4QCEJ FTWOU  %JCTNKG %JTKUVKCP IWKVCT  GVE 6JGP OQXG KPVQ VJG PGZV
GTC YKVJ ,QJP %QNVTCPG CPF 5QPP[ 4QNNKPU CPF %CPPQPDCNN #FFGTNG[ UCZQRJQPG  /KNGU &CXKU CPF .GG
/QTICP CPF %NKHHQTF $TQYP CPF (TGFFKG *WDDCTF VTWORGV  (TCPM 4QUQNKPQ CPF %CTN (QPVCPC CPF %WTVKU
(WNNGT VTQODQPG  CPF /E%Q[ 6[PGT CPF $KNN 'XCPU CPF 9[PVQP -GNN[ RKCPQ  %JCTNGU /KPIWU CPF 2CWN
%JCODGTU CPF ,KOO[ )CTTKUQP DCUU  ,KOO[ %QDD CPF 'NXKP ,QPGU CPF 6QP[ 9KNNKCOU FTWOU  ,KO *CNN
CPF 9GU /QPVIQOGT[ CPF ,QJPP[ 5OKVJ IWKVCT  6JKU NKUV KU QH EQWTUG YC[ QXGTUKORNKȳGF CPF TGʏGEVU
UQOG QH O[ QYP DKCU DWV [QW ECPȉV IQ YTQPI YKVJ UVCTVKPI YKVJ VJGUG RNC[GTU /QTG EQORTGJGPUKXG NKUVU
CTG CNN QXGT VJG KPVGTPGV YJGP [QW YCPV OQTG

Playing by Ear

5VCTV D[ OQVKXCVKPI VJG UVWFGPVU VQ RNC[ CNQPI D[ GCT YKVJ VJG VJKPIU VJG[ CTG NKUVGPKPI VQ 9JGP + YCU KP
JKIJ UEJQQN + URGPV C NQV QH VKOG RNC[KPI CNQPI YKVJ %JCTNKG 2CTMGT CPF %CPPQPDCNN #FFGTNG[ CPF ,QJP
%QNVTCPG + EQWNFPȉV MGGR WR YKVJ VJGO DWV + YCU CDUQTDKPI JQY VJG[ CRRTQCEJGF VJKPIU CPF EJGEMKPI QWV
EQQN PQVGU CPF ȳIWTKPI QWV MG[U 6JGP YJGP VJG RKCPQ UQNQ ECOG WR VJCV YCU NKMG C RNC[ CNQPI HQT OG CPF
+ YQWNF MGGR RNC[KPI VT[KPI VQ UQWPF CU OWEJ NKMG $KTF QT %CPPQP QT 6TCPG CU + EQWNF PQ QHHGPUG VQ VJG
RKCPKUVU DWV + EQWNF IGV QXGT VJG XQNWOG QH VJG RKCPQ UQNQU 

#NUQ RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ FKHHGTGPV TCFKQ UVCVKQPU D[ GCT + WUGF VQ FQ VJKU UQOGVKOGU C EQWRNG QH JQWTU GCEJ
PKIJV KP JKIJ UEJQQN + YQWNF DG QP C TQEM UVCVKQP VJGP -.7$  'CU[ .KUVGPKPI VJGP VQ VJG ENCUUKECN
UVCVKQP VJGP DCEM VQ C FKHHGTGPV TQEM UVCVKQP + YQWNF RU[EJG QWV YJCV MG[ VJG VWPG YCU KP VJGP YJCV VJG
TJ[VJOKE DCUKU YCU CPF VJGP UGG KH + EQWNF ȳV KP YKVJ VJG UV[NG + JCF PQ QPG IKXKPI OG IWKFCPEG QT HGGF
DCEM + JCF PQ QPG VQ VGNN OG KH + YCU TKIJV QT PQVȅLWUV O[ GCTU + TGCNN[ JCF PQ YC[ QH MPQYKPI CV VJG VKOG
JQY OWEJ IQQF + YCU FQKPI HQT O[UGNH #V QPG VKOG + EQWNF RNC[ CNN VJG UKVEQO VJGOGU CPF EQOOGTEKCNU CPF
VQR  VWPGU QP VJG TCFKQȅQJ UQ IQQF HQT O[ GCTU #RRNG K6WPGU JCU OCFG CEEGUU VQ TCFKQ UQ GCU[ PQY ;QW
ECP CEEGUU JWPFTGFU QH TCFKQ UVCVKQPU HTQO CNN QXGT VJG YQTNF + CNYC[U JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UVCTV YKVJ ENCUUKE
TQEM CPF TGIICG UVCVKQPU YJGTG VJG VWPGU VGPF VQ UVC[ KP QPG QT VYQ MG[U HQT VJG YJQNG VWPG 6JGP VJG[ ECP
ITCFWCNN[ ITCFWCVG VQ OQTG FKHȳEWNV VWPGU LC\\  6JKU KU HWP HQT VJGO CPF WUWCNN[ JKIJN[ OQVKXCVKPI

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

#NUQ JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ CP[ RNC[CNQPI %&U QT OCVGTKCNU VJG[ QYP ,COG[ GXGP UWIIGUVU
VJCV YJGP [QW DW[ C PGY #GDGTUQNF RNC[CNQPI %& RNC[ D[ GCT YKVJ KV HQT C YJKNG GXGP C OQPVJ 6JGP
QRGP VJG DQQM CPF UGG YJCV GNUG [QW ECP NGCTP

Transcribing

6TCPUETKDKPI KU VJG UKPING OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI CP CURKTKPI OWUKEKCP ECP FQ +V KU C FKHȳEWNV UNQY RTQEGUU
CPF TGSWKTGU RCVKGPEG CPF RGTUKUVGPEG +V UGGOU XGT[ KPGHȳEKGPV VQ VTCPUETKDG C UQNQ 9J[ FQPȉV YG LWUV
DW[ C VTCPUETKRVKQP DQQM CPF RTCEVKEG VJG UQNQ 6JKU YQWNF DG OQTG GHȳEKGPV CNN TKIJV DWV PQV PGCTN[ CU
GHHGEVKXG CU FQKPI VJG VTCPUETKRVKQP QWTUGNXGU +H YG TGCF UQOGQPG GNUGȉU VTCPUETKRVKQP KV DGEQOGU C TGCFKPI
GZGTEKUG PQV CP GCT GZGTEKUGȅPQY KVȉU NGHV DTCKP YQTM 9JGP YG TGCF C VTCPUETKRVKQP YG UGG VJG PQVGU
CPF CP CRRTQZKOCVKQP QH TJ[VJOU DWV VJGTG KU PQ KPHQTOCVKQP CDQWV VQPG KPVQPCVKQP XKDTCVQ CTVKEWNCVKQP
TJ[VJOKE HGGN UEQQRU CPF QVJGT FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU QT KPʏGEVKQPU 9JGP YG FQ QWT QYP VTCPUETKDKPI CNN QH
VJCV KPHQTOCVKQP KU VJGTG 0QVJKPI KU OKUUKPI ;GU KV VCMGU OQTG VKOG DWV YG CTG IGVVKPI UQ OWEJ OQTG HQT
our effort.

#PQVJGT OCLQT DGPGȳV QH FQKPI QWT QYP VTCPUETKRVKQP KU VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH GCT VQ ȳPIGT EQQTFKPCVKQP
9JGP YG TGCF YG FGXGNQR G[G VQ ȳPIGT EQQTFKPCVKQP 9KVJ VTCPUETKDKPI YG FGXGNQR VJG CDKNKV[ VQ JGCT
C RKVEJ GKVJGT KPVGTPCNN[ QT GZVGTPCNN[ CPF QWT OKPFDQF[ CWVQOCVKECNN[ RTQFWEGU VJG EQTTGEV ȳPIGTKPI
6JKU KU QDXKQWUN[ KPXCNWCDNG YJGP YG CTG KORTQXKUKPI CPF VT[KPI VQ VTCPUNCVG OGNQFKGU YG CTG JGCTKPI KP
QWT JGCFU KPVQ ȳPIGTKPIU CPF PQVGU

6JG QVJGT SWGUVKQP VJCV CNYC[U CTKUGU CDQWV VTCPUETKRVKQP KU Ȋ5JQWNF + VTCPUETKDG LWUV VQ O[ KPUVTWOGPV QT VQ
RCRGT QT DQVJ ȍ /CP[ [GCTU CIQ Downbeat Magazine RWDNKUJGF CP KPVGTXKGY YKVJ 9[PVQP CPF $TCPHQTF
/CTUCNKU 6JG KPVGTXKGYGT CUMGF 9[PVQP VJG KPGXKVCDNG SWGUVKQP CDQWV VTCPUETKRVKQP 9[PVQP UCKF Ȋ+ PGXGT
VTCPUETKDG + FQPȉV DGNKGXG KP KVȍ + RW\\NGF QXGT VJKU CPUYGT CPF TGTGCF KV C EQWRNG QH VKOGU CPF EQPENWFGF
VJCV KV OWUV DG C V[RQ (KPCNN[ + TGCF QP CPF $TCPHQTF UCKF Ȋ;GCJ + FQPȉV GKVJGT + LWUV NGCTP VQ RNC[ KV QP
O[ JQTPȍ 6JGP + TGCNK\GF 9[PVQP YCU TGHGTTKPI VQ VJG NKVGTCN OGCPKPI QH VTCPUETKRVKQP YJKEJ KU VQ YTKVG KV
FQYP 6JG[ YGTG DQVJ WUKPI VJG VGTO OQTG NQQUGN[ CPF UC[KPI VJCV VJG[ VTCPUETKDG VQ VJG KPUVTWOGPV PQV VQ
RCRGT 1PG QH VJG ITGCV 0GY ;QTM CNVQ UCZQRJQPG RNC[GTU ,KO 5PKFGTQ VQNF OG VJCV JG ȳTUV NGCTPU VQ RNC[
VJG GPVKTG VTCPUETKRVKQP QP JKU JQTP CPF VJGP JG RWV VJG JQTP FQYP CPF OCMGU JKOUGNH YTKVG FQYP VJG UQNQ
YKVJQWV VJG CKF QH VJG KPUVTWOGPV 6JG ȳTUV GHHQTV KU C TKIJV DTCKP GZGTEKUG CPF VJG UGEQPF GHHQTV KU OQTG QH
C NGHV DTCKP GZGTEKUG CNVJQWIJ VJGTG CTG UVKNN GNGOGPVU QH TKIJV DTCKP KPXQNXGF 6JG NKPG KU PQV CNYC[U ENGCT
/CP[ CEVKXKVKGU IQ CETQUU DQVJ NKPGU CPF YG CTG VT[KPI VQ DWKNF VJG OCTTKCIG QH VJG TKIJV CPF VJG NGHV

+ VJKPM RCTV QH VJG KUUWG YKVJ YTKVKPI FQYP VJG UQNQ YJKEJ FQGU JCXG UQOG XCNWG KU VJCV VJG KPHQTOCVKQP KU
PQY UVQTGF QP CP GZVGTPCN UVQTCIG OGFKWO +V KU NKMG JCXKPI [QWT UVQTCIG QP C ʏCUJ FTKXG QT C %& 9JCV KH
+ FQPȉV JCXG KV YKVJ OG QT ECPPQV ȳPF KV SWKEMN[ GPQWIJ YJKEJ YKNN CNYC[U DG VJG ECUG $WV KH + JCXG NGCTPGF
VQ RNC[ VJG UQNQ QP O[ JQTP + JCXG UVQTGF KV VQ VJG JCTF FKUM DTCKP  CPF KV KU KOOGFKCVGN[ CEEGUUKDNG GXGP
UWDEQPUEKQWUN[ CPF YKNN JCXG C OWEJ OQTG HCTTGCEJKPI GHHGEV QP O[ RNC[KPI QXGT VKOG

6JGTG KU C VGEJPKSWG HQT VTCPUETKDKPI VJCV UCXGU C VQP QH VKOG CPF OCMGU KV OQTG HWP &GRGPFKPI QP VJG
FKHȳEWNV[ CPF URGGF QH VJG RCUUCIG DGKPI VTCPUETKDGF FGEKFG JQY OCP[ PQVGU VQ NKUVGP VQ +H KV KU GCU[ OQTG
PQVGU KH KV KU FKHȳEWNV OC[DG QPN[  PQVGU QT GXGP LWUV QPG 2TGUU VJG RCWUG CPF UKPI KV ȳTUV DGHQTG VT[KPI
KV QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV 5KPI KV GPQWIJ VKOGU VQ IGV KV ENGCT KP [QWT JGCF VJGP ȳPF KV QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV 6JKU
YKNN UCXG TGTGHGTGPEKPI VJG VTCEM QXGT CPF QXGT CPF WNVKOCVGN[ UCXG C NQV QH VKOG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Playing in All 12 Keys

+V KU GUUGPVKCN HQT C LC\\ OWUKEKCP VQ DG GSWCNN[ ʏWGPV KP CNN  MG[U 9G YKNN QHVGP RNC[ KP JCNH QH VJG MG[U QT
OQTG KP VJG EQWTUG QH C UKPING VWPG 6TCPUETKDKPI CPF RNC[KPI D[ GCT JGNR C NQV YKVJ FGXGNQRKPI VJKU ECRCEKV[ DWV
CPQVJGT GZGTEKUG KU VQ RNC[ UKORNG OGNQFKGU KP CNN  MG[U 5VCTV YKVJ PWTUGT[ TJ[OG VWPGUȅMary Had a
Little Lamb, Row Row Row Your Boat, Three Blind Mice, Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star GVEȅCPF LWUV RNC[
VJGO WR D[ JCNH UVGRU VJTQWIJ CNN  MG[U )TCFWCVG VQ DCNNCF JGCFU VJCV CTG C NKVVNG JCTFGT DWV UNQYȅOver
the Rainbow, The Christmas Song, Greensleeves GVE .CVGT OQXG QP VQ OQTG FKHȳEWNV VWPGU CPF DGDQR
NKEMU #ICKP VJG NKPG KU PQV EWV CPF FTKGF DGVYGGP TKIJV DTCKP CPF NGHV DTCKP YQTM JGTG +V KU RTQDCDN[ XCNWCDNG
HQT DQVJ UKFGU 6JGTG KU UQOGVJKPI XGT[ RQUKVKXG VJCV JCRRGPU VQ RNC[GTU YJGP VJG[ YQTM KP CNN  MG[UȅC
certain cognitive clarity and technical facility.

Playing Your Emotions

/CP[ PKIJVU YJGP + YCU KP JKIJ UEJQQN + YQWNF IQ KPVQ O[ DGFTQQO YJGTG + WUWCNN[ RTCEVKEGF CPF VWTP
QWV VJG NKIJVU CPF LWUV VT[ VQ RNC[ O[ GOQVKQPU +V YQWNF DG FKHHGTGPV HTQO PKIJV VQ PKIJV DWV KV TGCNN[ JGNRGF
OG IGV KP VQWEJ YKVJ O[ JGCTV CPF O[ JQTP CPF DTKPI VJG VYQ VQIGVJGT 6JKU KU PQV C XGT[ RTGEKUG MKPF QH
CUUKIPOGPV DWV ECP [KGNF XCNWCDNG ITQYVJ HQT C UQNQKUV + UCY $QDD[ 5JGY QPG VKOG VCNM CDQWV VCMKPI CP
( OCLQT UECNG CPF VT[KPI VQ RNC[ KV YKVJ FKHHGTGPV GOQVKQPUȅJCRR[ VJGP UCF VJGP CPIT[ VJGP UGPVKOGPVCN
GVE 1P C FKHHGTGPV FC[ RKEM C FKHHGTGPV MG[ CPF IQ VJTQWIJ VJG UCOG RTQEGUU /QUV TKIJV DTCKP CEVKXKVKGU
CTG PQV GURGEKCNN[ RTGEKUG CPF OGCUWTCDNG #U + UCKF GCTNKGT + VJKPM VJKU KU YJ[ VTCFKVKQPCN GFWECVKQP JCU
XGGTGF CYC[ HTQO TKIJV DTCKP CRRTQCEJGU $WV VJKU FQGU PQV PGICVG VJGKT XCNWG CPF KORQTVCPEG #U + VJKPM
+ JCXG CNTGCF[ KNNWUVTCVGF KH + JCF VQ EJQQUG DGVYGGP VJG VYQ TKIJV DTCKP YQWNF DG VJG ENGCT YKPPGT $WV
HQTVWPCVGN[ YG FQ PQV JCXG VQ OCMG VJCV EJQKEG UQ QP VQ NGHV DTCKP CEVKXKVKGU

Helpful Thoughts on Left Brain Development Activities

Learn Theory

+V KU KORQTVCPV HQT CNN OWUKEKCPU VQ NGCTP VJGQT[ 6JKU KU VJG OCVJ RCTV QH OWUKE QT VJG ITCOOCT RCTV QH
OWUKE CPF HQT VJG LC\\ OWUKEKCP VJGQT[ OWUV TGCNN[ NKXG QP VJG JQTP CPF DGEQOG RCTV QH RGTHQTOCPEG
6JG DCUKEU QH VJGQT[ CTG PQ FKHHGTGPV HQT C LC\\ OWUKEKCP QT C ENCUUKECN OWUKEKCP ;QWT EQNNGIG VJGQT[ YKNN
DG JGNRHWN 9G PGGF VQ VGCEJ DCUKE VJKPIU NKMG ENGHU CPF MG[ UKIPCVWTGU CPF VKOG UKIPCVWTGU CPF KPVGTXCNU
CPF UECNGU CPF DCUKE TJ[VJOKE EQPEGRVU +P LC\\ YG VCMG VJG UECNGU HWTVJGT CPF DWKNF OQTG EQORNGZ EJQTFU
CPF FGCN UQOGVKOGU YKVJ OQTG EQORNGZ TJ[VJOU .KMG [QWT EQNNGIG VJGQT[ ENCUUGU VJGTG UJQWNF CNUQ DG CP
GCT VTCKPKPI EQORQPGPV QH VJGQTGVKECN NGCTPKPI + CNYC[U JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UKPI CP[ UECNGU QT EJQTFU VJG[
CTG YQTMKPI QP DWV + CNUQ VGUV VJGKT CDKNKV[ VQ TGURQPF D[ GCT YKVJ VJGKT KPUVTWOGPVU VQ EJQTFU QP VJG RKCPQ

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

Learn Scales

+P O[ GZRGTKGPEG UVWFGPVU FQPȉV TGCNN[ MPQY VJGKT UECNGU WPVKN VJG[ VCMG QP CNN  MG[U CV VJG UCOG VKOG
-PQYKPI CNN  OCLQT MG[U CPF UECNGU KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH CNN LC\\ VJGQT[ +P LC\\ YG QHVGP FQ VJKPIU KP
VJG EKTENG QTFGT DWV PGXGT KP VJG %KTENG QH (KHVJU 6JG %KTENG QH (KHVJU YCU ȳPG HQT 2[VJCIQTCU CPF JKU
OCVJGOCVKECN OKPF DWV KV JCU PQ RTCEVKECN XCNWG KP OWUKE GKVJGT ENCUUKECN QT LC\\ 6JG %KTENG QH (KHVJU KU
chord regression CPF KV LWUV KUPȉV VJG YC[ OWUKE YQTMU 0QY VJG %KTENG QH (QWTVJU KU EJQTF progression, so
VJCV KU VJG YC[ YG WUG KV $WV KP LC\\ YG ECNNGF KV VJG %[ENG QH &QOKPCPVU DGECWUG % KU VJG FQOKPCPV QH ( KU
VJG FQOKPCPV QH $D KU VJG FQOKPCPV QH 'D 6JG E[ENG KU VJG UVTQPIGUV QH CNN EJQTF RTQITGUUKQPU DGECWUG KV KU
8+ 8+ 8+ 5Q VJKU KU C IQQF RNCEG VQ UVCTV NGCTP CNN  OCLQT UECNGU KP VJG E[ENG QTFGT 6JGP KV DGEQOGU
GCU[ VQ GZRCPF VQ QVJGT UECNGU

+P VJGQT[ YG ECP VJKPM QH VJKPIU KP GKVJGT C TGNCVKXG YC[ QT C RCTCNNGN YC[ CPF YG CNYC[U VJKPM KP VJG
GCUKGUV YC[ YG ECP (QT GZCORNG KH VJG IQCN KU VQ RNC[ C &QTKCP UECNG OQFG  VJGTG CTG VYQ YC[U VQ VJKPM
CDQWV KVȅTGNCVKXG QT RCTCNNGN # TGNCVKXG CRRTQCEJ YQWNF DG VQ TGEQIPK\G VJCV &QTKCP KU VJG UGEQPF OQFG
QH VJG OCLQT UECNG UQ KV KU TGNCVGF VQ VJG OCLQT UECNG FQYP C YJQNG UVGR CPF WUGU VJG UCOG MG[ UKIPCVWTG
6JGTGHQTG % &QTKCP YQWNF DG C UECNG YKVJ VYQ ʏCVU 6JG RCTCNNGN CRRTQCEJ KU YJGTG YG EQORCTG VJG %
&QTKCP UECNG VQ VJG % OCLQT UECNG CPF FKUEQXGT VJCV KV JCU C D CPF C D 5Q VQ RNC[ &QTKCP YG LWUV RNC[
VJG % OCLQT UECNG YKVJ C D CPF C D 9G IGV VJG UCOG CPUYGT GKVJGT YC[ DWV KH VJGTG CTG QPN[ QPG QT VYQ
EJCPIGU KV KU GCUKGT CPF SWKEMGT VQ VJKPM KP VJG RCTCNNGN CRRTQCEJ /KZQN[FKCP UECNGU CTG LWUV OCLQT UECNGU
YKVJ C D +V KU OWEJ UNQYGT VQ VJKPM QH VJG TGNCVKXG UECNG FQYP C VJ 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF KH YG CTG VT[KPI VQ
VJKPM RCTCNNGN QP C .QETKCP UECNG KV YQWNF DG C OCLQT UECNG YKVJ C D D D D DȅȳXG EJCPIGU 6JCV
KU VQQ OWEJ VQ VJKPM CDQWV UQ KP VJKU ECUG TGNCVKXG VJKPMKPI KU GCUKGT ,WUV IQ WR C JCNH UVGR VQ VJG TGNCVKXG
OCLQT UECNG CPF MG[ UKIPCVWTG  5Q RNC[KPI CP ( .QETKCP UECNG KU C OCVVGT QH VJKPMKPI WR C JCNH UVGR VQ
) CPF LWUV RNC[ C ) OCLQT UECNG UVCTVKPI QP ( 5Q TGNCVKXG VJKPMKPI YQTMU DGVVGT HQT 2JT[IKCP TGNCVGF
FQYP C OCLQT TF  .QETKCP WR C OKPQT PF  CPF #GQNKCP PCVWTCN OKPQTȅTGNCVGF FQYP C OKPQT TF 
2CTCNNGN VJKPMKPI YQTMU DGVVGT HQT &QTKCP D D  .[FKCP   CPF /KZQN[FKCP D  6JGTGHQTG ȳTUV JGNR
VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP CNN  OCLQT UECNGU CPF VJGP NGCTP CNN VJG QVJGT OQFGU FGTKXGF HTQO VJG OCLQT UECNG 9G
QHVGP NQQUGN[ LWUV ECNN VJGO UECNGU KPUVGCF QH OQFGU

Learning Chords—The Chord Study

/QUV OWUKE GFWECVKQP HQEWUGU QP VJG UECNGU CPF JCTFN[ VQWEJGU VJG EJQTFU 9G TGCF CTRGIIKQ GZGTEKUGU CPF
RGTJCRU NGCTP VJG DCUKE VTKCFU DWV KV KU HCKTN[ UWRGTȳEKCN EQORCTGF VQ YJCV LC\\ RNC[GTU PGGF 1H EQWTUG
YG PGGF VQ NGCTP QWT UECNGU DWV KH + JCF VQ EJQQUG DGVYGGP VJG VYQ EJQTFU CTG XCUVN[ OQTG KORQTVCPV /[
UVWFGPVU TGCNN[ UVCTV VQ DNQUUQO YJGP VJG[ YQTM QP VJG %JQTF 5VWF[ VJCV YG YKNNN IGV QP VJG PGZV RCIG
9KVJ VJG [QWPIGT UVWFGPVU + UVCTV YKVJ LWUV VJG VJTGG DCUKE EJQTFU

#U YG IQ CNQPI PQVKEG VJCV CNN LC\\ EJQTF EQPUVTWEVKQP KU DCUGF QP RCTCNNGN EQPUVTWEVKQP
YKVJ CNVGTCVKQPU DCUGF QP YJCV VJG PQVGU YQWNF JCXG DGGP KP VJG OCLQT MG[ QH VJG DQVVQO
PQVG + UJQWNF CNUQ RQKPV QWV VJCV + CO PQV IQKPI VQ WUG VJG EQTTGEV URGEKȳE EJQTF U[ODQNU HQT
VJ EJQTFU 6[RKECNN[ VJG QPN[ VKOG [QW YKNN UGG EJQTF U[ODQNU YKVJ VJU QP CNN QH VJGO KU KP UQOG
RWDNKUJGF EJCTVU YJGTG VJG RWDNKUJGT HGGNU C PGGF VQ DG XGT[ URGEKȳE 2NC[GTU KP VJG LC\\ YQTNF FQPȉV
YQTT[ CDQWV YTKVKPI VJCV YC[ HQT GCEJ QVJGT 9G CNN MPQY VJCV CNN EJQTFU VJCV JCXG C RQUUKDNG VJ
CNYC[U IQ VQ VJG VJ 5Q KH + UGG & KV OGCPU VQ OG & +H + UGG & KV OGCPU VQ OG &

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

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5Q VJG OQTG EQORNGVG GZGTEKUG DGEQOGU + IKXG VJG YJQNG VJKPI TKIJV QHH VQ EQNNGIG UVWFGPVU CPF UQOG
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CTG OQTG FKHȳEWNV CPF PGGF URGEKCNK\GF VGCEJKPI CPF NGCTPKPI CRRTQCEJGU 6JG JCTFGUV EJQTF KU VJG
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Adding the Altered Dominants to the Chord Study

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% %UWU % %

DD ] DD ] DD ] DD ]

%D % CNYC[U KORNKGU C  KP LC\\ YTKVVGP QT PQV

DDD ] DD ] CPF WR C | UVGR HTQO VJG  VQ VJG PGY TQQV ( 

5QOGVKOGU YKVJ C [QWPIGT UVWFGPV + LWUV CFF VJG OQUV EQOOQP CNVGTGF FQOKPCPVȅ%ȅQP VJG GPF QH
the original chord study instead of adding all the altered dominant types at once.

Practicing Chords and Scales in Chord Progressions

6JG OQUV EQOOQP EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP KP OQFGTP OWUKE KU VJG ++ 8 + 9JKNG VJG UVWFGPV KU RTCEVKEKPI OCP[
++ 8 + EJQTF RTQITGUUKQPU YJGP JGUJG KU TGCFKPI KP VJG HCMG DQQM KV KU CNUQ IQQF VQ ETGCVG CP GZGTEKUG
VJCV TGSWKTGU VJG UVWFGPV VQ FQ VJGO U[UVGOCVKECNN[ KP CNN  MG[U 6JG UKORNGUV YC[ VQ FQ VJKU KU VQ WUG VJG
%[ENG QH &QOKPCPVU VJU  6JG TQQVU CTG CNTGCF[ CWVQOCVKECNN[ KP ++8+ QTFGT 9G LWUV PGGF VQ RWV KP VJG
EQTTGEV SWCNKVKGU QH VJG EJQTFU 6JCV OGCPU % ( $Dȓ 'D #D &Dȓ ( $ 'ȓ # & )ȓ ˜QPG VKOG
CTQWPF VJG E[ENG CPF YG JCXG FQPG ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU KP HQWT OCLQT MG[U +P QTFGT VQ FQ VJG QVJGT MG[U
YG JCXG VQ IQ CTQWPF VJG %[ENG VYQ OQTG VKOGU DWV UJKHV QWT UVCTVKPI RQKPV VYKEG 'ZCORNG KU UJKHV
UVCTV VQ ( $D 'Dȓ #D &D )Dȓ QT ) % (ȓ  $ ' #ȓ & ) %ȓȅUJKHV CICKP $D 'D
#Dȓ % ( $ȓ ' # &ȓ ) % (ȓ GSWCNU CNN  MG[U KP ++ 8 + HQTOCV 6JKU UCOG HQTOCV ECP CNUQ
DG WUGF YKVJ UECNGUȅCTQWPF VJG %[ENG YKVJ &QTKCP /KZQN[FKCP /CLQT CPF UJKHV VJG UVCTVKPI RQKPV VYKEG
HQT CNN  MG[U 6JG UECNGU CPF EJQTFU EQWNF CNUQ DG FQPG CU EQORCPKQPU CV VJG UCOG VKOG WUKPI VJG UCOG
HQTOCV HQT RTCEVKEG +P QVJGT YQTFU % EJQTF YKVJ % &QTKCP 5ECNG ( EJQTF YKVJ ( /KZQN[FKCP 5ECNG
$Dȓ EJQTF YKVJ $D OCLQT UECNG VJGP TGRGCV YKVJ 'D #D &Dȓ GVE

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

9JGP VJKU KU OCUVGTGF YG UJQWNF WUG VJG UCOG CRRTQCEJ YKVJ ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU KP OKPQT MG[U 1H
EQWTUG VJG TQQVU CTG VJG UCOG HQT OKPQT DWV VJG EJQTFUECNG SWCNKVKGU OWUV EJCPIG 6JG ++ EJQTF KU
JCNHFKOKPKUJGF VJG 8 EJQTF KU UVKNN FQOKPCPV DWV OWUV DG CNVGTGF OQUV V[RKECN KU FQOKPCPV  KPENWFGU
  CPF VJG + EJQTF KU QH EQWTUG OKPQT DWV KV YKNN V[RKECNN[ JCXG C OCLQT VJ GXGP VJQWIJ VJG TF KU OK
PQT QT C OCLQT  5Q HQT VJG ++ 8 + RTCEVKEG KP OKPQT + YQWNF JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU IQ CTQWPF VJG E[ENG FQKPI
%} ( $Dȓ 'D} #D &Dȓ (} $ 'ȓ #} & )ȓȅVJGP UJKHV VJG UVCTVKPI
RQKPVU VQ (} CPF VJGP VQ $D} HQT VYQ OQTG VTKRU CTQWPF VJG E[ENG VQ OCUVGT CNN  MG[U

6WTP TKIJV CTQWPF CPF TGRGCV VJG RTQEGUU YKVJ VJG UECNGU VJCV ȳV VJG EJQTFU KH [QW JCXGPȉV FGCNV YKVJ LC\\
VJGQT[ VJKPMKPI DGHQTG VJKU OC[ DG C PGY EQPEGRV DWV YG JCXG C UECNG VQ ȳV VJG UQWPF CPF KPVGPV QH GXGT[
EJQTF  .QETKCP UECNGU HQT VJG JCNHFKOKPKUJGF EJQTFU 5WRGT .QETKCP QT &KOKPKUJGF9JQNG 6QPG HQT
VJG &QOKPCPV  EJQTFU CPF /GNQFKE /KPQT CUEGPFKPI XGTUKQP QPN[ HQT VJG OKPQT VQPKEU YKVJ OCLQT 
EJQTFU 6JG GCUKGUV YC[U VQ CRRTQCEJ NGCTPKPI VJGUG UECNGU CTG .QETKCPȅWR C JCNH UVGR VQ VJG TGNCVKXG
OCLQT UECNG CPF LWUV WUG VJCV MG[ UKIPCVWTG TGNCVKXG VJKPMKPI  /GNQFKE /KPQTȅLWUV RNC[ C OCLQT UECNG
YKVJ C D RCTCNNGN VJKPMKPI PQ PGGF HQT CNN VJG QNF TKIOCTQNG UKPEG YG FQPȉV WUG VJG FGUEGPFKPI HQTO KP
OQFGTP OWUKE  CPF HQT VJG 5WRGT .QETKCPȅC EQODKPCVKQP QH VJG ȳTUV VYQ CRRTQCEJGU IQ WR C JCNH UVGR VQ
VJG TGNCVKXG OGNQFKE OKPQT UECNG OCLQT YKVJ C D C EQODKPCVKQP QH TGNCVKXG VJKPMKPI CPF RCTCNNGN VJKPMKPI 

'ZCORNG ++ 8 + KP $ OKPQT

%} ( $ȓ $ȓ

% & ' ( ) # $ % U ] ( ) # $D % & ' (  D ] $ % & ' ( ) # $ D ]

TGNCVGF VQ & OCLQT UECNG +ȉO PQV CHTCKF QH PQP$CEJ $ OCLQT UECNG DWV ʏCV VJG TF
MG[ UKIPCVWTGU KH + ECP OCMG QPG

2NGCUG PQVG VJCV + CO PGXGT CHTCKF VQ EQPEGRVWCNK\G CP WPEQPXGPVKQPCN MG[ UKIPCVWTG KH KV OCMGU VJKPIU
GCUKGT 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ PQV CNN QH VJG MG[U NGPF VJGOUGNXGU GCUKN[ VQ VJKU DWV YJ[ PQV YJGP KV FQGU YQTM
5Q CP[ UECNGU FGTKXGF HTQO % /GNQFKE /KPQT JCXG QPG ʏCV'D % OGNQFKE OKPQT 'D .[FKCP #WIOGPVGF (
.[FKCP &QOKPCPV # .QETKCP  CPF $ 5WRGT .QETKCP CNN JCXG VJKU UCOG MG[ UKIPCVWTG  #P[ UECNGU FG
TKXKPI HTQO ) /GNQFKE /KPQT JCXG QPG UJCTR( CPF QPG ʏCV$D #P[ UECNGU FGTKXKPI HTQO # /GNQFKE
/KPQT JCXG VYQ UJCTRU( CPF ) #NN UECNGU FGTKXKPI HTQO & /GNQFKE /KPQT JCXG QPG UJCTR% #NN
UECNGU FGTKXKPI HTQO ( /GNQFKE /KPQT JCXG VYQ ʏCVU#D CPF $D CPF UQ HQTVJ

/QUV QH VJG VWPGU [QWT UVWFGPVU YKNN PGGF VQ KORTQXKUG QP HQT [QWT DKI DCPF CTG OCFG QH C EQODKPCVKQP QH
OCLQT ++ 8 +ȉU CPF OKPQT ++ 8 +ȉU UQ KH VJG[ CTG RTCEVKEKPI DQVJ OCLQT CPF OKPQT ++ 8 +ȉU KP CNN  MG[U
VJG[ CTG DCUKECNN[ RTCEVKEKPI CNN VWPGU CV QPEG (QT CRRNKECVKQP VQ C URGEKȳE VWPG VJG[ LWUV JCXG VQ CRRN[
VJG ++ 8 +ȉU KP FKHHGTGPV QTFGTU CPF LWZVCRQUKVKQPU 6JGTG CTG QVJGT RQUUKDNG HQTOCVU HQT RTCEVKEKPI VJGUG
OCVGTKCNU DWV + CO VT[KPI VQ MGGR VJKU CU ENGCTEWV UVTCKIJVHQTYCTF CU RQUUKDNG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chord Functional Analysis

#U O[ UVWFGPVU RTCEVKEG UKIJV TGCFKPI EJQTFU KP VJG HCMG DQQM + DGIKP JCXKPI VJGO FQ HWPEVKQPCN CPCN[UKU
QH VJG EJQTFU CU VJG[ IQ Ȋ1MC[ [QW ECP RNC[ VJG EJQTF DWV JQY KU KV HWPEVKQPKPI KP VJG DKIIGT RKEVWTG ȍ
6JKU UVCTVU YKVJ LWUV TGEQIPK\KPI CV UKIJV VJG ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU 5QOGVKOGU C ++ 8 FQGU PQV IQ VQ + DWV
KV KU UVKNN C ++ 8 CPF UJQWNF DG TGEQIPK\GF CU UWEJ #U YG DGIKP VQ TGȳPG QWT CPCN[UKU + IKXG VJKU IWKFG

Ȏ +H KV KU OCLQT KV KU C + WPNGUU D[ EQPVGZV YG ECP UGG VJCV KV KU TGCNN[ C +8 UWEJ CU YJGP VYQ OCLQT EJQTFU
CTG KP C TQYȅVJG UGEQPF KU C +8 KP VJG MG[ QH VJG ȳTUV 

Ȏ +H VJG EJQTF KU OKPQT KV KU C ++ WPNGUU YG UGG D[ EQPVGZV VJCV KV KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C +++ QT

8+ QT C + QT +8 KP C OKPQT MG[ 

Ȏ +H VJG EJQTF KU FQOKPCPV VJGP KV KU C 8 WPNGUU YG CTG KP C $NWGU YJGTG KV ECP DG

CP[VJKPIȅ+ +8 8 8+ ++ +++ 

Ȏ +H VJG EJQTF KU JCNH FKOKPKUJGF VJGP KV KU C ++ KP OKPQT DWV EQWNF DG 8+ KP OKPQT 

Ȏ +H VJG EJQTF KU FKOKPKUJGF VJGP KV KU UWDUVKVWVKPI HQT CPF VJGTGHQTG HWPEVKQPKPI CU C
FQOKPCPV EJQTF RQUUKDNG DWV TCTG VQ HWPEVKQP CU C EJTQOCVKE RCUUKPI EJQTF 

#P KORQTVCPV FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP ENCUUKECN CPF LC\\ CPCN[UKU KU VJCV KP ENCUUKECN CPCN[UKU KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ
VT[ VQ MGGR QWT EJQTF HWPEVKQPU CNN KP QPG MG[ WPVKN YG ECP UJQY ENGCTN[ VJCV VJGTG KU C OQFWNCVKQP 6JKU
KFGC YQWNF FTKXG [QW ETC\[ YJGP VT[KPI VQ CPCN[\G OQUV LC\\ VWPGU +P LC\\ VWPGU YJGP YG UGG C ++ 8 KP C
FKHHGTGPV MG[ YG LWUV ȳIWTG VJCV YG JCXG OQOGPVCTKN[ VQPKEK\GF VJQUG EJQTFU KP C MG[ QVJGT VJCP VJG RTKOCT[
MG[ȅCPF VJCV KU VJG YC[ YG VTGCV KV YJGP YG CTG KORTQXKUKPI + YKNN KNNWUVTCVG VJKU KP C OQOGPV

1PG QVJGT KORQTVCPV FKHHGTGPEG KP ENCUUKECN CPCN[UKU KU VJG WUG QH ECRKVCN NGVVGTU HQT OCLQT EJQTFU CPF NQYGTECUG
NGVVGTU HQT OKPQT CPF VJG NKMG +P LC\\ CPCN[UKU YG WUG ECRKVCN NGVVGTU HQT CNN EJQTF U[ODQNU CPF NQQM VQ VJG
attached symbol to determine quality.

.GVȉU NQQM CV C HGY CPCN[UKU GZCORNGU VJG YC[ C LC\\ OWUKEKCP YQWNF XKGY KV

 ] ) ] % ] (ȓ ]

( ++ &QTKCP OQFG 8 /KZQN[FKCP OQFG + /CLQT UECNG

 ] (ȓ & ] ) % ] (ȓ ]

( + /CLQT 8+ #GQNKCP ++ &QTKCP 8 /KZQN[FKCP + /CLQT

 ] & ) ] ' # ] & ) ] #D &D ] %ȓ ]

% ++ 8 & ++ 8 % ++ 8 )D ++ 8 % +

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

 ] 'Dȓ ] # & ] 'Dȓ ] ) % ] ( ] ]

'D + ) ++ 8 'D + ( ++ 8 ( + CU KH KP DNWGU

 ] (} ] $ ] 'ȓ ]

' ++ .QETKCP OQFG 8 5WRGT .QETKCP /QFG + /GNQFKE /KPQT

 ] & $} ] '} # ] & ]

& + /GN /KP 8+ .QE  ++ .QETKCP 8 5WR .QE + /GNQFKE /KPQT

 ] ( ] $D ] 'D ] #Dȓ ] &Dȓ ] & ) ]

#D 8+ #GQNKCP ++ &QTKCP 8 /KZQN[F + /CLQT +8 .[FKCP % ++ 8

 ] % ] ( ] $Dȓ ] 'Dȓ ]

$D ++ &QTKCP 8 /KZQN[FKCP + /CLQT +8 .[FKCP

 ] ( $ ] )} % ] ( $ ] 'ȓ ]

' ++ 8 ( ++ 8 ' ++ 8 +

 ] % ] ( ] ] &D ] ) ] % ] ]

% + CFF VJG ȓ +8 1RV CFF ȓ ++ .QETKCP 8 CFF  + CFF ȓ 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 ] $Dȓ ] ] $D ] ] 'Dȓ ] ] #D ] ]] $Dȓ

$D + 'D 8 QRV  + 8 CFF  $D +

UWDUVKVWVKQP

 ] %ȓ ] ] & ] ] & ] ) ] %ȓ ] ) % ]]

% + 8 .[FKCP&QO ++ 8 OC[ CFF  + ( ++ 8

6JGTG CTG C HGY VJKPIU VQ PQVKEG KP VJG CPCN[UGU CDQXG

+P  VJG & KU PQV HWPEVKQPKPI CU C ++ YJKEJ YQWNF DG QWT ȳTUV VJQWIJV 5KPEG KV KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C 8+
VJGP YG WUG #GQNKCP OQFG  KPUVGCF QH &QTKCP OQFG  

+P  YG CTG HTGG VQ XKGY GCEJ ++ 8 KP VJG MG[ KP YJKEJ KV NKXGU PQV VJG RTGXCKNKPI MG[ QH VJG RKGEG

+P  VJG NCUV EJQTF KU FQOKPCPV CPF VJGTGHQTG QWT ȳTUV VJQWIJV KU VJCV KV KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C 8 DWV VJG
EQPVGZV CPF GCTU YKNN JGNR WU FGEKFG VQ VTGCV KV CU C VQPKE CU KH YG YGTG RNC[KPI C DNWGU UGG PGZV EJCRVGT 

+P  VJG ȳTUV CPF NCUV EJQTFU CTG HWPEVKQPKPI CU VQPKE KP OKPQT VJGTGHQTG + YKNN CFF VJG OCLQT  CPF WUG
C OGNQFKE OKPQT UECNG GXGP VJQWIJ VJG EJQTF U[ODQN FQGU PQV KPFKECVG VJG OCLQT 

6JKU KU CP GZCORNG QH QWT OWUKEKCPUJKR KPHQTOKPI WU YJCV PGGFU VQ DG FQPG #NUQ KP  VYQ JCNH FKOKPKUJGF
EJQTFU KP C TQY OGCPU VJG[ ECPȉV DQVJ DG C ++ CPF EQPVGZV UJQYU VJCV QPG QH VJGO KU C 8+ 9JGP KV KU C 8+
YG YQWNF YCPV VQ WUG VJG .QETKCP  UECNGȅVJG  TGʏGEVU VJG /CLQT  YG YQWNF CFF VQ VJG EJQTF GXGP
VJQWIJ KV KU PQV KP VJG EJQTF U[ODQN 6JKU KU CNUQ CP QRVKQP QP VJG ++ EJQTF KP OKPQT

+P  KV DGEQOGU CRRCTGPV VJCV YJGP KP C OCLQT MG[ [QW RNC[ C 8+ EJQTF HWPEVKQP [QW OCVEJ KV YKVJ VJG VJ
UECNG OQFG #GQNKCP  9JGP [QW RNC[ C ++ EJQTF HWPEVKQP [QW OCVEJ KV YKVJ VJG PF UECNG OQFG &QTKCP 
9JGP [QW RNC[ C 8 EJQTF HWPEVKQP [QW OCVEJ KV YKVJ VJG VJ UECNG OQFG /KZQN[FKCP  9JGP [QW RNC[ C
+ EJQTF HWPEVKQP [QW OCVEJ KV YKVJ VJG UV UECNG OQFG /CLQT QT +QPKCP  9JGP [QW RNC[ C +8 EJQTF HWPE
VKQP [QW OCVEJ KV YKVJ VJG VJ UECNG OQFG .[FKCP  5Q UKORNG

+P  CPF  YG UGG VJG UKVWCVKQP QH VYQ OCLQT EJQTFU KP C TQY YJKEJ PGCTN[ CNYC[U OGCPU VJG UGEQPF
EJQTF KU HWPEVKQPKPI KP VJG MG[ QH VJG ȳTUV 6JGTGHQTG VJG RTQITGUUKQP KU + VQ +8 CPF UKPEG VJG +8 KU
HWPEVKQPKPI KP VJG UCOG MG[ CU VJG + KV OWUV JCXG C  YJGVJGT YTKVVGP QT PQV

+P  YG ECP NQQUGN[ ECNN VJKU RTQITGUUKQP ++ 8 ] +++ 8+ ] ++ 8 ] + ] DWV VJG YC[ YG YQWNF CRRTQCEJ KV
KP KORTQXKUCVKQP KU VQ RNC[ VJG ȳTUV OGCUWTG CU C ++ 8 KP ' VJG UGEQPF OGCUWTG CU C ++ 8 KP ( OKPQT DCEM
VQ C ++ 8 + KP '

+P  YJGP C LC\\ RNC[GT TGEQIPK\GU VJG % KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C VQPKE KP OKPQT JG HGGNU NKEGPUG VQ CFF
VJG OCLQT VJ QP VJG OKPQT EJQTF *G OC[ CNUQ VCMG NKEGPUG VQ CFF VJG OCLQT VJ QP VJG +8 EJQTF ( 6JG
&D KU VJG UCOG CU JCNH FKOKPKUJGF }  CPF KV KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C ++ EJQTF KP VJG MG[ QH % OKPQT 6JCV
OGCPU VJG ) KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU VJG 8 CPF UQ YG OWUV CFF VJG  CPF VJG   6JG FQOKPCPV EJQTF may
DG CNVGTGF KP C OCLQT MG[ CV YKNN DWV KV must DG CNVGTGF KP C OKPQT MG[ 6JGUG VJKPIU CTG QHVGP NGHV QWV QP
VJG NGCF UJGGV GURGEKCNN[ KP VJG QNF Real Book  CPF YG CNYC[U LWUV CFF YJCV UJQWNF DG VJGTG CU UQQP CU
YG TGEQIPK\G CP QOKUUKQP

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

+P  VJG #D EJQTF KU HWPEVKQPKPI KP C UVTCPIG NQQMKPI RQUKVKQP +V KU PQV VJG 8 EJQTF QH $D +V KU VJG 8
EJQTF QH &D DWV VJGP TGUQNXGU VQ $D +V KU CEVWCNN[ HWPEVKQPKPI CU C UWDUVKVWVKQP HQT VJG ( ;QW ECP VCMG KV
CU C RTKPEKRNG VJCV YJGP C FQOKPCPV EJQTF KU HWPEVKQPKPI KP CP QFF RQUKVKQP NKMG VJKU [QW UJQWNF CFF VJG
 GXGP KH KV KU PQV YTKVVGP +H VJG FQOKPCPV KU HWPEVKQPKPI CU C VTWG 8 KP KVU RTKOCT[ RQUKVKQP VJGP VJG DGUV
CNVGTGF PQVGU VQ CFF CTG  D CPF  +H KV KU KP VJKU QFF UGEQPFCT[ MKPF QH RQUKVKQP VJQUG CNVGTCVKQPU YKNN
PQV UQWPF IQQF CFF VJG  KPUVGCF + CO PQV WUKPI VJG YQTFU ȊUGEQPFCT[ RQUKVKQPȍ JGTG YKVJ VJG UCOG
OGCPKPI CU UGEQPFCT[ FQOKPCPV

+P  YG UGG VJG UCOG VJKPI YKVJ VJG & HWPEVKQPKPI KP CP QFF UGEQPFCT[ MKPF QH RQUKVKQP DWV VJG  KU
CNTGCF[ YTKVVGP QP KV KP VJKU ECUG 6JG ) KU HWPEVKQPKPI KP C RTKOCT[ RQUKVKQP CPF UQ + YQWNF WUWCNN[ CFF
 CPF  +V KU QRVKQPCN DWV OQUV LC\\ RNC[GTU YQWNF VCMG VJG QRVKQP VQ CNVGT OQTG QHVGP VJCP PQV

More Scales (Ascending Melodic Minor Scale Derivatives)

#HVGT YG JCXG NGCTPGF VJG /CLQT UECNG CPF CNN QH KVU OQFGU +QPKCP &QTKCP 2JT[IKCP .[FKCP /KZQN[FKCP
#GQNKCP CPF .QETKCP  YG UJQWNF FQ VJG UCOG YKVJ VJG /GNQFKE /KPQT UECNG #U PQVGF GCTNKGT VJG /GNQFKE
/KPQT UECNG KU UKORN[ C /CLQT UECNG YKVJ C ʏCV  RCTCNNGN VJKPMKPI  DWV KH YG TGXKUKV VJG OQFGU YG IGV
UQOG PKEG PGY EQNQTU +H YG EQORCTG GCEJ OQFG QH VJG /GNQFKE /KPQT YKVJ KVU RCTCNNGN OCLQT YG ECP UGG
GCUKN[ YJCV GCEJ UECNGOQFG ECP FQ HQT WU

/QFG  6JG /GNQFKE /KPQT UECNG DGUV EQNQTU VJG VQPKE OKPQT EJQTF DGECWUG KV TGʏGEVU VJG D CPF VJG
OCLQT  GZ %ȓ 

/QFG  6JKU KU C &QTKCP UECNG YKVJ C D YJKEJ KU VQVCNN[ WPWUGCDNG DGECWUG D QP C OKPQT EJQTF UQWPFU
horrid and is never used.

