Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

CFD analysis of the influence of distinct thermal enhancement

techniques on the efficiency of double pass solar air heater (DP-SAH)
Sushil Kumar a,⁄, Umesh Kumar a, Piyush a, Harsh a, Shaik Chandini b, Satish Chand c, T. Lakshmana Kishore d,
Harishchander Anandaram e, Naveen Rana f, Asfar H. Siddiqui g
a
Department of Physics, Hansraj college, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Lincoln University College, Malaysia
c
Department of Chemistry, Hansraj college, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering Kakinada (Autonomous), JNTUK Kakinada, India
e
Centre for Computational Engineering and Networking, Amrita School of Artificial Intelligence, Coimbatore Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
f
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
g
Department of Science and Humanities, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study examines the previous research work on double-pass solar air heater (DP-SAH) using CFD
Available online xxxx (Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques. Solar air heaters convert solar energy into useful thermal
energy. CFD is a simulation technology that employs sophisticated computers and arithmetic to simulate
Keywords: fluid flow conditions for predicting the superlative design in heat transfer and fluid stream processes in a
Computational Fluid Dynamics DP-SAH. CFD is an effective approach for predicting the behaviors and performance of a DP-SAH. To effec-
Solar Air Heater tively design a DP-SAH using CFD, an appropriate turbulence model must be used. In this study a CFD
Performance enhancement
based examination is done to determine the usefulness of the simulation methods in selection of opti-
Double pass configuration
mum geometry of a DP-SAH. The study will be very useful for the researchers working in this field as
it provide a comprehensive review of previous studies and helps in designing the geometry for optimum
performance.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2 nd International Con-
ference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology.

1. Introduction resulted from the high level of pollution and resource limitations
of current energy sources. The main unconventional energy source
The study of numerical methods for resolving mathematical that has the capacity to provide all of the world’s present and
issues that arise in research and engineering is known as numerical future energy needs is solar energy and other renewable energy
analysis. Numerical methods are designed, analyzed, and put into sources. Based on how well the solar collector performs, one might
practice. Computational science is a multidisciplinary area com- decide whether solar energy is better than other sorts of energy
mitted to use computing technology to solve issues in research sources. Using solar collectors to convert sunlight into thermal
and engineering. Numerical analysis, a branch of mathematics, is energy is the simplest way to use it for heating applications [1–
a key component of this field. To create and evaluate numerical 6]. The flat plate solar air heater (FPSAH) is undoubtedly one of
solutions for mathematical problems different computational tech- the easiest and affordable equipment commonly used for heating
niques have been used. Of course, there are already ways for air. It has been found that a poor coefficient of convective heat
addressing these issues in these fields, but they are analytical in transfer (HT) between the heating plate and flowing air contributes
nature. Energy is a fundamental component required to support to the lower thermal productivity of such collectors by increasing
life and development. A substantial quest for alternatives has the plate temperature and resulting in greater heat lost to the
atmosphere. Several approaches for improving thermal perfor-
mance have been proposed, which includes the incorporation of
⁄ Corresponding author at: Department of Physics, Hansraj college, University of fins, artificial roughness etc. It has been discovered that using arti-
Delhi, Delhi 110007, India (Sushil Kumar).
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.454
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2 nd International Conference on Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology.

Please cite this article as: S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al., CFD analysis of the influence of distinct thermal enhancement techniques on the efficiency of
double pass solar air heater (DP-SAH), Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.454
S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