/QFG  6JG .[FKCP#WIOGPVGF UECNG KU C OCLQT UECNG VJCV JCU C  CPF C  UQ KV KU XGT[ WUGHWN HQT VJG
NGUU EQOOQP UKVWCVKQP DWV KPETGCUKPIN[ OQTG EQOOQP KP OQFGTP OWUKE QH C OCLQT  EJQTF YKVJ C 
GZ %ȓ 

/QFG  6JG .[FKCP&QOKPCPV UECNG KU C /KZQN[FKCP UECNG YKVJ C  UQ KV YQTMU ITGCV YKVJ C FQOKPCPV
EJQTF VJCV JCU C  GZ %

/QFG  6JKU KU DCUKECNN[ C /KZQN[FKCP UECNG YKVJ C  DWV KV KU PQV WUGF OWEJ DGECWUG YG JCXG CPQVJGT
EJQKEG VJCV KU OQTG QHVGP WUGF HQT VJG FQOKPCPV EJQTF YKVJ C  6JG 9JQNGVQPG

/QFG  6JG .QETKCP  UECNG PQV C XGT[ KPXGPVKXG PCOG KU WUGF YKVJ C JCNH FKOKPKUJGF EJQTF VJCV JCU
C OCLQT  GZ %}ȓ  #U UVWFGPVU DGEQOG OQTG CFXCPEGF VJG[ YKNN KPETGCUKPIN[ WUG VJKU UECNG HQT JCNH
diminished chords.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

/QFG  6JG 5WRGT .QETKCP QT &KOKPKUJGF9JQNGVQPG UECNG ECP CNUQ DG ECNNGF LWUV 6JG #NVGTGF UECNG KU
RGTJCRU VJG OQUV WUGHWN UECNG KP VJKU HCOKN[ EQNQTKPI VJG CNVGTGF FQOKPCPVU YKVJ  QT D CPF  KP EQODKPCVKQP
6JGUG CNYC[U JCRRGP KP OKPQT ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU CPF CTG QRVKQPCN KP OCLQT ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU

More Scales (The Symmetrical Scales)

#PQVJGT ȊHCOKN[ȍ QH UECNGU KU YJCV + ECNN VJG 5[OOGVTKECN 5ECNGU 6JGUG UECNGU CTG UQ U[OOGVTKECN VJCV VJG[
FQ PQV JCXG  FKUVKPEV GPVKVKGU (QT GZCORNG VJG %JTQOCVKE 5ECNG KU UQ U[OOGVTKECN VJCV VJGTG KU QPN[ QPG
QH VJGO 0Q OCVVGT YJCV PQVG [QW UVCTV QP KV KU UVKNN VJG UCOG UECNGȅVJG UCOG ȳPIGTKPIU 9G CNTGCF[ UCY
VJKU YKVJ VJG FKOKPKUJGF  EJQTFU CPF VJG CWIOGPVGF EJQTFU

# UGEQPF U[OOGVTKECN UECNG KP VJG 9JQNGVQPG +V KU CNN YJQNG UVGRU UQ PQ OCVVGT YJKEJ PQVG [QW UVCTV QP
KP VJG UECNG VJG UECNG KU VJG UCOG 6JGTGHQTG YG IGV UKZ HQT VJG RTKEG QH QPG 9G QPN[ PGGF VYQ 9JQNGVQPG
UECNGU VQ MPQY CNN  QH VJGOȅVJG QPG QP % CPF VJG QPG QP % 6JG 9JQNGVQPG UECNG KU VJG DGUV ȳV HQT VJG
% OGPVKQPGF GCTNKGT +H YG URGNN VJG PQVGU QH VJG UECNGȅ% & ' ( ) $D % VJG ' KU VJG OCLQT VJKTF CPF
VJG $D KU VJG D YJKEJ GSWCNU C FQOKPCPV HWPEVKQP 6JG ) KU VJG  CPF VJG & OGCPU VJG VJ KU PQV CNVGTGF

+ UJQWNF ENCTKH[ TKIJV JGTG VJCV YJGP + CO PWODGTKPI VJG PQVGU KP C UECNG UQ VJCV + ECP UGG YJCV EJQTF
VQPGU KV YKNN EQNQT + PWODGT       QT  CPF  6JKU KU YJCV YG FKF KP VJG RTGFGGFKPI 9JQNGVQPG
UECNG RCTCITCRJ VQ FGVGOKPG YJCV VJG UECNG YQWNF EQNQT %  +H YG FKF VJG UCOG YKVJ C .[FKCP&QOKPCPV
UECNGȅ % & ' ( ) # $D % YG ECP UGG VJCV KU KV C FQOKPCPV HWPEVKQP UECNG YKVJ C OCLQT TF CPF C D
DWV VJCV KV CNUQ EQNQTU VJG  CPF  KU OCLQT +H YG PWODGTGF VJG .QETKCP  UECNGȅ% & ' ( )D #D $D
% YG UGG VJCV KV JCU VJG D D CPF D VJCV OCMGU KV ȳV C JCNHFKOKPKUJGF EJQTF DWV VJG VJ KU OCLQT

6JG QVJGT KORQTVCPV U[OOGVTKECN UECNG KU VJG &KOKPKUJGF 5ECNG +P ENCUUKECN CPCN[UKU VJKU KU UQOGVKOGU
ECNNGF VJG 1EVCVQPKE 5ECNG +V CNVGTPCVGU JCNH CPF YJQNG UVGRU UQ | 9 | 9 | GVE QT KV OC[ CNVGTPCVG
9 | 9 | 9 GVE 'XGT[ VKOG YG OQXG C JCNH UVGR CPF C YJQNG UVGR YG CTG UVCTVKPI QXGT CICKP YKVJ VJG
RCVVGTP 5Q GXGT[ VKOG YG OQXG C OKPQT TF VJG UECNG TGRGCVU KVUGNH VJWU IKXKPI WU HQWT HQT VJG RTKEG QH
QPG 6JGTGHQTG YG YKNN QPN[ PGGF  FKUVKPEV &KOKPKUJGF 5ECNGU VQ OCMG CNN  MG[U 6JG % 'D ( CPF #
FKOKPKUJGF UECNGU CTG CNN VJG UCOG PQVGU CU GCEJ QVJGT 9G LWUV PGGF VJG FKOKPKUJGF UECNGU QP % % CPF
& CPF YG JCXG VJGO CNN +H YG PWODGT C FKOKPKUJGF UECNGȅ D    QT D   D  YG UGG VJCV KV
JCU C FQOKPCPV CRRNKECVKQP UKPEG KV JCU C OCLQT TF CPF C D DWV KV EQNQTU C FQOKPCPV EJQTF VJCV JCU CNVGTGF
VJU +V YQWNF VCMG ECTG QH C %D C %D QT %DD  +V EQWNF EQXGT C % DWV CU YG PQVGF GCTNKGT
C FQOKPCPV EJQTF YKVJ C  CNYC[U KORNKGU C  YTKVVGP QT PQV CPF YG UGG KP QWT PWODGT CPCN[UKU VJCV
VJG FKOKPKUJGF UECNG FQGU PQV EQPVCKP C  6JG 5WRGT .QETKCP &KOKPKUJGF9JQNGVQPG UECNG YQWNF DG C
DGVVGT EJQKEG KP VJCV KPUVCPEG +H YG PWODGT VJCV UECNGȅ D    D  D  YG UGG YJ[ KV KU DGVVGT
ȳVVGF VQ JCPFNG VJG UQWPF QH C %

*GTG KU C VKR HQT NGCTPKPI VJG &KOKPKUJGF 5ECNGU 6JG[ UJQWNF DG NGCTPGF YKVJ VJG JCNH UVGR ȳTUV ENCUUKECNN[
VJG 1EVCVQPKE 5ECNG KU WUWCNN[ VJQWIJV QH CU JCXKPI VJG YJQNG UVGR ȳTUV  +PUVGCF QH NGCTPKPI VJKU UECNG D[
VJKPMKPI KPVGTXCNUȅJCNH UVGR YJQNG UVGR JCNH UVGR YJQNG UVGR GVEȅNGCTP KV D[ FGUEGPFKPI KP VJG HQNNQYKPI
YC[ (QT C % &KOKPKUJGF UECNG % $D # ) YJKEJ KU VJG VQR QH VJG % /KZQN[FKCP UECNG VJGP ( FQYP
( ' & % YJKEJ KU VJG VQR QH VJG ( /KZQN[FKCP UECNG #HVGT NGCTPKPI KV FGUEGPFKPI KV DGEQOGU OWEJ
easier to ascend.

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

(KPKUJGF 2TQFWEV 6JG % &KOKPKUJGF 5ECNG

 D      D 

7UKPI VJKU KFGC VJG &KOKPKUJGF 5ECNGU ECP DG NGCTPGF SWKVG SWKEMN[ YJGTGCU VT[KPI VQ NGCTP VJG UECNG
VJKPMKPI KPVGTXCNU KU XGT[ UNQY 1PEG VJG UECNG KU NGCTPGF YKVJ VJG JCNH UVGR ȳTUV KV KU GCU[ VQ CFCRV KV VQ
UVCTVKPI YKVJ VJG YJQNG UVGR ȳTUV YJGP PGGFGF

More Miscellaneous Scales

6JGTG KU C HQWTVJ ECVGIQT[ QH UECNGU VJCV + ECNN /KUEGNNCPGQWU HQT NCEM QH C DGVVGT FGUETKRVKQP +P VJKU
ECVGIQT[ YG JCXG VJG $NWGU UECNG  D  D  D  CPF VJG 2GPVCVQPKE UECNGUȅOCLQT       CPF
OKPQT  D   D  9G YKNN NQQM CV VJG WUGU HQT VJGUG UECNGU KP VJG PGZV EJCRVGT

+P UWOOCT[ KH C UVWFGPV NGCTPU VJG HQWT HCOKNKGU QH UECNGUȅ/CLQT FGTKXCVKXGU /GNQFKE /KPQT FGTKXCVKXGU
5[OOGVTKECN CPF /KUEGNNCPGQWU JGUJG PQY JCU CNN VJG OCVGTKCNU VJCV YQWNF DG PGGFGF VQ HWPEVKQP KP CP[
LC\\ EQPVGZV 6JGTG CTG QVJGT UECNGU VJCV YG EQWNF VJTQY KP DWV XKTVWCNN[ GXGT[ VWPG ECP DG EQXGTGF YKVJ
these materials.

Ge wnt rtpuhudc Vkk ne sgVs ats Vpd mns rtpd wnt tmcdprsVmc hs Vkk: G vntkc
pdbnlldmc svn sghmfr.
z;n aVbi sgpntfg hs rhsshmf Vs V ohVmn vgdpd wnt bVm oktmi nts Vmc
uhrtVkhyd Vmc gdVp Vmc sghmfr vhkk adfhm sn bkVphew sgdlrdkudr hm wntp lhmc,
zIhdv sgd uhcdnr sgVs Vpd pdkVsdc sn sghr bgVosdp enp cdlnmrspVshnmr
sgVs vhkk Vkrn gdko sn bkVphew sgdrd sghmfr hm wntp lhmc,

Form Analysis

#PQVJGT RCTV QH NGHV DTCKP HWPEVKQPKPI KU VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJG HQTO QH VJG VWPG QT RKGEG DGKPI YQTMGF QP
5QOG QH VJG OQUV EQOOQP LC\\ HQTOU CTG 6JG $NWGU ##$# QH YJKEJ 4J[VJO %JCPIGU KU CP GZCORNG 
#$#$ ##$% CPF ##$ (QTO FGUKIPCVKQPU CTG C YC[ QH FGUETKDKPI TGRGCV UVTWEVWTG 9JGP CPCN[\KPI
VJG HQTO QH C VWPG + YCPV VJG UVWFGPV VQ DG OQTG FGVCKNGF +U KV TGCNN[ ##$# QT KU KV # # $ # +H YG
OQTG CEEWTCVGN[ TGCNK\G VJG HQTO QH QWT VWPG YG ECP MGGR QWT RNCEG CPF PQV IGV NQUV UQ GCUKN[ 1PG LC\\
VWPG JCU VJG HQTO #$%&#$ UQ VWPGU ECP IGV C NKVVNG OQTG EQORNGZ +P ENCUUKE LC\\ UV[NGU VJG OGNQF[ QH
VJG VWPG JGCF CPF VJG EJQTF UVTWEVWTG HQT KORTQXKUKPI VGPF VQ DG VJG UCOG HQTO RCVVGTP TGRGCVGF QXGT CPF
QXGT DWV KP OQTG OQFGTP HQTOU VJG EJCPIGU HQT VJG JGCF CPF VJG EJCPIGU HQT VJG DNQYKPI UQNQU OC[ DG
FKUVKPEVN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO GCEJ QVJGT + NKMG VQ JCXG UVWFGPVU ȳTUV GZCOKPG VJG HQTO QH C VWPG HTQO C TKIJV
DTCKP UVCPFRQKPVȅNKUVGPKPI CPF EQWPVKPI DCTU CPF JGCTKPI VJG TGRGCV UVTWEVWTG QH VJG VWPG 6JGP YG ECP
UVWF[ KV XKUWCNN[ CPF UGG KH VJGTG KU CP[ FGVCKN YG FKFPȉV JGCTȅNGHV DTCKP YQTM UGEQPF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Learning Patterns

2CVVGTPU CTG OGNQFKE HQTOWNCG VJCV ȳV QXGT EGTVCKP LC\\ RTQITGUUKQPU (QT GZCORNG YG NGCTP OCLQT ++ 8
RCVVGTPU VJCV NCUV HQT QPG DCT  DGCVU GCEJ DWV CNUQ HQT  DCTU QPG OGCUWTG GCEJ  9G CNUQ NGCTP RCVVGTPU
HQT ++ 8ȉU KP OKPQT DQVJ QPG DCT CPF VYQ DCT RCVVGTPU 9G CNUQ NGCTP RCVVGTPU VJCV YQTM QP VJG VQPKE /CLQT
QT VQPKE /KPQT EJQTFU DQVJ QPG DCT CPF VYQ DCT RCVVGTP KFGCU 9G OC[ CNUQ NGCTP DNWGU RCVVGTPU QT JKR
RGPVCVQPKE RCVVGTPU +P VJG LC\\ YQTNF RCVVGTPU CTG QHVGP ECNNGF ȊNKEMUȍ + XKGY VJKU YJQNG OCVVGT CU NGCTPKPI
XQECDWNCT[ YQTFU CPF RJTCUGU 9G NGCTP YQTFU CPF RJTCUGU PQV UQ YG ECP UQWPF RTQITCOOGF DWV TCVJGT
UQ YG ECP MPQY VJG DCUKE NCPIWCIG CPF VJGP WUG KV VQ GZRTGUU QWTUGNXGU RGTJCRU KP VGTOU YG JCXGPȉV WUGF
DGHQTG WPVKN TKIJV PQY +P VJG OGVCRJQT YG JCXG WUGF UKPEG VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJKU UGEVKQP VJCV NGCTPKPI LC\\
NCPIWCIG KU NKMG NGCTPKPI CP[ QVJGT NCPIWCIG YG NGCTP VQ URGCM LC\\ XGT[ OWEJ NKMG YG NGCTP VQ HQTO YQTFU
HTQO VJG CNRJCDGV CPF VJGP RJTCUGU CPF VJGP UGPVGPEGU CPF RCTCITCRJU + DGNKGXG VJKU KU VJG OQUV GHHGEVKXG
YC[ VQ IGV UVWFGPVU VQ IQ HTQO DGKPI CDNG VQ RNC[ VJGKT EJQTFU CPF UECNGU VQ DGKPI CDNG VQ WUG VJGO VQ ETGCVG
PGY OGNQFKGU #U C [QWPI VGCEJGT VJKU YCU C O[UVGT[ VQ OG + ECP VGCEJ VJG UVWFGPVU VJGQT[ CPF UECNGU CPF
EJQTFU CPF EJQTF RTQITGUUKQPU DWV JQY FQ + IGV VJGO VQ CRRN[ CNN QH VJCV VQ OCMG C OGNQFKE KORTQXKUGF
UQNQ + DGNKGXG QP VJG NGHV DTCKP UKFG VJCV RCVVGTPU CTG VJG CPUYGT 6JKU YKNN QH EQWTUG UVKNN HCNN UJQTV KH YG
FQPȉV JCXG C NQV QH TKIJV DTCKP FGXGNQROGPV RCTCNNGNKPI VJKU RTQEGUU

#U + YCU EQOKPI WR + DGNKGXG + UVWPVGF O[ ITQYVJ HQT UQOG VKOG D[ TGHWUKPI VQ RTCEVKEG RCVVGTPU + FKFPȉV
TGCNK\G VJCV VJG ȊECPPGFȍ GHHGEV YCU C VGORQTCT[ RJCUG CPF + YCU GPEQWTCIGF KP O[ FGTGNKEVKQP D[ HTKGPFU
YJQ VQNF OG + UQWPFGF HTGUJ PQV NKMG VJQUG QVJGT IW[U $WV QXGT C RGTKQF QH VKOG + EJCPIGF O[ OKPF CU +
UCY HTKGPFU YJQ JCF RTCEVKEGF RCVVGTPU UVCTV VQ DNQUUQO CU KORTQXKUGTU + UWFFGPN[ HGNV DGJKPF CPF TGCNK\GF
+ PGGFGF VQ IGV UVCTVGF QP VJG RCVVGTP YQTM .GCTPKPI C RCVVGTP KU NKMG NGCTPKPI C XQECDWNCT[ YQTF #HVGT C
YJKNG YG OC[ WUG C FKHHGTGPV UWHȳZ QT C FKHHGTGPV RTGȳZ QT QPN[ RCTV QH VJG YQTF 9JGP OCP[ RCVVGTPU CTG
KPVGTPCNK\GF VJG[ UVCTV VQ ETQUU DTGGF CPF DGEQOG EQODKPGF KP CNN MKPFU QH WPWUWCN YC[U 6JKU KU C XGT[
KORQTVCPV CURGEV QH FGXGNQRKPI C TKEJ LC\\ XQECDWNCT[ 9JGP YG JCXG C XQECDWNCT[ YG ECP URGCM CV YKNN
CPF GZRTGUU QWTUGNXGU KP CP CRRTQRTKCVG YC[ HQT GCEJ PGY EKTEWOUVCPEG

;GCTU CIQ + JCF C EQNNGIG UVWFGPV YJQ + YCU CUUKIPKPI CPF GPEQWTCIKPI VQ RTCEVKEG JKU UECNGU CPF EJQTFU
CPF RCVVGTPU 1PG FC[ JG YCNMGF KPVQ O[ QHȳEG CPF VQNF OG JG FKFPȉV YCPV VQ RTCEVKEG VJCV UVWHH CP[OQTG
*G HGNV KV YCU UVKʏKPI JKU ETGCVKXKV[ CPF JG CHȳTOGF VJCV JG LWUV YCPVGF VQ RNC[ NKMG ,QJP %QNVTCPG + CUMGF
JKO YJCV JG OGCPV CPF JG UCKF JG LWUV YCPVGF VQ DG ETGCVKXG CPF EQORQUKVKQPCN NKMG 6TCPG + UCKF Ȋ1MC[
NGV OG UGG KH + WPFGTUVCPF [QW EQTTGEVN[ ;QW YCPV VQ RNC[ NKMG ,QJP %QNVTCPG DWV [QW YCPV VQ UMKR CNN VJG
UVGRU VJCV 6TCPG YGPV VJTQWIJ VQ IGV VJGTGȍ *G VJQWIJV HQT C OQOGPV CPF UOKNGF CU JG UCKF Ȋ1MC[ + IGV
KVȍ 9G ECNN KV RC[KPI FWGU +V VCMGU C NQV QH GHHQTV VQ GUVCDNKUJ C TKEJ XQECDWNCT[ VJCV ECP VJGP DG WUGF VQ
GZRTGUU QWTUGNXGU KP ETGCVKXG CPF OGCPKPIHWN YC[U 9JGP VJCV DGIKPU VQ JCRRGP KV KU QPG QH VJG OQUV
TGYCTFKPI VJKPIU KP C OWUKEKCPȉU NKHG

# ITGCV UQWTEG HQT DGIKPPKPI RCVVGTP YQTM KU ,COG[ #GDGTUQNFȉU 8QN  QH JKU RNC[CNQPI UGTKGU 6JG ++]7]+
Progression 6JKU DQQM EQOGU YKVJ C RNC[CNQPI %& CPF IKXGU QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ RTCEVKEG YKVJ VJG TJ[VJO
UGEVKQP QP ++ 8 + RTQITGUUKQPU KP CNN  MG[U KP DQVJ OCLQT CPF OKPQT +P VJG DCEM QH VJG DQQM ,COG[
IKXGU  RCVVGTPU HQT OCLQT ++ 8 +ȉU CPF  RCVVGTPU HQT ++ 8 +ȉU KP OKPQT +V KU PQV  QT  JKR RCVVGTPU
DWV VJGTG CTG RNGPV[ QH IQQF QPGU VQ MGGR UVWFGPVU RTCEVKEKPI HQT C NQPI VKOG + CUM UVWFGPVU VQ RNC[ VJTQWIJ
GXGT[ RCVVGTP CPF RWV C OCTM D[ VJG QPGU VJG[ TGCNN[ YCPV VQ MPQY CPF VJGP UVCTV YQTMKPI VJTQWIJ VJGO

6JG RCVVGTPU CTG IKXGP KP QPG MG[ CPF VJG UVWFGPV JCU VQ RWV VJGO KP VJG QVJGT  MG[U 6JGTG OC[ DG C
VGORVCVKQP VQ YTKVG VJGO FQYP VTCPURQUGF 9JKNG VJKU OC[ DG JGNRHWN VQ IGV UQOG ENCTKV[ UVCTVGF KP VJG DTCKP

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

VJKU UJQWNF PQV DG C TGIWNCT RTCEVKEG CPF YG UJQWNF PQV IGV UVWEM EQPVKPWCNN[ NQQMKPI CV CP[VJKPI YG JCXG
YTKVVGP FQYP #ICKP YG FQPȉV YCPV VQ UVQTG QWT OCVGTKCNU QP CP GZVGTPCN UVQTCIG UQWTEG YJGTG VJG[ NQUG
WUGHWNPGUU 9G PGGF VQ UVQTG VJGUG OCVGTKCNU QP VJG JCTF FKUM YJGTG VJG[ CTG CNYC[U KOOGFKCVGN[ CXCKNCDNG
CPF YJGTG VJG[ ECP KPEWDCVG CPF ETQUU DTGGF (QT C FGXGNQRKPI KORTQXKUGT YG CNUQ FQPȉV YCPV VQ TGKPHQTEG
having to see things on paper. We have to be able to function from our minds and our ears.

6JGTG CTG QVJGT RWDNKUJGF UQWTEGU HQT RCVVGTPU UGCTEJ CV LC\\DQQMUEQO $WV VJGUG RCVVGTPU ECP CNUQ EQOG
HTQO QWT NKUVGPKPI CPF VTCPUETKDKPI HTQO HGNNQY OWUKEKCPU CPF VGCEJGTU CPF HTQO VTCPUETKRVKQPU FQPG
D[ QVJGT OWUKEKCPU ,COG[ȉU RNC[CNQPIU JCXG RCVVGTPU KPVGTURGTUGF VJTQWIJQWV VJG UGTKGU DWV QPG QH O[
HCXQTKVGU KU 8QN  Payin’ Dues ,COG[ YTKVGU PGY OGNQFKGU QP C JCPFHWN QH UVCPFCTF LC\\ VWPGU VJCV CTG
NQCFGF YKVJ ITGCV KFGCU CPF RCVVGTPU HQT KORTQXKUCVKQP

*QRGHWNN[ VJGUG UGEVKQPU JCXG IKXGP [QW UQOG IQQF KFGCU HQT JGNRKPI [QWPI OWUKEKCPU GZRGTKGPEG TKIJV
brain and left brain development. Remember that our primary goal is to facilitate double dominance in
QWT UVWFGPVU .GVȉU OQXG QP VQ CPQVJGT ETKVKECN NGCTPKPI CEVKXKV[ HQT [QWPI OWUKEKCPU VJCV DTKPIU VJKU CNN
together.

A Double Dominant Approach to Learning Tunes

+ UCKF DGHQTG VJCV VJG UKPING OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI C RGTUQP ECP FQ VQ FGXGNQR CU CP KORTQXKUGT CPF CU C
OWUKEKCP HQT VJCV OCVVGT KU VQ 64#05%4+$' 6JCV KU PWODGT QPG $WV VJG UGEQPF OQUV KORQTVCPV VJKPI
C RGTUQP ECP FQ CPF CP KORQTVCPV EQORCPKQP VQ VTCPUETKDKPI KU VQ .'#40 670'5ȅVWPG CHVGT VWPG CHVGT
tune after tune.

,$ &[CU VGNNU QH YJGP JG YCU KP JKIJ UEJQQN CU C DWFFKPI IWKVCTKUV CPF ȳPCNN[ IQV WR VJG PGTXG VQ ECNN VJG
IWKVCT VGCEJGT CV VJG NQECN WPKXGTUKV[ CPF CUM HQT NGUUQPU 6JG EQNNGIG VGCEJGT YCU PQV TGCNN[ KPVQ VGCEJKPI
JKIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPVU DWV TGNGPVGF ,$ YCU CDNG VQ CUM CNN VJG SWGUVKQPU JG JCF JCF HQT C NQPI VKOG +P VJG
HQWTVJ NGUUQP VJG VGCEJGT UCKF Ȋ+ CO IQKPI VQ IKXG [QW CP CUUKIPOGPV CPF YJGP [QW IGV KV FQPG ECNN OG
CPF YGȉNN JCXG VJG PGZV NGUUQPȍ ,$ TGURQPFGF Ȋ1MC[ YJCV KU VJG CUUKIPOGPV ȍ Ȋ.GCTP  VWPGUȍ Ȋ9J[
YQWNF + NGCTP  VWPGU DGHQTG EQOKPI VQ VJG PGZV NGUUQP ȍ 6JG VGCEJGT TGURQPFGF Ȋ$GECWUG D[ VJG VKOG
[QW NGCTP  VWPGU [QW YQPȉV JCXG CNN VJQUG UVWRKF SWGUVKQPUȍ 2GTJCRU PQV VJG DGUV VGCEJKPI UVTCVGI[
DWV CP GZEGNNGPV RQKPV 6JGTG KU COC\KPI NGCTPKPI VJCV EQOGU D[ NGCTPKPI VWPGU #PF VQ DG CDNG VQ HWPEVKQP
RTQHGUUKQPCNN[ CPF OCMG CP[ OQPG[ RNC[KPI LC\\ YG OWUV MPQY VWPGUȅNQVU QH VJGO

5Q JGTG KU O[ ȊFQWDNG FQOKPCPVȍ CRRTQCEJ VQ NGCTPKPI VWPGU (KTUV YG JCXG TKIJV DTCKP GZRGTKGPEGU YKVJ
VJG VWPG CPF VJGP NGHV DTCKP GZRGTKGPEGU CPF VJGP JQRGHWNN[ VJG[ EQOG VQIGVJGT

 .GCTP VJG JGCF OGNQF[ QH VJG VWPG ȳTUV 6JKU UJQWNF DG C TKIJV DTCKP CRRTQCEJ CPF NGCTPGF D[
GCT 6TCPUETKDG VJG OGNQF[ QT NGCTP KV HTQO [QWT OKPF KH [QW ECP CNTGCF[ UKPI KV +H [QW JCXG PQ UQWTEG HQT
KV TGEQTF [QWTUGNH RNC[KPI KV HTQO VJG DQQM CPF VJGP ENQUG VJG DQQM CPF VTCPUETKDG [QWTUGNH ;QW YKNN MPQY
VJG VWPG C NQV DGVVGT CPF TGVCKP KV C NQV NQPIGT KH [QW NGCTP KV VJKU YC[

 2NC[ D[ GCT YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI GKVJGT VJG TGCN TGEQTFKPI QT C RNC[CNQPI CPF NGCTP GXGT[VJKPI
CDQWV VJG VWPG [QW ECP YKVJ [QWT GCTUȅVJG MG[ VJG OQFWNCVKQPU VJG TJ[VJOKE DCUKU VJG UV[NG VJG HQTO
GVE +H [QW ECP VCMG VJG VKOG [QW EQWNF GXGP VTCPUETKDG C UQNQ QT UQNQU HTQO C TGEQTFKPI QH VJG VWPG .GCTP
GXGT[VJKPI [QW ECP YKVJ VJG TKIJV DTCKP ȳTUV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

  0QY KPXQNXG VJG NGHV DTCKP 5VCTV D[ CTRGIIKCVKPI CNN QH VJG EJQTFU KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO VJTQWIJ
VJG VWPG NKMG VJG UKIJVTGCFKPI KP VJG HCMG DQQM  + YQWNF HQNNQY VJKU WR YKVJ TWPPKPI VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI
UECNGU VJTQWIJ VJG VWPG KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO 6JGP EJQQUG C RCVVGTP HQT OCLQT ++ 8ȉU CPF C RCVVGTP HQT
OKPQT ++ 8ȉU CPF C RCVVGTP HQT VJG VQPKE EJQTFUȅQPG DCT CPF VYQ DCT CU PGGFGF HQT GCEJ EJQTF UEGPCTKQ
and then run patterns through the entire progression, patterning every chord.

 #PCN[\G EJQTF HWPEVKQPU CPF RWV 4QOCP PWOGTCNU QP CNN VJG EJQTFU #V VJG UCOG VKOG GZCOKPG
VJG HQTO KP C FGVCKNGF YC[ (KIWTG QWV JQY [QW CTG IQKPI VQ TGOGODGT VJG VWPG CPF VJG YC[ VJG EJQTF
progression is structured.

 &Q OQTG GCT VTCKPKPI 2NC[ VJG TF QH GXGT[ EJQTF VJGP VJG VJ QH GXGT[ EJQTF VJGP VJG VJ QH
GXGT[ EJQTF VJGP VJG VJ QH GXGT[ EJQTF 6JGP ȳIWTG QWV VJG IWKFG VQPGU CPF RNC[ VJGO 6JG EQPEGRV QH
IWKFG VQPGU YKNN DG GZRNCKPGF UQQP

 5KPI GXGT[VJKPI VJCV JCU DGGP YQTMGF QP UQ HCTȅUKPI VJG CTRGIIKCVKQP QH VJG EJQTFU UKPI VJG
UECNGU UKPI VJG RCVVGTPU UKPI VJG TFU VJU GVE UKPI VJG IWKFG VQPGU

 2NC[ VJG VWPG CPF KORTQXKUG WUKPI VJG OCVGTKCNU CPF [QWT GCTU YKVJ VJG TGCN %& CPF YKVJ VJG RNC[
along CD if you have one.

 9QTM QP VJG VWPG PQY YKVJ PQ DCEMKPI VTCEM +V KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV YG DGEQOG UGNHTGNKCPVȅ
KPFGRGPFGPVN[ MGGRKPI VJG VKOG CPF VJG JCTOQP[ CPF VJG HQTO 7NVKOCVGN[ QWT KORTQXKUKPI UJQWNF DG
TGEQIPK\CDNG CU VJG VWPG GXGP YKVJ PQ DCEMKPI VTCEM

+ CNYC[U JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UKPI GXGT[VJKPI VJG[ CTG YQTMKPI QP UVCTVKPI
YKVJ VJG EJQTF UVWF[ CPF UECNGU CPF VJGP RCVVGTPU 6JGP NCVGT YG UKPI
VJG CTRGIIKCVKQP QH EJQTF RTQITGUUKQPU QH VJG VWPGU YG CTG YQTMKPI QP
CNQPI YKVJ VJG IWKFG VQPGU TQQVU VJKTFU ȳHVJU UGXGPVJU CPF PKPVJU

+P C UKORNKȳGF HQTO YG ȳTUV JCXG TKIJV DTCKP GZRGTKGPEGU YKVJ VJG VWPG VJGP NGHV DTCKP GZRGTKGPEGU YKVJ
VJG VWPG 6JGP YG YQTM QP GCT VTCKPKPI DCUGF QP VJG NGHV DTCKP OCVGTKCNU 6JGP YG YQTM QP CRRNKECVKQP CPF
DTKPIKPI VJG VYQ JGOKURJGTGU VQIGVJGT 6JKU QDXKQWUN[ VCMGU VKOG CPF RCVKGPEG CPF VJG ȳTUV VWPGU YKNN VCMG
NQPIGT DWV KV IGVU OWEJ HCUVGT YKVJ UWEEGGFKPI VWPGU )TCFWCNN[ C UVWFGPV DGIKPU VQ HWPEVKQP KP C FQWDNG
FQOKPCPV YC[ȅVJG GCTU CPF KPVWKVKQP CTG EQPVTKDWVKPI CPF VJG OKPF CPF MPQYNGFIG CTG EQPVTKDWVKPI VQ
VJG ȳPKUJGF RTQFWEV
6JGTG KU CP KORQTVCPV ITQWPF TWNG HQT VJKU RTQEGUU 9G YCPV VQ EQOG QWV QH VJG RTQEGUU TGCNN[ MPQYKPI VJG
VWPGȅVJCV KU + FQPȉV YCPV VQ JCXG VQ NQQM CV CP[VJKPI VQ MPQY VJG OGNQF[ QT VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP 6JKU
KU NGUU C OCVVGT QH OGOQTK\CVKQP YJGTG + CO NQQMKPI CV UQOGVJKPI CPF VT[KPI VQ EQOOKV KV VQ OGOQT[ 
DWV OQTG C OCVVGT QH NGCTPKPI VJG VWPG YKVJQWV FGRGPFGPEG QP VJG RCIG KP VJG ȳTUV RNCEG +P VJG TKIJV DTCKP
RJCUG + CO PQV NQQMKPI CV CP[VJKPI +P VJG NGHV DTCKP RJCUG + JCXG VQ DGIKP D[ NQQMKPI CV UQOGVJKPI DWV
O[ IQCN KU VQ NQQM CV VJG RCIG CU NKVVNG CU RQUUKDNG 5Q QPEG + JCXG ȳIWTGF QWV VJG HQTO CPF UVTWEVWTG QH
VJG RTQITGUUKQP CPF JQY + CO IQKPI VQ TGOGODGT KV VJG TWNG KU VQ PGXGT RNC[ CICKP YKVJ VJG DQQM QRGP +
OC[ QRGP VJG DQQM CPF FQWDNG EJGEM WUKPI VJG DQQM HQT GKVJGT EQPȳTOCVKQP VJCV +ȉXG IQV KV TKIJV QT HQT
EQTTGEVKQP DWV VJGP + ENQUG VJG DQQM CPF IQ DCEM VQ YQTM +H + NGCTP KV VJKU YC[ + YKNN TGVCKP KV OWEJ DGVVGT
and longer than simple memorization.

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

Guide Tones

5Q NGVȉU FGCN YKVJ VJG EQPEGRV QH IWKFG VQPGU CPF RNC[KPI EJCPIGU CPF VJGP YG YKNN NQQM CV VJG CRRNKECVKQP
QH VJG FQWDNG FQOKPCPV CRRTQCEJ VQ C URGEKȳE VWPG 6JG IWKFG VQPGU HQTO YJCV + ECNN VJG HTCOGYQTM QH VJG
VWPG 6JGUG CTG VJG PQVGU VJCV OWUV OQXG D[ JCNH UVGRU CU YG OQXG HTQO QPG EJQTF VQ CPQVJGT 6JG[ CTG
VJG PQVGU VJCV FGȳPG VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP CPF YJGP KPEQTRQTCVGF VJG RTQITGUUKQP KU ENGCT GXGP YKVJQWV
C DCEMKPI VTCEM QT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP 9G QHVGP JGCT VJG VGTOU ȊRNC[KPI VJG EJCPIGUȍ QT Ȋ&Q [QW MPQY VJG
EJCPIGU ȍ 6JGUG VGPF VQ DG WUGF KP VJG IGPGTKE UGPUG QH Ȋ&Q [QW RNC[ VJG EJQTFU ȍ QT Ȋ&Q [QW MPQY VJG
EJQTFU ȍ $WV VJG OQTG URGEKȳE OGCPKPI QH RNC[KPI VJG EJCPIGU KU Ȋ&Q [QW RNC[ VJG PQVGU VJCV PGGF VQ
EJCPIG CU QPG EJQTF OQXGU VQ CPQVJGT ȍ 6JG IWKFG VQPGU CTG VJG PQVGU VJCV JCXG VQ EJCPIG D[ JCNH UVGR
CU QPG EJQTF OQXGU VQ VJG PGZV CPF YJKEJ FGȳPG VJG UQWPF QH VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP 6JG CEKF VGUV HQT CP
KORTQXKUGT KU YJGVJGT VJG NKUVGPGT ECP JGCT VJG VWPG CPF KFGPVKH[ KV YKVJ PQ TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG OGNQF[ QT VQ
an accompaniment.

+P C UKORNG KNNWUVTCVKQP QH IWKFG VQPGU NGVȉU UC[ VJCV VJG EJQTFU OQXG HTQO % OCLQT VQ % OKPQT 9JCV PQVGU
JCXG VQ EJCPIG D[ JCNH UVGR HTQO VJG ȳTUV EJQTF VQ VJG UGEQPF ' OWUV OQXG VQ 'D CPFQT $ OWUV OQXG
VQ $D 6JG NKPG YG IGPGTCVG UJQWNF KPENWFG CV NGCUV QPG QH VJQUG PQVG EJCPIGU KG ' QP VJG NGHV UKFG QH VJG
DCT NKPG VQ 'D QP VJG TKIJV UKFG QH VJG DCT NKPG QT $ VQ $D +PEQTRQTCVKPI VJKU JCNH UVGR EJCPIG YKNN IKXG C
ENGCT UKIPCN VQ VJG NKUVGPGT VJCV YG JCXG EJCPIGF HTQO OCLQT VQ OKPQT GXGP YJGP VJG EJQTFU CTG PQV DGKPI
UQWPFGF D[ CP CEEQORCPKOGPV 5Q YG CTG CNYC[U NQQMKPI HQT VJGUG JCNH UVGR OQXGOGPVU +V KU JCNH UVGRU
VJCV OCMG VJG YQTNF IQ CTQWPF 9JQNG UVGRU FQ PQV JCXG VJG UCOG FGȳPKVKQPCN RQYGT 6JGUG RKVEJGU CTG
NKMG FQVU KP C EQPPGEV VJG FQVU RW\\NG *QY OCP[ FKHHGTGPV UQWPF RKEVWTGU ECP + OCMG EQPPGEVKPI VJG FQVU
IWKFG VQPGU KP XCTKQWU YC[U

% OCLQT VQ % OKPQT KU XGT[ UVTCKIJV HQTYCTF DWV KV KU OQTG EJCNNGPIKPI VQ ȳIWTG QWV JQY VQ OCMG C ++
EJQTF UQWPF NKMG KV OQXGU VQ C 8 EJQTF CPF C 8 EJQTF VQ C + EJQTF 6JG RTQDNGO KU VJCV CNN VJTGG EJQTFU
CTG HWPEVKQPKPI KP VJG UCOG MG[ UKIPCVWTG UQ YG FQPȉV JCXG CP[ QDXKQWU JCNH UVGR EJCPIGU VQ FGȳPG VJG
RTQITGUUKQP QT FQ YG +H YG GZCOKPG VJG ++ VQ VJG 8 EJQTF CPF EQORCTG GCEJ PQVG QH VJG ++ EJQTF VQ VJG 8
EJQTF CPF VJGP VJG UCOG HQT VJG 8 EJQTF VQ VJG + EJQTF KV NQQMU NKMG VJKU

%JQTFU ] & ]) ] %ȓ

5ECNG 6QPGU & & VJ & VJ

& &QTKCP ' '  QT VJ ' TF

( ( D ( VJ ECPPQV DG WUGF UQ IQ VQ '  UVGR

) ) TQQV ) VJ

# # VJ #  QT VJ

$ $ TF $ VJ

% % VJ ECPȉV WUG % TQQV

UQ OQXG VQ $
 UVGR

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

#U [QW ECP UGG CNN VJG PQVGU CTG KP VJG UCOG MG[ CPF OQUV QH VJGO YQTM DWV HTQO VJG ++ EJQTF VQ VJG 8
EJQTF VJG DVJ JCU VQ TGUQNXG D[ JCNH UVGR FQYP VQ VJG TF 6JG UCOG KU VTWG HQT VJG 8 EJQTF OQXKPI VQ VJG
+ EJQTFȅVJG DVJ JCU VQ TGUQNXG FQYP C JCNH UVGR VQ VJG TF 6JGUG CTG VJG FGȳPKVKQPCN PQVGU VJCV YJGP
KPEQTRQTCVGF KPVQ VJG NKPG YKNN UKIPCN VQ QWT GCTU VJCV YG OQXG HTQO VJG ++ VQ VJG 8 VQ VJG + YKVJ PQ TGHGT
GPEG VQ CP[ CEEQORCPKOGPVCN EJQTFU 6JG TGCUQP VJKU YQTMU VJKU YC[ KU VJCV VJG VJ PQVG QH VJG UECNG ECP
PQV DG RNC[GF QP C EJQTF VJCV JCU C OCLQT TF 6JGTGHQTG YJGP OQXKPI VQ FQOKPCPV QT OCLQT EJQTFU VJG
VJ PQVG OWUV TGUQNXG FQYP VQ VJG TF 6JG VJ KU C JQTTKF UQWPFKPI PQVG QP VJQUG VYQ EJQTF V[RGU (TQO
VJKU YG ECP HQTOWNCVG C RTKPEKRNG VJCV KP C OCLQT ++ 8 + VJG IWKFG VQPGU YKNN CNYC[U DG VJG DVJ IQKPI
FQYP VQ VJG TF JCNH UVGR ++8 CPF VJG DVJ IQGU FQYP VQ VJG TF JCNH UVGR 8+ =UCOG PQVG PWODGTU HQT
DQVJ EJQTF EJCPIGU>

+P C OKPQT ++ 8 + HQT VJG UCOG TGCUQPU LWUV UVCVGF VJG IWKFG VQPGU CTG VJG DVJ VQ VJG TF YJGP OQXKPI
HTQO VJG ++ VQ VJG 8 DWV YJGP OQXKPI HTQO VJG 8 VQ VJG + VJGTG KU C FKHHGTGPEG 6JG DVJ VQ VJG D UKPEG
VJG VQPKE EJQTF KU OKPQT KU C YJQNG UVGR )WKFG VQPGU OWUV DG JCNH UVGRU 6JG YJQNG UVGR YKNN PQV UQWPF
DCF DWV KV KU PQV FGȳPKVKQPCN CPF YKNN PQV RTQXKFG GPQWIJ KPHQTOCVKQP VQ JGCT VJG EJQTF EJCPIG ENGCTN[
YJGP VJGTG KU PQ CEEQORCPKOGPV 5Q YJGTG CTG VJG JCNH UVGRU KP OKPQT 5KPEG VJG 8 EJQTF KP OKPQT OWUV
DG CNVGTGF  D  YG JCXG UGXGTCN QRVKQPU UJQYP KP VJG PGZV GZCORNG

+P OKPQT ++} ] 8 ] +ȓ ]

2QUUKDNG % VQ $ VJGP #D D VQ ) VJ

4GUQNWVKQPU QT $D  VQ #D D VQ ) VJ

QT $D VQ $ VJ

QT 'D  VQ & VJ

6JGUG CNN UQWPF ITGCV 9JGP FGȳPKPI IWKFG VQPGU KP OKPQT HQT C [QWPI UVWFGPV + LWUV CTDKVTCTKN[ WUG VJG D
VQ VJG  HQT 8 VQ + VJGTGHQTG D VQ  HQT ++ VQ 8 CPF D VQ  HQT 8 VQ + $WV VJG QVJGT RQUUKDKNKVKGU CTG VJGTG

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

/QUV RCVVGTPU HQT GKVJGT OCLQT QT OKPQT ++ 8 +ȉU KPEQTRQTCVG VJGUG IWKFG VQPGU 6JG ȳTUV OCP[ RCVVGTPU +
CNYC[U IKXG VQ C [QWPI UVWFGPV YKNN DG DCUGF CTQWPF VJG IWKFG VQPGU YJKEJ VTCKPU VJG ȳPIGTU CPF VJG GCTU
VQ ITCXKVCVG VQYCTF VJGO

+H YG GNGEV VQ CNVGT C FQOKPCPV EJQTF KP C OCLQT ++ 8 + YG JCXG VJG UCOG CFFKVKQPCN TGUQNWVKQPU CU OKPQT
CPF C EQWRNG OQTG DGECWUG QH VJG /TF QP VJG VQPKE

+P OCLQT ++ ] 8 ] +ȓ ]

2QUUKDNG % VQ $ VJGP ( D VQ ' TF

4GUQNWVKQPU QT #D D VQ ) VJ

QT $D  VQ #D D VQ ) VJ

QT $D  VQ $ VJ

QT 'D  VQ ' TF

QT 'D  VQ & VJ

$GECWUG QH CNN VJG CFFKVKQPCN TGUQNWVKQP RQUUKDKNKVKGU LC\\ RNC[GTU VGPF VQ CNVGT C NQV CPF YG JCXG VJG
NKEGPUG VQ CNVGT CP[VKOG KV ȳVU QWT RWTRQUGU GXGP YJGP VJG EJQTF U[ODQN FQGU PQV UJQY CP[ CNVGTCVKQP CPF
GXGP YJGP VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU PQV CNVGTKPI

#FOKVVGFN[ VJKU KU C NQV QH VJGQT[ DWV VJKU KU YJCV VJG NGHV DTCKP FQOCKP KU CDQWV CPF VJG FQWDNG FQOKPCPV
LC\\ RNC[GT YKNN JCXG OCUVGT[ QH CNN VJKU VJGQT[ DQVJ KP JKU OKPF CPF QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV (QT C LC\\ RNC[GT
VJGQT[ KU PQV C UGRCTCVG CPF WPTGNCVGF VQRKE KP OWUKE 6*'14; .+8'5 10 6*' +05647/'06 #0& +5
# 9#; 1( .+('

Example of the Double Dominant Approach to All the Things You Are
+H [QW YGTG UGVVKPI QWV VQ NGCTP VJG VWPG All the Things You Are + YQWNF ȳTUV JCXG [QW NKUVGP VQ TGEQTFKPIU
QH VJG VWPGȅUGXGTCN FKHHGTGPV CTVKUVU CPF XGTUKQPU KH RQUUKDNG + YQWNF JCXG [QW NKXG YKVJ KV WPVKN [QW EQWNF UKPI
VJG OGNQF[ CPF UECVUKPI UQNQU CNQPI YKVJ KV VJKU OC[ JCRRGP KP VJG ECT QT YCNMKPI YJKNG IGVVKPI FTGUUGF YJKNG
IGVVKPI TGCF[ HQT DGF GVE  6JGP + YQWNF JCXG [QW RKEM WR [QWT KPUVTWOGPV CPF NGCTP VJG OGNQF[ȅHTQO
[QWT OKPF KH RQUUKDNG QT YKVJ TGHGTGPEG VQ C TGEQTFKPI KH PGGFGF +H [QW JCXG NKUVGPGF VQ OQTG VJCP QPG
TGEQTFKPI [QW OC[ JGCT NKVVNG XCTKCPEGU KP VJG YC[ VJG OGNQF[ KU RNC[GF +V KU QHVGP DGUV VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG
OGNQF[ CV VJG DGIKPPKPI HTQO C UKPIGT KV OC[ DG OQTG CEEWTCVG +V KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG VQ TGHGT VQ C DQQM HQT
RGTJCRU OQTG ENCTKV[ DWV TGOGODGT VJG TWNG YG FQPȉV RNC[ YJGP VJG DQQM KU QRGP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

6JGP + YQWNF JCXG [QW RNC[ D[ GCT CPF VT[ VQ KORTQXKUG YKVJ TGEQTFKPIU VJG TGCN TGEQTFKPI CPF VJG
RNC[CNQPI XGTUKQP KH QPG KU CXCKNCDNG 6JGP [QW UJQWNF VT[ VQ FGEKRJGT YJCV VJG MG[ EGPVGTU CTG CPF JQY
VJG[ EJCPIG (KIWTG QWV D[ GCT YJCV VJG TGRGCV UVTWEVWTG KU VJG HQTO %QPUKFGT YJCV VJG TJ[VJOKE DCUKU
KUȅFQGU KV UYKPI 1T KU KV UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ DCUGF .GCTP GXGT[VJKPI [QW RQUUKDN[ ECP CDQWV VJG VWPG YKVJ
[QWT GCTU 2NC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG LC\\ RNC[GTU QP [QWT TGEQTFKPIU CPF EJGEM QWV EQQNUQWPFKPI PQVGU CPF
melodic ideas.