ficial roughness in the form of repeating ribs is a practical tech- this field will find the study to be quite helpful as it provides a
nique [7–12]. comprehensive review of previous studies and helps in designing
To achieve the best possible arrangement of roughness element the geometry for optimum performance.
geometry, numerous studies using roughness elements of various
forms, dimensions, and placements with regard to flow direction
2. Thermal performance of DP-SAH
have been conducted [13–20]. It was discovered that a transverse
rib increases the HT coefficient by separating the flow, creating
FPSAH have been utilized in heating spaces, the drying pro-
vortices upstream and downstream of the rib, and reconnecting
cesses, and other commercial applications requiring heated air at
the flow in the intervals between the ribs. [21–28].
small to moderate temperatures. The thermal efficiency (TE) of
In comparison to single and standard type solar air heaters,
SAH depends on a variety of design and operation factors. Convec-
double-pass types are utilized more frequently in a variety of ther-
tive HT between the surface of the heating plate and the air in the
mal applications due to their economic viability and extensive heat
collection duct is an important factor that must be taken into
transfer capabilities. Many experts have been working diligently to
account. It has been shown that the HT coefficient can be greatly
develop energy-efficient SAH for many years [29–34]. The tests
improved with a small amount of pressure loss penalty through
reveal that a number of techniques can be employed to improve
the addition of roughness on the heating plate surface [42–45].
heat transmission rate of DP-SAH. This is due to the fact that they
The air duct of a SAH outfitted with transverse ribs is analyzed
increase the HT to the moving air and create air turbulence within
for flow and HT using CFD numerical simulations. The air circulates
the air duct, which improves the effectiveness of SAHs [35–38].
by convection that is forced, and the absorber plate is heated uni-
Using numerical analysis to solve mathematical equations, the
formly. Any system’s performance is proportional to the amount of
CFD techniques can be useful for evaluating fluid flow, HT rate,
input that is used effectively by the system. The thermal perfor-
chemical processes, and temperature distribution etc. CFD analysis
mance (TP) and thermohydraulic performance (THP) of a SAH must
is equally useful for both designing a SHS system and employing
be analyzed before an effective design of this kind of system can be
optimization techniques for enhancing the TP of SAH by suggesting
created. The TP is related with the HT characteristics of the collec-
the optimum geometrical configuration. Numerous experimental
tor whereas THP is related with pressure drop (PD) in the air chan-
investigations have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of
nels. A conventional SAH is shown in Fig. 1. Schematic view of two
SAH, but due to the complexity of flow patterns and computing
pass solar air channel is illustrated in Fig. 2.
constraints, relatively few CFD analysis attempts have been done
to date [39–41]. Applications of CFD are being utilized to conduct
important research in the field of SAH due to the recent advance- 2.1. Thermal performance (TP)
ments in computer, hardware, and numerical approach. The choice
of a suitable turbulence model is one of the major issues in the Following methodology is opted while calculating the TP of SAH
design of a SAH utilizing a CFD technique. It is difficult to choose using the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equation. According to Duffie and
the right turbulence model for CFD calculations. In this study a Beckman
complete review of the previous CFD based studies is carried out Q u ¼ As F R ½It ðsaÞe  OL ðT i  T o Þ ð1Þ
to determine the usefulness of the simulation methods in selection
of optimum geometry of a DP-SAH. Researchers who specialize in The following equation is used to predict the rate at which a
SAH gains useful energy from air moving through its duct:

Fig. 1. Conventional solar air heater.

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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Two-pass solar air channel.

Fig. 3. Temperature distribution in STC [43].

Fig. 4. PD in upper/lower channels (a) 2D CFD model (b) 3D CFD model [44].

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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 5. Velocity Vector in cross section [45].

Fig. 6. Velocity vectors at (a) Re = 3000, (b) Re = 10,000 and (c) Re = 20,000 for hybrid staggered configuration [47].

Qu Q u ¼ ma C p ðT I  T O Þ ¼ ht As ðT MP  T MAÞ ð3Þ
qu ¼ ¼ F R ½It ðsaÞe  OL ðT i  T o Þ ð2Þ
As
Furthermore, the TE of a SAH is
Several active and passive augmentation approaches can raise
qu OL ðT i  T o Þ
the HT coefficient’s (h) value. The Nusselt number (Nu) is a non- gth ¼ ¼ F R ½ðsaÞe  ð4Þ
It It
dimensional representation of it.

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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

_ (a)m
Fig. 7. Temperature distributions in DP-SAH with PCM at different value of m _ = 0.6 kg/min, (b)m
_ = 1.2 kg/min, and (c)m
_ = 1.8 kg/min [48].

2.2. Hydraulic performance (HP) metal tubes were used to construct three DP-SAH for the experi-
mental research. Aluminum glass wool with a thickness of
The pressure drop (PD) in the duct is a significant consideration 25 mm was employed to insulate the bottom base and the side-
for the TP of a SAH. The amount of energy required by the blower walls. For the experiments, three different setup were used. The
to push air through the channel is proportional to the PD. The PD experimentation was carried out throughout the day. Ansys Fluent
for a fully developed turbulent stream across a channel with a was used to run the simulations. The findings demonstrated that
Re < 50,000 can be calculated using the following equation: until noon, the temperature and solar flux start to rise. The stored
energy is constantly increasing during the day and diminishing at
2f qlv 2
DP ¼ ð5Þ night. Additionally, it was discovered that the air velocity caused
Dh vortices to form in the collector. The temperature variation of the
solar thermal collector is depicted in Fig. 3.
2.3. Thermohydraulic performance parameter Al-Damook et al. [47] examined the impact of flow arrange-
ments on the solar heater performance. Recycled aluminium cans
The energy used for air propulsion must also be taken into con- (RACs) were used as turbulators in a solar air collector. COMSOL
sideration when assessing a SAHs efficacy in terms of increasing multiphysics CFD software is utilized to design models; the U-
thermal gain. It is ideal for the SAH to be designed to transfer the shape, the cocurrent model (model A), and the countercurrent
most heat energy to the moving fluid while using the least amount model (model B) (model C). They concluded that U-shape design
of blower energy possible. Therefore, THP should be assessed by provides a superior TP than the cocurrent and countercurrent flow
concurrently taking into account the thermal and hydraulic fea- models. The performance of U-shape design was 5.4 % and 6.5 %
tures of the collector in order to measure the total performance better than cocurrent and countercurrent flow models respec-
of a SAH. The following index represents a solar air heater’s THP. tively. A computer model of flow configurations was used for an
outdoor experiment. The DP-SAH (model C) design agreed well
Nu=Nurs with experimental data, and model C-III (SAH with staggered
Thermo  hydraulic performance parameter ¼ 1=3
ð6Þ
ðf =f rs Þ RAC) has a 60.2 % higher TE than other two models; C-II and C-I.
The PD in upper & lower channels is depicted in Fig. 4(a-b).
Cheng and Zhang [48] predicted the flow parameters of a DP-
3. Applications of CFD in performance enhancement of DP-SAH SAH with a V-groove absorber by using the standard k-e model.
The simulations results obtained in this study show that HT is
Numerous numerical studies have been published to examine more efficient when there is crossflow of air as compare to the par-
the TP of DP-SAH. Kalash et al. [46] numerically analysed the TP allel flow. The resistance to air flow in the SAH is noticeably
of the DP-SAH by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Ten dropped when the height of the V-groove is reduced by 5 to 10%.
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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