6JGP + YQWNF JCXG [QW QRGP C NGCF UJGGV KH [QW JCXG QPG CPF UGG YJCV [QW ECP NGCTP YKVJ [QWT G[GU CPF
[QWT OKPF .GVȉU NQQM CV VJG EJQTFU CPF CPCN[\G HWPEVKQP CPF HQTO 6JG EJQTF NC[QWV KU RTKPVGF DGIKPKPI
DGNQY

(KTUV YG UJQWNF IQ VJTQWIJ CPF CTRGIIKCVG CNN QH VJG EJQTFU KP VJG RTQRGT JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO 4GOGODGT
KH VJG EJQTF NCUVU C HWNN OGCUWTG YG ECP QPN[ RNC[  GKIJVJ PQVGU  +H VJG EJQTF NCUVU VYQ
OGCUWTGU YG RNC[ VJCV VYKEG +H VJG EJQTF NCUVU QPN[  EQWPVU YG ECP QPN[ RNC[  GKIJVJ PQVGU  9G
ECP CNUQ IQ VJTQWIJ CPF RNC[ CNN QH VJG UECNGU VJCV ȳV VJG EJQTFU 9G PGGF VYQ OGCUWTGU VQ RNC[ WR CPF
FQYP C UECNG +H YG JCXG QPG OGCUWTG YG ECP QPN[ IQ WR QT FQYP  9JGP YG CTG NQQMKPI CV C ++ 8 YG
ECP RNC[ VJG UCOG UECNG WR QT FQYP VJTQWIJ VJG DQVJ EJQTFUȅKVȉU CNN VJG UCOG MG[ 5Q HQT C ++ 8 VJCV NCUVU
one bar, just play the Dorian Scale ascending.

9G EQWNF CNUQ IQ VJTQWIJ CPF RCVVGTP VJG YJQNG VWPG 9G YKNN PGGF C RCVVGTP HQT GCEJ V[RG QH EJQTF GXGPV
2GTJCRU YJGP VJGTG KU C UKPING DCT OKPQT EJQTF 8+ PQV CVVCEJGF VQ C ++ 8 + YG YKNN EJQQUG VJKU RCVVGTP
  D   D   9JGP YG JCXG C ++ 8 VJCV NCUVU VYQ OGCUWTGU YG YKNN RNC[   D   D   ]   D 
  9JGP YG JCXG C ++ 8 VJCV NCUVU QPG DCT YG YKNN RNC[  D  D    D 9JGP YG JCXG C QPG DCT ++
8 VJCV KU KP OKPQT YG YKNN RNC[  D D D  D  D 9JGP YG JCXG C OCLQT EJQTF VJCV NCUVU QPG OGCUWTG
YG YKNN RNC[         9JGP YG JCXG C OCLQT EJQTF VJCV NCUVU VYQ OGCUWTGU YG YKNN RNC[        
     6JKU GZGTEKUG JGNRU WU DGEQOG OWEJ OQTG RTQȳEKGPV CV VJG LWIINKPI QH CNN VJGUG OCVGTKCNU YJKEJ
RTGRCTGU WU HQT TGCNNKHG KORTQXKUKPI 5GG VJG CRRNKECVKQP QH VJKU QP VJG EJQTF UJGGV DGNQY 9G EQWNF VJGP
choose different patterns for another practice run.

All the Things You Are

](QTO 6JKU KU VJG # 5GEVKQP

)WKFG 6QPGU

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

(14/ 6JKU KU VJG 5GEQPF # UGEVKQP UCOG HQTOCV DWV FKHHGTGPV MG[ UQ VJKU KU #

(14/ 6JKU KU VJG $TKFIG QT $

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

(QTO 6JKU KU VJG .CUV # DWV KV KU GZVGPFGF VQ  DCTU UQ VJKU KU #

;QW ECP UGG CDQXG CNN VJG YC[U + YQWNF DG CPCN[\KPI VJKU EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP VQ RNC[ QP KV  6JG EJQTF

%JCRVGT  &GXGNQRKPI &QWDNG&QOKPCPV +ORTQXKUGTU ] 2CIG 

HWPEVKQPU  VJG EJQTF EQPUVTWEVKQP  VJG CEEQORCP[KPI UECNGU CPF MG[ UKIPCVWTGU  VJG HQTOȅ## $ #
 VJG IWKFG VQPGU YJKEJ [KGNF C HTCOGYQTM QH RKVEJGU VJCV OCMG VJG VWPG UQWPF NKMG VJG VWPG +P VJKU
UVGR + YCPV VQ NGCTP GXGT[VJKPI + RQUUKDN[ ECP YKVJ O[ G[GU CDQWV VJKU VWPG VJTQWIJ NGHV DTCKP CPCN[UKU

Ear Training

0QY NGVȉU YQTM QP GCT VTCKPKPI HQT VJKU VWPG + YCPV VQ NGCTP VQ JGCT GXGT[VJKPI + JCXG NGCTPGF YKVJ NGHV DTCKP
CPCN[UKU + YQWNF UKPI GXGT[VJKPI KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO + JCXG KFGPVKȳGF KP VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP CDQXG

•Sing the melody

•Sing the chords as arpeggios

•Sing the scales

•Sing patterns

•Sing the guide tones

#PF CFF

Ȏ5KPI VJG TF QH GCEJ EJQTF

Ȏ5KPI VJG VJ QH GCEJ EJQTF

Ȏ5KPI VJG VJ QH GCEJ EJQTF

Ȏ5KPI VJG VJ QH GCEJ EJQTF

Bringing It All Together

.GVȉU KORTQXKUG QP VJG VWPG PQY +H [QW CTG RNC[KPI YKVJ C RNC[CNQPI VWTP KV QHH CPF YQTM QP VJG RNCEGU
VJCV CTG YGCMGT &TKNN MG[U VJCV CTG OQTG FKHȳEWNV 2TCEVKEG EQPPGEVKPI VJG IWKFG VQPGU HQT RJTCUGU KP CU
OCP[ YC[U CU RQUUKDNG KP VKOG &Q [QWT UQNQ NKPGU UQWPF NKMG VJG EJCPIGU CPF VJG VWPG YKVJ PQ DCEMWR +H
PQV IQ DCEM CPF RNC[ VJG IWKFG VQPGU UQOG OQTG CPF TGYQTM KFGCU HQT EQPPGEVKPI VJGO #ICKP VJG IWKFG
VQPGU CTG NKMG FQVU KP C FQVVQFQV RW\\NG CPF YG VT[ VQ OCMG FKHHGTGPV RKEVWTGU D[ EQPPGEVKPI VJG FQVU KP
FKHHGTGPV YC[U DWV YG CTG PQV FKUECTFKPI VJG FQVU  +P C YC[ YG CTG CNUQ KP C ETQUUYQTF RW\\NG YJGTG YG
CTG VT[KPI VQ UQNXG KP GCEJ OGCUWTG HQT DQVJ JQTK\QPVCN OGNQFKE CPF XGTVKECN JCTOQPKE EQPUKFGTCVKQPU CV
VJG UCOG VKOG #FF VQ VJKU VJG GOQVKQPCN GZRTGUUKQP VJCV ECP CEEQORCP[ VJGUG VYQ UKOWNVCPGQWU RW\\NGU
CPF YG JCXG VJG ITGCVGUV ICOG IQKPI .GVȉU VWTP VJG RNC[CNQPI DCEM QP CPF JCXG C RCTV[ *QRGHWNN[ VJG
TKIJV DTCKP UMKNNU CPF VJG NGHV DTCKP UMKNNU CTG EQOKPI VQIGVJGT VQ RTQFWEG CP GZEKVKPI UQNQ 6JKU KU VJG RC[QHH
VKOG 6JKU KU C NKHGNQPI RWTUWKV D[ VJG YC[

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 21 Teaching Improvisation with
Different Tune Vehicles
9KVJ VJG HQWPFCVKQPCN CRRTQCEJGU HQT KORTQXKUCVKQP HTQO %JCRVGT  NGVȉU NQQM CV KFGCU HQT VGCEJKPI
DCUKE LC\\ VWPG V[RGU QT XGJKENGU 6JG VWPG V[RGU YG YKNN CRRTQCEJ YKNN DG $NWGU /QFCN 4J[VJO $GDQR
CPF YG YKNN UCXG $CNNCFU HQT VJG PGZV EJCRVGT 9JGP %JCTNKG 2CTMGT YCU CUMGF JQY JG NGCTPGF VQ RNC[
KORTQXKUG  JG CPUYGTGF VJCV JG ȳTUV NGCTPGF JQY VQ RNC[ VJG $NWGU KP CNN  MG[U VJGP 4J[VJO %JCPIGU
KP CNN  MG[U CPF VJGP Cherokee $GDQR KP CNN  MG[U *G UCKF VJCV VQQM JKO CDQWV VYQ [GCTU DWV CHVGT
VJCV JG EQWNF RNC[ CP[VJKPI 6JGTG KU CP GCTN[ UVQT[ CDQWV $KTF %JCTNKG 2CTMGT VJCV KP JKU KPHCPE[ CU CP
KORTQXKUGT JG YGPV VQ C LCO UGUUKQP 9JGP VJG[ ECNNGF VJG VWPG Honeysuckle Rose, he ventured up because
JG JCF DGGP RTCEVKEKPI VJCV QPG $WV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP YCU RNC[KPI KV KP ( CPF $KTF JCF NGCTPGF KV KP $D
6JG[ NCWIJGF JKO QHH VJG UVCPF #U JG ECOG FQYP JG UCKF Ȋ6JCVȉU VJG ȳTUV VKOG + MPQYȉF VJGTG YCU
FKHHGTGPV MG[Uȍ 9G CNN UVCTV UQOGYJGTG GXGP %JCTNKG 2CTMGT

Blues Tunes
6JG $NWGU KU VJG OQUV HWPFCOGPVCN LC\\ HQTO CPF CNN LC\\ OWUKEKCPU OWUV OCUVGT CPF RNC[ DNWGU KP CNN
MG[U 6JGTG CTG RTQDCDN[ JWPFTGFU QH VWPGU YTKVVGP QP DNWGU RTQITGUUKQPU 5QOG RGQRNG HGGN VJCV KV KU C
OKUVCMG VQ UVCTV YKVJ $NWGU DGECWUG KV OC[ TGUWNV KP C [QWPI RGTUQP CNYC[U RNC[KPI $NWGU 5ECNGU QP GXGT[
VWPG 6JKU FQGU UQOGVKOGU JCRRGP DWV KV KU QPN[ DGECWUG KPUVTWEVKQP UVQRU CV VJCV RQKPV CPF VJG UVWFGPV KU
NGHV VQ FQ VJG QPN[ VJKPI JG MPQYU + JCXG PGXGT JCF C UVWFGPV IGV UVWEM RNC[KPI $NWGU 5ECNGU CNN VJG VKOG
YJGP YG JCXG EQPVKPWGF QP VQ QVJGT CNVGTPCVKXGU + JCXG PQ RTQDNGO YJCVUQGXGT YKVJ WUKPI VJG $NWGU CU C
UVCTVKPI RQKPV #NN VJG ITGCV LC\\ KPPQXCVQTU YGTG DNWGU RNC[GTU CV JGCTV

6JGTG KU CNUQ C UVKIOC KP UQOG TGIKQPU CDQWV RNC[KPI C $NWGU 5ECNG GXGP KP C DNWGU VWPG 6JKU KU
TKFKEWNQWU $NWGU 5ECNGU CTG KP HWNN WUG D[ RTQHGUUKQPCN RNC[GTU CPF VJGTG CTG RNGPV[ QH %JCTNKG
2CTMGT UQNQ VTCPUETKRVKQPU VQ RTQXG KV 6JG RTQDNGO CTKUGU YJGP VJCV KU VJG QPN[ VJKPI C UVWFGPV
MPQYU JQY VQ FQ 9G UJQWNF CNYC[U WUG CP[ LC\\ OCVGTKCNU CU C EQPUEKQWU EJQKEG HQT GZRTGUUKXG
TGCUQPU PGXGT DGECWUG VJCVȉU CNN YG ECP FQ $WV CICKP YG JCXG VQ UVCTV UQOGYJGTG

9JGP + UVCTV C UVWFGPV QP C DNWGU + FQ KV YKVJ C NKVVNG 5QPP[ 4QNNKPU VWPG ECNNGF Sonny Moon for Two Live
at the Village Vanguard 8QN   6JG[ UJQWNF NKUVGP VQ VJG QTKIKPCN TGEQTFKPI CPF KFGCNN[ RNC[ CNQPI
YKVJ KV 6JG VWPG KVUGNH KU C FGUEGPFKPI OKPQT RGPVCVQPKE UECNG  D   D  TGRGCVGF VJTGG VKOGU
YKVJ UQOG TJ[VJOKE KPVGTGUV VQ OCMG KV KPVQ C OGNQF[ +V KU C TGCN LC\\ VWPG DWV KV KU GCU[ VQ VGCEJ D[ GCT VQ
UVWFGPVU CPF VJG[ ECP CNN UWEEGGF TKIJV CYC[ 1PEG GXGT[QPG MPQYU VJG VWPG + RQKPV QWV VJCV VJG OGNQF[
KU C UECNG CPF YG RNC[ KV CU C UECNG 6JGP + FQ UQOG ECNN CPF TGURQPUG YKVJ VJGO VQ IKXG VJGO KFGCU CDQWV
JQY VQ OCMG OGNQFKE KFGCU HTQO VJG UECNG + RNC[ VYQ DCTU VJG[ TGRGCV VJQUG VYQ DCTU + UVCTV UKORNG CPF
ITCFWCNN[ IKXG VJGO OQTG +H VJG[ FQPȉV IGV QPG + YKNN TGRGCV KV CPF VJGP OQXG QP 4GHGT VQ XKFGQU HQT C
FGOQPUVTCVKQP

6JG DGCWV[ QH VJKU CRRTQCEJ HQT DGIKPPKPI UVWFGPVU KU VJCV VJG 2GPVCVQPKE 5ECNG ȳVU QXGT CNN VJG EJQTFU CPF
VJG[ FQPȉV JCXG VQ VJKPM CDQWV EJQTFU QT RTQITGUUKQPU [GV +V KU KORQUUKDNG VQ RNC[ C YTQPI PQVG QT IGV NQUV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

'XGT[QPG ECP UWEEGGF CPF NKXG VJTQWIJ KV CPF VJGTGD[ ICKP UQOG EQPȳFGPEG CPF OQVKXCVKQP 6JG[ FQ KV D[
GCT UQ KV KU TKIJV DTCKP CPF FQGU PQV TGKPHQTEG FGRGPFGPEG QP VJG YTKVVGP RCIG

+ ECNN VJKU CRRTQCEJ ȊJQTK\QPVCN RNC[KPIȍ YJGP VJG OCVGTKCNU WUGF CTG DNCPMGVKPI VJG YJQNG RTQITGUUKQP
6JG OCVGTKCN KU DCUGF QP C JQTK\QPVCN EQPUKFGTCVKQP UWEJ CU VJG MG[ QH VJG RKGEG KPUVGCF QH QP VJG XGTVKECN
EJQTFU CU VJG[ IQ D[ 2GPVCVQPKE 5ECNGU OCMG ITGCV DNCPMGVKPI UECNGU CPF UQ FQ $NWGU 5ECNGU 6JGTG KU TGCNN[
PQ UWEJ VJKPI CU Ȋ6JG $NWGU 5ECNGȍ 6JGTG CTG OCP[ RQUUKDNG EQPȳIWTCVKQPU QH DNWGU UECNGU DWV VJG QPG
VJCV KU WUWCNN[ TGHGTTGF VQ CU Ȋ6JGȍ $NWGU 5ECNG KU XGT[ ENQUG VQ VJG /KPQT 2GPVCVQPKE 5ECNGȅQPN[ QPG
CFFKVKQPCN PQVG /KPQT 2GPVCVQPKE KU  D   D  CPF $NWGU 5ECNG KU  D  D  D  5Q CHVGT
JCXKPI UVWFGPVU RNC[ HQT C YJKNG YKVJ VJG /KPQT 2GPVCVQPKE + YKNN CFF VJCV D PQVG CPF JCXG VJGO GZRGTKOGPV
YKVJ VJCV + YKNN TGRGCV VJG ECNN CPF TGURQPUG CPF IKXG VJGO KFGCU HQT JQY VQ KPEQTRQTCVG VJG PGY PQVG DNWGU
NKEMU  9G CTG UVKNN RNC[KPI JQTK\QPVCNN[ CPF PQ QPG YKNN RNC[ CP[ YTQPI PQVGU QT IGV NQUV

9JGP GXGT[QPG KU UWEEGGFKPI RTGVV[ YGNN YKVJ /KPQT 2GPVCVQPKE CPF $NWGU 5ECNG JQTK\QPVCN RNC[KPI QP
VJG $NWGU VJGP + YKNN OQXG QP VQ ȊXGTVKECNȍ RNC[KPI QP VJG $NWGU 0QY KV DGEQOGU PGEGUUCT[ VQ MPQY
YJCV VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP KU CPF JQY VQ FGCN YKVJ EJCPIKPI QWT PQVG EJQKEGU YJGP VJG EJQTFU EJCPIG
(QTVWPCVGN[ VJG $NWGU KU UVKNN XGT[ CRRTQCEJCDNG XGTVKECNN[ HQT OQUV UVWFGPVU *GTG KU VJG DCUKE GPVT[
NGXGN RTQITGUUKQP + PQTOCNN[ WUG +V KU HQNNQYGF D[ C XGTUKQP YKVJ C HGY UWDUVKVWVKQPU VJCV CTG OQUV HTG
SWGPVN[ CFFGF 6JG PWODGTU KP RCTGPVJGUGU CTG VJG IWKFG VQPGU VJG JCNHUVGR OQXGOGPVU VJCV FGȳPG VJG
RTQITGUUKQP 

12 Bar Blues

] +  ] +  ] +  ] + D ]

] +8  ] +8 D ] +  ] +  ]

] 8  ] +8 D ] +  ] +  ]]

6JKU RTQITGUUKQP YQWNF DG IQQF CV C LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN QT DGIKPPKPI NGXGN + PQTOCNN[ WUG C NKVVNG OQTG
CFXCPEGF RTQITGUUKQP HQT JKIJ UEJQQN DGIKPPGTU CU HQNNQYU

12 Bar Blues With Standard Substitutions

] +  ] +8 D ]+  ] + D ]

] +8  ] +8 D ] +  ] 8+  ]

] ++ D ] 8  VJGP D ] +  ] +  QT 8 D ]]

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

+H YG WUG VJG 8 EJQTF KP VJG NCUV DCT KP VJG CDQXG GZCORNG KV DGEQOGU YJCV YG ECNN C UKORNG VWTPCTQWPF
VWTPU WU CTQWPF DCEM VQ VJG VQR QH VJG RTQITGUUKQP  8GT[ UQQP CPF EGTVCKPN[ CV VJG EQNNGIG NGXGN YG
GZRCPF VJG VWTPCTQWPF VQ NQQM NKMG VJKU NCUV NKPG QH VJG RTQITGUUKQP 

] ++ D ] 8  ˜ D ] +  8+  ] ++ D 8  ]]

6JGUG IWKFG VQPGU VJG HTCOGYQTM QH VJG VWPG ECP DG UWUVCKPGF CU YJQNG PQVGU CPF JCNH PQVGU CV ȳTUV DWV
+ VT[ VQ OCMG KV OQTG KPVGTGUVKPI D[ CFFKPI C UKORNG TJ[VJO CPF ʏGUJKPI QWV C HGY PQVGU CTQWPF VJG IWKFG
VQPGU

6JG UVWFGPVU UJQWNF TWP VJG EJQTFU CPF UECNGU VJTQWIJ VJG RTQITGUUKQP LWUV CU YG FQ YJGP YG CRRTQCEJ CP[
QVJGT VWPG $WV VJGP + JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU RNC[ VJG HTCOGYQTM UGGP QP VJG UVCHH CDQXG CPF TGRGCV VJKU QXGT CPF
QXGT CPF QXGT WPVKN VJG[ CTG UKEM QH KV DWV D[ FQKPI UQ VJG[ CTG ETGCVKPI CP KPVWKVKXG UGPUG QH YJCV VJQUG ETKVK
ECN PQVG EJCPIGU CTG CPF YJGP VJG[ PGGF VQ JCRRGP VQ QWVNKPG VJG UQWPF QH VJG $NWGU + YKNN JCXG VJG YJQNG
ENCUU RNC[ VJG HTCOGYQTM YJKNG GCEJ RGTUQP JCU CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ UQNQ QXGT KV + YKNN FGOQPUVTCVG JQY VQ
GZRCPF CTQWPF VJG HTCOGYQTM PQVGU IWKFG VQPGU YJKNG UVKNN VQWEJKPI KPVQ VJGO 9JGP VJKU KU FQPG YGNN VJG
DNWGU RTQITGUUKQP KU ENGCTN[ JGCTF GXGP YKVJ PQ CEEQORCPKOGPV 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG XKFGQ FGOQPUVTCVKQPU
QH VJKU CRRTQCEJ

Another Sonny Rollins tune, Tenor Madness, OCMGU C ITGCV VGCEJKPI XGJKENG HQT XGTVKECN RNC[KPI QP VJG
$NWGU 6JG OGNQF[ KVUGNH QWVNKPGU VJG IWKFG VQPGU VJCV YG YCPV VQ VGCEJ

2CTVKCNN[ FGRGPFGPV QP VJG CIG QH VJG UVWFGPV + WUWCNN[ KPVTQFWEG VJG ȳTUV CRRTQCEJ VQ VJG $GDQR 5ECNG FWTKPI
VJKU VKOG 6JG $GDQR 5ECNG KU DCUGF QP VJG FQOKPCPV VJ EJQTF CPF PGCTN[ GXGT[ EJQTF KP VJG DCUKE $NWGU KU
FQOKPCPV KP SWCNKV[ UQ VJKU KU C RGTHGEV VKOG VQ KPVTQFWEG VJKU UECNG +V KU UKORN[ C OKZQN[FKCP UECNG YKVJ QPG
CFFKVKQPCN PQVG VJG OCLQT VJ 0Q VJG OCLQT VJ ECPPQV DG RNC[GF CICKPUV VJG FQOKPCPV EJQTF D GZEGRV KP
RCUUKPI DWV VJCV KU VJG YC[ YG YKNN WUG KV 6JKU UKORNG CFFKVKQP IKXGU C EQWRNG QH CFXCPVCIGU ȳTUV VJG UECNG
PQY JCU  PQVGU VQ DGVVGT ȳV VJG VKOKPI QH C OGCUWTG CPF VJG DGUV VCTIGV EJQTF VQPGU HCNN KP UVTQPI RQUKVKQPU
QP VJG DGCV 9KVJQWV VJG CFFKVKQPCN PQVG CNN VJG YTQPI PQVGU HCNN KP UVTQPI RQUKVKQPU KPENWFKPI VJG FTGCFGF VJ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

PQVG QH VJG UECNG 8KTVWCNN[ CNN QH VJG ITGCV RNC[GTU UKPEG VJG $GDQR GTC JCXG WUGF VJKU CFFKVKQPCN PQVG
*GTG KU JQY VJG $GDQR 5ECNG YQWNF NQQM QP VJG $NWGU RTQITGUUKQP + NKMG VQ JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU UVCTV IGVVKPI
VJKU PQVG EQPȳIWTCVKQP KP VJGKT ȳPIGTU CPF KP VJGKT GCTU GCTN[ QP #U WUWCN YG CNYC[U CRRN[ OCVGTKCNU VQ VJG
progression in harmonic rhythm.

$[ VJG VKOG VJG UVWFGPVU JCXG GZRGTKOGPVGF YKVJ JQTK\QPVCN RNC[KPI WUKPI VJG 2GPVCVQPKE CPF $NWGU 5ECNGU
CPF YKVJ XGTVKECN RNC[KPI WUKPI VJG IWKFG VQPGU CPF $GDQR 5ECNGU VJG[ ECP DGIKP VQ OKZ KV CNVQIGVJGT VQ ETG
CVG C UQNQ 9JKNG OQUV TQEMHWUKQP KORTQXKUKPI KU JQTK\QPVCN KP CRRTQCEJ KP C DGDQR CRRTQCEJ VQ VJG DNWGU
KV KU PQTOCN VQ RNC[ XGTVKECNN[ YJKNG UVKNN EJQQUKPI VQ KPVGTURGTUG DNWGU QT RGPVCVQPKE UECNGU CV VKOGU HQT
GZRTGUUKXG RWTRQUGU 5GG VJG HQNNQYKPI %JCTNKG 2CTMGT GZCORNG HTQO Au Privave.

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

0QVKEG KP VJG CDQXG GZCORNG VJCV $KTF KU WUKPI VJG $NWGU 5ECNG KP DCTU  6JGP JG KU RNC[KPI VJG EJCPIGU
ENQUGN[ KP VJG TGUV QH VJG EJQTWU 0QVKEG KP DCT  VJCV JG KU WUKPI CNVGTGF PQVGU D CPF  QP VJG # CPF
VJGP JG WUGU VJG DGDQR UECNG VJG TGUV QH VJG OGCUWTG # ) )ȅCFFKPI VJG OCLQT  CU C RCUUKPI VQPG 

9JGP UVWFGPVU DGIKP VQ OCUVGT VJGUG OCVGTKCNU CPF CRRTQCEJGU KP QPG MG[ VJG[ UJQWNF UVCTV GZRCPFKPI KPVQ
QVJGT MG[U WPVKN VJG[ JCXG OCUVGTGF CNN  MG[U 4GOGODGT VJCV KV KU GUUGPVKCN FWTKPI VJKU RTQEGUU VQ NKUVGP
VQ VJG $NWGU CPF VTCPUETKDG DNWGU UQNQU

Modal Tunes
#PQVJGT YC[ VJCV OCP[ VGCEJGTU UVCTV [QWPI KORTQXKUGTU KU QP C OQFCN VWPG UWEJ CU So What or Impressions
UCOG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP  Impressions KU QP 8QNWOG  QH VJG #GDGTUQNF RNC[CNQPI UGTKGU VKVNGF Maiden
Voyage YJKEJ KU CPQVJGT EQOOQP OQFCN VWPG CNUQ QP VJCV CNDWO 6JGTG CTG VJTGG HGCVWTGU QH C OQFCN VWPG
VJCV OCMG KV CVVTCEVKXG CU C UVCTVKPI RQKPV (KTUV YG QPN[ PGGF QPG MKPF QH UECNG VQ IGV UVCTVed, usually Dorian.
5GEQPF VJG EJQTFU NCUV HQT C NQPI VKOG UQ YG FQPȉV JCXG VQ FGCN YKVJ HCUV OQXKPI EJQTFU 6JKTF VJGTG CTG
PQ YTQPI PQVGU VQ RNC[ CU NQPI CU YG UVC[ FKUEKRNKPGF VQ VJG UECNG *GTG KU JQY Impressions NQQMU

]] &  DCTU ] &  DCTU ] 'D  DCTU ] &  DCTU ]]

0QVKEG VJCV KV KU C  DCT HQTO ##$# #NN VJG EJQTFU CTG OKPQT CPF TGSWKTG VJG &QTKCP UECNG UQ VJG UVWFGPV
QPN[ PGGFU VQ NGCTP VJG & &QTKCP UECNG CPF VJG 'D &QTKCP UECNG EQPEGTV RKVEJ 

+ YQWNF CRRTQCEJ VJKU VWPG D[ ȳTUV JCXKPI VJG UVWFGPVU NKUVGP VQ VJG HQTO CPF VQ UQNQU RNC[GF QP VJG VWPG
So What QP VJG /KNGU &CXKU Kind of Blue album and on Impressions on the John Coltrane album, The Very
Best of John Coltrane *CXG VJG UVWFGPVU NGCTP VJG VYQ &QTKCP UECNGU PGGFGF CPF VJGP VCMG VJGO VJTQWIJ
UVCPFCTF XCTKCVKQPU HQT UECNGU UWEJ CU CTG UGGP KP OQUV UECNG GVWFG DQQMU DWV FQPȉV WUG C DQQM DGECWUG
VJGUG UECNG XCTKCVKQPU PGGF VQ DG FQPG YKVJQWV WUKPI VJG G[GU 8CTKCVKQPU EQWNF KPENWFG

   GVE ]]    GVE ]]     GVE ]]   GVE ]]

   GVE ]]         GVE TFU ]]       GVE VJU ]] GVE

6JG RQKPV QH VJGUG RCVVGTP GZGTEKUGU KU VQ ICKP HCOKNKCTKV[ YKVJ VJG OCVGTKCNU YJKEJ KU GUUGPVKCN DGECWUG YG
YKNN DG WUKPI VJG UCOG OCVGTKCNU HQT GZVGPFGF COQWPVU QH VKOG + YQWNF CNUQ JCXG VJGO NGCTP VJG EJQTF
CTRGIIKQU CPF DTQMGP EJQTF CTRGIIKQU #U OCUVGT[ KU ICKPGF CP GZRCPFGF CRRTQCEJ YQWNF DG VQ CNUQ JCXG
VJGO NGCTP VJG $GDQR 5ECNG QP VJG RTQITGUUKQP 6JKU KU PQV CU UKORNG CU QP VJG $NWGU DGECWUG VJG $GDQR 5ECNG
KU C FQOKPCPV RJGPQOGPQP CPF YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ OKPQT EJQTFU KP VJKU OQFCN VWPG +H [QW JCXG CNTGCF[
VCWIJV VJG $GDQR UECNG QP VJG $NWGU VJGP KV KU LWUV C OCVVGT QH CFCRVCVKQP 6Q RNC[ C $GDQR 5ECNG QP C
& EJQTF ȳIWTG QWV YJCV VJG FQOKPCPV EJQTF YQWNF DG KH VJG & YGTG VJG ++ EJQTF KP C ++ 8 RTQITGUUKQP
CPUYGT YQWNF DG ) 6JGTGHQTG + YQWNF CRRN[ VJG ) $GDQR UECNG VQ VJG & EJQTF 0QVG VJCV CP[VJKPI YG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

ECP RNC[ QP VJG 8 EJQTF YG ECP RNC[ QP VJG ++ EJQTF CPF XKEGXGTUC +V KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG VQ EQFKH[ HTQO VJKU
RTQEGUU VJCV VJG $GDQR 5ECNG HQT OKPQT EJQTFU CFFU VJG OCLQT TF CU C RCUUKPI VQPG YJGTGCU VJG FQOKPCPV
XGTUKQP CFFU VJG OCLQT VJ CU VJG RCUUKPI VQPG + JCXG FGEKFGF VQ LWUV CRRN[ VJG FQOKPCPV XGTUKQP QP &
CPF + VJKPM KV YKNN DG CRRCTGPV YJ[ VJKU OC[ DG DGVVGT EJQKEG CU VJG EJCRVGT IQGU CNQPI CPF YG CRRN[ C NQV
QH XCTKCVKQPU VQ VJG $GDQR 5ECNG

1PEG VJG UVWFGPVU CTG HCOKNKCT YKVJ VJG OCVGTKCNU VJGP KV KU C OCVVGT QH JQY VQ CRRN[ CPF QTICPK\G VJG OC
VGTKCNU VQ KORTQXKUG QP VJG VWPG 6JKU KU NCTIGN[ C OCVVGT QH EQODKPKPI VJG FKHHGTGPV UECNG RCVVGTPU RTGXKQWUN[
RCIG KP XCTKQWU NGUU RTGFKEVCDNG YC[U CPF CFFKPI TJ[VJOKE XCTKCVKQP # NCTIG EJCNNGPIG QH RNC[KPI QP C
OQFCN VWPG KU MGGRKPI QPGȉU RNCEG YJGP VJG EJQTFU NCUV UQ NQPI 9KVJ EQPUKFGTCDNG GZRGTKGPEG KV KU
RQUUKDNG VQ HGGN YJGP  DCTU QT  DCTU JCU IQPG D[ DWV UVWFGPVU YKNN PGGF C NKVVNG JGNR YKVJ VJKU CV ȳTUV *GNR
VJGO JGCT VJG MG[ EJCPIG UQ VJG[ ECP CV NGCUV TGURQPF VQ KV CPF OCMG UWTG VJG FTWOOGT KU FGNKPGCVKPI  DCT
UGEVKQPU 6JGUG FGNKPGCVKPI ȳNNU D[ VJG FTWOOGT OCMG KV HCT GCUKUGT VQ JGCT VJG HQTO CPF YJGP VJG MG[ KU
CDQWV VQ EJCPIG + VJKPM KV KU OQTG FKHȳEWNV HQT [QWPI UVWFGPVU VQ FGCN YKVJ VJGUG NQPINCUVKPI EJQTFU VJCP VQ
FGCN YKVJ EJQTFU OQXKPI CV C OQTG PCVWTCN TCVG CPF KV KU OQTG FKHȳEWNV VQ IKXG VJGO GZCEV OCVGTKCNU VQ RNC[

*QYGXGT VJG OQFCN VWPG KU C ITGCV XGJKENG HQT YQTMKPI QP OQTG IGPGTCN QTICPK\CVKQPCN RTKPEKRNGU UWEJ CU
OQVKXKE FGXGNQROGPV DQVJ OGNQFKECNN[ CPF TJ[VJOKECNN[ CPF SWGUVKQP CPF CPUYGT UVTWEVWTG + OC[ IKXG
VJG UVWFGPV C TJ[VJOKE OQVKH UWEJ CU C FQVVGF SWCTVGT CPF CP GKIJVJ PQVG CPF CUM VJGO VQ UGG YJCV VJG[ ECP
FQ YKVJ KV &GXGNQROGPVCN VGEJPKSWGU UWEJ CU CWIOGPVCVKQP QT FKOKPWVKQP QT KPXGTUKQP CTG HCKT ICOG 1T
+ OC[ CUM VJG UVWFGPV VQ ETGCVG CP KFGC VJCV JCU CP WRYCTF KPʏGEVKQP CV VJG GPF CU KP C SWGUVKQP CPF VJGP
ETGCVG C UKOKNCT KFGC QT UJCRG VJCV JCU C FQYPYCTF KPʏGEVKQP QP VJG GPF CU KP CP CPUYGT +V KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG
to give the student the challenge to sequence the same or similar idea originating from each scale degree.
6JKU TGCNN[ KU C YQPFGTHWN YC[ VQ VGCEJ UQOG VTCFKVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPVCN VGEJPKSWGU

#PQVJGT XGT[ KORQTVCPV CURGEV QH RNC[KPI QP VJG OQFCN VWPG KU TGʏGEVKPI VJG MG[ EJCPIG KP VJG PQVG EJQKEGU
CV VJG FQWDNG DCT NKPGU & JCU PQ UJCTRU QT ʏCVU DWV 'D JCU ȳXG ʏCVU + YQWNF IKXG VJG UVWFGPV VJG EJCNNGPIG
QH RNC[KPI CP KFGC QP VJG & UKFG QH VJG DCT NKPG VJCV JCU C & KP KV VJCV JCU VQ OQXG VQ C &D QP VJG 'D UKFG
QH VJG DCT NKPG 1T JCXG VJGO RNC[ CP KFGC KP & VJCV JCU CP # KP KV VJCV JCU VQ OQXG VQ GKVJGT #D QT $D YJGP
VJG[ JKV VJG DCT NKPG GVE + OKIJV GXGP JCXG VJGO ETGCVG CP KFGC VJCV JCU EQOOQP VQPGU HQT DQVJ UKFGU QH
VJG DCT NKPG DWV QVJGT VQPGU VJCV JCXG VQ OQXG D[ JCNH UVGR QT CP KFGC YJGTG CNN VJTGG VQPGU JCXG VQ OQXG
D[ JCNH UVGR 5QOG GZCORNGU CTG DGNQYȅNGHV QH FQWDNG DCT NKPG KU & CPF TKIJV QH FQWDNG DCT NKPG KU 'D

)KXG VJG UVWFGPV C UGV QH VJTGG QT HQWT RKVEJGU CV C VKOG VQ YQTM YKVJ CPF UGG YJCV VJG[ ECP EQOG WR YKVJ
6JKU KU UQOGVJKPI GCEJ UVWFGPV ECP JCXG UWEEGUU YKVJ CPF UWEEGUU DGIGVU UWEEGUU 4GHGT VQ XKFGQU

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

 Rhythm Changes
4J[VJO EJCPIGU CTG VJG EJQTFU HTQO VJG )GQTIG )GTUJYKP VWPG I Got Rhythm 6JG DGDQR RNC[GTU NQXGF
RNC[KPI QP VJKU EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP CPF UKPEG C EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP ECPPQV DG EQR[TKIJVGF VJG[ YTQVG OCP[
QVJGT VWPGU QP VJGUG UCOG EJQTF EJCPIGU +V KU XKVCN KP LC\\ VQ NGCTP VQ FGCN YKVJ VJKU EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP

I Got Rhythm %JQTF %JCPIGU QPG XGTUKQP

# 5GEVKQP ] $Dȓ $_ ] % %_ ] & ) ] % ( ]

(WPEVKQP + 8 )D ++ 8 #D ++ +++ 8 8+ ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU $D $ % % % $ $D # QT 'D

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU

 %JQTF WR  D   %JQTF WR  D  D    D  D   D

___________________________
UV 'PFKPI
] $Dȓ $D ] 'Dȓ '_ ] & ) ] % ( ]]

(WPEVKQP + 8 + 8 #D ++ +++ 8 8+ ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU & QT # #D ) % % $ $D #

(TCOGYQTM

]+P 0WODGTU

 D | UVGR  %JQTF HTQO %  D  D    D  D  

___________________________

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

PF # 5GEV ] $Dȓ $_ ] % %_ ] & ) ] % ( ]

(WPEVKQP + 8 )D ++ 8 #D ++ +++ 8 8+ ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU $D $ % % % $ $D # QT 'D

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU

 %JQTF WR  D   %JQTF WR  D  D    D  D   D

_____________________________

PF 'PFKPI
] $Dȓ $D ] 'Dȓ '_ ] % ( ] $Dȓ ]]

(WPEVKQP + 8 + 8 #D ++ 8 +

)WKFG VQPGU & QT # #D ) $D $D # 'D &

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU

    D | UVGR     %JQTF HTQO %  D  D   D 

_____________________________

$TKFIG ] & ] ] ) ] ]

(WPEVKQP 8 +++ 8 8+

)WKFG VQPGU ( QT % ( QT $

(TCOGYQTM $GDQR UECNGU

+P 0WODGTU
  D     D      D     D   

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

 ] % ] ] ( ] ]

(WPEVKQP 8 ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU ' QT $D 'D QT #

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU
  D     D      D     D   

________________________________

.CUV # 5GEV ] $Dȓ $_ ] % %_ ] & ) ] % ( ]

(WPEVKQP + 8 )D ++ 8 #D ++ +++ 8 8+ ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU $D $ % % % $ $D # QT 'D

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU
 %JQTF WR  D   %JQTF WR  D  D    D  D   D

________________________________

6JKTF 'PFKPI
] $Dȓ $D ] 'Dȓ '_ ] & ) ] % ( ]]

(WPEVKQP + 8 + 8 #D ++ 8 ++ 8

)WKFG VQPGU & QT # #D ) % % $ $D #

(TCOGYQTM

+P 0WODGTU
 D | UVGR  %JQTF HTQO %  D  D    D  D  

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

4J[VJO %JCPIGU (TCOGYQTM KP (WNN (QTO

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

+V KU CU KORQTVCPV HQT C LC\\ RNC[GT VQ DG CDNG VQ RNC[ 4J[VJO %JCPIGU KP CNN  MG[U CU KV KU VQ RNC[ VJG
$NWGU KP CNN  MG[U 4J[VJO %JCPIGU IQ VJTQWIJ OCP[ FKHHGTGPV XGTUKQPU DGECWUG QH UWDUVKVWVKQPU DWV
VJG XGTUKQP + CO IQKPI VQ WUG KU RKEVWTGF QP VJG RTGXKQWU RCIG KP VJG UVCPFCTF EQPEGTV MG[ QH $D

6Q CRRTQCEJ VJKU VWPG CU YKVJ QVJGT VWPGU + YQWNF JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU NKUVGP VQ UQOG GZCORNGU QH 4J[VJO
%JCPIGU QP TGEQTFKPIU QH UWEJ VWPGU CU I Got Rhythm, The Flintstones 68 5JQY 6JGOG  Oleo 5QPP[
4QNNKPU  Rhythm-A-Ning 6JGNQPKQWU /QPM  The Theme /KNGU &CXKU  Cottontail &WMG 'NNKPIVQP  The
Eternal Triangle 5QPP[ 5VKVV CPF 5QPP[ 4QNNKPU YKVJ &K\\[ )KNNGURKG  GVE &GEKFG QP QPG QH VJG JGCFU
CPF NGCTP KV D[ GCT 0QVG VJCV UQOG 4J[VJO VWPGU FQ PQV JCXG C YTKVVGP DTKFIG $ UGEVKQP  DWV TCVJGT KV KU
KORTQXKUGF 6JGP FQ VJG WUWCN CTRGIIKCVKQP QH VJG EJQTFU KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO

9JGP VJG DCUKEU CTG KP EQPVTQN UVCTV KPVQ VJG IWKFG VQPGU CPF RNC[ VJGO KP JCNH PQVGU CPF YJQNG PQVGU 6JGP
ʏGUJ QWV VJG IWKFG VQPGU YKVJ VJG HTCOGYQTM RKVEJGU YTKVVGP QP VJG EJQTF UJGGV RTGXKQWU RCIG  2NC[ VJG
HTCOGYQTM QXGT CPF QXGT CETQUU VJG EQWTUG QH OCP[ FC[U VQ TGCNN[ KPVGTPCNK\G KV 6JG TJ[VJO CPF UQWPF
QH VJG RKVEJGU YKNN ITCFWCNN[ DGEQOG KPVWKVKXG CU VJG[ CTG RTQITCOOGF KPVQ VJG DTCKP + JCXG HQWPF VJKU
HTCOGYQTM KFGC IKXGP HQT DQVJ $NWGU CPF 4J[VJO %JCPIGU VQ DG KPXCNWCDNG CU C UVCTVKPI RNCEG CPF ECP
DG FQPG YKVJ C YJQNG DCPF KP VJG YCTOWR RGTKQF QH VJG TGJGCTUCN

$GHQTG YG IQ HWTVJGT NGVȉU OCMG C HGY PQVGU CDQWV VJG 4J[VJO %JCPIGU RTQITGUUKQP 6JG HQTO KU ##$#
 DCT UQPI HQTO 6JG # UGEVKQPU QH TJ[VJO EJCPIGU CTG DCUGF QP + 8+ ++ 8 +ȉU YKVJ C UJQTV GZEWTUKQP VQ
VJG +8 EJQTF HQT XCTKGV[ TGCNN[ XGT[ UKORNG DWV YKVJ CNN VJG UWDUVKVWVKQPU KV ECP NQQM C DKV OQTG FKHȳEWNV 6JG $
UGEVKQP QT DTKFIG KU LWUV VJG %[ENG QH &QOKPCPVU DTKPIKPI WU DCEM VQ VJG # UGEVKQP 6JG HTCOGYQTM + CO
UWIIGUVKPI YKNN RTQXKFG C IQQF RQKPV QH FGRCTVWTG VJCV YKNN YQTM QP PGCTN[ CP[ PQTOCN XGTUKQP QH 4J[VJO
%JCPIGU 1HVGP VJQWIJ GKVJGT VJG # UGEVKQP QT VJG $ UGEVKQP YKNN DG HCKTN[ UWDUVKVWVGF (QT GZCORNG QP VJG
tune mentioned above, Eternal Triangle, the A sections are quite standard, but the bridge has been altered
quite a lot by substitution.

+P VJG EJQTF UJGGV QP VJG RTGXKQWU RCIG KP DCT  VJG UGEQPF EJQTF UVCTVGF QWV CU C ) $WV VJGP YG
UWDUVKVWVGF ) HQT KV UQ KV DGECOG C UGEQPFCT[ FQOKPCPV QH VJG PGZV EJQTF % VJG ++ EJQTF 6JGP YG
FGEKFGF VQ CNVGT YKVJ D UQ KV DGECOG )D 6JG VQR HQWT PQVGU QH )D CTG $_ UQ VJCV KU YJCV YG GPFGF
WR YKVJ KP QWT RTQITGUUKQP

'ZCORNG $D ) ] % ( ] &
$D ) ] % ( ] &
$D )D ] % #D ] &
$D $_ ] % %_ ] &

#FF C UKOKNCT RTQEGUU HQT VJG UGEQPF EJQTF QH DCT VYQ CPF YG GPF WR YKVJ C PKEG EJTQOCVKE RTQITGUUKQP
] $Dȓ $_] % %_ ] & ) ] +P VJG UKZVJ OGCUWTG YKVJ VJG +8 'D '_ KV KU JCTF VQ RWV C TQOCP PWOGTCN
QP VJG '_ DGECWUG KV KU RTQDCDN[ TGCNN[ NKMG YJCV QHVGP JCRRGPU QP VJG UGEQPF DCT QH VJG +8 EJQTF KP VJG
DNWGU YJGTG VJG UWDUVKVWVKQP KU VQ TCKUG VJG TQQV UQ VJCV KV DGEQOGU FKOKPKUJGF 'XGP CUKFG HTQO VJCV VJG
'_ KU CPQVJGT XGTUKQP QH #D YJKEJ YQWNF NGCF VQ VJG PGZV EJQTF QRH & KP VJG ȳTUV GPFKPI 0QVG VJCV
VJG NCUV VYQ DCTU QH VJG YJQNG VWPG TF GPFKPI CTG UGV WR HQT TGRGCVKPI HTQO VJG VQR CPF CTG CEVKPI CU C
VWTPCTQWPF +H VJG VWPG KU GPFKPI VJGP VJG ECFGPEG GPFKPI CV VJG GPF QH VJG UGEQPF # PF GPFKPI YQWNF
be used instead.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Getting Variation

0QY VJG UVCIG KU UGV VQ TGCNN[ JCXG UQOG HWP CPF KV KU VJKU PGZV UVGR VJCV DTKPIU UWEJ KPETGFKDNG ITQYVJ
KP [QWPI KORTQXKUGTU 6JKU KU QHVGP VJG TGCN VWTPKPI RQKPV $[ PQY YG UJQWNF JCXG VJG HTCOGYQTM TGCNN[
KPVGTPCNK\GF CPF ECP CNOQUV RNC[ KV KP QWT UNGGR CPF EGTVCKPN[ YG CTG TGCF[ HQT UQOG MKPF QH XCTKGV[  9JCV
CTG VJG YC[U VQ IGV XCTKGV[ CPF UVKNN RNC[ VJG IWKFG VQPGU 6JGTG CTG TGCNN[ HQWT YC[U VQ IGV VJG XCTKGV[

• Directional changes

• Register or octave changes

• Rhythmic changes

Ȏ #NVGTCVKQPU OQUVN[ QP VJG FQOKPCPV EJQTFU

+ JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU VCMG LWUV VJG ȳTUV VYQ DCTU CPF GZRNQTG CU OCP[ KFGCU CU RQUUKDNG HQT ETGCVKPI XCTKGV[
6JG ȳTUV VJTGG OGVJQFU HQT XCTKGV[ CDQXG YQTM YGNN HQT DCTU  CPF  DWV VJG KFGC QH CNVGTCVKQP FQGU PQV
JGNR C NQV KP VJQUG DCTU DGECWUG YG JCXG CNTGCF[ CNVGTGF CDQWV CU OWEJ CU YG YCPV VQ 4GOGODGT VJG $_
CPF VJG %_ CTG UWDUVKVWVKQPU HQT )D CPF #D TGURGEVKXGN[ YJKEJ CTG CNTGCF[ CNVGTGF CPF VJG $Dȓ
FQGUPȉV YCPV VQ DG CNVGTGF PQT FQGU VJG % 6JG ȳTUV VCUM KU VQ UGG JQY OCP[ YC[U YG ECP XCT[ FKTGEVKQPU QP
VJQUG ȳTUV VYQ DCTU 0QVG CNYC[U RNC[ QPG OQTG PQVG QXGT VJG DCT NKPG HQT VJG TGUQNWVKQP +P VJG HTCOG
YQTM YG WUGF VJG FKTGEVKQPU WR WR FQYP WR 9JCV GNUG ECP YG FQ

Direction $CT  $CT 

7R 7R &QYP 7R

7R &QYP 7R &QYP

7R 7R 7R &QYP

&QYP 7R &QYP 7R

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

 Up, Up Up, Up

&QYP 7R 7R &QYP

&QYP &QYP &QYP 7R

'VE  FKHHGTGPV EQODKPCVKQPU CTG RQUUKDNG

Some of these directional changes can be changed up even more by using more of the range of the
instrument.

Register $CT  $CT 

7R 7R DWV KP JKIJGT QEVCXG &QYP &QYP VQ VJG NQY QEVCXG

# PWODGT QH CFFKVKQPCN XCTKCVKQPU CTG RQUUKDNG YJGP WUKPI OQTG GZVTGOG TGIKUVGTU

'XGP OQTG XCTKCVKQP ECP EQOG YKVJ TJ[VJOKE EJCPIG 5Q HCT YG JCXG RNC[GF CNN GKIJVJ PQVGU *QY OCP[
OQTG TJ[VJOKE YC[U ECP YG UVKNN RNC[ VJG UCOG  PQVGU

Rhythm

9JCV XCTKCVKQPU CTG CXCKNCDNG KH YG QPN[ RNC[  QH VJG PQVGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

9JCV XCTKCVKQPU CTG CXCKNCDNG KH YG QPN[ WUG  QH VJG PQVGU

Bars 3 & 4 Alteration:

9JGP YG JCXG GZRNQTGF CU OCP[ XCTKCVKQPU CU RQUUKDNG HQT DCTU  CPF  YG OQXG QPVQ DCTU  CPF  YJKEJ
CTG VJG UCOG CU DCTU  CPF   9G ECP EJCPIG FKTGEVKQPU CPF TGIKUVGT CPF TJ[VJO QP VJGUG DCTU VQQ DWV +
WUWCNN[ GORJCUK\G ȳTUV VJG XCTKCVKQP CXCKNCDNG VJTQWIJ CNVGTKPI QP VJG FQOKPCPV EJQTFU

$CT  $CT 

& ) % (

1TKIKPCN (TCOGYQTM VQ 

# JCNH UVGR JKIJGT VJCP  VJG D

6JG D ECP DG HQNNQYGF D[  D 

1PEG YG MPQY VJG D VJG  KU

,WUV C YJQNG UVGR JKIJGT

0QY KV KU GCU[ VQ UYCR VJG QTFGT

0QY NGVȉU CFF VJG  KPVQ VJG OKZ

  D 

.GVȉU TGXGTUG VJG QTFGT QH VJG D 

   D

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

0QY NGVȉU TGXKUKV VJGUG CNVGTCVKQPU YKVJ FKHHGTGPV FKTGEVKQP CUEGPFKPI KPUVGCF QH FGUEGPFKPI 

DCUKE HTCOGYQTM CUEGPFKPI

half step higher than the root is

VJG D

HQNNQY WR D YKVJ  D

JCNH UVGR JKIJGT VJCP D KU 

EJCPIG VQ    D

VT[    D

KPVTQFWEG VJG  VJGP  D

GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ TGIKUVGT CPF YKVJ

doing something different on bar 4

try a different variation on bar 4

6JG RQUUKDKNKVKGU YKVJ XCT[KPI FKTGEVKQP TGIKUVGT TJ[VJO CPF CNVGTCVKQP CTG UGGOKPN[ GPFNGUU CPF CNUQ
UGGO VQ DG C NKHGNQPI RWTUWKV 

9G ECP GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ UKOKNCT KFGCU HQT DCTU  CPF  CPF PQY YG CTG TGCF[ VQ UGG JQY OCP[ YC[U YG
ECP DNQY QXGT VJG ȳTUV # UGEVKQP *QY OCP[ YC[U ECP + EQPPGEV VJG FQVU 6JKU KU DCUKECNN[ VJTGG HQWTVJU QH
VJG VWPG 0QY + PGGF VQ YQTM QP XCTKCVKQPU HQT VJG DTKFIG VJG QVJGT HQWTVJ  5KPEG QWT DTKFIG HTCOGYQTM KU
VJG $GDQR UECNG JQY OCP[ YC[U ECP + XCT[ VJG $GDQR UECNG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Bebop Scale Variations

$CUKE UECNG YKVJ UVCPFCTF GPFKPI #NN GZCORNGU QP & 

5KORNG XCTKCVKQPU D[ IQKPI WR   QT  PQVGU DGHQTG FGUEGPFKPI RNWU CNVGTPCVG GPFKPIU

#UEGPFKPI VJG UECNG PGXGT JCRRGPU 6JG CUEGPFKPI OCVGTKCN KU DCUGF QP VJG OCLQT EJQTF DWKNV QP VJG D
6JKU KNNWUVTCVKQP KU UVKNN DCUGF QP C & CPF UJQYU CUEGPFKPI QPG QEVCXG CPF VJGP VYQ QEVCXGU

#PQVJGT YC[ QH IGVVKPI XCTCVKQP KU VQ WUG GPENQUWTGU 6JG HQNNQYKPI KNNWUVTCVKQP UJQYU CP GPENQUWTG HQT VJG
TQQV 9G UVCTV C JCNH UVGR CDQXG CPF VJGP IQ C JCNH UVGR DGNQY CPF VJGP JKV VJG VCTIGV PQVG %CP JCRRGP KP
either or both octaves.

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

*GTG KU CP KNNWUVTCVKQP HQT GPENQUKPI VJG VJ

'PENQUKPI VJG TQQV CPF VJG VJ

'PENQUKPI VJG TF EQOGU HTQO VYQ JCNH UVGRU DGNQY UKPEG C JCNH UVGR CDQXG KU VJG VJ PQVG QH VJG UECNG

*GTG YQWNF DG CP GZCORNG QH GPENQUKPI CNN VJTGG VCTIGVU VJG TQQV VJ CPF TF

5KPEG VJG GPENQUWTG HQT VJG TF KU D[ HCT VJG OQUV WUGHWN JGTG CTG UQOG QVJGT GPENQUWTGU HQT VJG TF

6JG ȳTUV GZCORNG WUGU VJG CUEGPFKPI XCTKCVKQP VQ VJGP ETGCVG C FKCVQPKE FQWDNG GPENQUWTG VQ VJG TF 6JG
UGEQPF GZCORNG KU VJG UCOG GZEGRV HQT RWVVKPI VJG ȳTUV VJTGG PQVGU WR CP QEVCXG 6JG VJKTF GZCORNG KU C
chromatic double enclosure to the third.

+P VJG PGZV GZCORNG YG UGG CP KNNWUVTCVKQP QH EQODKPKPI VYQ XGTUKQPU QH GPENQUWTGU HQT VJG TF CPF WUKPI
more range.

%JCTNKG 2CTMGT YQWNF CNUQ UQOGVKOGU CTTKXG CV VJG TF KP VJG NKPG CPF VJGP FGUEGPF EJTQOCVKECNN[ CNN VJG
YC[ VQ VJG D UVKNN & 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

9QTM VJTQWIJ VJG DTKFIG QXGT CPF QXGT YKVJ VJGUG $GDQR 5ECNG XCTKCVKQPU CPF VJGP RNC[ VJTQWIJ VJG YJQNG
VWPG QXGT CPF QXGT GZRGTKOGPVKPI YKVJ GXGT[ YC[ VQ OCMG XCTKCVKQPU [QW ECP KOCIKPG *G[ NQQM /QO
+ȉO KORTQXKUKPI + CO CNYC[U DNQYP CYC[ D[ YJCV JCRRGPU VQ UVWFGPVU YJGP VJG[ CTG YKNNKPI VQ RC[ VJKU
MKPF QH RTKEG

Another Bebop Tune Application

.GVȉU NQQM CV VJG WUG QH RCVVGTPU KP CRRTQCEJKPI QPG OQTG VWPG Afternoon in Paris 6JKU KU C ITGCV VWPG D[
,QJP .GYKU RKCPKUV KP VJG /QFGTP ,C\\ 3WCTVGV QT /,3 #ICKP KV YQWNF DG KORQTVCPV VQ ȳPF TGEQTFKPIU CPF
NKUVGP CPF RNC[ CNQPI D[ GCT CPF GXGP VTCPUETKDG $WV NGVȉU UGG JQY RCVVGTPU ECP ETGCVG C HTCOGYQTM QWV QH VJG
IWKFG VQPGU HQT VJKU VWPG 9QTMKPI QP VJKU VWPG KP VJKU YC[ KU CPQVJGT TGCN VWTPKPI RQKPV HQT UVWFGPVU 6JG
EJQTF EJCTV HQT VJG VWPG UJQYU  RCVVGTP EJQKEGU HQT TGCNK\KPI VJG # UGEVKQP QH VJG VWPG 0QVKEG CNN QH VJG
patterns incorporate the guide tones.

Afternoon in Paris (A section only) —First Four Bars

]%ȓ ] % ( ] $Dȓ ] $D 'D ]

(WPEVKQP + ++ 8 + ++ 8

)WKFG 6QPGU $ $D # 'D # & #D ) &D

2CVVGTPU UV :          D  D    D    D  D    D

PF :       D  D    D    D  D    D

TF :      D  D     D   D  D     D

VJ :       D  D     D  D 

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

VJ :         D  D        D  D  

VJ :         D  D     D    D  D 

VJ :       D  D       D  D     D

VJ :          D  D   D    D  D    D

VJ :         D  D   D  D   D  D    D 

VJ :          D  D    D    D  D    D

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Afternoon in Paris (A section only) —Second Four Bars CNN RCVVGTPU EQPVKPWG HTQO VJG ȳTUV  DCTU

]#Dȓ ] &} )D ] %ȓ ] & ) ]] %

(WPEVKQP + ++ 8 + ++ 8 +

)WKFG 6QPGU ) % % $ ( #D $ ' ) % $ ( '

2CVVGTPU UV :          D D D  D  D    D  D    D 

PF :       D D D  D  D    D  D    D 

TF :      D D D   D  D   D  D     D 

VJ :       D D D    D    D  D     

VJ :      D D D     D   D  D      

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

VJ :      D D D   D  D   D  D      

VJ :       D D D    D   D  D     D 

VJ :    D  D D    D    D  D    D 

VJ :       D D D    D    D D      

VJ :       D D D   D D   D  D      

6JG # UGEVKQP KU VJTGG SWCTVGTU QH VJG VWPG UQ NGVȉU LWUV FGCN YKVJ VJCV OWEJ HQT PQY + JCXG HQWPF VJCV
KPVGTPCNK\KPI VJGUG RCVVGTPU IQGU C NQPI YC[ VQYCTF FGXGNQRKPI C LC\\ XQECDWNCT[ +P RTGRCTCVKQP HQT IQKPI
VJTQWIJ VJG FKHHGTGPV MKPFU QH TGRGVKVKQP + QHVGP JCXG VJG UVWFGPVU RTCEVKEG GCEJ V[RG QH RCVVGTP KP VJG MG[U
PGGFGF HQT VJG VWPG (QT GZCORNG RTCEVKEG VJG RCVVGTPU PGGFGF HQT OCLQT EJQTFU KP VJG VJTGG MG[U QH VJG
VWPG 6JGP RTCEVKEG VJG XCTKCVKQPU QH VJG ++ 8 RCVVGTPU KP VJG HQWT MG[U PGGFGF 'ZCORNG QP PGZV RCIG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

/CLQT  2CVVGTPU  MG[Uȅ% $D #D ++ 8 2CVVGTPU  MG[Uȅ% $D #D % OKPQT

   D  D    D ] #NYC[U RTCEVKEG

 D  D     D ] VJG TGUQNWVKQP

  D  D     ]

 D  D      ]

 D  D   CU KP VJG TJ[VJO HTCOGYQTM

YJKEJ CICKP NGCFU VQ  D  D  D  D ]

 D  D  D  D ] 

 D  D   D  ]  QT 

 D  D    D ] 

 D  D   D  ]  QT 

CPF EJCPIG FKTGEVKQPU HQT VJGUG  D  D  D  D ] 

 D  D   D  ]  QT 

etc. etc.

6JGP YG UJQWNF RWV VJGUG RCVVGTPU KPVQ VJG HQTOCV QH VJG VWPG QPG CV C VKOG KP VJG RTQRGT UGSWGPEG QH VJG
RTQITGUUKQP $WV CU UJQYP KP VJG VJ VKOG CPF VJG VJ VKOG CDQXG VJG HWP EQOGU YJGP OKZKPI VJGO CNN WR
6JKU PQY DGEQOGU KORTQXKUCVKQP CPF DGEQOGU GXGP OQTG KPVGTGUVKPI YJGP YG UVCTV WUKPI TJ[VJOKE XCTKGV[
CPF TCPIG XCTKGV[ YKVJ VJG FKTGEVKQPCN XCTKGV[ .CVGT YG EQWNF CFF VJG XCTKGV[ QH CFFKPI CNVGTCVKQPU KP VJG
++ 8ȉU CU YG FKF KP VJG TJ[VJO EJCPIGUȅVJ VJ CPF VJ GZCORNGU CDQXG

#U YKVJ CNN QVJGT GZGTEKUGU KV KU CNUQ C ITGCV KFGC VQ UKPI CNN QH VJGUG RCVVGTPU HQT GCT VTCKPKPI # NQV QH GCT
VTCKPKPI QEEWTU LWUV HTQO RNC[KPI VJG RCVVGTPU QXGT CPF QXGT DWV ITQYVJ KU GPJCPEGF VJCV OWEJ OQTG D[
UKPIKPI #FF VQ VJCV UKPIKPI VJG CEVWCN EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO +V OC[ DG JGNRHWN CV ȳTUV
VQ UKV CV VJG RKCPQ CPF EJGEM KP JGTG CPF VJGTG DWV VJG IQCN KU VQ DGEQOG KPFGRGPFGPV QH CP[ KPUVTWOGPV KP
QWT UKPIKPI GZGTEKUGU

$[ VJG VKOG C UVWFGPV JCU RCKF JKU FWGU QP VJG $NWGU VJG OQFCN VWPGU 4J[VJO %JCPIGU CPF QVJGT DGDQR
VWPGU VJG UVWFGPV QT VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT KU YGNN QP JKU QT JGT YC[ CU CP KORTQXKUGT -GGR KP OKPF VJTQWIJ
VJKU RTQEGUU VJCV QWT RTKOCT[ IQCN KU VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPV FGXGNQR FQWDNG FQOKPCPEG CPF YJKNG KV KU GCU[
VQ IGV ECWIJV WR KP CNN VJG VJGQT[ CPF VJGUG EQQN RCVVGTPU YG OWUV PQV HQTIGV VJCV ȳTUV KP KORQTVCPEG KU VJG
FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG TKIJV DTCKP #NUQ C TGOKPFGT VJCV KH CNN VJKU VJGQT[ KU C DKV FCWPVKPI [QW CU VJG DCPF
FKTGEVQT ECP UVKNN CEEQORNKUJ C ITGCV FGCN YKVJ [QWT UQNQKUVU D[ LWUV IGVVKPI VJGO RNC[KPI D[ GCT YKVJ VJG
RKGEG [QW YCPV VJGO VQ UQNQ QP %JCRVGT 

#NN QH VJGUG CRRTQCEJGU YKNN DG OWEJ OQTG WPFGTUVCPFCDNG KH [QW EQPUWNV VJG XKFGQ FGOQPUVTCVKQPU

%JCRVGT  6GCEJKPI +ORTQXKUCVKQP 9KVJ &KHHGTGPV 6WPG 8GJKENGU ] 2CIG 

2GRRGT #FCOU YCU QPG QH VJG VTWN[ ITGCV DCTKVQPG UCZQRJQPG UQNQKUVU KP LC\\ # HGNNQY UCZQRJQPKUV CPF
TQQOOCVG QDUGTXGF VJKU CDQWV 2GRRGTȉU RTCEVKEG TQWVKPG CPF VJG WNVKOCVG GPF QH VJKU MKPF QH RTCEVKEG

9JGP JG RTCEVKEGF EJCPIGU JG CVVCEMGF VJGO =YKVJ> YJCV UECNGU JG EQWNF WUG CICKPUV VJG EJCPIGU
YJCV CTRGIIKQU JG EQWNF WUG CPF VJGP JG YQWNF VT[ VQ CVVCEM GXGT[ PQVG KP VJCV EJCPIG HTQO GXGT[
CPING #HVGT C YJKNG JG UCKF Ȇ+ FQPȉV GXGP VJKPM QH EJCPIGU CP[OQTG 9JGP C RKCPQ RNC[GT RNC[U
C EJQTF + MPQY YJCV KV KU + ECP JGCT CNN RJCUGU QH KV CPF + ECP ȳV KV KPVQ YJCV + YCPV VQ FQ + FQPȉV
NGV VGEJPKSWG JCPI OG WR DGECWUG + RTCEVKEG CNN VJG UECNGU IQKPI KP CNN FKHHGTGPV MKPFU QH FKTGEVKQPU
IQKPI WR QPG UECNG EQOKPI FQYP CPQVJGT UECNG CPF VJGP FQKPI VJGO KP HQWTVJUȉ *G UCKF Ȇ+ȉXG
FQPG VJKU VQ UWEJ CP GZVGPV VJCV + ECP CVVCEM CP[ EJCPIG HTQO CP[ FKTGEVKQP CPF IQ VQ CP[ FKTGEVKQP
+ YCPV VQ IQȉ *G YCU LWUV RTQITGUUKPI WPVKN KV IQV VQ C RQKPV YJGTG JG YQWNF JCXG UQ OWEJ WPFGT
JKU ȳPIGTU JG EQWNF FQ CP[VJKPI JG YCPVGF YKVJ KVȍ ȅ2GRRGTCFCOUEQO (CEGDQQM DNQI

+V KU VJG FKUEKRNKPGF RTCEVKEG VJCV DTKPIU VJG OCUVGT[ TGSWKTGF HQT HTGGFQO QH GZRTGUUKQP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 22 Helping the Featured Soloist on the
Ballad in Your Festival Set

+P OQUV UVCVGU [QW CTG TGSWKTGF VQ RTQITCO C DCNNCF KP [QWT HGUVKXCN UGV 6JKU KU DGECWUG VJG DCNNCF KU VJG
VTWG VGUV QH OWUKEKCPUJKR 6JG DCNNCF UGRCTCVGU VJG OGP HTQO VJG DQ[U 6JG DCNNCF KU C UNQY VWPG CPF V[RKECNN[
HGCVWTGU QPG UQNQKUV HTQO [QWT GPUGODNG 9JGP EJQQUKPI VJG DCNNCF EQPUKFGT YJQ [QWT UVTQPIGUV UQNQKUVU CTG
CPF EJQQUG VQ RWV [QWT DGUV HQQV HQTYCTF 6JKU UQNQKUV YKNN PGGF VQ RNC[ C RGTUQPCN XGTUKQP QH VJG OGNQF[
KORTQXKUG CPF RTQDCDN[ RNC[ C ECFGP\C 6JKU KU C VCNN QTFGT

Initial Preparations
#U YKVJ CNN VJG QVJGT VWPGU YG JCXG NQQMGF CV QWT ȳTUV RTKQTKV[ KU VQ JGNR QWT UQNQKUV FGXGNQR FQWDNG FQOKPCPEG
HQT VJG DCNNCF 6JKU OWUV UVCTV YKVJ NKUVGPKPI VQ ITGCV RNC[GTU RNC[KPI VJG DCNNCF UQ DG UWTG VQ EJQQUG C VWPG
HQT YJKEJ [QW ECP CEEGUU CV NGCUV QPG TGEQTFKPI 6JG UQNQKUV OWUV RNC[ CNQPI YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI U D[ GCT
CPF NGCTP VJG OGNQF[ CPF KFGCU HQT OGNQFKE XCTKCVKQP 6JG UQNQKUV UJQWNF ȳIWTG QWV VJG MG[ CPF MG[ EJCPIGU
HQT UGEVKQPU QH VJG VWPG CPF NGCTP VJG HQTO QH VJG EJCTV CU OWEJ CU RQUUKDNG D[ GCT +FGCNN[ CNN QH VJKU JCU
JCRRGPGF DGHQTG [QW GXGT RCUU QWV VJG EJCTV VQ VJG DCPF DWV QH EQWTUG KV ECP CNUQ JCRRGP CNQPI VJG YC[

Playing the Melody

2NC[KPI VJG OGNQF[ KU C DKI FGCN HQT C EQWRNG QH TGCUQPU (KTUV VJKU KU VJG VJTWUV QH VJG DCNNCFȅC DGCWVKHWN
OGNQF[ $WV CNUQ VJG OGNQF[ OWUV DG RGTUQPCNK\GF D[ VJG UQNQKUV 6JG OGNQF[ KU PQV RNC[GF CU KV KU YTKVVGP
PQT KU KV RNC[GF GZCEVN[ NKMG CP[QPG GNUG GXGT RNC[GF KV 6JG UQNQKUV OWUV ȳPF JKU QYP YC[U QH GZRTGUUKPI
JKOUGNH YJKNG UVKNN DGKPI VTWG VQ VJG DCUKE OGNQF[ CPF KPVGPV QH VJG EQORQUGT 6JKU KU YJ[ VJG ITGCV .GUVGT ;QWPI
2TG\ UCKF JG EQWNF PQV RNC[ C DCNNCF WPNGUU JG MPGY VJG YQTFU 9JGP YG MPQY VJG YQTFU YG JCXG C
HGGN HQT YJCV YG CTG VT[KPI VQ GZRTGUU CPF YJGTG VJG PCVWTCN RNCEGU CTG HQT RCWUGU CPF VJG NKMG -PQYKPI
VJG YQTFU YQWNF RTQDCDN[ CU ,GTT[ %QMGT RWV KV ȊEWTD UQOG QH VJG WPPGEGUUCT[ TGCVVCEMU QH RKVEJGU
EQOOQPRNCEG COQPI KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU YJGTG VJG[ CTG PQV ECNNGF HQT D[ VJG U[NNCDNGU YKVJKP VJG N[TKEȍ
6JKU TGCVVCEMKPI CNOQUV UGGOU NKMG CP GRKFGOKE UKEMPGUU COQPI UVWFGPVU CPF + UGG KV CU CP KPFKECVQT QH
KOOCVWTKV[ YJGP + CO CFLWFKECVKPI UQNQKUVU CV C HGUVKXCN

*QYGXGT DGHQTG YG IGV KPVQ RGTUQPCNK\KPI VJG OGNQF[ ȳTUV VJKPIU ȳTUV TGCNK\G VJCV VJG UQNQKUV KU RCTVKEWNCTN[
GZRQUGF CPF KV KU GUUGPVKCN VJCV YG CNUQ FQ EQCEJKPI VJCV ECP JGNR YKVJ UQWPF RTQFWEVKQP CPF KPVQPCVKQP
1VJGTYKUG ITGCV CURGEVU QH C RGTHQTOCPEG ECP DG VQVCNN[ WPFGTOKPGF D[ UQWPF CPF RKVEJ RTQDNGOU 9G OWUV
CNUQ JGNR VJG UQNQKUV RNC[ NGICVQ CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VQ RNC[ F[PCOKECNN[ 8KDTCVQ KU CP GUUGPVKCN GZRTGUUKXG GNGOGPV
KP C DCNNCF 5QOG PQVGU CTG RNC[GF YKVJQWV XKDTCVQ YJKNG QVJGTU CTG UVCTVGF UVTCKIJV CPF XKDTCVQ KU KPVTQFWEGF
VQYCTF VJG GPF QH VJG PQVG 1EECUKQPCNN[ UQOG PQVGU OKIJV JCXG XKDTCVQ VJTQWIJQWV 6GCEJ VJG VGEJPKSWG QH
vibrato, but also help the student listen to vibrato on ballads by great vocalists and instrumentalists.

+ QHVGP ȳPF O[UGNH EQCEJKPI UVWFGPVU VQ RWV C NQV OQTG UQWN KPVQ VJGKT RGTHQTOCPEG 9G VJKPM QH VJG DCNNCF CU
ȊRTGVV[ȍ CPF VJCV V[RKECNN[ EQPPQVGU KP YJKVG UQEKGV[ UQHV IGPVNG FCKPV[ NCEG CTQWPF VJG GFIGU GVE $WV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

VJG LC\\ DCNNCF KU DCUGF OQTG KP C DNCEM CGUVJGVKE YJGTG ȊRTGVV[ȍ KU RWTG TCY GOQVKQPCN GZRTGUUKQP 9G
need the soloists to bare their souls.

Personalizing the Melody

6Q JGNR VJG UQNQKUV CEEQORNKUJ JKU QT JGT QYP RGTUQPCNK\CVKQP + JCXG UVWFGPVU VCMG QPG RJTCUG QH VJG
OGNQF[ CV C VKOG CPF UGG JQY OCP[ RGTOWVCVKQPU VJG[ ECP EQOG WR YKVJ QP VJG QTKIKPCN OGNQFKE RJTCUG
WUKPI TJ[VJOKE CPF OGNQFKE XCTKCVKQPU 6JG[ UJQWNF CNUQ GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ FGXKEGU NKMG UEQQRU CPF DGPFU
CPF INKUUGU 1HVGP VJGUG RJTCUGU YKNN DG RNC[GF OWNVKRNG VKOGU CU OCP[ CU   CPF VJGTG KU C UVKIOC CTQWPF
RNC[KPI VJG UCOG RJTCUG VJG UCOG YC[ OWNVKRNG VKOGU UQ YG PGGF VQ EQOG WR YKVJ UGXGTCN YC[U QH
XCT[KPI GCEJ RJTCUG 6JKU KU RCTV QH VJG ETGCVKXG GZRGEVCVKQP QH C DCNNCF 6JG UQNQKUV UJQWNF EQPVKPWG CPF FQ
VJKU YKVJ GCEJ RJTCUG QH VJG VWPG 6JGP YJGP KV EQOGU VKOG VQ RNC[ VJG HWNN OGNQF[ VJG UQNQKUV KU GSWKRRGF
YKVJ OCP[ KFGCU 6JGUG KFGCU UJQWNF CNYC[U DG WUGF YKVJ VJKU VKOGRTQXGP RTKPEKRNG KP OKPF 9G CNYC[U
OQXG HTQO UKORNG VQ OQTG EQORNGZ PQV VJG QVJGT YC[ CTQWPF 6JG ȳTUV UVCVGOGPVU QH VJG OGNQF[ RJTCUGU
CTG ENQUGUV VQ VJG QTKIKPCN VJGP ITCFWCNN[ GZRCPF 9JGP VJG HQTO QH VJG VWPG KU ##$# VJG ȳTUV # YQWNF
DG VJG OQUV RNCKP YKVJ C NKVVNG KORTQXKUCVKQP QP VJG VWTPCTQWPF DCTU  CPF   6JGP VJG UGEQPF # YQWNF DG
OQTG RGTUQPCNK\GF YKVJ OQTG KORTQXKUCVKQP CTQWPF VJG OGNQF[ 6JG $ YQWNF RTQDCDN[ DG OQTG RNCKP CICKP
HQT CV NGCUV VJG ȳTUV JCNH UKPEG KV KU DGKPI JGCTF HQT VJG ȳTUV VKOG 6JG NCUV # YQWNF DG OQTG NKMG VJG UGEQPF
# CPF OC[ GXGP IGV C NKVVNG OQTG EQORNGZ KP VJG XCTKCVKQPU

#PQVJGT KPETGFKDN[ KORQTVCPV RTKPEKRNG VJCV EQOGU VQ VJG HQTG KP VJG DCNNCF EQWNF DG UWOOGF WR KP YJCV +
ECNN ȊDCEMRJTCUKPIȍ 6JG DCNNCF VGORQ KU UNQY CPF FQGUPȉV PCVWTCNN[ NGPF VQ C NQV QH OQVKQP $WV YKVJQWV
OQVKQP VJGTG KU PQ GOQVKQP 5Q QWT EJCNNGPIG KU VQ WUG QVJGT OGCPU VQ ETGCVG OQVKQP 6JG OCKP OQVKQP
KP C DCT UJQWNF DG KP VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG DCT 9G QHVGP JCPI DCEM KP VJG ȳTUV JCNH QH VJG DCT UQ YG ECP
LWUVKH[ ETGCVKPI OQTG OQVKQP KP VJG UGEQPF JCNH VQ ECTT[ VJG RJTCUG CETQUU VJG DCT NKPG KPVQ VJG PGZV DCT 6JKU
CNUQ CRRNKGU VQ NCTIGT WPKVU NKMG GXGT[ VYQ DCTU GXGT[ HQWT DCTU CPF GXGT[ GKIJV DCTU 9G YCPV VQ ETGCVG VJG
CNNWUKQP QH UVTQPIGT OQVKQP DWV YG ECPȉV TWUJ VJG VGORQ VQ FQ KV UQ YG JQNF DCEM CPF RC[ HQT VJG VKOG ȳTUV
CPF VJGP YG ECP RWUJ VJG OQXGOGPV HQTYCTF YKVJQWV CEVWCNN[ TWUJKPI VJG VGORQ 6JGTG KU PQ UWEJ VJKPI CU
C ETGFKV ECTF KP PCVWTG +H YG VT[ VQ OQXG ȳTUV CPF VJGP RC[ NCVGT KV KU DCEMYCTFU CPF KV UQWPFU CYMYCTF
CPF WPOWUKECN 9G DCEMRJTCUG UQ YG ECP RC[ HQT VJG VKOG ȳTUV CPF VJGP OQXG

6JKU OQVKQP GOQVKQP KU CEEQORNKUJGF D[ WUKPI VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG RCVVGTPU KP VJG OWUKE 6JG[ CTG DWKNV
KPVQ VJG JCTOQPKE UVTWEVWTG CPF HQTO QH VJG VWPG CPF YG JCXG VQ GPUWTG VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KU FQKPI KVU RCTV
VQ ETGCVG VJKU VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG CV VJG CRRTQRTKCVG RNCEGU KP VJG HQTO 6JG UQNQKUV JCU XCTKQWU OWUKECN RCTCO
GVGTU CXCKNCDNG VQ JKO QT JGT VQ JGNR ETGCVG VGPUKQP +V KU IQQF VQ HQT GCEJ RNC[GT VQ JCXG JKU QYP ECVCNQI QH
VJGUG FGXKEGU 6JG HQNNQYKPI KU C UVCTV VJCV ECP DG GZRCPFGF D[ VJG KPFKXKWCN

Tension-Building Devices:

• rephrasing surface rhythms for increased motion

• playing louder or using crescendo

• playing higher on the instrument

• playing faster notes

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG (GCVWTGF 5QNQKUV QP VJG $CNNCF KP ;QWT (GUVKXCN 5GV ] 2CIG 
 • repetition

Ȏ RNC[KPI OQTG EQORNGZ QT OQTG U[PEQRCVGF TJ[VJOU

Ȏ EJQQUKPI PQVGU YKVJ JKIJGT FKUUQPCPEG QT OQTG EQNQT

Ȏ WUKPI FTCOCVKE FGXKEGU UWEJ CU DGPFU ITQYNU GVE

• silence, if set up properly

etc., etc.

6JGTG CTG VJQUG YJQ DGNKGXG VJCV VJKU KU VJG XGT[ TGCUQP OWUKE JCU KVU CDKNKV[ VQ VQWEJ QWT JGCTVU CPF EJCPIG
QWT GOQVKQPU 6JG OWUKE ECRVWTGU KP C U[ODQNKE YC[ VJG TJ[VJOU QH QWT QYP GOQVKQPCN NKHG 7UWCNN[ PQV
EQPUEKQWUN[ DWV UWDEQPUEKQWUN[ YG KFGPVKH[ VJG VGPUKQP CPF TGNGCUG KP VJG OWUKE YKVJ VJG VGPUKQP CPF
TGNGCUG RCVVGTPU YG JCXG HGNV KP QWT QYP RCUV NKXGU CPF YG HGGN UQOGVJKPI KP TGURQPUG 6JKU ECP JGNR IKXG
OGCPKPI VQ VJG GZRGTKGPEGU CPF GOQVKQPU QH QWT NKXGU CPF DGEQOGU CP GPTKEJKPI GZRGTKGPEG 6JG UQNQKUV
OWUV DGEQOG EQPUEKQWU QH VJGUG VJKPIU VJCV ETGCVG FGGRGT GZRTGUUKQP QH GOQVKQPU

9JGP CRRTQCEJKPI C DCNNCF YG OWUV FGVGTOKPG KH VJG TJ[VJOKE DCUKU KU UVTCKIJV GKIJVJU QT UYWPI GKIJVJU
+H KV UYKPIU VJGP VJG TJ[VJO KU DCUKECNN[ VTKRNGVK\GF CPF VJG KPHQTOCVKQP DCEM KP %JCRVGT  ECP DG XGT[
JGNRHWN 2TQDCDN[ VJG OQUV EQOOQP DCNNCF DCUKU VJQWIJ KU UVTCKIJV GKIJVJU DWV YG UVKNN JCXG VQ DG ECTGHWN
CDQWV RNC[KPI VQQ OCP[ UVTCKIJV GKIJVJU KP C TQY YKVJQWV TJ[VJOKE XCTKCVKQP 9JGP EQPUGEWVKXG UVTCKIJV
GKIJVJ PQVGU CTG RNC[GF QP QEECUKQP VJG[ OWUV DG KPʏGEVGF CPF CEEGPVGF YKVJ XCTKGV[ UQ VJG[ FQ PQV UQWPF
GSWCNN[ VJG UCOG UKPIGTU CTG IQQF CV VJKU  4GOGODGT VJCV YJGP CNN PQVGU CTG ETGCVGF GSWCN VJGTG KU PQ
RJTCUKPIȅDGECWUG RJTCUKPI FGRGPFU QP UQOG PQVGU DGKPI OQTG KORQTVCPV VJCP QVJGTU #NN MPQYP OWUKECN
phrasing principles are especially critical in ballad playing.

The Improvised Chorus

6JG UQNQKUV WUWCNN[ IGVU CV NGCUV RCTV QH C EJQTWU YJGTG JG QT UJG PGGFU VQ KORTQXKUG YKVJQWV VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH
UVC[KPI CTQWPF VJG OGNQF[ 6JG UQNQKUV UJQWNF RTGRCTG HQT RNC[KPI VJG EJCPIGU D[ RC[KPI VJG UCOG MKPFU
QH FWGU CU YG VCNMGF CDQWV KP NCUV VYQ EJCRVGTU %JCRVGTU  CPF   #TRGIIKCVG VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP
KP JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO 4WP VJG UECNGU VJCV ȳV VJG EJQTFU .QQM HQT RNCEGU VQ VT[ QWV CNVGTCVKQPU )GV HCOKNKCT
KP GXGT[ YC[ YKVJ VJG DCUKE OCVGTKCNU CXCKNCDNG DWV VJGP CRRN[ VJGO KP C DCNNCFURGEKȳE YC[ VQ GZRTGUU
GOQVKQP CRRTQRTKCVG VQ VJG EQPVGZV 6JKU YQWNF DG C ITGCV VKOG VQ VWTP QHH VJG NKIJVU CV PKIJV CPF RNC[
GOQVKQPU CNQPG CPF CNQPI YKVJ VJG DCNNCF TGEQTFKPI 6JGTG KU PQ YC[ VQ GUECRG NKXKPI YKVJ VJG VWPG VQ
internalize it.

5QOG [GCTU CIQ ,CP -CPKRCUGM 9QQF[ *GTOCP 6JCF ,QPGU/GN .GYKU CPF + YGTG HGCVWTGF UQNQKUVU QP
C HWPFTCKUKPI EQPEGTV #OQPI QVJGT VWPGU YG GCEJ RNC[GF C DCNNCF ,CP RNC[GF Skylark in a very seasoned
YC[ + FGEKFGF VQ VT[ C DCNNCF VJCV YCU DTCPF PGY VQ OG CV VJG VKOG Easy Livin’ #HVGT VJG EQPEGTV CU YG
YGTG RCEMKPI WR + EQOOGPVGF VQ ,CP VJCV + FKFPȉV HGGN NKMG O[ DCNNCF YGPV CNN VJCV YGNN /C[DG + YCU C
NKVVNG RTGOCVWTG CKTKPI KV ,CP UCKF Ȋ;GCJ OCP +V VCMGU  [GCTU VQ TGCNN[ KPVGTPCNK\G C DCNNCFȍ + JCXG HQWPF
JG KU TKIJV 9KVJ DCNNCFU + JCXG NKXGF YKVJ HQT [GCTU + FQPȉV GXGP VJKPM CDQWV YJCV VJG EJCPIGU CTG + LWUV DCTG
O[ UQWN CPF [GV KVȉU CNN KPVCEV $WV YKVJ NKOKVGF VKOG YG JCXG VQ FQ VJG DGUV YG ECP HQT QWT HGUVKXCN UGV
CPF + JCXG CV VKOGU DGGP DNQYP CYC[ D[ YJCV C [QWPI RGTUQP JCU CEEQORNKUJGF YKVJ C NKVVNG EQCEJKPI CPF
C NQV QH NKXGYKVJ VKOG CPF GHHQTV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

&WTKPI VJG UQNQ UGEVKQP KV ECP DG CRRTQRTKCVG VQ WUG C XCTKGV[ QH TJ[VJOKE NGXGNU 6JG DCNNCF KU RTQEGGFKPI CV
VJG SWCTVGT PQVG NGXGN 6JG UQNQKUV KU RTQDCDN[ YQTMKPI C NQV CV VJG GKIJVJ PQVG NGXGN DWV OC[ IQ DCEM CPF
HQTVJ DGVYGGP GKIJVJ PQVG CPF SWCTVGT PQVG NGXGNU 6JG UQNQKUV OC[ CNUQ GNGEV VQ IQ DCEM CPF HQTVJ KPVQ VJG
UKZVGGPVJ PQVG NGXGN YJKEJ KU ECNNGF FQWDNG VKOG #PF UQOG CFXCPEGF UQNQKUVU GXGP WUG VJG FQWDNG QH VJG
FQWDNG VKOG QP QEECUKQP SWCFTWRNG VKOG  +H FKHHGTGPV TJ[VJOKE NGXGNU CTG VQ DG WUGF VJG[ OWUV DG
RTCEVKEGF CPF + QHVGP EQCEJ C [QWPI RNC[GT VQ RNC[ C JCNH VKOG KFGC CPF VJGP TGRGCV VJG UCOG KFGC KP
FQWDNG VKOG OCMKPI UWTG VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VKOG HGGN TGOCKP VJG UCOG 6JGP FQ CPQVJGT JCNH VKOG KFGC
CPF TGRGCV KV KP FQWDNG VKOG 6JKU ECP CNUQ DG FQPG YKVJ RJTCUGU QH GVWFGU QT VTCPUETKRVKQPU KH KFGCU CTGPȉV
KOOGFKCVGN[ RNGPVKHWN +V KU PQTOCN DWV PQV FGUKTCDNG HQT VJG UQNQKUV VQ TWUJ YJGP IQKPI KPVQ FQWDNG VKOG
CPF YJGP TGVWTPKPI VQ JCNH VKOG +V KU KORGTCVKXG VQ WUG C OGVTQPQOG YJKNG RTCEVKEKPI IQKPI DCEM CPF HQTVJ

The Ending
6QYCTF VJG GPF VJG OGNQF[ YKNN V[RKECNN[ UKORNKH[ UKOKNCT VQ VJG DGIKPPKPI CU YG RWV QP VJG DTCMGU VQ
EQOG VQ C ENQUG +P OCP[ EJCTVU VJGTG YKNN DG C YTKVVGP URCEG HQT C ECFGP\C LWUV DGHQTG VJG NCUV EJQTF QT NCUV
RJTCUG +P EJCTVU FGUKIPGF HQT [QWPIGT DCPFU VJG ECFGP\C OC[ DG NGHV QWV 9JGP VJGTG KU PQV C YTKVVGP URCEG
HQT C ECFGP\C + HTGSWGPVN[ KPUGTV QPG KH KV KU CRRTQRTKCVG VQ VJG UQNQKUV

6JG ECFGP\C UKOKNCT VQ ENCUUKECN ECFGP\CU KU KPVGPFGF VQ DG C XKTVWQUKE DWTUV HTQO VJG UQNQKUV VQ ETGCVG C
ENKOCZ LWUV DGHQTG VJG GPF 6JKU ECP DG C EJCNNGPIG HQT [QWPI RNC[GTU YJQ OC[ PQV JCXG DWKNV WR OWEJ KP
VJG YC[ QH XKTVWQUKV[ + JCXG HQWPF JQYGXGT VJCV D[ IKXKPI VJGO IQQF UVTWEVWTCN KFGCU CPF IQQF OCVGTKCNU
VQ YQTM YKVJ KV ECP DG UWTRTKUKPI CPF ITCVKH[KPI YJCV VJG[ EQOG WR YKVJ .GVȉU NQQM CV C HGY UEGPCTKQU

# UJQTV UKORNG ECFGP\C OC[ LWUV DG CP GNCDQTCVKQP QP VJG 8 EJQTF VJG RGPWNVKOCVG EJQTF 6JG DCPF
YQWNF RNC[ VJG EJQTF VQ UGPF QHH VJG UQNQKUV VJG UQNQKUV YQWNF RNC[ WPCEEQORCPKGF CPF DTKPI VJG DCPF
DCEM KP HQT VJG NCUV EJQTF 6JKU 8 EJQTF KP C DCNNCF YKNN CNYC[U DG CNVGTGF +V KU QHVGP YTKVVGP D OQUV
EQOOQP QT  +H KV KU D GNCDQTCVKQP QP C FKOKPKUJGF UECNG QT FKOKPKUJGF EJQTF ECP DG XGT[ GHHGEVKXG
6JG FKOKPKUJGF UECNG TGHGT VQ %JCRVGT  YKNN DG VJG QPG YKVJ VJG JCNH UVGR ȳTUV ,WUV TWPPKPI VJG UECNG
KVUGNH YKVJ UQOG TJ[VJO CPF UQOG CTVKEWNCVKQP YKNN YQTM XGT[ YGNN DWV VJGTG CTG UQOG EQOOQP RCVVGTPU
HQT FKOKPKUJGF VJCV ECP CNUQ DG XGT[ WUGHWN 'XGT[ VKOG YG OQXG C JCNH UVGR WR VJG UECNG YG JCXG C PGY
YJQNG UVGR RCKT +V KU EQOOQP VQ OQXG VJGUG YJQNG UVGR RCKTU CTQWPF KP FKHHGTGPV YC[U 5GG VJG HQNNQYKPI
GZCORNGU DCUGF QP C )D EJQTF PGZV RCIG 

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG (GCVWTGF 5QNQKUV QP VJG $CNNCF KP ;QWT (GUVKXCN 5GV ] 2CIG 
+V KU CNUQ RQUUKDNG HQT C UVWFGPV VQ UWEEGGF WUKPI FKOKPKUJGF  EJQTF CTRGIIKQU CPF VJG[ ECP CNUQ DG OKZGF
YKVJ VJG FKOKPKUJGF UECNGU RCVVGTPU QT LWUV VJG FKOKPKUJGF UECNG KVUGNH 4GOGODGT VJCV VJG EQTTGEV UQWPFKPI
FKOKPKUJGF VJ EJQTF KU 016 DWKNV QP VJG TQQV QH VJG EJQTF U[ODQN DWV TCVJGT QEEWTU UVCTVKPI QP VJG TF
QH VJG EJQTF (QT GZCORNG )D YKNN UQWPF DCF KH VJG UVWFGPV RNC[U C )_ CTRGIIKQ 6JG VQR HQWT PQVGU
QH )D ˜$ & ( #D URGNN VJG EQTTGEV UQWPFKPI FKOKPKUJGF VJ EJQTF HQT VJKU QEECUKQP 5KOKNCTN[ KH VJG
EJQTF KU &D VJG EQTTGEV FKOKPKUJGF EJQTF KU (_ + JCXG JCF UVWFGPVU UQWPF ITGCV QP C ECFGP\C CHVGT
RTCEVKEKPI VJGUG OCVGTKCNU CPF RNCPPKPI C UJCRG VQ DTKPI VJG ECFGP\C VQ C ENKOCZ CPF VJGP FGEKFKPI JQY VQ
DTKPI VJG DCPF DCEM KP *GTG KU CP GZCORNG QH RNC[KPI C DTQMGP FKOKPKUJGF  CTRGIIKQU QP C )D $_ 

0QVG
+V KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGCNK\G VJCV VJG FKOKPKUJGF VJ EJQTF KU CP KPEQORNGVG EJQTFȅKV JCU PQ
TQQV #P[ PQVG KP VJG EJQTF EQWNF DG C TQQV 6JG TGCN TQQV QH C FKOKPKUJGF EJQTF KU HQWPF
C OCLQT TF DGNQY YJCV NQQMU NKMG VJG TQQV 6JGTGHQTG KH NQQMKPI CV C $_ KV KU TGCNN[ C
)D 6JG VYQ CTG U[PQP[OQWU 6JGTGHQTG VJG UECNG VJCV ȳVU VJGO KU CNUQ VJG UCOG UECNG
5KPEG C FKOKPKUJGF UECNG QP ) KU URGNNGF ) #D $D $ % & ' ( ) KH + UVCTV VJG UECNG QP )
KV DGIKPU YKVJ C JCNH UVGR CPF KH + UVCTV VJG UCOG VJG UECNG QP $ VQ ȳV VJG $_ KV KU CV C RQKPV
KP VJG UECNG VJCV DGIKPU YKVJ C YJQNG UVGR $ VQ %  (TQO VJKU QDUGTXCVKQP YG ECP EQFKH[
C RTKPEKRNG VJCV YJGP CRRN[KPI C FKOKPKUJGF UECNG VQ C FQOKPCPV EJQTF KV UJQWNF DG VJG QPG
YKVJ C JCNH UVGR ȳTUV CPF KH YG CTG CRRN[KPI C FKOKPKUJGF UECNG VQ C FKOKPKUJGF VJ EJQTF KV
UJQWNF DG VJG QPG YKVJ C YJQNG UVGR ȳTUV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

+V YQWNF CNUQ DG XGT[ GHHGEVKXG VQ RNC[ C ECFGP\C DCUGF QP VJG 5WRGT .QETKCP UECNG VJCV ȳVU VJG RGPWNVKOCVG
8 EJQTF .GVȉU UC[ [QWT NGCF CNVQ UCZQRJQPKUV KU HGCVWTGF QP C DCNNCF VJCV GPFU KP EQPEGTV 'D 6JKU YQWNF
RWV VJG CNVQ RNC[GT KP % CPF VJG 8 EJQTF KP JKU MG[ YQWNF DG ) 6JG 5WRGT .QETKCP UECNG VJCV ȳVU
) KU VJG UGXGPVJ OQFG QH #D /GNQFKE /KPQT OCLQT UECNG YKVJ D  UQ VJG UECNG KU ) #D $D $ % 'D (
) 4GHGT VQ %JCRVGT  6JKU UECNG UQWPFU ITGCV YJGP KV KU UKORN[ RNC[GF DWV KV CNUQ EQPVCKPU VJG  D
 YJKEJ CTG TGCNN[ RTGVV[ PQVGU + IKXG VJG UVWFGPVU YJCV + ECNN VJG  RCVVGTP VJCV NQQMU NKMG VJKU HQT )
$D #D 'D $ $D #D YKVJ VJG #D WNVKOCVGN[ TGUQNXKPI VQ ) QP VJG % OCLQT EJQTF 5GG VJG GZCORNG CV VJG
GPF QH VJG RCTCITCRJ 6JQUG CTG VJG EQQN PQVGU 6JG[ FQPȉV JCXG VQ DG RNC[GF KP VJCV QTFGT + JCXG VJG
UVWFGPV GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ RWVVKPI VJG PQVGU KP FKHHGTGPV QTFGTU CUEGPFKPI FGUEGPFKPI FKHHGTGPV TJ[VJOU
GVE #ICKP YKVJ C NKVVNG UVTWEVWTG VJKU EQWNF DGEQOG C IQQF ECFGP\C +V YQWNF CNUQ YQTM VQ OKZ VJG OCVGTKCNU HQT
&KOKPKUJGF UECNGU CPF EJQTFU CPF 5WRGT .QETKCP 5VCTV YKVJ VJG FKOKPKUJGF UVWHH CPF GPF YKVJ VJG 5WRGT
.QETKCP UVWHH *GTG KU VJG  RCVVGTP

5QOGVKOGU VJG ECFGP\C OC[ UVCTV QP VJG ++ EJQTF &QTKCP QT /GNQFKE /KPQT QT $GDQR 5ECNGU CPF VJGP
OQXG KPVQ VJG UCOG MKPFU QH GNCDQTCVKQPU QP VJG 8 EJQTF VJCV YG JCXG CNTGCF[ LWUV FKUEWUUGF (QT GZVGPFKPI
VJG ECFGP\C OQTG VJG UVWFGPV EQWNF GXGP IQ VJTQWIJ VJG YJQNG RTQITGUUKQP HQT VJG # UGEVKQP PQV PGEGUUCTKN[
KP VKOG  GPF WR QP VJG 8 CPF FQ UKOKNCT GNCDQTCVKQPU VQ DTKPI KV VQ VJG ȳPCN TGUQNWVKQP +H VJG # UGEVKQP
RTQITGUUKQP KU WUGF KV FQGU PQV PGGF VQ DG KP VJG UCOG JCTOQPKE TJ[VJO +V EQWNF IQ VJTQWIJ OWEJ HCUVGT
or it could have a rubato elaboration on each chord.

#PQVJGT GZVGPFGF ECFGP\C KFGC EQWNF DG VQ RNC[ C HTCIOGPV QT RJTCUG QH VJG OGNQF[ OC[DG UNQYGT CPF
VJGP GNCDQTCVG HCUVGTȅOC[DG UQHVGT  VJGP RNC[ VJG PGZV RJTCUG QH VJG OGNQF[ CPF VJGP CICKP GNCDQTCVG
6JKU EQPVKPWGU WPVKN CNN VJG RJTCUGU QH VJG OGNQF[ JCXG DGGP RNC[GF OC[DG OGNQF[ RJTCUGU HTQO QPN[ QPG
# UGEVKQP CPF VJG RTQITGUUKQP JCU CTTKXGF CV VJG RGPWNVKOCVG 8 EJQTF

6JGTG CTG OCP[ OQTG KFGCU HQT GZVGPFKPI VJG ECFGP\C .KUVGPKPI VQ TGEQTFGF GZCORNGU KU VJG DGUV UQWTEG
HQT KFGCU /[ VGCEJGT &CXKF $CMGT QPEG UCKF Ȋ1TKIKPCNKV[ KU SWQVKPI HTQO QDUEWTG UQWTEGUȍ

+V KU CNUQ C ITGCV KFGC VQ DQTTQY KFGCU HTQO ENCUUKECN ECFGP\CU

(QT GZCORNG
• sequence an idea, moving it through different scale or chord tones or chromatically

• repeat motivic ideas in augmentation or diminution or both

Ȏ TGRGCV CP KFGC YKVJ FKHHGTGPV F[PCOKEU NQWF UQHV NQWF CICKP

Ȏ WUG WPWUWCN CTVKEWNCVKQPU RNC[ CP KFGC NGICVQ VJGP TGRGCV KV UVCEECVQ RGTJCRU YKVJ C EQPVTCUVKPI
F[PCOKE NGXGN

• use thematic fragments from the melody and elaborate on them or sequence them

Ȏ WUG TWDCVQ CPF URGGF WR CPF UNQY FQYP

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG (GCVWTGF 5QNQKUV QP VJG $CNNCF KP ;QWT (GUVKXCN 5GV ] 2CIG 
 The Last Note
9JGP VJG DCPF EQOGU DCEM KP CHVGT VJG ECFGP\C CPF UWUVCKPU VJG NCUV PQVG QH VJG EJCTV QT LWUV UWUVCKPU VJG
NCUV PQVG KH VJGTG KU PQ ECFGP\C  VJG HGCVWTGF UQNQKUV UJQWNF CFF CP KORTQXKUGF ȳNN QXGT VJG DCPF WUKPI VJG
/CLQT  CU VJG UVCTVKPI RQKPV QT JKPIG RQKPV KP VJG NKPG CPF EQOG VQ TGUV QP QPG QH VJG ȊRTGVV[ PQVGUȍ VQ GPF
VJG VWPG 6JG FWODGUV UQWPFKPI PQVG KU VJG TQQV +V UJQWNF PGXGT DG RNC[GF CU VJG NCUV PQVG GXGP KH KV KU VJG
NCUV YTKVVGP PQVG 6JG TF CPF VJG VJ UQWPF QMC[ CPF OC[ DG CRRTQRTKCVG CV VKOGU DWV VJG TGCNN[ RTGVV[
PQVGU CTG VJG /CLQT  VJG VJ VJG VJ VJ CPF VJG  1PG QH VJGUG PQVGU YKNN DG VJG OQUV UCVKUH[KPI

Conclusion
6JG DCNNCF KU WUWCNN[ QPG VJKTF QH [QWT RTQITCO CV C HGUVKXCN 6JG UQNQKUV FGUGTXGU [QWT ENQUG CVVGPVKQP 6JG
DCPF YKNN QPN[ UQWPF CU IQQF QP VJCV VWPG CU VJG UQNQKUV +P C ȳIWTCVKXG YC[ VJG UQNQKUV KU UVCPFKPI QWV VJGTG
PCMGF 6JG UNQY VGORQ VQVCNN[ GZRQUGU JKU QT JGT UVTGPIVJU CPF YGCMPGUUGU #U ,GTT[ %QMGT RWVU KV Ȋ+P VJG
QVJGT XGJKENGV[RGU [QW ECP TGOCKP ENQVJGF KP RCVVGTPU NKEMU EJCPIG TWPPKPI JWOQTQWU SWQVGU DKVU CPF
RKGEGU QH VTCPUETKDGF UQNQU NKPGCT UWDUVCPEG DNWGU UECNGU CPF TGRGVKVKQP $WV KP VJG DCNNCF CNN QH VJCV OWUV DG
UVTKRRGF CYC[ TGXGCNKPI [QWT VTWG OWUKECN PCVWTG YJKEJ EQWNF TGUWNV KP CP[VJKPI HTQO C JWOKNKCVKPI XQKF
VQ KPURKTGF ITGCVPGUU *KRPGUU CPF OWUKECN HCFU YQPȉV JGNR [QW GKVJGT $CNNCFU HQTEG [QW KPVQ CU UVCVG QH
UKPEGTG JQPGUV[ CNNQYKPI VJG NKUVGPGT VQ NQQM FGGRN[ KPVQ [QWT OWUKECN UQWN 9JCV YKNN VJG[ ȳPF ȍ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Chapter 23 Helping the Vocalist in Your Band

# IQQF UKPIGT CFFU C YQPFGTHWN VQWEJ VQ VJG GPUGODNG RGTHQTOCPEG +V KU PQV EQOOQP KP C LWPKQT JKIJ
UEJQQN QT JKIJ UEJQQN DKI DCPF VQ JCXG C TGIWNCT UKPIGT DWV PQY CPF VJGP [QW YKNN JCXG CP QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ
YQTM YKVJ C UKPIGT 5Q NGV OG RCUU QP C HGY VJQWIJVU HQT JGNRKPI VJG XQECNKUV YKVJ [QWT DKI DCPF

Charts
6JG ȳTUV KUUWG YKNN DG VQ ȳPF EJCTVU VJCV YQTM HQT [QWT DCPF YKVJ C XQECNKUV 6JGTG CTG C NQV QH EJCTVU VJCV
CTG RWDNKUJGF URGEKȳECNN[ HQT XQECN HGCVWTGU /QUV CNN VJG OCLQT RWDNKUJGTU JCXG CP CTGC QH VJGKT ECVCNQI
FGFKECVGF VQ XQECN EJCTVU CPF + YKNN IKXG VJCV KPHQTOCVKQP KP %JCRVGT  + QHVGP CFCRV CP KPUVTWOGPVCN
HGCVWTG VQ DGEQOG C XQECN HGCVWTG (QT GZCORNG VJG $CUKG EJCTV QP All of Me is a piano feature, but it can
CNUQ DG C ITGCV XQECN HGCVWTG 'TKE 4KEJCTFUȉ CTTCPIGOGPV QH The Nearness of You is a great trombone
HGCVWTG DWV + CFCRVGF KV VQ DG C XQECN HGCVWTG YKVJ CP KORTQXKUGF VTQODQPG UQNQ 5QOG QH VJG 5VGXKG 9QPFGT
EJCTVU CTTCPIGF D[ /KMG 6QOCTQ I Wish, Higher Ground GVE CTG YTKVVGP KPUVTWOGPVCNN[ DWV KV YQTMU
ITGCV VQ CFF C UKPIGT +V KU C OCVVGT KP VJCV ECUG QH FGEKFKPI YJKEJ JQTP RCTVU YKNN PQV DG RNC[GF YJGP KV
YQWNF DG EQORGVKVKXG VQ VJG UKPIGT YJQ JCU VJG OGNQF[ +V KU WUWCNN[ DGUV PQV VQ FQWDNG VJG OGNQF[ VJCV
VJG UKPIGT KU EQXGTKPI 9JGVJGT WUKPI EJCTVU RWDNKUJGF HQT XQECN QT CFCRVKPI EJCTVU VQ HGCVWTG C XQECN [QW
JCXG VQ DG UGPUKVKXG VQ MG[ CPF TCPIG EQPUKFGTCVKQPU &QPȉV LWUV CUUWOG C EJCTV YKNN YQTM HQT [QWT UKPIGT
evaluate the chart versus your singer’s range.

Auditions
0QV GXGT[QPG VJCV YCPVU VQ UKPI YKVJ [QWT DCPF UJQWNF DG IKXGP VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ + CNYC[U CWFKVKQP UKPIGTU
DGHQTG OCMKPI CP[ EQOOKVOGPVU # RQQT UKPIGT YKNN PQV CFF VQ [QWT EQPEGTV QT [QWT DCPFȉU GZRGTKGPEG +
YQWNF GXCNWCVG DCUGF QP VJG HQNNQYKPI

Ȏ 9JCV KU VJG SWCNKV[ CPF RQYGT QH VJG XQKEG

Ȏ 9JCV KU VJG TCPIG 9JGTG KU VJG OGCV QH VJG TCPIG

Ȏ *QY KU KPVQPCVKQP CPF RKVEJ UGEWTKV[

Ȏ %CP + YQTM YKVJ VJG RTGUGPV UVCVG QH UV[NG +U KV VQQ HCT CYC[ HTQO YJCV + PGGF

Ȏ +U VJGTG CP[ RGTUQPCNKV[ QT UVCIG RTGUGPEG YKVJ VJKU RGTUQP

Ȏ 9KNN VJKU DG C IQQF GZRGTKGPEG HQT O[ QVJGT OWUKEKCPU

1PEG [QW JCXG FGVGTOKPGF VJCV [QW YKNN WUG C RCTVKEWNCT XQECNKUV [QW YKNN JCXG VQ YQTM YKVJ VJGO VQ IGV
them ready for the performance.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Right Brain Preparations
6JG ȳTUV VJKPI + YQWNF FQ KU OCMG UWTG VJG UKPIGT KU NKUVGPKPI VQ C IQQF TGEQTFKPI U QH VJG VWPG QT VWPGU
[QW YKNN DG FQKPI %JQQUG EJCTVU CV NGCUV CV ȳTUV HQT YJKEJ C TGEQTFKPI KU CXCKNCDNG +H [QW CTG CFCRVKPI
C EJCTV HQT XQECN [QW OC[ PQV JCXG C TGEQTFKPI YKVJ XQECN QH VJCV URGEKȳE CTTCPIGOGPV DWV DG UWTG [QWT
UKPIGT ECP NKUVGP VQ VJG QTKIKPCN TGEQTFKPI 6JG UKPIGT OWUV IQ VJTQWIJ VJG UCOG TKIJV DTCKP NGCTPKPI QP C
VWPG VJCV [QWT KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU IQ VJTQWIJ /CMG UWTG VJG UKPIGT KU NKUVGPKPI UKPIKPI CNQPI CPF KOKVCVKPI
IGVVKPI C HGGN HQT MG[ TCPIG CPF UV[NG CPF KPʏGEVKQP CPF XKDTCVQ + YQWNF GXGP JCXG VJG UKPIGT UECV KORTQXKUG
YKVJ PQPYQTF U[NNCDNGU YKVJ VJG TGEQTFKPI CPF FQ UQOG VTCPUETKDKPI (QT OQUV UKPIGTU VJG XQECN EJCTV KH
VJGTG KU QPG YKNN PQV DG VJCV JGNRHWN CP[YC[ VJG[ UJQWNF NGCTP GXGT[VJKPI VJG[ ECP CDQWV VJG EJCTV CPF VJG
UV[NG YKVJ VJGKT GCTU

Vocal Technique
+P VJG TGJGCTUCN [QW YKNN PGGF VQ IKXG EQCEJKPI QP UQWPF RTQFWEVKQP CPF KPVQPCVKQPȅDCUKE XQECN UMKNNU
;QW OC[ PQV HGGN XGT[ SWCNKȳGF VQ FQ VJKU DWV KH [QW ECP RNC[ [QWT JQTP VJG RTKPEKRNGU CTG VJG UCOG /CP[
[GCTU CIQ .[PP 5MKPPGT KPXKVGF OG WR VQ CFLWFKECVG CV VJG .KQPGN *CORVQP ,C\\ (GUVKXCN KP /QUEQY +FCJQ
*G VQNF OG + YQWNF DG FQKPI C FC[ QH JKIJ UEJQQN XQECN LC\\ GPUGODNGU CPF C UGEQPF FC[ QH EQNNGIG XQECN LC\\
GPUGODNGU + UCKF Ȋ.[PP [QW TGCNK\G VJCV XQECN KU PQV O[ URGEKCNV[ ȍ *G RCWUGF CPF UCKF Ȋ*G[ OCP RKVEJ
KU RKVEJȍ + HQWPF VJCV JG YCU TKIJV + JCF RNGPV[ VQ QHHGT VQ VJQUG XQECN ITQWRU 5Q QHVGP YG CTG EQCEJKPI
UKPIGTU VQ KOKVCVG JQY CP KPUVTWOGPV YQWNF VQ KV CPF KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU VQ KOKVCVG JQY C UKPIGT YQWNF FQ KV 
+H VJG UKPIGT PGGFU FTCUVKE JGNR KP VJG XQECN RTQFWEVKQP CTGC VJCV [QW ECPȉV UQNXG [QW OC[ PGGF VQ KPXQNXG
VJG XQECN VGCEJGT CV [QWT UEJQQN QT GPNKUV C RTKXCVG VGCEJGT HQT VJCV JGNR ;QW OC[ JCXG OCFG C OKUVCMG KP
VJG CWFKVKQP RTQEGUU

5WHȳEG KV VQ UC[ VJCV [QW FQ PGGF VQ YQTT[ CDQWV VJKPIU NKMG CDFQOKPCN UWRRQTV QRGPKPI VJG OQWVJ CPF
VJTQCV CPF RTQLGEVKQP 7UWCNN[ UQOG NKVVNG TGOKPFGTU YKNN OCMG VJGUG VJKPIU EQOG VQIGVJGT +PVQPCVKQP KU
JWIG KP C ȳPKUJGF RTQFWEV CPF + YQWNF IKXG NQVU QH EQOOGPVU CU PGGFGF VQ DTKPI KV VQ CP CEEGRVCDNG NGXGN
+V KU EQOOQP HQT UKPIGTU VQ UKPI QP VJG ʏCV UKFG UQ UQOG GPEQWTCIGOGPV VQ UKPI QP VJG WRRGT UKFG QH VJG
pitch usually helps. Do not leave intonation to chance.

Coaching Style
%CRVWTKPI VJG UV[NG GURGEKCNN[ UYKPI UV[NG KU C EJCNNGPIG HQT [QWPI UKPIGTU #ICKP VJKU UVCTVU YKVJ NKUVGPKPI
CPF KOKVCVKQP DWV VJGTG CTG UQOG EQOOQP TGCUQPU UYKPI UV[NG KU GNWUKXG VQ UKPIGTU 6JG ȳTUV KU YJCV +
YQWNF ECNN Ȋ$TQCFYC[ 5YKPIȍ +H UKPIGTU JCXG JCF CP[ XQECN VTCKPKPI KV KU NKMGN[ VJG[ JCXG FQPG $TQCFYC[
UV[NG UQPIU HTQO OWUKECNU KP VJG RCUV 6JG RTQDNGO YKVJ $TQCFYC[ UYKPI KU VJCV KV FQGUPȉV UYKPI *GNR
VJG UKPIGT IGV KPVQ VJG TGCN TJ[VJOKE CURGEVU QH UYKPI YJKEJ CTG GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU VJG[ CTG HQT [QWT JQTP
RNC[GTU 5GG %JCRVGT  CPF  #PQVJGT CURGEV QH $TQCFYC[ UYKPI KU VJG WUG QH C OQTG ENCUUKECN V[RG QH
XKDTCVQ 6JKU FQGU PQV YQTM HQT UYKPI CV CNN CPF + ȳPF O[UGNH CNYC[U EQCEJKPI UKPIGTU VQ IGV TKF QH VJG
EQPUVCPV XKDTCVQ CPF CFF KV NKMG C LC\\ UKPIGTȅYJCV YG ECNN VGTOKPCN XKDTCVQ QT XKDTCVQ QP VJG GPFKPI QH
VJG PQVG +P QVJGT UV[NGU VJG XKDTCVQ KU RCTV QH VJG EQNQT QH VJG VQPG QP VJG PQVG +P LC\\ KV KU OQTG NKMG CP
ornament at the end of a note, almost in the category of a trill or turn or mordent. Occasionally, the long
PQVGU ECP DG EQNQTGF C NKVVNG OQTG YKVJ XKDTCVQ DWV KV KU PQV VJG FGHCWNV PQTO .KUVGP VQ LC\\ KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU CPF
UKPIGTU CPF [QW YKNN ȳPF VJCV QPN[ C HGY PQVGU YKNN VGPF VQ JCXG XKDTCVQ CETQUU VJG XCNWG QH C NQPIGT PQVG

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG 8QECNKUV KP ;QWT $CPF ] 2CIG 

OQUV QH VJG VKOG VJGTG YKNN QPN[ DG XKDTCVQ CV VJG GPFU QH PQVGU 6JGTG CTG QH EQWTUG CNYC[U GZEGRVKQPU
CPF NKUVGPKPI VQ VJG UV[NG KPXQNXGF KU ENGCTN[ VJG MG[ 6JGTG YKNN DG FKHHGTGPEGU YJGP ETQUUKPI UV[NKUVKE NKPGU

6JG XQECNKUVȉU CRRTQCEJ VQ KPVGTRTGVKPI VJG OGNQF[ QH VJG VWPG KU XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ YJCV YG QWVNKPGF KP VJG
RTGXKQWU EJCRVGT CDQWV [QWT HGCVWTGF UQNQKUV QP VJG DCNNCF +V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV VJG OGNQF[ DG TGEQIPK\CDNG
DWV KV KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV HQT [QWT UKPIGT VQ RGTUQPCNK\G VJG OGNQF[ 5KOKNCT VQ [QWT DCNNCF UQNQKUV + YQWNF JCXG
VJG UKPIGT RTCEVKEG GCEJ RJTCUG QH VJG OGNQF[ GZRGTKOGPVKPI YKVJ UOCNN OGNQFKE CPF TJ[VJOKE XCTKCVKQPU #FF
VQ VJKU WUKPI DGPFU UEQQRU INKUUGU CPF QVJGT KPʏGEVKQPU CPF GXGP QEECUKQPCNN[ C ITQYN 6JG UKPIGT UJQWNF
GZRGTKOGPV YKVJ YC[U VQ GZRTGUU OQTG GOQVKQP CPF UQWN ;QWT UKPIGT UJQWNF CNYC[U DG CUMKPI JKOUGNH
JGTUGNH Ȋ*QY ECP + RNC[ YKVJ VJG OGNQF[ N[TKECNN[ FTCOCVKECNN[ F[PCOKECNN[ TJ[VJOKECNN[ #PF GXGP Ȋ#TG
VJGTG CP[ RNCEGU YJGTG + OKIJV DG OQTG ʏGZKDNG CPF VCMG UQOG VKOG NKDGTVKGU OC[DG GXGP EJCPIKPI VJG
VGORQ HQT C UGEVKQP QH VJG EJCTV QT ECP + IGV VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VQ EJCPIG VGZVWTGU YKVJ OG ȍ 4GCNK\G VJCV
UQOG XQECN RCTVU HQT DKI DCPF EJCTVU CTG YTKVVGP KP YJCV YG ECNN ȊNGCF UJGGVȍ UV[NG 6JG TJ[VJOU CTG CNN JCNH
PQVGU CPF SWCTVGT PQVGU CPF YJQNG PQVGU # LC\\ UKPIGT YQWNF PGXGT WUG VJGUG UVCIPCPV TJ[VJOU 9G JCXG
VQ LC\\ WR VJG TJ[VJOUȅCPVKEKRCVKQPU YKVJ VKGU CETQUU VJG DCT NKPGU CPF U[PEQRCVKQPU CPF TJ[VJOKE
variety.

9JGP RNC[KPI YKVJ VJG TJ[VJOU VJG UKPIGT UJQWNF PQV NC[ DCEM UQ OWEJ VJCV PQVJKPI GXGT NCPFU QP VJG
DGCV CPF VJG CWFKGPEG KU YQPFGTKPI KH VJGTG KU CP[ EQPUEKQWUPGUU QH YJGTG  KU *QYGXGT UKPIGTU FQ PGGF
VQ WUG DCEMRJTCUKPI CU FKUEWUUGF KP VJG RTGXKQWU EJCRVGT QP DCNNCF RNC[KPI #V VJG TKUM QH TGFWPFCPE[ + YKNN
TGRGCV VJG EQPEGRV KP VJKU EQPVGZV 9KVJQWV OQVKQP VJGTG KU PQ GOQVKQP 5Q QWT EJCNNGPIG KU VQ GPJCPEG VJG
HGGNKPI QH OQVKQP YKVJQWV EJCPIKPI VJG VGORQ 6JG OCKP OQVKQP KP C DCT UJQWNF DG KP VJG UGEQPF JCNH QH
VJG DCT 5Q YG QHVGP JCPI DCEM KP VJG ȳTUV JCNH QH VJG DCT UQ YG ECP LWUVKH[ ETGCVKPI OQTG OQVKQP KP VJG
UGEQPF JCNH QH VJG DCT CETQUU VJG DCT NKPG KPVQ VJG PGZV DCT 6JKU CNUQ CRRNKGU VQ NCTIGT WPKVU NKMG GXGT[ VYQ
DCTU GXGT[ HQWT DCTU CPF GXGT[ GKIJV DCTU 9G YCPV VQ ETGCVG VJG CNNWUKQP QH UVTQPIGT OQVKQP DWV YG ECPȉV
TWUJ VJG VGORQ VQ FQ KV UQ YG JQNF DCEM CPF RC[ HQT VJG VKOG ȳTUV CPF VJGP YG ECP RWUJ VJG OQXGOGPV
HQTYCTF YKVJQWV CEVWCNN[ TWUJKPI VJG VGORQ 6JGTG KU PQ UWEJ VJKPI CU C ETGFKV ECTF KP PCVWTG +H YG VT[ VQ
OQXG ȳTUV CPF VJGP RC[ NCVGT KV KU DCEMYCTFU CPF KV UQWPFU CYMYCTF CPF WPOWUKECN 9G DCEMRJTCUG UQ
YG ECP RC[ HQT VJG VKOG ȳTUV CPF VJGP OQXG

9G FQ JCXG VQ DTGCVJG RGTKQFKECNN[ DWV YG UJQWNF PGXGT DTGCM WR ITCOOCVKECN RJTCUGU QT RTGRQUKVKQPCN
RJTCUGU QT DTGCVJG KP QVJGT YGKTF RNCEGU YJGTG VJG OGCPKPI QH VJG YQTFU KU WPFGTOKPGF 6JG SWGUVKQP QH
YJGTG VQ DTGCVJ KU DKI 6JG UKPIGT OWUV RNCP DTGCVJKPI RNCEGU ECTGHWNN[ PGXGT LWUV UWFFGPN[ DTGCVJKPI
DGECWUG QH TWPPKPI QWV QH DTGCVJ 6JG[ OWUV VJKPM CDQWV VJG OGCPKPI QH YJCV VJG[ CTG UKPIKPI

#NUQ XQECNKUVU KP C LC\\ UGVVKPI CTG XGT[ GZCIIGTCVGF KP JQY VJG[ GPF YQTFU YKVJ NKVVNG KPʏGEVKQPU 6JG[
QHVGP ECTGUU VJG EQPUQPCPVU KP C PQPENCUUKECN YC[ CPF CFF VGZVWTG KPVQ VJGKT RTQPWPEKCVKQP (QT GZCORNG
NKPIGTKPI QP CP / QT 0 ECP CFF C PKEG VGZVWTG

#PQVJGT QH VJG EQPEGRVU FKUEWUUGF KP VJG RTGXKQWU EJCRVGT VJCV CRRNKGU CNUQ VQ VJG UKPIGT KU VJCV YJGP
RGTUQPCN XCTKCVKQPU CTG KPVTQFWEGF D[ VJG UKPIGT VJG[ UJQWNF HQNNQY VJG RNCP QH UKORNG VQ ITCFWCNN[ OQTG
EQORNGZ 6JG QTKIKPCN UVCVGOGPV QH VJG OGNQF[ UJQWNF DG UKORNGT CPF OQTG VTWG VQ VJG OGNQF[ VJCP VJG
UGEQPF VKOG VJTQWIJ VJG OGNQF[ YJGTG OQTG XCTKCVKQP ECP DG KPVTQFWEGF +P C V[RKECN XQECN HGCVWTG EJCTV
VJGTG YKNN DG C VKOG YJGTG VJG DCPF KU HGCVWTGF CPF VJG UKPIGT NC[U QWV 9JGP VJG UKPIGT TGGPVGTU JGUJG
OC[ WUG EQPUKFGTCDN[ ITGCVGT XCTKCVKQP CPF OQTG EQORNGZ RGTUQPCNK\CVKQP DWV VJGP OC[ UKORNKH[ CICKP
VQYCTFU VJG GPF QH VJG EJCTV VQ DTKPI KV VQ C ENQUG #ICKP VJGTG KU PQ UWDUVKVWVG HQT JGCTKPI JQY VJKU YQTMU
QP C TGEQTFKPI [QW ECP XGTDCNK\G VJGUG VJKPIU VQ VJG UKPIGT DWV C UQWPF RKEVWTG KU YQTVJ C VJQWUCPF YQTFU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

#U C UWOOCT[ VJG RNCP QH C EJCTV OKIJV TWP UQOGVJKPI NKMG VJKU CUUWOKPI C J[RQVJGVKECN NC[QWV HQT VJKU
EJCTV +PVTQȅVJG DCPF #ȅUKPIGT UVC[U UKORNG CPF ENQUG VQ OGNQF[ #ȅUKPIGT UKPIU YKVJ OQTG XCTKCVKQP
CPF RGTUQPCNK\CVKQP $ȅUKPIGT KU C NKVVNG UKORNGT UKPEG VJKU KU VJG ȳTUV VKOG VJKU RCTV QH VJG OGNQF[ KU DGKPI
JGCTF #ȅVJG UKPIGT GODGNNKUJGU CPF RGTUQPCNK\GU OQTG VJCP GXGT UKPEG VJKU KU VJG VJKTF IQ CTQWPF HQT VJKU
RCTV QH VJG OGNQF[ #ȅVGPQT UCZ UQNQ DWV VJG UKPIGT UVC[U GPICIGF CPF JGNRU VQ DTKPI HQEWU VQ VJG UQNQKUV
#ȅDCPF HGCVWTG CPF VJG UKPIGT OC[ FCPEG QT CFF C NKVVNG KORTQXKUGF ȳNN C VKOG QT VYQ $ȅUKPIGT
TGGPVGTU CV C JKIJ NGXGN QH GODGNNKUJOGPV #ȅUKPIGT UVCTVU VQ UKORNKH[ CPF DTKPIU VJG EJCTV VQ VJG ENQUG
%QFCȅDCPF RNC[U C NKVVNG CFFKVKQPCN RJTCUG DTKPIKPI VJG EJCTV VQ VJG NCUV PQVG .CUV 0QVGȅVJG UKPIGT FQGU
C UQNQ UȳNN

+V KU KORQTVCPV HQT VJG UKPIGT VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG EJCTV CU KV RNC[U VJTQWIJ CPF EQPUKFGT JQY VQ TGURQPF VQ VJG
DCPF +U VJGTG C UCZ NKPG VJCV VJG UKPIGT EQWNF RNC[ QHH QH CPF CFF C NKVVNG UQNQ ȳNN QT OGNQFKE TGURQPUG +P
C YC[ VJGTG KU C ECNN CPF TGURQPUG VJCV IQGU QP DGVYGGP VJG UKPIGT CPF VJG DCPF 6JG UKPIGT OWUV NGCTP VQ
TGURQPF VQ YJCV KU JCRRGPKPI CNN CTQWPF JKO QT JGT

Vocal Improvisation
5QOGVKOGU C EJCTV OC[ NGCXG TQQO HQT UQOG KORTQXKUCVKQP D[ VJG XQECNKUV CPF KH PQV + OC[ QRGP UQOG
URCEG HQT C UQNQ KH + JCXG VJG TKIJV UKPIGT 9JGP C XQECNKUV KORTQXKUGU YG ECNN KV ȊUECVVKPIȍ QT ȊUECV UKPIKPIȍ
6TWG UECVVKPI YQWNF TGʏGEV IWKFG VQPGU CPF EJCPIGU CPF YQWNF DG CNN VJG UCOG EQPUKFGTCVKQPU CPF
CRRTQCEJGU CU VJG KPUVTWOGPVCN UQNQU 6JKU KFGCN KU PQV QHVGP TGCNK\GF KP XQECN UQNQU 'XGP VJG ITGCV $QDD[
/E(GTTKP YCU C FKUCRRQKPVOGPV VQ OG YJGP JG TGEQTFGF C UECV UQNQ QP VJG %JCTNKG 2CTMGT VWPG Donna
Lee +V KU EQOOQP KP UEJQQN XQECN GPUGODNGU HQT VJG KPUVTWOGPVCNKUV YJQ CNUQ YCPVGF VQ UKPI YKVJ VJG
XQECN ITQWR VQ DG VJG DGUV UQNQKUV 9KVJ RTKXCVG LC\\ XQECN NGUUQPU VJCV + JCXG FQPG + JCXG JCF VJG UKPIGT
YQTMKPI QP VJG %JQTF 5VWF[ CPF UKPIKPI UECNGU CPF RCVVGTPU LWUV NKMG VJG JQTP RNC[GTU + CNUQ JCXG VJGO
YQTM QP IWKFG VQPGU CPF GCT VTCKPKPI KP VJG UCOG YC[ 5GG %JCRVGT  #FOKVVGFN[ KV YKNN QPN[ DG VJG
OQUV UGTKQWU XQECN UVWFGPV YJQ YQWNF IQ VQ VJGUG NGPIVJU $WV UJQTV QH VJKU C NQV ECP UVKNN DG FQPG YKVJ VJG
GCTU QPN[ CU FKUEWUUGF KP %JCRVGT  

9G ECP JGNR C UKPIGT NGCTP VJG VWPG HTQO C TKIJV DTCKP UVCPFRQKPV LWUV NKMG CP KPUVTWOGPVCNKUV 6JG HCEV KU
VJG XQECNKUV JCU UQOG CFXCPVCIGU QXGT VJG KPUVTWOGPVCNKUV KP VJG TKIJV DTCKP FQOCKP 6JGTG KU PQ PGGF VQ
VTCPUNCVG UQWPFU JGCTF KP VJG OKPF QT GZVGTPCNN[ KPVQ ȳPIGTKPIU CPF GODQWEJWTG CPF VQPIWKPI EQQTFKPCVKQP
'XGT[VJKPI KU OWEJ SWKEMGT VQ VJG XQKEG VJCP VQ VJG JQTP $WV C NKVVNG JGNR VQ JGCT VJG EJCPIGU VJG IWKFG
tones, may be necessary.

1PG QH VJG QVJGT DKI EQPEGTPU YKVJ UECVVKPI KU VJG U[NNCDNGU WUGF 5KPEG VJG XQECNKUV KU PQV KORTQXKUKPI YKVJ
RTGUGV YQTFU VJG WUWCN VJKPI KU VQ WUG ȊUECV U[NNCDNGUȍ CNVJQWIJ CEVWCN YQTFU QT RJTCUGU ECP DG OCFG WR QT
DQTTQYGF HTQO VJG VWPG CU YGNN 5ECV U[NNCDNGU CTG LWUV PQPYQTF U[NNCDNGU OCFG WR QP VJG URQV VQ ȳV VJG
NKPG 5QOG RGQRNG WUG VJG VGTO PQPUGPUG U[NNCDNGU DWV WPHQTVWPCVGN[ VJCV KU YJCV + QHVGP JGCTȅVQVCNN[
UKNN[ U[NNCDNGU VJCV FGVTCEV HTQO OCMKPI OWUKE + CXQKF VJCV VGTO DGECWUG + YCPV O[ XQECNKUVU VQ WUG OWUKECNN[
KPHQTOGF U[NNCDNGU 6JGUG CTG VJG U[NNCDNGU VJCV JQTP RNC[GTU WUG YJGP VJG[ CTG UKPIKPI KOKVCVKQPU QH
YJCV VJG[ RNC[ + WUG VJGUG U[NNCDNGU CNN VJG VKOG YJGP + CO FKTGEVKPI VJG DKI DCPF JQTPU VQ KNNWUVTCVG RJTCUKPI

# IQQF YC[ HQT VJG LC\\ XQECNKUV VQ YQTM QP IQQF U[NNCDNGU HQT UECVVKPI YQWNF DG VQ NKUVGP CPF KOKVCVG XGTDCNN[
YJCV VJG[ CTG JGCTKPI KP VJG DKI DCPF CPF YJCV VJG[ CTG JGCTKPI YJGP KPUVTWOGPVCN UQNQKUVU KORTQXKUG
#PQVJGT IQQF CRRTQCEJ KU VQ NKUVGP VQ VJG ITGCV UECV UKPIGTU QH VJG RCUV KPENWFKPI 'NNC (KV\IGTCNF %NCTM 6GTT[
&GPKU &K$NCUKQ %JGV $CMGT CPF .QWKU #TOUVTQPI YJQ KPXGPVGF UECV UKPIKPI  CPF CP[ QH VJG QVJGT ITGCV
UKPIGTU NKMG 5CTCJ 8CWIJP $KNNKG *QNNKFC[ &KPCJ 9CUJKPIVQP (TCPM 5KPCVTC 6QP[ $GPPGVV GVE 6JGTG CTG

%JCRVGT  *GNRKPI VJG 8QECNKUV KP ;QWT $CPF ] 2CIG 

CNUQ OQTG TGEGPV UKPIGTU YJQ JCXG KPVGTGUVKPI UECV UV[NGU NKMG &GG &CPKGNU -KVV[ /CTIQNKU -WTV 'NNKPI &KCPG
4GGXGU &KCPC -TCNN %CVJGTKPG 4WUUGNN GVE +P VJG DQQM UGEVKQP CV VJG GPF QH VJKU EJCRVGT VJGTG KU C DQQM
QH %JGV $CMGTȉU VQR UECV UQNQU YKVJ CNN PQVCVKQPU QH VJG U[NNCDNGU JG WUGF 6JKU YQWNF OCMG C ITGCV UVWF[
6JG $QD 5VQNQHH DQQM NKUVGF CV VJG GPF QH VJG EJCRVGT CNUQ JCU U[NNCDNG JGNR KP KV +P CFFKVKQP UGG ,WUVKP
$KPGMȉU FQEVQTCN FKUUGTVCVKQP QP 'NNC (KVIGTCNFȉU UECV U[NNCDNGU $KPGM ,WUVKP )CTTGVV The Evolution of
Ella Fitzgerald’s Syllabic Choices in Scat Singing: A Critical Analysis of Her Decca Recordings, 1943-
1952 FKUUGTVCVKQP /C[  &GPVQP 6GZCU JVVRUFKIKVCNNKDTCT[WPVGFWCTMOGVCFE 
# 2&( XGTUKQP KU FQYPNQCFCDNG CV VJCV UKVG 6JKU FKUUGTVCVKQP KU C XGT[ WUGHWN UVWF[ QH U[NNCDNGU HQT
VJG CURKTKPI [QWPI UECVVGT CPF VJG OQTG UGCUQPGF QPGU VQQ 

Microphone Technique
+V KU CNUQ PGEGUUCT[ VQ IKXG C NKVVNG EQCEJKPI VQ [QWT UKPIGT CDQWV OKETQRJQPG VGEJPKSWG 6JG OKEȉU YG WUG
QP VJG UVCIG CTG VKIJV RCVVGTP OKETQRJQPGU VJG[ CTG PQV YKFG RCVVGTP NKMG VJG CXGTCIG RWDNKE CFFTGUU OK
ETQRJQPG 6JGTGHQTG KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ UKPI FKTGEVN[ KPVQ VJG OKE +V YKNN PQV RKEM WR VJG UCOG YC[ YJGP VJG
UQWPF UQWTEG KU QHH CZKU *QNFKPI VJG OKE VQQ JKIJ QT VQQ NQY QT VQQ HCT CYC[ FQGU PQV YQTM +PUVTWEV [QWT
UKPIGT VQ DG QP OKE UVTCKIJV FQYP VJG EGPVGT DQTG QH KV 6JG OKE UJQWNF DG JGNF JQTK\QPVCN VQ VJG ITQWPF
PQV RQKPVGF WR YJGTG VJG OKE EQXGTU VJG HCEG QT RQKPVGF FQYP 6JG OQTG VJG OKE KU RWNNGF CYC[ HTQO VJG
HCEG VJG OQTG VJG UQWPF VJKPU QWV 6JG ENQUGT VJG OKE VJG OQTG TGUQPCPV CPF TKEJ VJG UQWPF /QUV QH VJG
VKOG YG YCPV VJKU TGUQPCPEG DWV UQOGVKOGU KV ECP DG CRRTQRTKCVG VQ VJKP KV QWV C NKVVNG /CP[ UKPIGTU MKUU
VJG OKE +V KU C IQQF KFGC HQT C UKPIGT VQ DW[ C RGTUQPCN OKE CPF IGV WUGF VQ JQY VQ WUG KV 6JKU KU VJG UKPIGTȉU
KPUVTWOGPV +V KU CNUQ EQOOQP HQT LC\\ UKPIGTU VQ RWNN VJG OKE C NKVVNG HCTVJGT CYC[ YJGP UKPIKPI C TGCNN[
loud high note to temper the volume a little.

+V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT JGNR VJG DCPF RNC[ F[PCOKEU CPF UVC[ WPFGT VJG UQNQKUV WPVKN KV KU VKOG
to unleash. Sometimes, say in a shout section, the singer may need to come up and use a brighter timbre to
EWV VJTQWIJ DWV QVJGT VKOGU KV YKNN DG CRRTQRTKCVG VQ DG YCTOGT KP VKODTG 6JG UKPIGT CPF VJG DCPF UJQWNF
not be in competition.

Fronting the Band

.CUV DWV PQV NGCUV VJG XQECNKUV KU KP C TGCN YC[ HTQPVKPI VJG DCPF *GNR VJGO DG EQPUEKQWU QH VJKU CPF VQ
FTGUU CEEQTFKPIN[ CPF RGTHQTO YKVJ GPGTI[ CPF RGTUQPCNKV[ (QT VJQUG UJQTV OKPWVGU UJG QT JG KU VJG UJQY
*QYGXGT ECWVKQP VJGO PQV VQ DG QXGT VJG VQR QT HCMGȅRJ[UKECN OQXGOGPVU CPF IGUVWTGU OWUV IGPWKPGN[
ȳV VJG OWUKECN KPVGPV 6JG UKPIGT OC[ CNUQ JGNR VQ KPVTQFWEG VJG VWPG DGHQTG UVCTVKPI QT UQNQKUVU KP VJG
OKFFNG QH VJG EJCTV QT VQ VTCPUKVKQP DCEM VQ VJG DKI DCPF VQYCTF VJG GPF QH VJG EJCTV 

+P C RGTHQTOCPEG VJG UKPIGT PGGFU VQ IWCIG YJCV JKU QT JGT URCEG QP VJG UVCIG NQQMU NKMG CPF CUUGUU YJCV
OQXGOGPV KU RQUUKDNG KP VJG URCEG CNNQVVGF 9JGP OCMKPI C OQXG VJG UKPIGT UJQWNF UJKHV YGKIJV DCEM VQ
OQXG HQTYCTF CPF KH YCNMKPI VQ VJG TKIJV JQNF VJG OKE KP TKIJV JCPF CPF VJG EQTF KP VJG NGHV QT XKEGXGTUC
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Resources: Books and Sing-Along Volumes

Sing-Alongs

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Jamey has created some volumes that are especially for vocalists, and he is mindful of male and
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A Ȏ 8QN  Standards for Singer—It Had to Be You MG[U CTG HQT HGOCNG UKPIGTU

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Jazz Vocal Books

• Guide for Jazz/Scat Vocalists—A Survival Manual for Aspiring Jazz Singers D[ &GPKU &K$NCUKQ

• Vocal Improvisation D[ /KEJGNNG 9GKT

• The Jazz Singer’s Guidebook: A Course in Jazz Harmony and Scat Singing for the Serious
Vocalist D[ &CXKF $GTMOCP

• Jazz Singer’s Handbook D[ /KEJGNNG 9GKT

• Chet Baker’s Greatest Scat Solos D[ ,KO $CUVKCP

• Scat! Vocal Improvisation Techniques D[ $QD 5VQNQHH

• Jazz Vocal Practice #1 by Jay Clayton

• Jazz Vocal Practice #2 by Jay Clayton

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 • The Complete Guide to Teaching Vocal Jazz D[ 5VGRJGP <GITGG

• Hear It, and Sing It! Exploring Modal Jazz D[ ,WF[ 0KGOCEM

• Hear It, and Sing It! Exploring the Blues D[ ,WF[ 0KGOCEM

Jazz Vocal Recordings

Ȏ 'NNC (KV\IGTCNF Pure Ella, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook, Ella Fitzgerald
Sings the Cole Porter Song Book, Ella and Basie

Ȏ 5CTCJ 8CWIJP Ultimate Sarah Vaughn, Sarah Vaughn Sings George Gershwin,
The Very Best of Sarah Vaughn

• Dinah Washington, Ultimate Dinah Washington, 6JG &GȒPKVKXG &KP:J 9:UJKPIVQP

Ȏ -WTV 'NNKPI Dedicated to You

Ȏ &KCPC -TCNN (rom this Moment, The Very Best of Diana Krall

• Diane Reeves, The Best of Diane Reeves, In the Moment

Ȏ 6QP[ $GPPGVV Tony Bennett Celebrates 90, Sings the Ultimate American Songbook Volume 1

Ȏ (TCPM 5KPCVTC Nothing But the Best (remastered), Ultimate Sinatra

Ȏ $KNNKG *QNKFC[ The Essential Billie Holliday

Ȏ -KVV[ /CTIQNKU Evolution

• Dee Daniels, Close Encounter of the Swingin’ Kind

Ȏ &GG &GG $TKFIGYCVGT In Montreux (Live)

Ȏ 5VCEG[ -GPV Stacey Kent Collection

• Al Jarreau, The Very Best of Al Jarreau: An Excellent Adventure

• Catherine Russell, Harlem on My Mind

Ȏ -CVG /E)CTT[ Show Me

Vocal Instructional DVD’s

•The Barry Harris Vocal Workshop *QYCTF 4GGU ,C\\ 9QTMUJQR 2TQFWEVKQPU

•Vocalists: Practice Guide DVD RWDNKUJGF D[ *CN .GQPCTF

•Vocal Technique DVD RWDNKUJGF D[ *CN .GQPCTF

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Section 6

Thoughts on Administrative
Issues:
Gives Meaning to
Everything Else . . .

You’re the administrator . . . .

Chapter 24 Behind the Scenes: Chart Selection
and Programming for Concerts and
Festivals
Choosing the right charts is half the battle and is one of the most important roles of the band director.
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Building a Jazz Music Library

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lean on your present concert band library and use all the money for jazz acquisitions for a couple of years.
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interest and help you reach educational objectives.

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The Art of Programming for Concerts

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VJGTG DWV + HGGN VJG DCNNCF UJQWNF DG C EQPVTCUV VQ VJG KPVGPUKV[ VJCV JCU IQPG DGHQTG UQ + WUWCNN[ RTQITCO KV
CDQWV HQWTVJ QT ȳHVJ KPVQ VJG UGV 6JGP + ECP DWKNF VJG RTQITCO DCEM WR VQ ENKOCZ VJG UGV CHVGT VJCV 6JGTG CTG
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generational lines such as In the Mood D[ )NGPP /KNNGT QT Sing Sing Sing QH $GPP[ )QQFOCP HCOG QT CP[
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one or more of them at a community outreach concert or a tour concert.

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The Art of Programming for Festivals

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both from the participant side and from the adjudicator side. High school and middle school festivals
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6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

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more soloists that can do a good job, the better the rating. Remember that improvisation is the life blood
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have included a vocal feature.

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nature. Remember, one of the categories on the judging sheet is the appropriateness of chart selection.
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C EJCNNGPIKPI EJCTV DG UWTG [QW JCXG UQNQKUV U VJCV ECP CNUQ JCPFNG VJG EJCTV +H [QW EJQQUG VQ HGCVWTG C
XQECNKUV CV C HGUVKXCN KV PGGFU VQ DG ȳTUV TCVG 6JG DCPF YKNN QPN[ UQWPF CU IQQF CU VJG UKPIGT QP VJCV RKGEG
6JCV KU CNUQ VTWG YKVJ VJG KPUVTWOGPVCN DCNNCF CNVJQWIJ VJG XQECN EQWNF DG VJG DCNNCF UGNGEVKQPȅQT PQV 

#V WPKXGTUKV[ NGXGN HGUVKXCNU VJGTG KU QHVGP VKOG HQT HQWT VWPGU FGRGPFKPI QP VJG NGPIVJ QH VWPGU  +H UQ +
YQWNF UVCTV YKVJ C PKEG OGFKWO UYKPI EJCTV OQXG VQ VJG DCNNCF FQ C UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ VWPG CPF GPF YKVJ CP
WRVGORQ DWTPKPI UYKPI VWPG 6JKU EQODKPCVKQP JCU RCKF QHH C PWODGT QH VKOGU HQT O[ DCPF

+V KU ETKVKECN KP [QWT HGUVKXCN RTQITCOOKPI VQ UJQY QHH VJG UVTGPIVJU QH [QWT GPUGODNG 5Q KH + JCXG C ITGCV
UCZ UGEVKQP + YKNN OCMG UWTG + JCXG C RKGEG YKVJ C ITGCV UCZ UQNK +H + JCXG C UVTQPI VTQODQPG UQNQKUV + YKNN
OCMG UWTG JG JCU C UQNKF HGCVWTG +H VJG FTWOOGT KU GZEGRVKQPCN + YKNN ETGCVG C FTWO UQNQ RTQDCDN[ KP VJG NCUV
RKGEG  5JQY YJCV [QWT DCPF ECP FQ PQV YJCV VJG[ ECPȉV FQ

6JG FKTGEVQT TGVCKPU VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ HQT RTQITCOOKPI KP VJGUG FKHHGTGPV UEGPCTKQU CPF VJG RTQITCOOKPI
ECP OCMG QT DTGCM KV

%JCRVGT  $GJKPF VJG 5EGPGU %JCTV 5GNGEVKQP CPF 2TQITCOOKPI HQT %QPEGTVU CPF (GUVKXCNU ] 2CIG 
Chapter 25 On the Front Line: Performance
and Competition

6JGTG CTG C HGY KUUWGU YQTVJ[ QH FKUEWUUKQP CDQWV VJG FC[ QH RGTHQTOCPEG 6JKU KU YJCV YG CTG CNYC[U
RTGRCTKPI HQT 5QOG QH VJG VJKPIU VJCV PGGF CVVGPVKQP CTG OKETQRJQPG UGVWR CPF VGEJPKSWG DCPF UGVWR
CPF UQWPF EJGEM TGJGCTUCN CPF DTCUU EJQRU NKIJVKPI OGPVCNURKTKVWCN RTGRCTCVKQPU CPF FKTGEVKPI VJG DCPF
KP EQPEGTV 0GINGEV QH VJGUG KUUWGU ECP UCDQVCIG CNN VJG JCTF YQTM HTQO YGGMU QH VGCEJKPI CPF TGJGCTUCNU
5QOG RGTHQTOCPEGU CTG CNUQ EQORGVKVKXG CPF JQY VQ JCPFNG EQORGVKVKQP PGGFU QWT CVVGPVKQP

Microphones
/KETQRJQPGU CTG C PGEGUUCT[ GXKN QH RGTHQTOCPEG +V YQWNF TGCNN[ DG DGUV HQT VJG DKI DCPF VQ RGTHQTO
CEQWUVKECNN[ 6JKU KU YJCV VJG QNF DKI DCPFU FKF CPF VJGTG CTG UVKNN UKVWCVKQPU VQFC[ YJGTG KV YQWNF DG DGUV
LWUV VQ RGTHQTO YKVJQWV OKETQRJQPGU $WV VT[KPI VQ DCNCPEG VJG CEQWUVKE RKCPQ CPF VJG UQNQKUVU UGGOU VQ
CNYC[U DTKPI WR VJG PGGF HQT OKETQRJQPGU GXGP KP VJG OQUV CEQWUVKE UKVWCVKQPU 5Q VJKU KU WUWCNN[ VJG
UKORNGUV UGVWR HQT GKVJGT EQPEGTVU QT HGUVKXCNUȅC OKE QP VJG RKCPQ CPF CV NGCUV QPG QT VYQ OKEU HQT UQNQKUVU
6JKU KU VJG UCHGUV UGVWR CP[YC[ YJGP YG FQPȉV MPQY VJG UQWPF OCP QT JKU WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH YJCV YG CTG
IQKPI HQT KP VJG ȳPKUJGF RTQFWEV +ȉO UQTT[ VQ UC[ VJCV PQV CNN O[ GZRGTKGPEGU YKVJ UQWPF RGQRNG JCXG
DGGP RQUKVKXG CNVJQWIJ + MPQY UQOG ITGCV QPGU VJCV + TGCNN[ VTWUV 9JGP + ECP VTWUV C UQWPF OCP + YKNN FQ
OQTG GZVGPUKXG UGVWRU GURGEKCNN[ KP NCTIGT JCNNU $WV + JCXG NKVVNG VTWUV HQT VJG WUWCN RGQRNG TWPPKPI UQWPF
KP JKIJ UEJQQN CWFKVQTKWOU QT I[OPCUKWOU +P VJCV EKTEWOUVCPEG VJG UKORNGUV UGVWR KU VJG DGUV

6JGTG CTG C HGY VJKPIU VQ MPQY CDQWV OKETQRJQPGU VJCV ECP TGCNN[ JGNR [QWT RGTHQTOCPEG VQ DG UWEEGUUHWN
/KETQRJQPGU CTG DWKNV YKVJ FKHHGTGPV RKEMWR RCVVGTPU /QUV QH WU JCXG JCF OQTG GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ 2#
RWDNKE CFFTGUU OKETQRJQPGU CV C RQFKWO QT C RWNRKV 6JGUG OKEU JCXG YKFG RCVVGTPU CPF RKEM WR HCKTN[
GSWCNN[ YJGVJGT VJG UQWPF UQWTEG KU FKTGEVN[ QP CZKU QT EQOKPI HTQO GKVJGT UKFG 5VCIG OKETQRJQPGU JCXG C
VKIJV RCVVGTP CPF CTG OCFG VQ DNQEM QWV UQWPFU HTQO VJG UKFGU CPF VJG TGCT 2TQZKOKV[ OCVVGTU CPF VJG DGUV
RKEM WR KU UVTCKIJV FQYP VJG DQTG 6JGTGHQTG VJG FKTGEVQT ECP FQ C NQV CV C RGTHQTOCPEG VQ GPUWTG VJCV GCEJ
UQNQKUV KU QP OKE + YQWNF VGCEJ VJG UVWFGPVU VQ IGV WR VJGTG GCTN[ NGCXG QWV UQOG QH VJG GPUGODNG RCTV CPF
CFLWUV VJG OKE UQ VJG[ CTG CKOGF FKTGEVN[ CV KV DWV PQV VQQ ENQUG FQPȉV JCXG VQ UYCNNQY KV  $WV YJGP VJG
UVWFGPV FQGUPȉV IGV VJKU FQPG CFGSWCVGN[ VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT UJQWNF DG TKIJV VJGTG VQ CFLWUV KV + JCXG UGGP
EQWPVNGUU HGUVKXCN RGTHQTOCPEGU YJGTG VJG UQNQKUV EQWNF PQV DG JGCTF CPF C NKVVNG UKORNG CVVGPVKQP VQ YJGTG
VJG OKETQRJQPG YCU CKOGF YQWNF JCXG OCFG CNN VJG FKHHGTGPEG DWV UQNQKUV CPF FKTGEVQT UGGOGF QDNKXKQWU
VQ VJG RTQDNGO 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ + JCXG CNUQ UGGP VJG UQWPF OCP FGUVTQ[ VJG RGTHQTOCPEG D[ TWPPKPI VJG UQNQ
OKE QT VJG RKCPQ OKE TKFKEWNQWUN[ NQWF 6JKU KU UQOGVKOGU C EQPEGRVWCN RTQDNGO CPF QVJGT VKOGU C RTQDNGO
QH PGINGEV +H + YGTG VJG UQNQKUV VJCV UVQQF WR VQ C OKETQRJQPG VJCV YCU QDXKQWUN[ VQQ NQWF + YQWNF DCEM C
FKUVCPEG CYC[ HTQO KV QT UVGR EQORNGVGN[ QHH OKE

#PQVJGT KUUWG VJCV + QDUGTXG HTGSWGPVN[ KU YJGP VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT DTKPIU VJG OKE KP HTQPV QH VJG UCZ UGEVKQP HQT
CP KPRNCEG UCZQRJQPG UQNQ CPF VJGP NGCXGU KV VJGTG CHVGT VJG UQNQKUV JCU ȳPKUJGF 6JG OKE KU UVKNN JQV CPF KU
IQKPI VQ UMGY VJG DCNCPEG QH VJG YJQNG DCPF CPF GURGEKCNN[ VJG UCZ UGEVKQP 6JKU YQWNF PQV DG PGEGUUCT[ KH
VJG UQWPF OCP KU CNGTV CPF VWTPU VJG OKE FQYP DWV + JCXG HQWPF VJCV VJKU KU VQQ OWEJ VQ GZRGEV + CNYC[U VCMG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

EQPVTQN D[ VWTPKPI VJG OKE CTQWPF DCEMYCTFU VQYCTFU VJG CWFKGPEG CU UQQP CU VJG PGGF HQT KV KU RCUV VJGP
O[ DCPF UQWPF ECPPQV DG FCOCIGF D[ C ECTGNGUU UQWPF RGTUQP 6JKU KU GXGP VJG ECUG YJGP VJG UQNQ OKEU
CTG RQUKVKQPGF QXGT KP HTQPV QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF VJGTG CTG PQ UQNQKUVU WUKPI VJGO CV VJG OQOGPV +H
VJG[ CTG NGHV NQWF VJG FTWOU CPF E[ODCNU FGRGPFKPI QP RTQZKOKV[ OC[ DNGGF VJTQWIJ VJG UQWPF U[UVGO
CPF VCMG QXGT VJG YJQNG DCPF 5Q + CNYC[U VWTP VJQUG CTQWPF DCEMYCTFU CU YGNN WPVKN VJG UQNQKUVU PGGF
them.

9JGP + CO KP C NCTIGT XGPWG QT QWVUKFG CPF JCXG UQWPF RGQRNG VJCV + VTWUV + NKMG VQ VKIJV OKE VJG YJQNG
GPUGODNG 6JKU OGCPU VJGTG KU C OKE QP GXGT[ KPFKXKFWCN KP VJG DCPF CPF KV ECP DG XGT[ GZEKVKPI YJGP
JCPFNGF YGNN +P C PQTOCN JCNN + TCTGN[ HGGN VJG PGGF VQ FQ VJKU HQT VJG RWTRQUG QH OCMKPI VJG DCPF NQWFGT
DWV TCVJGT HQT ENCTKV[ CPF GPJCPEGF DCNCPEG CNVJQWIJ KP C TGCNN[ NCTIG XGPWG QT QWVUKFG  KV ECP DG HQT
RQYGT CU YGNN 6JKU VKIJV OKE UGVWR YQWNF IKXG HCT VQQ OWEJ FGUVTWEVKXG RQYGT VQ C UQWPF OCP VJCV FQGU
PQV JCXG C EQPEGRV QH JQY VQ OCMG VJKU YQTM UQ VJCV KV UVKNN UQWPFU CEQWUVKE CPF + YQWNF PGXGT EQPUKFGT KV
KH + FQPȉV JCXG VJG DGUV UQWPF RGQRNG RQUUKDNG 6JKU CNUQ IKXGU WU DGVVGT TGEQTFKPIU QH QWT RGTHQTOCPEGU CPF
KH VJG DCPF KU CEVWCNN[ FQKPI C TGEQTFKPI UGUUKQP VJGP VJG VKIJV OKE CRRTQCEJ YKNN DG PGEGUUCT[ KP OQUV
ECUGU  + V[RKECNN[ DTKPI O[ QYP UQWPF OCP YJGP + RQUUKDN[ ECPU

#P CYCTG DCPF FKTGEVQT YJQ FQGU UQOG OKE VTCKPKPI YKVJ UVWFGPVU CPF OC[DG YKVJ C VGCEJCDNG UQWPF
OCP CPF YJQ VCMGU UVGRU VQ EQPVTQN VJG OKETQRJQPG UKVWCVKQP ECP OCMG C OWEJ DGVVGT OWUKECN RTQFWEV
6CMG EQPVTQN

Setup
6JG UGVWR KP VJG TGJGCTUCN TQQO OC[ DG ʏCV QT CNN QP VJG UCOG NGXGN WPNGUU [QWT DCPF TQQO JCU VGTTCEGF
UVGRU $WV KP VJG RGTHQTOCPEG YG FQ YCPV C VGTTCEGF UGVWR 6JG YC[ + YQWNF CEEQORNKUJ VJKU KU VQ JCXG C
DTCUU TKUGT VJCV KU WUWCNN[  HGGV YKFG  HGGV FGGR CPF ȍ JKIJ 6JGP + ECP UGCV VJG UCZGU QP VJG ʏQQT
NGXGN YKVJ VJG VTQODQPGU UGCVGF QP VJG TKUGT DGJKPF VJGO CPF VJG VTWORGVU UVCPFKPI QP VJG UCOG TKUGT
DGJKPF VJG VTQODQPGU 6JKU IKXGU C PKEG VGTTCEGF NQQM DWV KV KU GXGP OQTG KORQTVCPV HQT UQPKE TGCUQPU +H
VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP KU UGCVGF QP VJG ʏQQT NGXGN VJGKT UQWPF YKNN DG GCVGP WR CU VJG[ DNQY KPVQ VJG DCEM QH
VJG UCZGU +H + GXGT FQ JCXG VQ UGV WR YKVJ GXGT[QPG QP VJG UCOG NGXGN JCRRGPU UQOGVKOGU QP CP QXGTUGCU
VQWT  + YKNN URCEG VJG UCZGU CPF CUM VJG VTQODQPGU VQ CKO VJGKT DGNNU TKIJV DGVYGGP VJG UCZQRJQPG RNC[GTU
UQ YG ECP IGV VJG UQWPF QWV VQ VJG CWFKGPEG 6JG VTWORGVU ECP UVKNN UVCPF DGJKPF VJG VTQODQPGU /WEJ
DGVVGT KU YJGP VJG VTQODQPGU CTG UKVVKPI ȍ JKIJGT VJCP VJG UCZQRJQPGU +V KU 016 GPQWIJ VQ JCXG CP ȍ
DQQUV ȍ KU KFGCN 7PHQTVWPCVGN[ KV KU TCTG HQT VJQUG YJQ UGV WR CV C HGUVKXCN VQ WPFGTUVCPF VJKU CPF YG
CTG CNOQUV CNYC[U FGCNKPI YKVJ QPN[ CP ȍ NKHV YJKEJ KU PQV CFGSWCVG + JCXG UGGP DCPF FKTGEVQTU VT[ VQ
UQNXG VJG NGXGN UGVWR RTQDNGO CPF GXGP VJG ȍ NKHV RTQDNGO D[ JCXKPI VJG VTQODQPG UGEVKQP UVCPF DWV VJKU
ECWUGU VJG UCOG RTQDNGO HQT VJG VTWORGVU YJQ CTG PQY IGVVKPI DWTKGF DGJKPF VJG VTQODQPGU WPNGUU VJG[
CTG UVCPFKPI QP C JKIJ GPQWIJ TKUGT + YCPV VQ DG CDNG VQ UGG CNN QH VJG DTCUU RNC[GTUȉ DGNNU KP VJG HTGG CPF
clear. Of course, this requires a reminder for the students to hold their bells up and not let their sound get
DWTKGF DGJKPF QVJGT RNC[GTU QT GCVGP WR D[ VJG ʏQQT

+ PQTOCNN[ MGGR VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP QP VJG ʏQQT NGXGN DWV KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ RWV VJG FTWOOGT QP C TCKUGF
RNCVHQTO +H + FQ VJCV + YQWNF RWV VJG DCUU WR VJGTG VQQ UQ VJG[ TGOCKP KP JGCTKPI RTQZKOKV[ CPF OCKPVCKP
good eye contact.

2NGCUG TGHGT VQ #RRGPFKZ # HQT C FKCITCO QH VJG CDQXG UGVWR KFGCU

%JCRVGT  1P VJG (TQPV .KPG 2GTHQTOCPEG CPF %QORGVKVKQP ] 2CIG 

 Soundcheck
&WTKPI VJG TGJGCTUCNUQWPF EJGEM + CNYC[U JCXG VJTGG IQCNU KP OKPF (KTUV KU VQ TGXKGY VJG EJCTVU YKVJ
VJG DCPF + YKNN UVCTV GCEJ VWPG HQT VGORQ CPF TGXKGY CP[ RTQDNGOCVKE RCUUCIGU CPF ȳPKUJ CP[ RTGRCTCVKQPU
UVKNN PGGFGF $WV O[ UGEQPF IQCN KU VQ OCMG UWTG + FQPȉV DWTP QWV VJG DTCUU EJQRU 1HVGP + YKNN LWUV JCXG VJG
DCPF UKPI EGTVCKP UGEVKQPU VQ RTGUGTXG OQWVJ GPFWTCPEG QT DNQY KV YKVJ VJG CKTUVTGCO DWV PQ KPUVTWOGPV 
5QOGVKOGU KV KU GPQWIJ LWUV VQ VCNM KV FQYP + YQWNF OWEJ TCVJGT JCXG VJG DTCUU CV VJG EQPEGTV VJCP KP VJG
rehearsal.

6JG QVJGT IQCN KU VQ IGV VJG UQWPF TKIJV CPF VJG DCPF EQOHQTVCDNG YKVJ VJG PGY GPXKTQPOGPV +H VJG UQWPF
UGVWR KU EQORNGZ VJKU OC[ KPENWFG EJGEMKPI OKEU HQT GCEJ UGEVKQP CPF EJGEMKPI OQPKVQTU +H KV KU C UKORNG
UGVWR + UVKNN PGGF VQ OCMG UWTG VJG RKCPQ KU CV VJG TKIJV NGXGN CPF VJG UQNQ OKEU CTG EQOHQTVCDNG HQT DQVJ VJG
UQNQKUVU CPF VJG CWFKGPEG CPF VJG OQPKVQTU CTG IQQF KH VJGTG CTG CP[ 'CEJ UQNQKUV PGGFU VQ JCXG C EJCPEG
VQ HGGN QWV RNC[KPI YKVJ VJG OKE + PGGF VQ IQ QWV KPVQ VJG JCNN CPF JGCT YJCV MKPF QH DCNCPEGU YG JCXG +
WUWCNN[ ȳPF O[UGNH CV VJG OKZKPI DQCTF JGNRKPI VJG UQWPF GPIKPGGT CPF VGCEJKPI EQPEGRV &QPȉV LWUV NGCXG
CNN QH VJKU VQ EJCPEG +H + FQ JCXG C XQECN UQNQKUV KV KU KORGTCVKXG VQ JCXG C OQPKVQT CPF VQ IKXG VJG UKPIGT
CPF VJG UQWPF OCP C EJCPEG VQ FGCN YKVJ VJG UQWPF KP CFXCPEG QH VJG EQPEGTV

+P C TGCN RTQFWEVKQP NKIJVKPI OC[ CNUQ DGEQOG C RTGEQPEGTV TGJGCTUCN KUUWG + OC[ PGGF VQ URGPF C NKVVNG
VKOG YKVJ VJG NKIJVKPI RGTUQP VQ JGNR ETGCVG O[ XKUKQP QH VJG NKIJVKPI + CNYC[U RTQFWEG C EQPEGTV VGEJ RCIG
VJCV QWVNKPGU VJG VWPGU VJG UQNQKUVU CP[ QVJGT UQWPF KUUWGU VQ YCVEJ HQT GZ YQQFYKPF FQWDNGU QT UYKVEJ
HTQO CEQWUVKE VQ GNGEVTKE DCUU  CPF VJG NKIJVKPI EJCPIGU VJCV OC[ JGNR VJG ʏQY QH VJG OQQF QH VJG VWPGU
6JKU CVVGPVKQP KU GXGP OQTG KORGTCVKXG KH VJGTG YKNN DG CP[ XKFGQ TGEQTFKPI QH VJG EQPEGTV

Mental-Spiritual Concert Preparations

#PQVJGT VJKPI VJCV VGPFU VQ WPFGTOKPG CNN QH VJG JCTF YQTM VJCV [QW CPF [QWT UVWFGPVU JCXG RWV KPVQ RTGRCTKPI
HQT VJG EQPEGTV KU UVCIG HTKIJV 5VWFGPVU IGV PGTXQWU CPF C NQV QH JCTF YQTM IQGU QWV VJG YKPFQY + CNYC[U
FKUEWUU VJKU YKVJ O[ UVWFGPVU CPF VT[ VQ UGV C VQPG YJGTG YG ECP DG TGNCZGF DWV HQEWUGF #V VJG TKUM QH
DGKPI VQQ DNWPV NGV OG UWIIGUV VJCV YJCV YG ECNN UVCIG HTKIJV KU UKORN[ DGKPI VQQ EGPVGTGF QP QPGUGNH 9G
UVCTV VQ GPVGTVCKP VJQWIJVU NKMG Ȋ)GG + JQRG VJG[ȉTG KORTGUUGF YKVJ OGȍ Ȋ1J + JQRG VJG[ FKFPȉV PQVKEG
+ LWUV OCFG C OKUVCMG TKIJV VJGTGȍ Ȋ+ JQRG VJG[ FQPȉV HGGN DCFN[ CDQWV OG PQYȍ Ȋ+ YQPFGTȒ + + OG
+ OGȒȒȍ 9G JCXG VQ TGCNK\G VJCV KV KU PQV CDQWV OG +VȉU CDQWV VJG OWUKE CPF UJCTKPI KV YKVJ QVJGTU KP C
YC[ VJCV WRNKHVU VJGO # NKVVNG OGPVCN RTGRCTCVKQP VQ TGOKPF QWTUGNXGU YJCV VJKU KU TGCNN[ CDQWV ECP JGNR WU
GPQTOQWUN[ YKVJ TGNCZCVKQP + DGNKGXG YKVJ LC\\ ITGCV -KTM 9JCNWO YJQ UCKF KV ȳTUV CV CP KPVGTPCVKQPCN
EQPHGTGPEG QH LC\\ OWUKEKCPU VJCV )QF ICXG WU QWT VCNGPVU CPF QWT LQD KU VQ JQPG VJGO CPF IKXG VJGO DCEM
KP UGTXKEG VQ *KU QVJGT EJKNFTGP 1WT VCNGPVU YGTG PQV IKXGP VQ WU HQT UGNȳUJ TGCUQPU DWV VQ UGTXG CPF DNGUU
QVJGTU 5QTT[ /KNGU +H YG ECP IGV CP QVJGTEGPVGTGF QTKGPVCVKQP IQKPI KPUVGCF QH C UGNHEGPVGTGF QTKGPVCVKQP
YG FQPȉV IGV UQ PGTXQWU 5GNHEGPVGTGFPGUU CPF VT[KPI VQQ JCTF VQ KORTGUU CTG QWT GPGOKGU

+ JCXG HQWPF VJCV LWUV FKUEWUUKPI QVJGTEGPVGTGFPGUU VQIGVJGT DGHQTG VJG EQPEGTV TGCNN[ JGNRU IGV GXGT[QPG
QP VJG UCOG RCIG 9JCV KU QWT TGCN RWTRQUG VQPKIJV +U KV VQ RNC[ C RGTHGEV EQPEGTV +H UQ YG JCXG LWUV UGV
QWTUGNXGU WR HQT HCKNWTG DGECWUG KV PGXGT JCRRGPU QP VJKU RNCPGV +U KV VQ KORTGUU RGQRNG YKVJ JQY ITGCV YG
CTG 6JKU KU PQV C YQTVJ[ QDLGEVKXG QT OQVKXG CPF YKNN HCNN UJQTV $WV KH YG CTG UGV WR KP CP QVJGTEGPVGTGF
YC[ ECP YG OCMG C HGY OKUVCMGU KP VJG EQPEGTV CPF UVKNN VQWEJ JGCTVU CPF NKHV RGQRNG ;GU 0QY YG CTG
UGV WR VQ UWEEGGF # XKEVQT[ QP VJKU HTQPV DGHQTG VJG EQPEGTV ECP RC[ DKI FKXKFGPFU QP VJG UVCIG .GVȉU IGV
KPVQ UKPIKPI QWT JGCTVU QWV QP VJKU ITGCV OWUKE YG NQXG UQ YG ECP DNGUU QVJGTU .GVȉU RNC[ YKVJ RWTG LQ[ KP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

VJG OWUKE PQV HGCT 2J[UKQNQIKUVU VGNN WU VJCV VJGTG KU PQ FKHHGTGPEG KP VJG PGTXQWU U[UVGO DGVYGGP EQWTCIG
CPF HGCT 6JG DQF[ FWORU CP GZVTC OGCUWTG QH CFTGPCNKP KPVQ VJG DNQQF UVTGCO HQT GKVJGT 5Q YJCV OCMGU
VJG FKHHGTGPEG 1WT OGPVCN QWVNQQM 6JKU KU C FKHHGTGPV CVVKVWFG CPF HQT [GCTU + JCXG EQPUKUVGPVN[ VTKGF VQ
JCXG VJKU XKEVQT[ QXGT UGNH DGHQTG O[ RGTHQTOCPEGU #HVGT C YJKNG VJKU CVVKVWFG QH UGTXKEG LWUV DGEQOGU C
PCVWTCN CRRTQCEJ VQ NKHG CPF KV DGEQOGU GCUKGT CPF SWKEMGT VQ IGV VQ VJCV RQKPV QH XKEVQT[ QXGT UGNH *GTG CTG
C EQWRNG QH NGVVGTU VJCV + TGEGKXGF CHVGT EQPEGTVU VJCV KNNWUVTCVG VJG RQYGT QH YJCV YG FQ

Letter 1

#RTKN VJ 

Dear Dr. Smith,

+ CO C RTQFWEGTCUUKUVCPV HQT VJG -$;7 TCFKQ UVCVKQP CPF + CVVGPFGF VJG RGTHQTOCPEG VJKU YGGM

+ YCPVGF VQ YTKVG CPF UC[ VJCV KU YCU C UWRGTD RGTHQTOCPEG 6JG /CNCIWGPC VJG DCPF RNC[GF YCU TGOCTMCDNG
+ HGNV NKMG C LCIWCT VJCV  RWTUWGF CP CPKOCN  ECRVWTGF VJG CPKOCN  FGXQWTGF VJG CPKOCNȅFGNKEKQWU

#NUQ + DTQWIJV O[ 4WUUKCP HTKGPF HTQO 5KDGTKC VQ VJG RGTHQTOCPEG 5JG KU  [GCTU QNF CPF JCU JCF OCP[
VTQWDNGU VJTQWIJQWV JGT NKHG KP 4WUUKC CPF KP JGT PGY NKHG KP #OGTKEC 1P 6WGUFC[ UJG JCF C RCTVKEWNCTN[
DCF FC[ DGECWUG QH CP WRUGVVKPI RJQPG ECNN HTQO 5KDGTKC +ȉNN CFOKV + YCU YQTTKGF CDQWV DTKPIKPI JGT VQ
VJG RGTHQTOCPEG DGECWUG UJG YCU UQ WRUGVUCF CPF + ȳIWTGF VJG OWUKE YQWNF HGGN VQQ OWEJ NKMG C RCTV[
*QYGXGT UJG JCF CNTGCF[ RNCPPGF QP EQOKPI UQ UJG ECOG CPF UJG JCF C 910&'4(7. 6+/' 5JG
NQXGF KV 5JG YCU UOKNKPI CPF JCRR[ D[ VJG GPF #NN VJG UVTGUU QH JGT HCEVQT[ LQD JGT HCOKN[ CPF ȳPCPEKCN
VTQWDNGU OGNVGF CYC[

+ URQMG VQ JGT VJG PGZV FC[ CPF UJG UCKF Ȋ.CUV PKIJV + IQV KP DGF CPF LWUV HGNN CUNGGR + FKFPȉV JCXG CP[ DCF
FTGCOU + FKFPȉV YQTT[ + YGPV VQ DGFȍ 5JG CVVTKDWVGF CNN QH VJKU VQ JCXKPI CVVGPFGF VJG EQPEGTV CPF VJG
music.

+ GPLQ[GF VJG RGTHQTOCPEG KOOGPUGN[ $WV + CO XGT[ ITCVGHWN HQT VJG GHHGEV QH VJKU OWUKE QP O[ HTKGPF
6JCPM [QW CICKP

Signed, Anonymous

Letter #2

#RTKN  

&GCT &T 5OKVJ

6JKU PQVG QH CRRTGEKCVKQP HQT [QW CPF 5[PVJGUKU =VJG $;7 ,C\\ $KI $CPF> KU NQPI QXGTFWG DWV + YCU VJKPMKPI
CDQWV [QW VQFC[ CPF VJQWIJV ȊDGVVGT NCVG VJCP PGXGTȍ

+ WUWCNN[ NKUVGP VQ LC\\ DGECWUG KVȉU VJTKNNKPI CPF GPGTIK\KPI 6JG UWTRTKUGU KP IQQF LC\\ OWUKE OCMG OG NCWIJ
QWV NQWF $WV [QWT %JTKUVOCU EQPEGTV QP &GE  YCU OWEJ DKIIGT VJCP VJCV KV JCF URKTKVWCN KORQTVCPEG HQT OG

+ȉXG JCF C XGT[ GCU[ CPF XGT[ JCRR[ NKHG DWV + CFOKV VJCV 0QXGODGT YCU QPG QH VJG JCTFGUV OQPVJU +ȉXG
JCF + HGNV C URKTKVWCN FCTMPGUU VJCV + JCXG TCTGN[ HGNV $WV CV VJG GPF QH [QWT %JTKUVOCU EQPEGTV + TGCNK\GF

%JCRVGT  1P VJG (TQPV .KPG 2GTHQTOCPEG CPF %QORGVKVKQP ] 2CIG 

VJCV PQV QPN[ JCF + HQTIQVVGP CDQWV O[ HTWUVTCVKQPU HQT C OQOGPV + JCF UOKNGF GCTVQGCT HQT  JQWTU /[
HCEG CEJGF HTQO UOKNKPI HQT UQ NQPI + TGCNK\G PQY VJCV VJCV PKIJV JGNRGF OG VQ URKTKVWCNN[ VWTP O[UGNH
CTQWPF C DKV ;QW MPQY JQY UQOGVKOGU RJ[UKEKCPU PGGF VQ JGNR [QW OCPCIG RCKP UQ VJCV [QWT DQF[ KU CDNG
VQ DGIKP JGCNKPI + HGNV NKMG [QWT EQPEGTV JGNRGF OG HGGN CPF UGG ENGCTN[ CPF VJCV KP VWTP JGNRGF OG VQ UVCTV
feeling better.

+ MPQY VJCV ;17 WPFGTUVCPF VJG RQYGT QH YJCV [QW FQ 6JCV PKIJV + JGCTF [QW RNC[ Ȋ9JCV %JKNF +U 6JKUȍ
CPF KVȉU QDXKQWU VJCV [QW IGV VJG RCUVQTCN RQYGT QH OWUKE + JQRG VJCV [QW CTG CDNG VQ JGNR [QWT UVWFGPV
OWUKEKCPU CRRTGEKCVG VJGKT CDKNKV[ VQ DTKPI YJQNGPGUU VQ QVJGTU YKVJ VJGKT VCNGPVU # UOQMKPȉ UQNQ KU PQV LWUV
ITGCV HWP UQOGVKOGU KV ECP JGCN

6JCPMU HQT [QWT EQPVKPWGF UGTXKEG VQ VJG EQOOWPKV[ VJTQWIJ [QWT VGCEJKPI CPF [QWT OWUKE 6JCPMU CNUQ
VQ [QWT ITGCV OWUKEKCPU HQT VJGKT FGFKECVKQP VQ VJGKT CTV + JCXG DGGP DNGUUGF D[ [QWT OCP[ JQWTU QH YQTM

Sincerely,

Signed, Anonymous

Competitive Performance
+ JCXG CNYC[U HGNV VJCV VJG URQTVU OGPVCNKV[ KP OWUKE KU CPVKVJGVKE VQ YJCV YG CTG VT[KPI VQ CEEQORNKUJ YKVJ
QWT UVWFGPVU CPF VJG HGUVKXCN + TWP KU PQV KP C EQORGVKVKXG HTCOGYQTM CPF KU QTKGPVGF VQYCTF CP GFWECVKQPCN
KPURKTCVKQPCN GZRGTKGPEG $WV KP TGCN NKHG YG FQ HCEG EQORGVKVKQP CPF KV KU PQV CNN DCF VQ JCXG VQ EQORGVG CV
VKOGU 'KVJGT YC[ [QW YKNN ȳPF [QWTUGNH KP C EQORGVKVKXG UKVWCVKQP HTQO VKOG VQ VKOG 9JGP VJKU KU VJG
ECUG KV YKNN OCVVGT JQY [QW UGV WR VJG UKVWCVKQP KP VJG UVWFGPVUȉ OKPFU + JCF C VQWIJ UKVWCVKQP C HGY [GCTU
ago that illustrates this point.

+ YCU CUMGF VQ VTCXGN VQ +FCJQ VQ CFLWFKECVG C JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ HGUVKXCN CPF VQ DG C IWGUV UQNQKUV YKVJ VJG JQUV
DCPF QP VJG GXGPKPI EQPEGTV +V YCUPȉV WPVKN + CTTKXGF VJCV + HQWPF QWV VJCV + YCU VJG UQNG CFLWFKECVQT CPF VJG
HGUVKXCN YCU EQORGVKVKXG KP C EQWRNG QH FKHHGTGPV ECVGIQTKGU 6JG ȳTUV ECVGIQT[ ȳPKUJGF KP VJG OQTPKPI CPF
C YKPPGT YCU CPPQWPEGF DGHQTG NWPEJ 1PG QH VJG DCPFU JCF EQOG YKVJ VJG CVVKVWFG VJCV VJG[ JCF CNTGCF[
YQP 9JGP + FKFPȉV JGCT KV VJCV YC[ OCLQT TGRGTEWUUKQPU DTQMG QWV +P C HGY OKPWVGU + HQWPF O[UGNH KP VJG
HGUVKXCN FKTGEVQTȉU QHȳEG YKVJ JKO CPF VJG CUUKUVCPV HGUVKXCN FKTGEVQT CPF VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT QH VJG DCPF VJCV VJQWIJV
VJG[ UJQWNF JCXG YQP YKVJ JKU CUUKUVCPV DCPF FKTGEVQT CPF VYQ TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU HTQO VJG RCTGPVUȉ DCPF DQQUVGT
CUUQEKCVKQP + YCU CUMGF VQ FGHGPF O[ FGEKUKQP 6JKU YCU JQTTKDN[ WPEQOHQTVCDNG HQT OG YKVJ C VGPUKQP KP
VJG TQQO VJCV + UJCNN PQV HQTIGV #HVGT CNN FKURGTUGF + JGCFGF VQ VJG ECHGVGTKC HQT NWPEJ

1P VJG YC[ + TCP KPVQ VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT EQOKPI VJG QVJGT YC[ +H NQQMU EQWNF MKNN + YQWNF JCXG DGGP FGCF
QP VJG URQV *G ECOG WR VQ OG TKIJV KP O[ HCEG UJCMKPI JKU ȳPIGT CU JG CEEWUGF OG QH FGUVTQ[KPI JKU
UVWFGPVU CPF JKU DCPF RTQITCO *G UCKF OCP[ QH JKU UVWFGPVU YGTG UQ FGXCUVCVGF VJCV VJG[ YGTG IQKPI VQ
SWKV RNC[KPI CPF YQWNF PQV TGVWTP VQ JKU DCPF VJG PGZV [GCT + JCF DGGP RTGVV[ EQQN WR VQ VJKU RQKPV DWV VJKU
KU YJGP + NQUV KV + ECOG TKIJV DCEM KP JKU HCEG CPF VQNF JKO KP PQ WPEGTVCKP VGTOU VJCV + YCU PQV IQKPI VQ
CEEGRV VJG DNCOG HQT VJCV + VQNF JKO VJCV KH YJCV JG UCKF CDQWV JKU UVWFGPVU YCU VTWG VJGP JG YCU IQKPI VQ
YGCT VJCV + UCKF GORJCVKECNN[ Ȋ+H [QW UGV VJKU WR VJCV YC[ KP [QWT MKFUȉ OKPFU VJGP [QW FGUVTQ[GF [QWT
QYP RTQITCO 6JCV KU PQV OWUKE GFWECVKQP VJCV KU GIQVKUVKECN UVWRKFKV[ QP [QWT RCTVȍ ;GU NGVVGTU ECOG
NCVGT VQ O[ FGCP CPF FGRCTVOGPV EJCKT

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

+P VJG QNF FC[U QH YJGP + ȳTUV VQQM QXGT O[ LC\\ RTQITCO + YQWNF CUM VJG UVWFGPVU ȍ9J[ CTG YG IQKPI VQ
VJKU EQORGVKVKXG HGUVKXCN ȍ + IQV CPUYGTU NKMG ȍ-KEM DWVVȍ ȍ6CMG 5VCVGȍ UQ VQ URGCM  ȍ0Q 0Q 0Q 6JCV
KU 016 YJ[ YG CTG IQKPI 9J[ CTG YG TGCNN[ IQKPI ȍ 6JGP + JGNRGF VJG DCPF TGCNK\G DGVVGT OQVKXGU 9G
IQ ȳTUV VQ EQORGVG YKVJ QWTUGNXGU QWT RCUV 9G CTG RWUJKPI QWTUGNXGU VQ ITQY CPF GZEGN QWT RCUV UGNXGU
9G CTG IQKPI VQ JGNR QWTUGNXGU TGCNK\G QWT QYP RQVGPVKCN 9G CTG IQKPI VQ TGEGKXG JGNRHWN EQOOGPVU HTQO
SWCNKȳGF CFLWFKECVQTU 5GEQPF YG CTG IQKPI VQ JGCT QVJGT DCPFU CPF VQ NGCTP HTQO VJGO CPF DG KPURKTGF D[
VJGO 6JKTF YG CTG IQKPI VQ CVVGPF ITGCV GFWECVKQPCN ENKPKEU 9G CTG CNUQ IQKPI VQ JGCT ITGCV IWGUV CTVKUVU
CPF VQ DG KPURKTGF D[ VJGO ȍ&Q YG JCXG VQ YKP VQ CEEQORNKUJ VJGUG QDLGEVKXGU ȍ #DUQNWVGN[ PQV 5GV WR
YKVJ VJGUG OQVKXGU YG CTG YKPPGTU GKVJGT YC[ +H YG JCRRGP VQ CEVWCNN[ YKP VJCV KU LWUV HTQUVKPI QP VJG
ECMG CPF KH YG FQPȉV YKP YG CTG UVKNN YKPPGTU 1WT VKOG CPF GHHQTVU JCXG DGGP YGNNURGPV 9JGP YG JCXG
VJKU CVVKVWFG VJG RTGUUWTG EQOGU FQYP KP NCTIG OGCUWTG 9G ECP TGNCZ CPF RNC[ QWT DGUV

5Q YJGVJGT YG CTG RTGRCTKPI HQT C EQPEGTV RGTHQTOCPEG QT C HGUVKXCN RGTHQTOCPEG QT C EQORGVKVKXG RGTHQTOCPEG
KV YKNN JGNR VJG UVWFGPVU UGVVNG FQYP CPF IKXG VJGKT DGUV RGTHQTOCPEG KH YG URGPF VKOG YKVJ VJGO ETGCVKPI
TKIJV CVVKVWFGU CPF C RQUKVKXG OGPVCNURKTKVWCN QWVNQQM *GNR VJGO QXGTEQOG VJGOUGNXGU CPF VJGKT PGTXGU
+H YG PGINGEV VJCV QT HCKN VQ FGCN YGNN YKVJ CP[ QH VJG RJ[UKECN UGVWR KUUWGU YG YKNN EQORTQOKUG CNN VJCV YG JCXG
YQTMGF HQT KP UQ OCP[ JQWTU QH TGJGCTUCN 6JKU CICKP KU VJG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ QH VJG EQPUEKGPVKQWU LC\\ GFWECVQT

Directing the Band in Concert

9JGP VGCEJKPI KP -GPVWEM[ VJG EJQKT VGCEJGT ECOG VQ QPG QH O[ LC\\ EQPEGTVU + TCP KPVQ JKO VJG PGZV FC[
CPF JG VQNF OG JG JCF DGGP CV VJG EQPEGTV 6JGP JG UCKF Ȋ+ LWUV JCXG QPG SWGUVKQP HQT [QW 9JCV CTG [QW
FQKPI WR VJGTG ȍ + UCKF Ȋ&CPEKPI JCXKPI HWP /[ YQTM YCU FQPG KP VJG TGJGCTUCNȍ +VȉU VTWG VJCV C LC\\
DKI DCPF EQPFWEVQT FQGUPȉV GZKUV KP VJG TGCN YQTNF QPN[ KP CECFGOKE UGVVKPIU CPF UQOG FKTGEVQTU YKNN UVCTV
VJG EJCTV CPF YCNM QHH VJG UVCIG + FQPȉV YCPV VJG DCPF VQ FGRGPF QP OG VQ FQ VJGKT YQTM UWEJ CU EQWPVKPI
TGUVU GVE  CPF + PGGF VQ DG HTGG HTQO EQPFWEVKPI VQ JGNR YKVJ C UQNQ OKE RNCEGOGPV CFLWUVOGPV QT C OKE
CFLWUVOGPV HQT C FQWDNKPI EJCPIG QT C RCIG VJCV FTQRU QP VJG ʏQQT QT CP COR RTQDNGO QT VQ TGOKPF VJG
DTCUU VQ JQNF WR VJGKT DGNNU DWV + FQ VT[ VQ DG KPXQNXGF CPF DG RCTV QH OCMKPI OWUKE YKVJ VJG DCPF

9JGP YG FKTGEV VJG DCPF YG QPN[ QEECUKQPCNN[ PGGF VQ CEVWCNN[ EQPFWEVȅHGTOCVCU EWVQHHȉU VGORQ
EJCPIGU GVE 6JG OCLQTKV[ QH VJG VKOG + CO LWUV UPCRRKPI ȳPIGTU QT JKVVKPI VKOG QP O[ NGI QP  CPF  KP
C UYKPI EJCTV QT  CPF  QP .CVKP UVTCKIJVGKIJVJ CPF HCUV UYKPI VWPGU + VJKPM VJG CWFKGPEG CRRTGEKCVGU KV YJGP
+ NQQM KPXQNXGF UQ + WUWCNN[ FQ UQOG EQPFWEVKPI QP GPUGODNG VWVVK RCUUCIGU NKMG VJG UJQWV EJQTWU CPF +
VJKPM KV JGNRU VJG DCPF D[ RTQXKFKPI EQPȳTOCVKQP HQT GPUGODNG OGODGTU YJQ CTG PQV RQUKVKXG VJG[ MPQY YJGTG
VJG[ CTG + CNUQ EQPFWEV VJTQWIJ OQUV QH C DCNNCF + OCKPN[ PGGF VQ FKTGEV VTCHȳE QP VJG UVCIGȅEQWPVKPI QHH
VJG EQTTGEV VGORQ UKIPCNKPI VJG GPFU QH QRGP UQNQ UGEVKQPU QT XCORU DTKPIKPI KP DCEMITQWPFU JGNRKPI
VJG DCPF VJTQWIJ VJG TQCFOCR CPF VJG NKMG #TO WR VQ VJG USWCTG NKMG C TKIJV VWTP JCPF UKIPCN DWV YKVJ C
ȳUV UKIPKȳGU EJCPIGU CTG EQOKPI 7UWCNN[ NGUU KU OQTG YJGP KV EQOGU VQ EQPFWEVKPI CPF + PGXGT YCPV VQ
IGV KP VJG YC[ QH VJG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[KPI IQQF VKOG # DCVQP KU PGXGT PGEGUUCT[ CPF NQQMU QWV QH RNCEG
on a jazz stage.

+ QHVGP HGGN NKMG + CO OQUVN[ C EJGGT NGCFGT HQT VJG DCPF VQ JGNR VJGO MGGR HQEWUGF CPF VQ DTKPI QWV VJGKT
GPGTI[ CPF RGTUQPCN KPXGUVOGPV + VJKPM KV JGNRU KH + CO TGNCZGF DWV GPGTIGVKE CPF UOKNKPI CPF XKUKDN[
GPLQ[KPI VJG OWUKE YG CUG OCMKPIȅKPXGUVGF KP VJG OWUKE O[UGNH + CNUQ PGGF VQ DG VJG NKCUQP VQ VJG
CWFKGPEG VQ CPPQWPEG VWPGU CEMPQYNGFIG UQNQKUVU FWTKPI QT CHVGT VJG RKGEG CEMPQYNGFIG URGEKCN IWGUVU KP
VJG CWFKGPEG VJCPM UQWPF CPF NKIJVKPI RGQRNG GVE + VT[ VQ MGGR VCNM KP DGVYGGP VWPGU DTKGH CPF UQOGVKOGU
+ FQPȉV VCNM CV CNN TCVJGT UGIWG 5QOGVKOGU + PGGF VQ VCNM NQPIGT VQ IKXG VJG DCUU RNC[GT C EJCPEG VQ UYKVEJ
HTQO CEQWUVKE VQ GNGEVTKE DCUU QT VQ JGNR VJG UCZGU UYKVEJ VQ YQQFYKPF FQWDNGU #V VJG GPF QH VJG EQPEGTV
+ JCXG VJG DCPF UVCPF WR CPF WUWCNN[ DQY CPF CICKP KPVGTHCEG YKVJ VJG CWFKGPEG

%JCRVGT  1P VJG (TQPV .KPG 2GTHQTOCPEG CPF %QORGVKVKQP ] 2CIG 

Chapter 26 Conclusion and Summary
9GNN FGCT LC\\ RGFCIQIWG YG JCXG EQOG VQ VJG GPF HQT PQY /[ JQRG KU VJCV KH [QW CTG C DCPF FKTGEVQT
YKVJQWV RTGXKQWU LC\\ GZRGTKGPEG [QW HGGN C NQV OQTG SWCNKȳGF VQ VCMG QP [QWT UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF +V KU PQV
your fault that your college music education program failed to prepare you for all the requirements of your
LQD $WV KV YKNN DG [QWT HCWNV KH [QW PQY HCKN VQ SWCNKH[ [QWTUGNH CPF EJGCV [QWT UVWFGPVU QH VJG GFWECVKQP VJG[
FGUGTXG 6JKU DQQM JCU IKXGP [QW C NQV QH KFGCU QH YJCV [QW ECP FQ QP [QWT QYP VQ KORTQXG [QWTUGNH CPF
to help your students.

+H [QW JCXG JCF RTGXKQWU LC\\ GZRGTKGPEG O[ JQRG KU VJCV [QW JCXG HQWPF C NQV QH KFGCU KP VJGUG RCIGU VQ
UVTGPIVJGP [QWT LC\\ VGCEJKPI CPF [QWT CDKNKV[ VQ KORTQXG QP [QWT YGCMPGUUGU

9JCV ECP [QW FQ HTQO JGTG VQ EQPVKPWG NGCTPKPI CPF KORTQXKPI [QWTUGNH

First VJGTG CTG EQWPVNGUU TGUQWTEGU QWVNKPGF KP VJKU DQQM HQT EQPVKPWGF ITQYVJ )Q DCEM CPF NKUVGP VQ OQTG
QH VJG TGEQTFKPIU VJCV CTG TGHGTGPEGF )Q DCEM CPF TGHGT VQ OQTG QH VJG DQQMU VJCV CTG TGHGTGPEGF )Q DCEM
CPF IQ VJTQWIJ OQTG QH VJG RNC[CNQPI TGUQWTEGU VJCV CTG TGHGTGPEGF

Second CVVGPF LC\\ ENKPKEU CPF FGOQPUVTCVKQPU CV [QWT UVCVG OWUKE GFWECVQTUȉ EQPHGTGPEGU )GV KPXQNXGF
CV VJG PCVKQPCN NGXGN CU YGNN 6JG ,C\\ 'FWECVKQP 0GVYQTM KU VJG LC\\ QTICPK\CVKQP VJCV [QW UJQWNF LQKP
JVVRUYYYLC\\GFPGVQTI 6JG ,C\\'F /CIC\KPG VJCV EQOGU YKVJ [QWT OGODGTUJKR KU C YQTVJYJKNG
TGUQWTEG CPF CVVGPFKPI VJG PCVKQPCN EQPHGTGPEGU KU COC\KPI CPF YGNN YQTVJ VJG VKOG CPF OQPG[

Third VJGTG CTG QVJGT LC\\ RGFCIQI[ VGZVU HQT VJG VGCEJGT VJCV OC[ DG JGNRHWN KP XCTKQWU YC[U

• The Jazz Ensemble Director’s Manual D[ 4KEM .CYP RWD D[ $CTPJQWUGȅ6JKU KU SWKVG CEEWTCVG
KPHQTOCVKQP D[ C YGNNTGURGEVGF RNC[GT CPF VGCEJGT

• Jazz Pedagogy: The Jazz Educator’s Handbook and Resource Guide, by J. Richard Dunscomb
CPF &T 9KNNKG . *KNN ,T RWDNKUJGF D[ #NHTGFȅ6JKU DQQM VTKGU VQ DG VJG OQUV EQORNGVG IWKFG
RWDNKUJGF CPF EQOGU YKVJ C &8& QH FGOQPUVTCVKQPU 5QOG KPHQTOCVKQP OC[ DG QH SWGUVKQPCDNG
CEEWTCE[ RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP VJG ,C\\ %QPEGRV 5GEVKQP O[ XKGY

• The Jazz Educator’s Handbook D[ ,GHH ,CTXKU CPF &QWI $GCEJ RWDNKUJGF D[ -GPFQT 6JKU DQQM
ENCKOU VQ DG VJG ȊOQUV EQORTGJGPUKXG JQYVQ JCPFDQQM HQT LC\\ GFWECVQTU GXGT RWDNKUJGF 6JKU
is clearly not true, but there are a lot of helpful ideas for the educator.

• 6G:DJKPI /WUKD 6JSQWIJ 2GSHQSO:PDG KP ,:\\ 7QN  D[ 4KEJCTF /KNGU CPF 4QPCNF %CTVGT
RWDNKUJGF D[ )+# 2WDNKECVKQPU *GNRHWN KFGCU HQT YQTMKPI YKVJ QXGT  EQOOQP LC\\ EJCTVU
EQPVTKDWVKQPU D[ OCP[ ITGCV LC\\ GFWECVQTUȅQPG QH VJG CTVKENGU KU OKPG 

• 6G:DJKPI /WUKD 6JSQWIJ 2GSHQSO:PDG KP ,:\\ 7QN %&U, by Ron Carter and the Northern
+NNKPQKU 7PKXGTUKV[ ,C\\ 'PUGODNG RWDNKUJGF D[ )+# 2WDNKECVKQPU 6YQ %& UGV HGCVWTKPI
TGEQTFGF GZCORNGU QH  UKIPKȳECPV LC\\ EJCTVU HQT VJG FGXGNQRKPI CPF KPVGTOGFKCVG LC\\ DCPFU

• A New Method for a Tighter Big Band D[ /CVU *QNOSWKUV RWDNKUJGF D[ ,COG[ #GDGTUQNF ,C\\
.QVU QH XCNWCDNG KFGCU

• Anyone Can Improvise! &8& D[ ,COG[ #GDGTUQNF RWDNKUJGF D[ ,COG[ #GDGTUQNF ,C\\ )TGCV

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 • Rhythm Section Workshop for Jazz Directors D[ 5JGNN[ $GTI .QW (KUEJGT (TGF *COKNVQP CPF
5VGXG *QWIJVQP RWDNKUJGF D[ #NHTGF %CP DG RWTEJCUGF CU C EQORNGVG UGV QT KPFKXKFWCN DQQMU HQT
RKCPQ IWKVCT DCUU FTWOU CPF FKTGEVQTȉU VGCEJGT VTCKPKPI MKV CPF %& CPF &8& %CP JGNR [QW ȳZ
rhythm section issues.

• Jazz Pedagogy D[ &CXKF $CMGT RWDNKUJGF D[ #NHTGF 2CTVKEWNCT CKOGF CV QRGTCVKPI C EQNNGIG LC\\
degree program, but there are useful ideas for all.

• The Teaching of Jazz D[ ,GTT[ %QMGT RWDNKUJGF D[ #FXCPEG /WUKE #NUQ CKOGF CV EQNNGIG LC\\
teaching, but valuable ideas for all.

• The Jazzer’s Cookbook: Creative Recipes for Players and Teachers GFKVGF D[ /CT[ ,Q 2CRKEJ
RWDNKUJGF D[ /GTGFKVJ /WUKE 2WDNKECVKQPU 'UUC[U QP C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH VQRKEU D[ OCP[ QH VJG
OQUV KORQTVCPV LC\\ GFWECVQTU KP VJKU EQWPVT[ + YCU RTKXKNGIGF VQ YTKVG QPG QH VJGO

Fourth VJGTG CTG UGXGTCN DQQM UGTKGU VJCV CTG FGUKIPGF HQT WUG KP TGJGCTUCNU YKVJ VJG YJQNG GPUGODNG
6JGUG ECP DG WUGHWN HQT VTCKPKPI C DCPF

• Chop-Monster Series .GXGNU  CPF  D[ 5JGNN[ $GTI RWDNKUJGF D[ #NHTGF  DQQMU UEQTG %&
,C\\ NCPIWCIG VWVQT CPF KORTQXKUCVKQP OGVJQF YKVJKP VJG GPUGODNG

• Essential Elements for Jazz Ensemble D[ /KMG 5VGKPGN RWDNKUJGF D[ *CN .GQPCTF &GUKIPGF VQ
VGCEJ LC\\ DCUKEU VQ UVWFGPVU YKVJ  QT  [GCTU RNC[KPI GZRGTKGPEG DWV YKVJ PQ RTKQT GZRGTKGPEG
RNC[KPI LC\\ 6GCEJGU VJG DCUKEU QH UYKPI UV[NG KP C UVGRD[UVGR CRRTQCEJ WUKPI YGNNMPQYP
songs.

• Jazz Conception D[ ,KO 5PKFGTQ RWDNKUJGF D[ #FXCPEG /WUKE #NUQ KP 'CU[ CPF +PVGTOGFKCVG
XGTUKQPU #KOGF CV FGXGNQRKPI KORTQXKUCVKQP DWV ECP DG WUGF D[ VJG GPVKTG GPUGODNG UGRCTCVG
DQQMU CTG RWDNKUJGF HQT CNN KPUVTWOGPVU DWV CTG EQQTFKPCVGF 

Fifth, RGTJCRU [QWT ITGCVGUV TGUQWTEG KU ,COG[ #GDGTUQNFȉU YGDUKVG YYYLC\\DQQMUEQO  6JKU KU VJG
most complete resource for materials for jazz pedagogy, improvisation, rhythm section developmental
OCVGTKCNU LC\\ GCT VTCKPKPI LC\\ VJGQT[ LC\\ XKFGQU QT &8&ȉU LC\\ RNC[CNQPIU CPF GXGP TGCN LC\\ TGEQTFKPIU
HQT NKUVGPKPI 'XGT[ DQQM OGPVKQPGF CDQXG KU CXCKNCDNG HTQO ,COG[

Sixth FQPȉV HQTIGV CDQWV #EEQORCP[ HQT JGNR YKVJ VTCKPKPI [QWT DCPF UGG %JCRVGT  CU YGNN CU 6WVVK
CNUQ %JCRVGT   6JGUG CTG KPETGFKDNG VQQNU HQT VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT CPF VJG UVWFGPVU

Seventh WUG HWPFU HTQO VJG DCPF MKVV[ QT RCTGPVUȉ DCPF DQQUVGT QTICPK\CVKQP VQ DTKPI KP GZRGTV IWGUV
ENKPKEKCPU 6JKU KU C DKI JGNR HQT VJG UVWFGPVU DWV OC[DG CP GXGP DKIIGT JGNR HQT VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT + JCXG
UGGP IWGUVU EQOG CPF VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT URGPFU JKU VKOG KP VJG QHȳEG 9JCV C OKUVCMG 6JG EQPUEKGPVKQWU
DCPF FKTGEVQT YKNN DG YCVEJKPI ECTGHWNN[ CPF VCMKPI PQVGU OC[DG GXGP CUMKPI SWGUVKQPU

Eighth VCMG CFXCPVCIG QH UWOOGT VTCKPKPI QRRQTVWPKVKGU UWEJ CU UWOOGT LC\\ YQTMUJQRU CPF VJG NKMG
;QW EQWNF CEVWCNN[ RCTVKEKRCVG KP QPG QH ,COG[ #GDGTUQNFȉU 5WOOGT ,C\\ 9QTMUJQRU 'UUGPVKCNN[
'NNKPIVQP KU RTQXKFKPI UQOG HKTUVENCUU VTCKPKPI QRRQTVWPKVKGU HQT GFWECVQTU YKVJ COC\KPI ENKPKEKCPU
UGG LC\\QTI QT LC\\QTIGG +P UQOG ECUGU VJG UEJQQN OC[ DG YKNNKPI VQ JGNR YKVJ UQOG GZRGPUGU TGNCVGF
VQ RTQHGUUKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV 6JKU OC[ CNUQ CRRN[ VQ RTQHGUUKQPCN OGODGTUJKRU QT EQPHGTGPEG CVVGPFCPEG
UWEJ CU ,'0ȅ,C\\ 'FWECVKQP 0GVYQTM

Last but not least KV KU RQUUKDNG VQ ȳPF VWVQTKCNU CPF JGNR HQT PGCTN[ CP[ SWGUVKQP VJGUG FC[U UKORN[ D[

%JCRVGT  %QPENWUKQP CPF 5WOOCT[ ] 2CIG 

TGUGCTEJKPI QP VJG KPVGTPGV +V KU COC\KPI YJCV [QW ECP TWP KPVQ QPNKPG &QPȉV HQTIGV VQ ȊCUM 5KTKȍ QT
Ȋ#NGZCȍ QT Ȋ)QQING #UUKUVCPVȍ

9G JCXG KP VJKU XQNWOG YQTMGF VQ DWKNF WRQP [QWT RTGXKQWU OWUKE GFWECVKQP VTCKPKPI CU YG JCXG YQTMGF
VJTQWIJ VGCEJKPI VJG DCUKEU QH VQPG RTQFWEVKQP KPVQPCVKQP DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF UGEVKQP RNC[KPI UYKPI
style articulation and rhythm and application to other styles, rhythm section functions and development,
KORTQXKUCVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV CPF YQTMKPI YKVJ [QWT UQNQKUVU KPENWFKPI [QWT DCNNCF UQNQKUV CPF XQECN
UQNQKUV VCMKPI ECTG QH VJG DWUKPGUU QH EJCTV UGNGEVKQP CPF RTQITCOOKPI CPF ȳPCNN[ EQPEGTV CPF HGUVKXCN
RGTHQTOCPEG KUUWGU ;17 ECP ETGCVG CP GZEGNNGPV LC\\ GPUGODNG VJCV GZEGNU KP CNN HQWT QH QWT CTGCUȅDCUKE
KPUVTWOGPVCN RNC[KPI UMKNNU UV[NKUVKE WPFGTUVCPFKPI C HWPEVKQPKPI TJ[VJO UGEVKQP CPF ITGCV UQNQKUVU

0GXGT CV CP[ VKOG JCU VJGTG DGGP UQ OWEJ JGNR HQT C DCPF FKTGEVQT VQ DGEQOG RTQȳEKGPV KP LC\\ 4GOGODGT
$QD CPF ,CPKU HTQO %JCRVGT  +H VJG[ ECP FQ KV YG ECP CNN FQ KVȅKPENWFKPI ;17 *CXG C ITGCV VTKR CPF
FQPȉV HQTIGV VQ GPLQ[ VJG LQWTPG[ 6JKU KU HWP CPF XGT[ TGYCTFKPI

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 Section 7

Appendices:
Don’t Have These
Removed!

This will help, not hurt . . .

Appendix A Big Band Setup

Physical Setup of the Big Band

6JG RJ[UKECN UGVWR QT UGCVKPI CTTCPIGOGPV QH VJG GPUGODNG ECP JCXG C RTQHQWPF KPʏWGPEG QP VJG RGTHQTOCPEG
KP VGTOU QH DCNCPEG CPF RTGEKUKQP 9JGTG UVWFGPVU CTG UKVVKPI KP TGNCVKQP VQ GCEJ QVJGT CHHGEVU JQY YGNN VJG[ JGCT
each other and play together.

6JG DNQEM HQTOCVKQP KU VJG UGVWR + YQWNF TGEQOOGPF HQT OKFFNG CPF JKIJ UEJQQN LC\\ DCPFU

Mos,
6Vrr Sptlodsr ’RsVmchmf(
6Vrr
OhVmn
Cptlr Spnlanmdr ’Rhsshmf(

;s,
RVTnognmdr

RlVkk Bhpbkdr ldVm

Dhbpnognmd OkVbdldms

9JGP WUKPI VJKU DNQEM UGV WR VJGTG CTG FKHHGTGPV QRVKQPU HQT VJG UGCVKPI QTFGT QH GCEJ UGEVKQP

6TWORGVU  14  14  14  14 

6TQODQPGU  14  14  14 

5CZQRJQPGU 6##6$ 14 $6##6 KH DQPGU CTG 

6JG ȳTUV VYQ UGCVKPI QTFGTU KP GCEJ ECUG CTG O[ RGTUQPCN RTGHGTGPEGU

6JG OKEȉU UJQYP KP VJG DNQEM UGVWR FKCITCO CDQXG YQWNF DG HQT C UOCNNGTV[RG UGV WR 1T VJG UGVWR ECP
go even simpler, just mic’ing the piano and soloists.

+H [QW JCXG UQWPF RGQRNG [QW ECP VTWUV VJG OKE UGVWR ECP IQ CP[YJGTG HTQO VJKU UOCNN UGVWR CNN VJG YC[
VQ VKIJV OKEȉKPI VJG GPVKTG GPUGODNG C UGRCTCVG OKETQRJQPG HQT GCEJ RNC[GT 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 A Few Thoughts to Keep in Mind
Ȏ 6JG GPUGODNG UJQWNF PQV DG URTGCF QWV VQQ HCT

Ȏ 6JG TJ[VJO UGEVKQP PGGFU VQ DG CU ENQUG CU RQUUKDNG VQ VJG GPUGODNG CPF VQ GCEJ QVJGT

Ȏ 6JG DCUU RNC[GT ECP DG RQUKVKQPGF DGJKPF VJG FTWOOGTȉU JKJCV CU RKEVWTGF QT JG ECP DG DGVYGGP VJG
piano and drums.

Ȏ 6JG IWKVCTKUV UJQWNF CV VJG HTQPV YJGTG IQQF CWTCN CPF XKUWCN EQOOWPKECVKQP KU RQUUKDNG YKVJ VJG RKCPKUV

Ȏ .GCF RNC[GTU UJQWNF CNYC[U DG KP VJG EGPVGT QH VJGKT UGEVKQPU PQV QP VJG GPF 

Ȏ 6JG DCUU VTQODQPG CPF VJG DCTKVQPG UCZ PGGF VQ DG QP VJG UCOG UKFG QH VJG GPUGODNG

• Soloists should stand near the rhythm section because they need to be able to hear and see each other and
YQTM NKMG C EQODQ FWTKPI VJG UQNQU

Ȏ 4KUGTU CTG TGEQOOGPFGF YJGP WUKPI VJG DNQEM UGV WR UQ VJG DTCUU UQWPF TGCEJGU VJG CWFKGPEG YKVJQWV
DGKPI DNQEMGF QT CDUQTDGF D[ VJG RNC[GTU KP HTQPV QH VJGO 5QOG FKTGEVQTU CNUQ RWV VJG FTWOU CPF DCUU
on risers, to the side of the trombones.

)1• cddo )2• vhcd )2x Phrdp

RVTnognmdr Spnlanmdr Sptlodsr

Ȏ 0QVG VJCV VJG JGKIJV QH VJG DTCUU TKUGT UJQWNF DG ȍ VQ IGV DTCUU DGNNU CDQXG VJG UCZGU 6JG VGTTCEGF GH
HGEV YJKEJ KU IQQF HQT DQVJ XKUWCN CPF UQPKE TGCUQPU KU CEJKGXGF YJGP VJG VTQODQPGU UKV CPF VJG VTWO
RGVU UVCPF QP VJG UCOG JGKIJV TKUGT (GUVKXCNU WUWCNN[ JCXGPȉV ȳIWTGF VJKU QWV HQT UQOG TGCUQP CPF VJG[
RTQXKFG CP ȍ TKUGT HQT VTQODQPGU 6JKU KU KPCFGSWCVG UQ + YQWNF IGV VJG VTQODQPGU VQ CKO VJGKT DGNNU
DGVYGGP VJG UCZQRJQPGU KP VJCV ECUG

Ȏ +H + FQPȉV MPQY CPF VTWUV VJG RGTUQP TWPPKPI VJG UQWPF U[UVGO + YQWNF MGGR KV UKORNG CU KP VJG DNQEM
HQTOCVKQP UGVWR #PF + MGGR VJG UCZQRJQPG OKEU HCEKPI VQYCTF VJG CWFKGPEG WPVKN + PGGF VJGO HQT UQNQU
QT FQWDNGU NKMG ʏWVGU CPF ENCTKPGVU +H [QW JCXG C UQWPF OCP [QW ECP VTWUV VJGP [QW OC[ FGEKFG VQ WUG
C OQTG EQORNGZ UQWPF TGKPHQTEGOGPV FGUKIP

#RRGPFKZ # $KI $CPF 5GVWR ] 2CIG 

Appendix B Equipment Recommendations for
the Wind Players in the Jazz Band
*GTG CTG C HGY TGEQOOGPFCVKQPU VQ JGNR YKVJ IGCT UGNGEVKQP HQT VJG JQTP RNC[GTU KP VJG DCPF

Saxophone
6JG UCZQRJQPG KU C YQQFYKPF KPUVTWOGPV KP VJG EQPEGTV DCPF DWV C DTCUU KPUVTWOGPV KP VJG LC\\ DCPF
2CTV QH OCMKPI VJCV EJCPIG KU VJG OQWVJRKGEG ,C\\ OQWVJRKGEGU ECP DG XGT[ GZRGPUKXG CPF KV OC[
DG KORTCEVKECN HQT CNN VJG UVWFGPVU VQ QYP VJGKT QYP LC\\ OQWVJRKGEG 5QOG UEJQQNU QYP C UGV QH LC\\
OQWVJRKGEGU VJCV ECP DG EJGEMGF QWV D[ VJQUG YJQ YKP VJQUG EJCKTU +V KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJGTG KU PQV C OKZ
QH LC\\ CPF ENCUUKECN OQWVJRKGEGU KP [QWT UGEVKQP 5QOG LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGU KP EQOOQP WUG YQWNF KPENWFG

Mouthpieces

Ȏ #NVQȅ,QF[ ,C\\ ,GV  ,QF[ ,C\\ &8  $GGEJNGT .5 /G[GT  YKVJ OGFKWO HCEKPI CPF GKVJGT
UOCNN QT OGFKWO EJCODGT /CE5CZ 'TKE (CNEQP ȅGURGEKCNN[ VJG $QD 5JGRRGTF 5GTKGU

Ȏ 6GPQTȅ,QF[ ,C\\ ,GV  ,QF[ ,C\\ &8  ,QF[ ,C\\ %JKECIQ  ;CPKICUCYC OGVCN  1VVQ
.KPM  &WMQHH  QT  OGVCN /CE5CZ 'TKE (CNEQP ȅGURGEKCNN[ VJG $QD 5JGRRGTF 5GTKGU

Ȏ $CTKVQPGȅ,QF[ ,C\\ ,GV  QT   ,QF[ ,C\\ &8  QT   ;CPKICUCYC  QT  OGVCN 4QWUUGCW ,&:
QT  /CE5CZ 'TKE (CNEQP

Ȏ 5QRTCPQȅ,QF[ ,C\\ &8   1VVQ .KPM  *CTF 4WDDGT 4QWUUGCW TT ,QF[ ,C\\ JCTF TWDDGT
 /CE5CZ 'TKE (CNEQP

Ligatures

(QT CNN 6JG 4QXPGT .KIJV OQFGN YQTMU YGNN CPF KU TGCFKN[ CXCKNCDNG CPF TGNCVKXGN[ KPGZRGPUKXG 6JG
&ȉ#FFCTKQ * NKICVWTGU CNUQ YQTM YGNN CPF CTG TGNCVKXGN[ KPGZRGPUKXG 6JG 8CPFQTGP QRVKOWO NKICVWTGU CNUQ
YQTM YGNN CPF CTG OQTG GZRGPUKXG 5KNXGTUVGKP NKICVWTGU CTG VGTTKȳE DWV XGT[ GZRGPUKXG

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Reeds

(QT CNN 6JG &ȉ#FFCTKQ 4KEQ 5GNGEV ,C\\ 4GGFU YQTM XGT[ YGNN 6JG 8CPFQTGP 4KEQ 4GUGTXG CPF QVJGT
UVCPFCTF TGGFU ECP CNUQ YQTM YGNN 6JG 5GNGEV ,C\\ 4GGFU UGGO VQ TGSWKTG VJG NGCUV YQTM VQ OCMG VJGO
YQTM CPF MGGR VJGO YQTMKPI VJGUG FC[U

Instruments

6JGTG CTG OCP[ KPUVTWOGPVU QWV VJGTG VJGUG FC[U + WUGF VQ JCXG VQ UC[ Ȋ9GNN VJGTG KU VJG 5GNOGT CPF VJGP
VJGTG KUȒWJȒȒWJȒȒYGNN PQV OWEJ GNUGȍ 6JG NCPFUECRG JCU TGCNN[ EJCPIGF 5GNOGT KU UVKNN OCMKPI
IQQF KPUVTWOGPVU DWV PQY VJGTG KU ;COCJC -GKNYGTVJ ;CPCIKUCYC 'CUVOCP CPF QVJGTU $WV HQT O[
OQPG[ VJG %CPPQPDCNN 5CZQRJQPG KU WPUWTRCUUGF +H + YGTG TGEQOOGPFKPI C UCZQRJQPG VQ C UVWFGPV +
YQWNF TGEQOOGPF VT[KPI ȳTUV VJG %CPPQPDCNN 5VQPG 5GTKGU QT 8KPVCIG +PUVTWOGPVU +H VJCV FQGU PQV UGGO
JCRR[ + YQWNF UWIIGUV PGZV VT[KPI VJG ;COCJC %WUVQO ': QT VJG 'CUVOCP PF 5VTGGV NKPG

Trumpet

Mouthpieces

,C\\ VTWORGV OQWVJRKGEGU KP EQOOQP WUG CTG 6JG $QDD[ 5JGY ,C\\ /QWVJRKGEG UGEVKQP CPF UQNQ CPF
VJG $QDD[ 5JGY .GCF 6TWORGV /QWVJRKGEG OCFG D[ ;COCJC ,QG /CTEKPMKGYKE\ LC\\ OQWVJRKGEGUȅ
RCTVKEWNCTN[ VJG ,GHH 6[\KM $QDD[ 5JGY 4QIGT +PITCO CPF 'TKE /K[CUJKTQ OQFGNU 9CTDWTVQP 58
YKVJ -6 $CEMDQTG QT QVJGT UOCNN DCEMDQTGU     $QD 4GGXGU / / QT / YKVJ  UOCNNGT
DCEMDQTG VJG )4 9C[PG $GTIGTQP /QWVJRKGEG GKVJGT 5VWFKQ QT 5VWFKQ / OQFGN UQOG $CEJ OQWVJRKGEGU
CTG CNUQ UVKNN KP WUG UWEJ CU VJG $CEJ % /GICVQPG UGEVKQP QT UQNQ  $CEJ % CNUQ PQV C NGCF
OQWVJRKGEG 

+VȉU XGT[ KORQTVCPV HQT [QWT NGCF VTWORGV RNC[GT VQ JCXG C OQWVJRKGEG VJCV KU URGEKȳECNN[ FGUKIPGF HQT
RNC[KPI JKIJ /QUV QH VJG OQWVJRKGEGU NKUVGF CDQXG CTG IQQF HQT VJCV WPNGUU QVJGTYKUG PQVGF +H [QW YCPV
VQ MGGR QP VJG GPF QH [QWT VQPIWG QPG NGCF OQWVJRKGEG TGEQOOGPFCVKQP KV YQWNF RTQDCDN[ DG UCHG VQ UC[
VJG ;COCJC $QDD[ 5JGY .GCF OQFGN

Instruments

5QOG VTWORGVU CTG URGEKȳECNN[ YGNNȳVVGF VQ LC\\ 6JGUG YQWNF KPENWFG VJG ;COCJC < $QDD[ 5JGY
/QFGN QT VJG '/ VJG %CPPQPDCNN .[PZ GURGEKCNN[ IQQF HQT NGCF CPF VJG  #TVKUV 5GTKGU VJG
5EJKNMG $ CPF 5 VJG $GPIG $WTDCPM VJG $CEJ 5VTCFKXCTKWU  CPF VJG ,WRKVGT 4QIGT +PITCO K

9KVJ C PWODGT QH VTWORGV RNC[GTU + MPQY VJGTG KU C NQV QH GZEKVGOGPV CDQWV JQY GCU[ KV KU VQ RNC[ VJG
TGNCVKXGN[ PGYGT %CPPQPDCNN VTWORGVU

6TWORGV RNC[GTU CNUQ PGGF VQ FQWDNG QP ʏWIGNJQTP CV VKOGU +V KU EQOOQP HQT VJG UEJQQN VQ QYP ʏWIGNJQTPU
VJCV ECP DG EJGEMGF QWV /QUV EQOOQP CTG ;COCJC   QT VJG $QDD[ 5JGY QT 9C[PG $GTIGTQP
/QFGNU %QWGUPQP 5EJKNMG $GPIG   DGNNU $CEJ 5VTCFKXCTKWU QT VJG ,WRKVGT (NWIGNJQTP

#RRGPFKZ $ 'SWKROGPV 4GEQOOGPFCVKQPU HQT VJG 9KPF 2NC[GTU KP VJG ,C\\ $CPF ] 2CIG 
 Trombone

Mouthpieces

Ȏ 6GPQT 6TQODQPGȅVJG DGUV CNNCTQWPF OQWVJRKGEGU KPENWFG VJG ;COCJC   QT   DGVVGT
HQT UGEVKQP YQTM CPF VJG $CEJ #.ȅJCU IQQF EQTG VQ UQWPF CPF ECP YQTM HQT NGCF 1VJGT NGCF
OQWVJRKGEGU GCUKGT VQ RNC[ JKIJ KPENWFG $CEJ % QT % -KPI / CPF VJG ;COCJC %

Ȏ $CUU 6TQODQPGȅ%QOOQP CTG VJG $CEJ p) |) QT ) CNUQ VJG 5EJKNMG  CPF VJG )TKGIQ
 OQWVJRKGEGU

Instruments

Ȏ 6GPQT 6TQODQPGȅVJG VGPQT VTQODQPGU KP C LC\\ DCPF UJQWNF DG UOCNN DQTG JQTPU YJGP
RQUUKDNG 6JG OQUV EQOOQP UOCNNDQTG JQTPU KP WUG HQT LC\\ DCPF CTG VJG -KPI $ %QPP *
CPF VJG ;COCJC < QT < 6JG DGUV DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF KU CEJKGXGF YJGP CNN VJG VGPQT VTQO
DQPGU RNC[ UOCNNDQTG JQTPU 6JG QTEJGUVTCN VTQODQPGU CTG NCTIGT DQTGU 6JKU OC[ PQV CNYC[U
DG RTCEVKECN DWV YG ECP UUVKNN YQTM VQYCTFU KV 5QOG UEJQQNU QYP UOCNNDQTG JQTPU VJCV ECP DG
EJGEMGF QWV HQT LC\\ DCPF UVWFGPVU

Ȏ $CUU 6TQODQPGȅVJG OQUV EQOOQPN[ WUGF DCUU VTQODQPGU KPENWFG VJQUG OCFG D[ ;COCJC
'FYCTFU CPF %QPP 6JG KORQTVCPV VJKPI JGTG KU VJCV VJG KPUVTWOGPV JCXG VYQ VTKIIGTU QT
XCNXGU  6JG UKPING VTKIIGT KPUVTWOGPVU ECPPQV GCUKN[ RNC[ C NQY $ QT % YJKEJ CTG QHVGP YTKVVGP

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Appendix C Ideas for Applying the Concepts of
This Book to Private Jazz Teaching
+H [QW CTG C RTKXCVG LC\\ VGCEJGT [QW ECP EGTVCKPN[ OCMG [QWT QYP CRRNKECVKQPU QH OCP[ RCTVU QH VJKU DQQM
DWV + YKNN QHHGT C HGY VJQWIJVU HTQO O[ GZRGTKGPEG

Is it Different? Principles Are the Same

+ YQWNF HKTUV RQKPV QWV VJCV YG CTG VGCEJKPI VJG UCOG VJKPIU YJGVJGT KP VJG ENCUUTQQO YKVJ C ITQWR
QT KP C QPGQPQPG RTKXCVG NGUUQP /CP[ QH VJG VGCEJKPI UVTCVGIKGU + WUG KP VJG ENCUUTQQO CTG VJQUG +
JCXG FGXGNQRGF YJKNG GZRGTKOGPVKPI KP RTKXCVG NGUUQPU 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF + WUG OCP[ QH VJG UCOG
RGFCIQIKECN CRRTQCEJGU + JCXG FGXGNQRGF KP GPUGODNG TGJGCTUCNU YJGP + CO VGCEJKPI RTKXCVGN[
9JKNG VJG EQPVGPV QH VJKU DQQM KU GURGEKCNN[ CKOGF CV VJG UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF FKTGEVQT YJGVJGT LWPKQT JKIJ
UEJQQN UGPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN QT EQNNGIG  OWEJ QH VJG EQPVGPV ECP DG CRRNKGF YKVJ GSWCN GHHGEVKXGPGUU D[
the private studio teacher.

1PG QH VJG ITGCVGUV OC[QTU GXGT VQ UGTXG KP QWT EQWPVT[ YCU QPEG CUMGF JQY JG FKF UWEJ C ITGCV
LQD IQXGTPKPI VJG RGQRNG QH JKU EKV[ *G TGURQPFGF Ȋ+ VGCEJ VJGO VTWG RTKPEKRNGU CPF VJG[ IQXGTP
VJGOUGNXGUȍ 6JCV KU O[ RJKNQUQRJ[ KP DQVJ VJG ENCUUTQQO CPF VJG RTKXCVG UVWFKQ + VGCEJ VJG UCOG
RTKPEKRNGU GKVJGT YC[ CPF VJG UVWFGPVU ECP IQXGTP VJGOUGNXGU CEEQTFKPIN[ KP VJGKT RTKXCVG RTCEVKEG
and in the ensemble rehearsal.

9JCV CTG VJG DCUKE RTKPEKRNGU VJCV YG OWUV DG UWTG YG CTG VGCEJKPI + VJKPM VJG[ HCNN KPVQ C HGY
general categories.

Playing the Instrument

9G OWUV VGCEJ VJG RTKPEKRNGU QH DCUKE UQWPF RTQFWEVKQP CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VGEJPKSWG 6JKU KPENWFGU VGCEJKPI
EQPEGRVU CPF VGEJPKSWGU HQT RNC[KPI KP VWPG CPF YQWNF KPENWFG VGEJPKSWGU HQT RTQFWEKPI XKDTCVQ CPF QVJGT
KFKQOCVKE GHHGEVU 6JGTG CTG OCP[ JGNRHWN KFGCU VJCV ECP CKF VJG RTKXCVG UVWFKQ VGCEJGT KP %JCRVGTU   CPF 
HQT YKPF KPUVTWOGPVU CPF %JCRVGTU   CPF  HQT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KPUVTWOGPVU + DGNKGXG FGXGNQROGPV KP
VJKU CTGC KU GPJCPEGF CPF CEEGNGTCVGF D[ YQTMKPI QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV ENCUUKECNN[

Playing the Style

9G OWUV VGCEJ VJG TJ[VJOKE CURGEVU CPF VJG CTVKEWNCVKQP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ XCTKQWU UV[NGU 6JGTG KU C NQV QH
JGNR HQT VJGUG KUUWGU KP %JCRVGTU     CPF  HQT CNN KPUVTWOGPVU %JCRVGT  QWVNKPGU OCP[ TGUQWTEGU
that can be very valuable in private lessons for rhythm section players.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Playing the Solos

+ ȳPF VJCV C NQV QH O[ RTKXCVG NGUUQP VKOG KU URGPV YQTMKPI QP KORTQXKUCVKQP 6JG RTKPEKRNGU HQT FGXGNQRKPI
CU UQNQKUVU CTG VJG UCOG HQT CNN VJG KPUVTWOGPVU CPF VJGTG CTG C NQV QH JGNRHWN KFGCU IKXGP KP %JCRVGTU 
   CPF  #FFKVKQPCN URGEKȳE JGNR HQT TJ[VJO UGEVKQP UQNQKUVU KU IKXGP KP %JCRVGT 

We Must Do the Whole Job

9JGP + VCMG QXGT C UVWFGPV HTQO C RTGXKQWU VGCEJGT + UGGO VQ ȳPF V[RKECNN[ VJCV QPG QT OQTG QH VJG
CDQXG RGFCIQIKECN CTGCU JCU DGGP UNKIJVGF QT NGHV WPFQPG + OC[ IGV C UVWFGPV YJQ JCU FQPG YGNN YKVJ
NKUVGPKPI CPF KOKVCVKQP DWV JCU NGHV QWV UV[NKUVKE CTVKEWNCVKQP 1T CPQVJGT UVWFGPV JCU YQTMGF C NQV QP
VGEJPKSWG DWV JCU FQPG NKVVNG CDQWV VQPG QT KPVQPCVKQP #PQVJGT UVWFGPV JCU YQTMGF QP VJG KPUVTWOGPV
ENCUUKECNN[ DWV JCU FQPG NKVVNG YKVJ KORTQXKUCVKQP QT JCU YQTMGF QP LC\\ EQPEGRVU DWV JCU FQPG PQ
classical study on his instrument. We need to set up a curriculum in the private studio that covers all
QH VJG DCUGU CPF NGCXGU QWV PQPG 5QOG JCXG FQPG PQVJKPI CDQWV GZRGEVGF FQWDNGU HQT VJCV KPUVTWOGPV

1PG QH VJG EJCNNGPIGU + JCXG HQWPF YKVJ VJKU KU VJCV FWTKPI VJG UEJQQN [GCT VJG UVWFGPV YKNN HTGSWGPVN[
EQOG KP YKVJ C PGGF HQT JKU UEJQQN DCPF (QT GZCORNG C UVWFGPV EQOGU VQ VJG NGUUQP CPF CPPQWPEGU
VJCV JKU UEJQQN LC\\ DCPF EQPEGTV KU PGZV YGGM CPF JG KU EQPEGTPGF CDQWV C EQWRNG QH UQNQU VJCV JG
YQWNF NKMG JGNR YKVJ #PQVJGT YGGM KV KU UQOGVJKPI GNUG +V KU GCU[ VQ IGV KPVQ YJCV + ECNN C ȊDCPFCKF
EWTTKEWNWOȍ 6JG UVWFGPV EQOGU KP GCEJ YGGM CPF + RWV C DCPF CKF QP YJCVGXGT KU JWTVKPI VJCV YGGM
+ VJKPM KV KU C IQQF KFGC VQ JGNR VJG UVWFGPV YKVJ VJG UQNQ VJG[ YKNN DG RNC[KPI DGECWUG VJG[ JCXG CP
KOOGFKCVG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ CRRN[ KP EQPVGZV VJG VJKPIU VJG[ JCXG LWUV NGCTPGF 6JCV KU RQYGTHWN UQ +
FQPȉV DGITWFIG FQKPI KV DWV + VJKPM YG FQ JCXG VQ DG ECTGHWN VQ MGGR C OQTG QTICPK\GF EWTTKEWNWO
going as much as possible.

Classical Work

+ JCXG JCF C HGY GZRGTKGPEGU VJCV JCXG EQPXKPEGF OG VJCV + OWUV PQV NGV CP[ QH O[ UVWFGPVU UNKFG VJTQWIJ YKVJQWV
YQTMKPI QP ENCUUKECN RNC[KPI +V KU KP ENCUUKECN YQTM VJCV YG EQOG HCEG VQ HCEG YKVJ VJG TKIQTU CPF FKUEKRNKPG QH
TGCNN[ EQPVTQNNKPI VJG KPUVTWOGPV 6JKU EQPVTQN QH EQWTUG CNUQ JGNRU VJGKT LC\\ RNC[KPI + JCXG PQVKEGF VJCV VJG
HQEWU QH VJG NGUUQP UJKHVU FGRGPFKPI QP VJG OCVGTKCN DGKPI YQTMGF QP KP VJG NGUUQPU +H + CO YQTMKPI YKVJ C
UVWFGPV QP KORTQXKUCVKQP VJG NGUUQP HQEWU UGGOU VQ IQ VQYCTFU VJG EJQTF RTQITGUUKQP CPF IWKFG VQPGU CPF
KORTQXKUCVKQPCN KFGCU CPF CRRTQCEJGU +H + CO YQTMKPI YKVJ C UVWFGPV QP C ENCUUKECN RKGEG VJG HQEWU KOOGFKCVGN[
UJKHVU VQ VQPG XKDTCVQ KPVQPCVKQP UQWPFPGUU QH VGEJPKSWG CPF VJG NKMG $[ VJG VKOG + JCXG YQTMGF QP DQVJ UV[NGU
YKVJ C UVWFGPV VJG[ DGEQOG C OWEJ UVTQPIGT OWUKEKCP CNN CTQWPF

+P VJG GCTNKGT FC[U + YQWNF CNNQY C JKIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPV VQ YQTM QP QPN[ LC\\ YKVJ OG 6JGP VJG[ YQWNF EQOG
VQ VJG WPKXGTUKV[ CPF IGV KPVQ O[ DCPF + YQWNF DG RWNNKPI O[ JCKT QWV KP VJG TGJGCTUCN YKVJ UKORNG
KUUWGU QH KPVQPCVKQP CPF JKIJ PQVG VQPG RTQFWEVKQP VJCV YG YQWNF JCXG FGCNV YKVJ JCF YG URGPV VKOG QP VJG
JQTP ENCUUKECNN[ + UJQWNF CFF VJCV KV FQGUPȉV JCXG VQ DG VJKU YC[ KV LWUV VGPFU VQ DG VJKU YC[ +P QVJGT YQTFU YJKNG
YQTMKPI QP LC\\ YKVJ C UVWFGPV + EQWNF OCMG UWTG VQ PQVKEG CPF QHHGT JGNR OQTG YKVJ VQPG KUUWGU CPF KPVQPCVKQP
CPF UKOKNCT KUUWGU CPF VJCV KU YJCV + VT[ VQ FQ DGVVGT PQY + UVKNN FQPȉV VJKPM JQYGXGT VJCV YG YKNN IGV GXGT[VJKPI
FQPG YKVJQWV VJG ENCUUKECN YQTM + EGTVCKPN[ TGEQIPK\G VJCV O[ UVWFGPVU CTG PQV IQKPI VQ OCMG C NKXKPI RNC[KPI
VJG ENCUUKECN UCZQRJQPG DWV VJG[ YKNN DG OQTG EQORNGVG OWUKEKCPU CPF DGVVGT UCZQRJQPKUVU KH VJG[ JCXG JCF VQ
FGCN YKVJ VJG KPUVTWOGPV ENCUUKECNN[

#RRGPFKZ % +FGCU HQT #RRN[KPI VJG %QPEGRVU QH 6JKU $QQM VQ 2TKXCVG ,C\\ 6GCEJKPI ] 2CIG 
Organizing to Do it All

1H EQWTUG VJGTG KU LWUV PQV GPQWIJ VKOG VQ FQ GXGT[VJKPI GXGT[ YGGM KP CP JQWT NGUUQP CPF EGTVCKPN[ PQV
KP C JCNH JQWT NGUUQP YJKEJ KU UQOGVJKPI + PGXGT FQ  5Q KV UGGOU YG JCXG VQ IQ VJTQWIJ XCTKQWU UGCUQPU
KP VJG NGUUQPU 5QOGVKOGU YG CTG KP C LC\\ UGCUQP YJGTG VJCV KU QWT HQEWU HQT C VKOGȅGZCORNG YQWNF DG
IGVVKPI TGCF[ HQT CNNUVCVG LC\\ CWFKVKQPU 1VJGT VKOGU YG CTG KP C ENCUUKECN UGCUQP HQT C HGY YGGMU QT VYQ
QT VJTGG OQPVJUȅGZCORNG YQWNF DG IGVVKPI TGCF[ HQT UQNQGPUGODNG HGUVKXCN 9G OC[ VCMG C UGCUQP QH
YQTMKPI QP GVWFGU QT VTCPUETKDGF UQNQU VQ TGCNN[ RGTHGEV UV[NKUVKE CTVKEWNCVKQP CPF VJGP UYKVEJ VQ C UGCUQP QH
YQTMKPI QP VWPGU HQT KORTQXKUCVKQPCN FGXGNQROGPV 6JKU UGGOU VQ YQTM 6JG VJKPI VJCV OCVVGTU KU VJCV CNN
VJG ETKVKECN VJKPIU YG PGGF VQ VGCEJ IGV C UGCUQP 9KVJ UQOG UVWFGPVU + JCXG CNVGTPCVGF YGGMU QP ENCUUKECN CPF
LC\\ #PF VJG UGCUQPU EQPVKPWCNN[ TQVCVG KP YJCV ,GTQOG $TWPGT ECNNGF VJG ȊURKTCN EWTTKEWNWOȍ 9G MGGR
EKTENKPI VJTQWIJ VJG XCTKQWU VQRKEU DWV VJG EKTENG KU URKTCNKPI WRYCTFU 'CEJ VKOG YG TGXKUKV C VQRKE YG CTG
at a higher level.

Whether you are teaching in a classroom or in your private studio, do the job!! Don’t leave things to
EJCPEG QT NGCXG VJGO WPFQPG 'CTP [QWT RC[ JQPGUVN[ 9JGP UVWFGPVU YQTM YKVJ [QW VJG[ CTG IGVVKPI
DGVVGT CPF VJG[ CTG XGT[ EQORGVKVKXG YKVJ UVWFGPVU HTQO QVJGT UEJQQNU CPF QVJGT UVWFKQU (GY VJKPIU CTG
OQTG TGYCTFKPI

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Appendix D Applications to Vocal Jazz Pedagogy

8QECN LC\\ VGCEJGTU DQVJ RTKXCVG CPF GPUGODNG EQCEJGU YKNN ȳPF VTGOGPFQWU CRRNKECVKQP QH VJG RTKPEKRNGU
KP VJKU DQQM VQ VJGKT YQTM %JCRVGT  EGTVCKPN[ CRRNKGU VQ CNN CURKTKPI VGCEJGTU CPF + DGNKGXG VJG OGCUWTKPI
UVCPFCTFU HQT GZEGNNGPEG UGV HQTVJ VJGTG CTG VJG UCOG HQT XQECN LC\\ GPUGODNGU  ITGCV XQECN RTQFWEVKQP
CPF UGEVKQPGPUGODNG UKPIKPI UMKNNU  UQNKF TJ[VJO CPF CTVKEWNCVKQP CRRTQRTKCVG VQ VJG UV[NG  UVTQPI
TJ[VJO UGEVKQP RNC[KPI CPF  GZEGNNGPV UQNQKUVU

+P 5GEVKQP  %JCRVGTU  VJGTG KU KPHQTOCVKQP URGEKȳECNN[ CDQWV KPUVTWOGPVCN KUUWGU QH VQPG RTQFWEVKQP
FQWDNKPI CPF UQ HQTVJ VJCV CTG PQV FKTGEVN[ CRRNKECDNG VQ VJG UKPIGT DWV UQOG QH VJG KPHQTOCVKQP KU XCNWCDNG
VQ UKPIGTU (QT GZCORNG KFGCU HQT FGCNKPI YKVJ KUUWGU QH KPVQPCVKQP DCNCPEG CPF DNGPF CPF UGEVKQP YQTM
YKNN DG JGNRHWN

6JG KPHQTOCVKQP CPF CRRTQCEJGU KP 5GEVKQP  %JCRVGTU  CTG ENGCTN[ QH GSWCN CRRNKECVKQP VQ UKPIGTU CPF
KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU 5KPIGTU PGGF VQ YQTT[ CDQWV VKOG HGGN CPF TJ[VJOKE CEEWTCE[ CPF UYKPIKPI #TVKEWNCVKQP KU
LWUV CU KORQTVCPV VQ UKPIGTU CPF + CO QHVGP FKUOC[GF YJGP + CFLWFKECVG XQECN LC\\ ITQWRU VJCV PQ VJQWIJV
JCU DGGP IKXGP VQ CTVKEWNCVKQP YJGP FGEKFKPI JQY VQ RTQPQWPEG VJG YQTFU (QT GZCORNG KH C U[PEQRCVGF
SWCTVGT PQVG UJQWNF DG CTVKEWNCVGF UJQTV VQ UYKPI RTQRGTN[ VJGP VJG YQTF VJCV IQGU YKVJ VJCV TJ[VJO UJQWNF
JCXG C UJQTV RTQPWPEKCVKQP +V CRRGCTU VJCV OCP[ EQCEJGU CTG QDNKXKQWU VQ VJKU KUUWG 6JG RGTEWUUKXGPGUU QH
CVVCEMU UJQWNF CNUQ DG VJG UCOG 6JG KPHQTOCVKQP QP CRRNKECVKQPU VQ FKHHGTGPV UV[NGU KP %JCRVGTU  CPF 
KU CNUQ GSWCNN[ XCNWCDNG VQ XQECNKUVU CU CTG VJG TGJGCTUCN VGEJPKSWGU QWVNKPGF KP %JCRVGT 

5GEVKQP  %JCRVGTU  FGCNU YKVJ TJ[VJO UGEVKQP KUUWGU 5KPEG VJG XQECN LC\\ GPUGODNG PQTOCNN[ JCU
C TJ[VJO UGEVKQP VJGUG CRRTQCEJGU CTG GSWCNN[ XCNKF HQT YQTMKPI YKVJ VJG RNC[GTU CEEQORCP[KPI C
XQECN ITQWRȅKPENWFKPI VJG KFGCU HQT VJG FTWOOGT UGVVKPI WR ȳIWTGU CPF FGNKPGCVKPI HQTO CPF VJG DCUU
CPF FTWOU YQTMKPI VQIGVJGT CPF VJG IWKVCT CPF RKCPQ EQQTFKPCVKPI VJGKT EQORKPI

6JG CRRTQCEJGU VQ FGCNKPI YKVJ KORTQXKUCVKQP CPF UQNQKUVU KP 5GEVKQP  %JCRVGTU  UJQWNF DG PQ
FKHHGTGPV KP O[ OKPF HQT UGTKQWU XQECN UQNQKUVU +V KU VTWG VJCV C XQECN UQNQKUV YKVJ WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJGQT[
QT CP[ QH VJG NGHV DTCKP EQPEGRVU KU TCTG DWV KV UJQWNF PQV DG VJCV YC[ 9JGP + JCXG JGCTF UVTQPI UECV UQNQKUVU
YJKNG CFLWFKECVKPI CPF + KPSWKTG VJG[ CTG CNOQUV KPXCTKCDN[ KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU YJQ EQWNF FQ VJG UCOG QP
VJGKT KPUVTWOGPV + JCXG RGTUQPCNN[ JCF RTKXCVG LC\\ XQECN UVWFGPVU YJQ + JCXG JCF YQTM QP VJG EJQTF UVWF[
CTRGIIKCVKPI EJQTFU CPF UKPIKPI UECNGU CPF RCVVGTPU CPF UKPIKPI IWKFG VQPGU YJQ UVCTVGF DGKPI CDNG VQ
UECV KP VJG EJCPIGU YKVJ UVTQPI LC\\ XQECDWNCT[ 6JKU KU CP QDXKQWU CPF INCTKPI QOKUUKQP KP OQUV XQECN LC\\
RTQITCOU ;GCTU CIQ + JCF C PCOG LC\\ UKPIGT CU C IWGUV CTVKUV YKVJ O[ DKI DCPF &WTKPI VJG EQPEGTV UJG
UWTRTKUGF OG YJGP UJG FGEKFGF VQ GPICIG OG KP C UECV DCVVNG +ȉO UQTT[ VQ UC[ + DWTKGF JGT CPF KV KU ENGCTN[
DGECWUG + JCF YQTMGF QP VJG PGGFGF UMKNNU KPUVTWOGPVCNN[ + DGNKGXG 5GEVKQP  KU GURGEKCNN[ XCNWCDNG VQ LC\\
UKPIGTU CPF %JCRVGT  IKXGU UQOG IQQF KFGCU HQT VJG FGXGNQRKPI XQECN UQNQKUV YKVJ VJG DKI DCPF KPENWFKPI
JGNR YKVJ UECV U[NNCDNGU YJKEJ CTG QHVGP EQTP[ CPF OKUIWKFGF 

6JG KFGCU KP 5GEVKQP  QP CURGEVU QH TWPPKPI C RTQITCO KP VJG UEJQQN FGXGNQRKPI NKVGTCVWTG CRRTQCEJKPI
competition, programming, and stage fright are certainly applicable to all. No, this is not intended to be
VJG GPFCNN IWKFG HQT LC\\ XQECN VGCEJKPI CPF PQ + JCXG PQV OCFG FKTGEV CRRNKECVKQPU VQ XQECN RGFCIQI[ KP
O[ VGZV DWV + VJKPM C EQPUEKGPVKQWU VGCEJGT YKNN ȳPF VTGOGPFQWU XCNWG KP VJKU DQQM D[ OCMKPI VJGKT QYP
applications of all the principles and approaches to the vocal studio and the vocal ensemble program.

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Movement in Performance

.GV OG LWUV CFF C YQTF CDQWV OQXGOGPV KP RGTHQTOCPEG 9JGP + ȳTUV UVCTVGF CFLWFKECVKPI XQECN LC\\ GPUGODNG
RGTHQTOCPEGU + JCF VQ OCMG UQOG FGEKUKQPU CDQWV JQY + HGNV CDQWV VJG ȊEJQTGQITCRJ[ȍ CPF GZVTCOWUKECN
OQXGOGPV KP OCP[ QH VJGUG RGTHQTOCPEGU 6JKU KU QHVGP C VTCFGOCTM QH VJKU V[RG QH GPUGODNG (QT YJCV KV
KU YQTVJ + RGTUQPCNN[ ȳPF NKVVNG XCNWG KP $TQCFYC[V[RG U[PEJTQPK\GF OQXGOGPV +V KU QHVGP GZEGUUKXG CPF
FKUVTCEVKPI HTQO VJG OWUKE + FQPȉV JCXG C RTQDNGO YKVJ UQOG OQXGOGPV DWV + VJKPM KV UJQWNF ITQY PCVWTCNN[
QWV QH VJG OWUKE CPF RTQDCDN[ FQGU PQV PGGF VQ DG EQQTFKPCVGF QT U[PEJTQPK\GF YKVJKP VJG ITQWR

Broadway Swing

#PF VJCV TGOKPFU OG QH CPQVJGT RGV RGGXG + JCXG CDQWV VJG CRRTQCEJ QH OCP[ LC\\ XQECN VGCEJGTU 5Q
OWEJ QH YJCV + JGCT KU YJCV + YQWNF ECNN $TQCFYC[ 5YKPI 6JG RTQDNGO YKVJ $TQCFYC[ 5YKPI KU VJCV KV
FQGUPȉV UYKPI CPF QHVGP VJG XKDTCVQ KU OQTG ENCUUKECN QT CV NGCUV $TQCFYC[ VJCP KV KU LC\\ + ȳPF O[UGNH
EQCEJKPI UKPIGTU YKVJ O[ GPUGODNG CYC[ HTQO VJGUG CURGEVU QH VJG $TQCFYC[ VJG[ UGGO CNN VQQ HCOKNKCT
YKVJȅPQV VJCV + JCXG C RTQDNGO YKVJ $TQCFYC[ + JCXG URGPV OCP[ JQWTU QH O[ NKHG KP RKV QTEJGUVTCU CPF
JCXG TGEQTFGF UEQTGU QH OWUKECNU VJCV CTG DGKPI WUGF CNN QXGT VJG EQWPVT[ $WV VJG $TQCFYC[ CRRTQCEJ KU
PQV WUWCNN[ C VTWG LC\\ CRRTQCEJ CPF VJCV KU YJCV + DGNKGXG YG UJQWNF DG WUKPI KP VJG UEJQQN LC\\ RTQITCOU

#HVGT CNN KU UCKF CPF FQPG + ȳPF O[UGNH QHVGP UC[KPI VQ O[ KPUVTWOGPVCNKUVU Ȋ6JKU UJQWNF DG FQPG NKMG C
UKPIGT YQWNF FQ KV +V UJQWNF PQV UQWPF NKMG [QW CTG RWUJKPI DWVVQPU CPF VQPIWKPIȍ 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF +
ȳPF O[UGNH UC[KPI VQ O[ UKPIGTU Ȋ*CPFNG VJKU OQTG NKMG C JQTP RNC[GT YQWNF FQ KVȍ

#RRGPFKZ & #RRNKECVKQP VQ 8QECN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ ] 2CIG 

Appendix E Tuning the Saxophone Section
=6JKU KU CP CTVKENG + YTQVG OCP[ [GCTU CIQ HQT VJG 0#,' RWDNKECVKQP Jazz Educators Journal YJKEJ JCU
PQV GZKUVGF HQT OCP[ [GCTU PQY 6JG RCTGPV QTICPK\CVKQP YGPV FGHWPEV 1XGT VJG [GCTU + JCXG JCF OCP[
band directors from around the country tell me the article has been very helpful, and they use it regularly
CU C JCPFQWV 5Q + TGRGCV KV JGTG KP ECUG KV ECP DG QH XCNWG VQ [QW KP [QWT YQTM>

Help! Why Can’t the Saxophone Section Play in Tune?

2TQDCDN[ CV NGCUV ȳXG QT UKZ VKOGU RGT [GCT + IGV C RJQPG ECNN HTQO C DCPF FKTGEVQT KP FKUVTGUU TGCF[ VQ RWNN
JKU JCKT QWV QXGT VJG KPVQPCVKQP KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP 5QOG [GCTU CIQ + YCU CFLWFKECVKPI CV C NQECN LC\\
HGUVKXCN #HVGT HQWT DCPFU VJG ȳHVJ DCPF VQQM VJG UVCIG CPF DGICP VQ VWPG 4GCNK\KPI VJG UCZQRJQPG VWPKPI
YCU SWKVG ITKO CPF MPQYKPI + YCU C UCZQRJQPKUV VJG DCPF FKTGEVQT YJQ YCU PQV C YKPF RNC[GT ECNNGF
NQWFN[ VQ VJG DCEM QH VJG JCNN Ȋ4C[ YJCV FQ + FQ YKVJ VJGUG UCZGU ȍ + JCXG C HGGNKPI VJGTG CTG OCP[ FKTGEVQTU
CETQUU VJG EQWPVT[ YJQ JCXG VJG UCOG SWGUVKQP CPF VJG[ FGUGTXG C IQQF CPUYGT

6JG WUWCN SWKEMȳZ CPUYGT KU VQ RWNN QWV VJG OQWVJRKGEG UKPEG KPVGTOGFKCVG RNC[GTU CNOQUV CNYC[U JCXG C
RTQDNGO YKVJ UJCTRPGUU +V KU C EQOOQP VJKPI VQ UGG RCRGT YTCRRGF CTQWPF VJG EQTM VQ MGGR VJG OQWVJRKGEG
HTQO HCNNKPI QHH VJG PGEMRKGEG $WV RWNNKPI VJG OQWVJRKGEG YKNN CVVCEM QPN[ VJG U[ORVQO PQV VJG TQQV QH
VJG RTQDNGO 6JG TGCN CPUYGT KU C OWEJ NQPIGTTCPIG RTQRQUKVKQP VJCV YKNN RTQDCDN[ GXGP KPXQNXG RWUJKPI KP
the mouthpiece instead of pulling it.

The Root of the Problem

7PFQWDVGFN[ VJG OQUV HTGSWGPV RTQDNGO + JCXG QDUGTXGF KP [QWPI UCZQRJQPKUVU KU RNC[KPI CV VJG YTQPI
DCUKE RKVEJ NGXGN QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG CNQPG +V KU RQUUKDNG YJGP DNQYKPI QPN[ VJG OQWVJRKGEG VQ RNC[
YGNN QXGT CP QEVCXG QH RKVEJGU +PFGGF HWNN UECNGU CPF CTRGIIKQU ECP DG RNC[GF QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG 6JKU
OCMGU C YQPFGTHWN GZGTEKUG HQT VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH ʏGZKDKNKV[ DWV TCKUGU VJG SWGUVKQP QH YJGTG QPG
UJQWNF UVCDKNK\G JKU DNQYKPI HQT PQTOCN VQPG RTQFWEVKQP 6JG EQTTGEV CPUYGT KU ETKVKECN VQ VJG FGXGNQROGPV
QH KPVQPCVKQP &T 'WIGPG 4QWUUGCW YQTNFTGPQYPGF UCZQRJQPKUV UWIIGUVU VJG HQNNQYKPI RKVEJGU HQT VJG
respective instruments.1

6JGUG CTG EQPEGTV RKVEJGU VQ DG CEJKGXGF CV C HQTVKUUKOQ NGXGN + JCXG HQWPF VJGUG RKVEJGU VQ DG CEEWTCVG
IWKFGU CNVJQWIJ + JCXG HQWPF UQOG LC\\ RNC[GTU RNC[ GXGP UNKIJVN[ NQYGT 6JKU UGGOU GURGEKCNN[ VTWG HQT
VJG VGPQT YJKEJ ECP VGPF VQ DG ENQUGT VQ CP ( CV VKOGU

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

+ JCXG FQPG EQPUKFGTCDNG OQWVJRKGEGRKVEJ VGUVKPI QXGT VJG [GCTUȅDQVJ HQTOCN and informal. Students
CNYC[U VGPF VQ RNC[ CP[YJGTG HTQO C JCNHUVGR VQ C OCLQT VJKTF VQQ JKIJ QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG 6JKU VTKIIGTU
YJCV + ECNN VJG 5CZQRJQPG 5[PFTQOG

The Saxophone Syndrome

6Q KNNWUVTCVG VJG U[PFTQOG NGVȉU VCMG CP GZCORNG QH CP CNVQ UCZQRJQPG RNC[GT YJQ RNC[U VQQ JKIJ KP VJG
OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ UC[ CTQWPF C $ *KU PQVGU YKNN DG CDQXG VJG EGPVGT QH VJG VQPG CPF JG YKNN JCXG VQ RWNN
VJG OQWVJRKGEG QWV EQPUKFGTCDN[ HTQO YJGTG KV DGNQPIU VQ IGV JKU JKIJ PQVGU FQYP VQ VJG NGXGN QH VJG DCPF
6JKU GZCIIGTCVGF RWNNKPI QH VJG OQWVJRKGEG YKNN FKUVQTV VJG DCUKE KPVGTPCN RTQRQTVKQPU QH VJG KPUVTWOGPV
ECWUKPI VJG NQY PQVGU VQ IQ ʏCV CPF VJG PQTOCN TGURQPUG RCVVGTPU VQ DG KPVGTTWRVGF 6JG VQPG YKNN UVKNN PQV
DG EGPVGTGF CPF UQOG PQVGU YKNN DG CHHGEVGF OQTG VJCP QVJGTU %QPUGSWGPVN[ VJG KPVGTXCNKE TGNCVKQPUJKRU QH
VJG KPUVTWOGPV YKNN NQUG VJGKT KPVGITKV[ CPF VJG GHHGEV YKNN DG NKMG DGKPI QP C UNKRRGT[ UNKFG QH RKVEJ GXGT[
VKOG VJG ȳPIGTKPI KU EJCPIGF 9JGP GXGT[QPG KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP KU JCXKPI VJKU RTQDNGO KV DGEQOGU
nearly impossible to match pitches consistently.

A Solution

'ODQWEJWTG

)GVVKPI [QWPI UCZQRJQPKUVU VQ DTKPI VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ FQYP KU C EJCNNGPIG DWV VJKU KU VJG MG[ VQ
achieving a lasting solution for pitch problems. Obtaining the right mouthpiece pitch is a blending of
UGXGTCN HCEVQTUȅEQTTGEV UCZQRJQPG GODQWEJWTG CKT UVTGCO V[RG QTCN ECXKV[ CPF CKT UVTGCO FKTGEVKQP
9JGP + ȳTUV VTKGF VQ OCMG VJG EJCPIG HTQO ENCTKPGV VQ UCZQRJQPG O[ YGNNOGCPKPI DCPF FKTGEVQT UCKF
Ȋ7UG VJG WRRGT TGIKUVGT ENCTKPGV ȳPIGTKPIU HQT DQVJ TGIKUVGTU QH VJG UCZQRJQPG CPF RNC[ YKVJ C UNQRR[
GODQWEJWTGȍ 6JKU YCU VJG QPN[ IWKFCPEG + JCF HQT UQOG [GCTU 6JG UCZQRJQPG GODQWEJWTG KU PQV C
UNQRR[ GODQWEJWTG DWV KV KU XGT[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJG ENCTKPGV 9JGP + VGCEJ VJG ENCTKPGV GODQWEJWTG +
EQORCTG KV VQ C VWIQHYCT DGVYGGP VJG UOKNG OWUENGU '' CPF VJG RWEMGT OWUENGU 11  6JG VWIQHYCT
OWUV DG JGNF KP GSWKNKDTKWO CPF KH GKVJGT UKFG YKPU [QW NQUG $WV QP VJG UCZQRJQPG VJG 11 YKPU VJG VWI
QHYCT 6JG GODQWEJWTG UJQWNF DG TQWPF IKXKPI UQNKF UWRRQTV CNN CTQWPF VJG OQWVJRKGEG 6JKU OC[ DG
EQORCTGF VQ VJG ENQUWTG QH C FTCYUVTKPI RWTUG QT FWHHGN DCI 9JGP VJG UVTKPIU CTG RWNNGF VJG ENQUWTG KU GXGP
HTQO CNN UKFGU UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ 6Q HQTO VJG UCZQRJQPG GODQWEJWTG + YQWNF JCXG VJG UVWFGPV HQNNQY VJGUG
steps.

 %WTN VJG NQYGT NKR UNKIJVN[ QXGT VJG VGGVJ PQ OQTG VJCP VJG TGF RCTV QH VJG NKR UJQWNF DG EWTNGF
KPVQ VJG OQWVJ 

 +PUGTV VJG OQWVJRKGEG KPVQ VJG OQWVJ RNCEKPI VJG VQR VGGVJ UQNKFN[ QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG

 'HHGEV VJG FTCYUVTKPI TQWPF ENQUWTG

6JG ʏCV QT RQKPVGF EJKP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG ENCTKPGV KU PQV KORQTVCPV CPF UJQWNF DG CXQKFGF

#RRGPFKZ ' 6WPKPI VJG 5CZQRJQPG 5GEVKQP ] 2CIG 

 #KT 5VTGCO 6[RG

6JG V[RG QH CKT UVTGCO WUGF KP UCZQRJQPG RNC[KPI CNUQ FKHHGTU HTQO VJG ENCTKPGV 6JG ENCTKPGV WUGU C
RKPRQKPVGF EQPEGPVTCVGF EQQN CKT UVTGCO CPCNQIQWU VQ VJG CKT UVTGCO WUGF YJGP DNQYKPI QP JQV UQWR VQ
EQQN KV 6JG UCZQRJQPG TGURQPFU DGVVGT VQ C YKFGT NGUUEQPEGPVTCVGF YCTOGT CKT UVTGCO OQTG UKOKNCT VQ VJG
air stream used for fogging one’s glasses for cleaning purposes.

+H C UCZQRJQPKUV RNC[U YKVJ C ENCTKPGVKPʏWGPEGF GODQWEJWTG CPF CKT UVTGCO VJG TGGF YKNN DG GPEQWTCIGF
VQ XKDTCVG VQQ HCUV CPF VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ YKNN DG VQQ JKIJ

#U YKVJ CNN YKPF KPUVTWOGPVU VJG UCZQRJQPG TGSWKTGU CP QRGP TGNCZGF VJTQCV DWV VJG GZCEV HGGN QH VJG
QTCN ECXKV[ CPF VJTQCV YKNN DG CHHGEVGF D[ VJG CKT UVTGCO FKTGEVKQP #KT UVTGCO FKTGEVKQP KU CPQVJGT OCLQT
FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP ENCTKPGV CPF UCZQRJQPG VQPG RTQFWEVKQP 6JG ENCTKPGV VQPG SWCNKV[ FGRGPFU QP DNQYKPI
CV VJG VQR QH VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ TCPIG C EQPEGTV % YJKEJ NGCFU VQ C HGGNKPI VJCV QPG KU DNQYKPI WR
6JG UCZQRJQPG VQPG SWCNKV[ FGRGPFU QP DNQYKPI CDQWV C VJKTF DGNQY VJG VQR QH VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ TCPIG
YJKEJ ETGCVGU C HGGNKPI KPUKFG VJG OQWVJ QH DNQYKPI FQYP 'WIGPG 4QWUUGCW WUGU VJGUG VGTOU YJGP
FKUEWUUKPI JQY VQ IGV VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ FQYP VQ VJG UWIIGUVGF EQPEGTV RKVEJ

+H VJG RKVEJ QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG CNQPG KU JKIJGT VJCP =VJG UWIIGUVGF RKVEJGU IKXGP GCTNKGT> FKTGEV VJG CKT
UVTGCO FQYP TGOGODGTKPI CNYC[U VQ MGGR VJG GODQWEJWTG UQNKF +H VJG RKVEJ QP VJG OQWVJRKGEG CNQPG KU
VQQ NQY FKTGEV VJG CKT UVTGCO WR +P GKVJGT ECUG PGXGT NQQUGP VJG GODQWEJWTG YJKEJ UJQWNF TGOCKP UQNKF
CV CNN VKOGU YJKNG VJG CKT FQGU KVU LQD RTQRGTN[4

6JKU CDKNKV[ VQ EJCPIG RKVEJ FQYPYCTF YKVJQWV NQQUGPKPI VJG GODQWEJWTG KU CP GUUGPVKCN EQQTFKPCVKQP HQT
CEJKGXKPI EQTTGEV OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ NGXGN CPF HQT CFLWUVKPI RKVEJ HQT URGEKȳE PQVGU QP VJG UCZQRJQPG

6JG HQNNQYKPI GZGTEKUG YCU IKXGP VQ OG D[ 'WIGPG 4QWUUGCW UGXGTCN [GCTU CIQ +V KU C NKVVNG VTKEM[ VQ VGCEJ
DWV KH VJG UVWFGPV ECP IGV VJG HGGN QH KV EQPVTQN QXGT VQPG CPF RKVEJ YKNN DG ITGCVN[ GPJCPEGF

6JG GPVKTG NKPG KU ȳPIGTGF NKMG JKIJ & YJKNG VJG NQYGT RKVEJGU KP RCTGPVJGUGU CTG RNC[GF D[ FKTGEVKPI VJG CKT UVTGCO FQYP YKVJ
the embouchure remaining solid.

6JKU GZGTEKUG QRGPU VJG FQQT VQ FGCNKPI YKVJ VJG OQUV FKHȳEWNV PQVGU VQ RNC[ KP VWPG QP VJG UCZQRJQPG
$GECWUG QH QEVCXG MG[ JQNG RNCEGOGPV EQORTQOKUGU OCFG KP VJG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH VJG UCZQRJQPG EGTVCKP
PQVGU CTG FKHȳEWNV RTQDNGOU QP CP[ UCZQRJQPGȅUVWFGPV QT RTQHGUUKQPCN /QUV DCPF FKTGEVQTU YKNN TGEQIPK\G
VJGUG VTCFKVKQPCN ȊUQTG VJWODȍ PQVGU HQWTVJ NKPG & CPF & HQWTVJ URCEG ' # CPF $ LWUV CDQXG VJG UVCHH 
9JGP QPG VTKGU VQ NKR FQYP QP VJGUG XGT[ UJCTR PQVGU VJG VQPG URTGCFU CPF NGCXGU OWEJ VQ DG FGUKTGF $WV
YJGP VJG GODQWEJWTG KU MGRV UQNKFN[ HQEWUGF CPF VJG CKT UVTGCO KU FKTGEVGF FQYP VJG EGPVGTU QH VJGUG PQVGU
can be found resulting in a pleasing tone and good intonation.

9JGP VJG UVWFGPV KU ȳPCNN[ CDNG VQ EQPVTQN CNN VJG HCEVQTU UQ JG ECP DNQY EQPUKUVGPVN[ CV VJG EQTTGEV OQWVJ
RKGEG RKVEJ NGXGN VJGP VJG OQWVJRKGEG ECP DG RWUJGF DCEM KP QP VJG EQTM VQ C RQUKVKQP OQTG EQPUKUVGPV YKVJ

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

YJGTG VJG KPUVTWOGPV KU OCFG VQ RNC[ #V VJKU RQKPV VQPGU DGIKP VQ EGPVGT VJG WRRGT CPF NQYGT TGIKUVGTU NKPG
WR UQ VJCV QEVCXGU CTG KP VWPG CPF KPVGTXCNU VGPF VQ DG KP VWPG YKVJQWV JCXKPI VQ ȊUGCTEJȍ HQT GCEJ PQVG
0QY YGȉXG IQV C ȳIJVKPI EJCPEG QH YQTMKPI VQIGVJGT KP VJG UCZQRJQPG UGEVKQP

An Approach

5VCDKNK\KPI /QWVJRKGEG 2KVEJ

.GV OG PQY UWIIGUV CP CRRTQCEJ HQT CRRN[KPI VJG OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ EQPEGRV CPF CFF VYQ QVJGT UKIPKȳECPV
companion concepts. After teaching the basic technique for embouchure, breath support, air stream type,
CPF QTCN ECXKV[ + YQWNF UGV WR C TGIWNCT TQWVKPG HQT UVCDKNK\KPI VJG EQTTGEV OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ 6JKU TQWVKPG
OWUV KPXQNXG VGUVKPI VJG RKVEJ FCKN[ CPF VJGP TGRGCVGFN[ CVVCEMKPI CPF JQNFKPI VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ HQT 
OKPWVGU 0QTOCNN[ VJG ȳTUV VGUV QH OQWVJRKGEG RKVEJ GCEJ FC[ YKNN DG VQQ JKIJ 6JG EQTTGEV RKVEJ ECP DG
UQWPFGF CPF UVWFGPVU ECP DG CUMGF VQ OCVEJ KV 6JKU EQWNF DG KPEQTRQTCVGF DTKGʏ[ KPVQ VJG VKOG CNNQVVGF
HQT VJG DCPF YCTOWR 9JGP UVWFGPVU NGCTP VJG RTQEGFWTG VJG[ ECP DG GPEQWTCIGF CUUKIPGF VQ URGPF
OQTG VKOG YKVJ KV QP VJGKT QYP #U VJG GZGTEKUG KU EQPUKUVGPVN[ CRRNKGF VJG ȳTUV RKVEJ VGUV QH GCEJ FC[ YKNN
IGV ENQUGT VQ VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ WPVKN ȳPCNN[ VJG UVWFGPV KU CDNG VJTQWIJ HGGN CPF OWUENGOGOQT[ VQ RNC[
VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ WRQP TGSWGUV CV CP[ VKOG YKVJQWV TGHGTGPEG VQ C RKVEJ UVCPFCTF 6JKU KU YJCV KU OGCPV D[
stabilizing the pitch at that level.

.KUVGPKPI VQ )QQF 6QPG

#NQPI YKVJ VJG OQWVJRKGEG TQWVKPG KV KU KORGTCVKXG VJCV VJG UVWFGPV DG KPXQNXGF KPVGPUKXGN[ KP NKUVGPKPI VQ
VJG ITGCV OQFGNU HQT JKU KPUVTWOGPVȅ$KTF %CPPQPDCNN 6TCPG 4QNNKPU /WNNKICP GVE +V KU GXGP OQTG XCNWCDNG
KH VJKU NKUVGPKPI CNUQ ITQYU KPVQ VTCPUETKDKPI 6JGUG NKUVGPKPI CPF VTCPUETKDKPI GZRGTKGPEGU ȊRTQITCOȍ KPVQ
VJG UVWFGPV C EQPEGRV QH VQPG VJCV WNVKOCVGN[ OWUV DG VJGTG VQ CNNQY VJG UWO QH VJG RCTVU VQ TGCEJ CP
acceptable end product.

%GPVGTKPI VJG 6QPG

#PQVJGT KORQTVCPV EQPEGRV VJCV + YQWNF EQXGT UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ KU VJG EGPVGTKPI QH VJG VQPG %GPVGTKPI VQPG
quality and arriving at the correct pitch for a note are on the same continuum and ideally occur at the same
OQOGPV +V KU RQUUKDNG VQ OCPKRWNCVG C PQVG KPVQ RKVEJ YKVJQWV ȳPFKPI VJG VQPG EGPVGT DWV KV KU PQV NKMGN[
VJCV QPG YKNN ȳPF VJG VQPG EGPVGT YKVJQWV ȳPFKPI VJG RKVEJ CV VJG UCOG VKOG 6JG GCUKGUV YC[ + JCXG HQWPF
VQ EQOOWPKECVG VJG KFGC QH EGPVGTKPI VQ [QWPI UVWFGPVU KU VJG CPCNQI[ QH VJG TCFKQ 'XGT[ UVCVKQP TGEGKXGF
D[ C TCFKQ JCU CP GZCEV UGVVKPI QP VJG VWPGT # UVCVKQP YKNN EQOG VJTQWIJ ENGCTN[ CPF UQWPF DGUV YJGP VJG
VWPGT TGCEJGU VJG GZCEV RQUKVKQP HQT VJCV UVCVKQP +H VJG VWPGT KU QPN[ UNKIJVN[ VQQ JKIJ QT VQQ NQY UVCVKE YKNN
TGUWNV CPF ENCTKV[ KU NQUV +H VJG VWPGT KU VQQ HCT CYC[ VJG UVCVKQP KU NQUV CNVQIGVJGT &KHHGTGPV PQVGU QP VJG
KPUVTWOGPV CTG NKMG VJG FKHHGTGPV UVCVKQPU CPF PGGF VQ DG VWPGFKP YKVJ VJG TKIJV GODQWEJWTGCKT UGVVKPI +H
VJGUG UGVVKPIU CTG PQV RTGEKUG QT EGPVGTGF RQQT VQPG RQQT KPVQPCVKQP CPF UQOGVKOGU USWGCMU CPF KPFGȳPKVG
UQWPFU TGUWNV =6JKU YCU C ITGCV OGVCRJQT KP  0QY YKVJ FKIKVCN VWPGTU FQKPI OQUV QH VJG YQTM VJG
OGVCRJQT KU DGIKPPKPI VQ NQUG RQYGT CNVJQWIJ + JCXG HQWPF OQUV QH O[ [QWPI UVWFGPVU UVKNN WPFGTUVCPF KV
CPF ȳPF XCNWG KP KV>

An aural concept of centering or resonance can then be engendered by the instructor performing on his
KPUVTWOGPV UGXGTCN EQPVTCUVKPI GZCORNGU QH EGPVGTGF CPF WPEGPVGTGF VQPGU
#RRGPFKZ ' 6WPKPI VJG 5CZQRJQPG 5GEVKQP ] 2CIG 
/QTG FKHȳEWNV VJCP JGNRKPI VJG UVWFGPVU ITCUR VJG EQPEGRV QH EGPVGTKPI KU VJG EJCNNGPIG QH JGNRKPI VJGO
OQXG HTQO VJG CDUVTCEV EQPEGRV VQ C EQPETGVG GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ EGPVGTKPI QP VJGKT KPUVTWOGPVU 1PEG VJG[
HGGN VJG UGPUCVKQP CPF JGCT VJG UQWPF QH C HGY EGPVGTGF PQVGU VJG UVWFGPVU YKNN DG YGNN QP VJGKT YC[ VQ
improving their tone quality and intonation.

1PG OGVJQF + JCXG HQWPF WUGHWN HQT JGNRKPI VJG UVWFGPVU GUVCDNKUJ CKT EQPVTQN HQT EGPVGTKPI VQPGU KPXQNXGU
playing a nursery rhyme tune or any short sequence of pitches on the instrument. After the students play
VJG VWPG QP VJGKT KPUVTWOGPVU VJG[ UJQWNF DG KPUVTWEVGF VQ UKPI VJG VWPG CV VJG UCOG RKVEJ NGXGN 6JGP VJG[
UJQWNF DNQY VJTQWIJ VJG VWPG CV VJG UCOG RKVEJ NGXGN WUKPI QPN[ VJG CKT UVTGCO 6JKU KU FQPG D[ DNQYKPI
CKT VJTQWIJ VJG NKRU YJKNG RTQPQWPEKPI VJG U[NNCDNG Ȋ*11ȍ 6JKU YKNN TGUWNV KP C URGEKȳE JCNHYJKUVNGF
RKVEJ YJKEJ ECP DG EQPVTQNNGF VQ DNQY VJG GZCEV RKVEJGU QH VJG VWPG +V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV VJKU DNQYKPI UVGR
DG FQPG CV C JGCNVJ[ NQWF GPGTI[ NGXGN 6JG UVWFGPV UJQWNF VJGP KOOGFKCVGN[ RNC[ VJG VWPG QP VJGKT KPUVTW
OGPVU CICKP YKVJ PQ FGNC[ +H VJKU KU FQPG RTQRGTN[ VJG TGUWNV YKNN DG CUVQPKUJKPI 6JG VQPGU YKNN UQWPF
OWEJ DGVVGTEGPVGTGF CPF DKIIGT CPF YKNN HGGN OWEJ HTGGT CPF GCUKGT VQ VJG UVWFGPVU 6JG UVWFGPVU YKNN JCXG
GZRGTKGPEGF C EQPETGVG TGHGTGPV HQT VJG EQPEGRV QH EGPVGTKPI 6JKU NKVVNG HQTOWNCȅRNC[ KV UKPI KV DNQY KV
YKVJ VJG CKT UVTGCO  CPF RNC[ KV CICKPȅECP DG CRRNKGF QP CP QPIQKPI DCUKU VQ QVJGT VWPGU GZEGTRVU GVE
+ HTGSWGPVN[ WUG VJKU OGVJQF YKVJ O[ YJQNG DKI DCPF CPF VJG TGUWNVU CTG CNYC[U CMKP VQ OCIKE

Conclusion

6GCEJKPI VJGUG EQPEGRVU CPF VGEJPKSWGU VCMGU C NKVVNG OQTG GHHQTV CPF HQNNQY VJTQWIJ VJCP [GNNKPI Ȋ6WPG
VJCV WR UCZGUȍ $WV VJG EQPUEKGPVKQWU GFWECVQT YKNN UGG VJG PGGF HQT IGVVKPI CV VJG TGCN TQQV QH VJG RTQDNGO
5VWFGPVU YJQ OCUVGT DNQYKPI CV VJG EQTTGEV RKVEJ NGXGN CPF UVTKXG HQT EGPVGTGF VQPGU DCUGF QP VJG VQPCN
OGOQT[ FGXGNQRGF HTQO NKUVGPKPI JQWTU CTG KP C RQUKVKQP VQ OCMG TGCN UVTKFGU KP KPVQPCVKQP 9JGP VJG
YJQNG UGEVKQP KU KP VJKU RQUKVKQP VJGP VTCFKVKQPCN CRRTQCEJGU VQ YQTMKPI QP KPVQPCVKQP KP VJG UGEVKQPCN YKNN
[KGNF GZEGRVKQPCN TGUWNVU

+ YKNN FGOQPUVTCVG VJGUG EQPEGRVU KP VJG XKFGQU HQT VJG DQQM

Footnotes

 'WIGPG 4QWUUGCW Saxophone High Tones $NQQOKPIVQP +PFKCPC 'VQKNG /WUKE   R

 %JCTNGU 4 5OKVJ Ȋ# %QORCTCVKXG 5VWF[ QH $NQYKPI 2TGUUWTG CPF #KT (NQY 4CVG KP %NCTKPGV CPF
5CZQRJQPG 2GTHQTOCPEGȍ &QEVQTCN &QEWOGPV +PFKCPC 7PKXGTUKV[   RR 

 #PQVJGT UEJQQN QH GODQWEJWTG YQWNF UWIIGUV VWTPKPI VJG NQYGT NKR QWV UNKIJVN[ 'KVJGT YC[ VJGTG
UJQWNF DG PQ JGCX[ DKVKPI CPF VJG HGGNKPI QH VJG NQYGT NKR EWUJKQP UJQWNF DG C ȊHCV NKRȍ HGGN

 4QWUUGCW R 

 - 0GYGNN &C[NG[ Developmental Exercises for the Breath, Tongue, and Embouchure 2TQXQ 7VCJ
$TKIJCO ;QWPI 7PKXGTUKV[   RR 

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

Appendix F Helps for Intonation Work
6JG HQNNQYKPI VJTGG RCIGU CTG KPVQPCVKQP RCIGU YTKVVGP D[ O[ IQQF HTKGPF )TGI ;CUKPKVUM[ RTQHGUUQT CV
9CUJKPIVQP 5VCVG 7PKXGTUKV[ KP 2WNOCP )TGI KU C ȳPG UCZQRJQPKUV EQORQUGTCTTCPIGT CPF C YQPFGTHWN
VGCEJGT *G JCU HQT [GCTU DGGP VJG HQTEG DGJKPF VJG CYCTFYKPPKPI 957 ,C\\ 'PUGODNG *G JCU DGGP
ITCEKQWU VQ IKXG RGTOKUUKQP VQ UJCTG VJGUG KPVQPCVKQP GZEGTEKUGU YKVJ [QW

9JGP YG CTG VWPKPI VJG LC\\ DCPF YG GPEQWPVGT EQORNGZ CPF JKIJVGPUKQP EJQTFU VJCV CTG FKHHGTGPV VJCP
OQUV QH VJG EJQTFU YG JCXG VQ VWPG KP VJG EQPEGTV U[ORJQPKE DCPF 6JG UVWFGPVU EQOG KPVQ QWT GPUGODNGU
PQV MPQYKPI JQY VQ JGCT VJGKT RQUKVKQP KP VJGUG EJQTFU +V VCMGU UQOG RTCEVKEG VQ MPQY JQY VQ RNC[ KP
tune in these types of chords.

6WPKPI %JQSFU  KU IG:SGF VQ LWPKQS JKIJ UDJQQNOKFFNG UDJQQN NGXGN

6WPKPI %JQSFU  KU IG:SGF VQ JKIJ UDJQQN NGXGN

6WPKPI %JQSFU  KU IG:SGF VQ VJG DQNNGIG NGXGN

1H EQWTUG [QW ECP WUG CP[ NGXGN VJCV KU UWKVGF VQ [QWT DCPF CPF KH [QW JCXG C XGT[ UVTQPI JKIJ UEJQQN
DCPF + YQWNF TGEQOOGPF CNUQ WUKPI VJG EQNNGIG NGXGN UJGGV +P HCEV KV YQWNF RTQDCDN[ DG YKUG VQ WUG
CNN VJTGGȅUVCTV YKVJ VJG OQUV DCUKE CPF YQTM WR VQ VJG OQTG CFXCPEGF ;QW OC[ OCMG EQRKGU HTGGN[ CU
needed for use in your rehearsals.

+V OC[ DG PGEGUUCT[ VQ VCMG CRCTV UQOG QH VJGUG EJQTFU KP VJG TGJGCTUCN CPF LWUV JGCT VJG UCZGU VJGP VJG
VTQODQPGU VJGP VJG UCZGU CPF VTQODQPGU VQIGVJGT VJGP QPN[ VJG VTWORGVU VQIGVJGT CPF ȳPCNN[ GXGT[QPG
VQIGVJGT +V OC[ CNUQ TGCNN[ JGNR VQ JCXG VJG VJ QT VJ RNC[GTU QH GCEJ UGEVKQP VWPG VJGP VJG VJKTFU QH
each section, then the seconds of each section, and then the leads of each section.

+V YKNN DG KORQTVCPV VQ VT[ VQ GNKOKPCVG ENWVVGT KP VJG UQWPFU QH VJG EJQTFU ECWUGF D[ KPVQPCVKQP RTQDNGOU 
9QTM WPVKN VJGTG KU C ENGCT TKPI VQ VJG EJQTFU CPF KP HCEV [QW UJQWNF JGCT C UOCNN TKPI QT TGUQPCPEG KP
VJG TQQO YJGP [QW EWV QHH VJG DCPF KH VJG EJQTF KU KP VWPG

6JKU ECP DG C ITGCV RCTV QH [QWT DCPF YCTOWR

#NN 6WPKPI %JQTF RCIGU WUGF D[ RGTOKUUKQP ;C\\ /WUKE

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 34*.",("/1 )L(4/ Greg Yasinitsky
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© 1985 by Greg Yasinitsky, Yazz Music, ASCAP, All Rights Reserved

 34*.",("/1 )J(4/
TUNING CHORDS #2
Greg Yasinitsky

A! A0 A8 A9 A: AG AF
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© 1985 by Greg Yasinitsky, Yazz Music, ASCAP, All Rights Reserved

6JG 4GCN ,C\\ 2GFCIQI[ $QQM ] 2CIG 

 34*.",("/1 )H(4/ Greg Yasinitsky
TUNING CHORDS #3
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© 2007 by Greg Yasinitsky, Yazz Music, ASCAP, All Rights Reserved

#RRGPFKZ ( *GNRU HQT +PVQPCVKQP 9QTM ] 2CIG