_ = 0.01 kg/s, k = 0.016 m and Dh = 0835 m. [49].

Fig. 8. Vector plots relative to (a) 85% (b) 87% (c) 90% (d) 93% and (c) 95% porosity of the SAH for am

Fig. 9. Temperature & PD along with streamline (16.5 m/s inlet velocity and 863 W/m2 radiation [50].

In case of DP-SAH with a V-groove absorber, it is recommended El-Said [49] numerically examined the TP of a DP-SAH. CFDRC
that the cross-flow state be used, as well as a lower height for software is used during numerical simulations. These simulations
the V-groove should be used. Fig. 5 depicts the velocity. were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the new design. In

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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 10. Velocity contour of curved sah at the sharp vortex of v-grooves having pitch (a) 10 mm (b) 15 mm [51].

this study, an effort has been made to increase TP by using curved numerical results, the thermohydraulic performance of a serpen-
perforated baffles. These numerical results obtained for modified tine SAH is up to 24.33 % greater than that of a flat packed bed
DP-SAH with curved perforated baffles were dynamic. Results SAH. The vector plots at various porosity for SAH atm_ = 0.01 kg/
show that in the improvement of TP of STC, the parameters of s, k = 0.016 m and Dh = 0835 m is shown in the Fig. 8.
curved perforated baffles have significant role. Heydari et al. [53] numerically studied the impact of helical
Singh [50] experimentally and numerically explored the TP of a channelling on the TP of DP-SAH. The novel aspect of this study
finned absorber plate SAH. The numerical investigation was carried was to develop a channel with a triangle cross-section that is con-
out with commercially available CFD software. The findings were structed in such a manner as to produce a helical flow of air
compared with experimental data and good agreement was found through the SAH. This stream was designed to exchange the heat
between them. Using numerical simulation, the geometrical with the absorber plate. After completing the process of experi-
parameters of the heater duct, such as the fin angle, fin length mentally monitoring a variety of thermal characteristics of the sys-
etc. are taken into consideration to obtain the optimum values. tem at two distinct flow rates, total HT coefficient and TE of the
CFD analysis found several intriguing results regarding the stag- system were determined. According to the findings, it is predicted
gered fins arrangement. One of these outcomes was the production that the average TE of a DP-SAH with helical channelling was 14.7%
of the wavy motion within the heater duct, which gives a consid- more than a simple channel and 8.6% advanced than that of a
erable boost to the amount of heat transferred. The distribution finned DP-SAH at same m. Fig. 9 shows the temperature and pres-
of velocity vectors at different Reynold Number (Re) for hybrid sure drop along with streamline.
staggered configuration is shown in Fig. 6. Singh and Singh [54] carried out a numerical simulation of dis-
Sahil et al. [51] explored and assessed the TP of a DP-SAH tinct geometries of curved heating plate to study the dynamic TP of
packed with paraffin wax in rectangular capsules. For the purpose smooth SAH (both SP-SAH and DP-SAH). Different ratios of semi-
of resolving the 3D forced convection turbulent flow in DP-SAH, a circular groove and V-groove corrugation heights and pitches on
mathematical model was established based SIMPLE method. The the curved heating plate were studied to see their impact on the
computational outcomes and the experimental results agreed with HT characteristics of SAH. Velocity contour at the sharp vortex of
one another to a considerable degree. Temperature distribution in V-grooves of curved SAH is shown in Fig. 10.
DP-SAH with PCM at various flow rates is shown in the Fig. 7. Singh Kumar et al. [55] compared the TP of DP-SAH with traditional
[52] experimentally and numerically examined the TP of a porous SP-SAH. An investigation was carried out to analyse the design of
serpentine wavy wire mesh SAH. The outcomes of the investiga- a DPSAH. The performance characteristics of these designs were
tions indicated that the best TE and THP were achieved by using predicted with the help of numerical model. After placing a DPSAH
a 93% porous double pass serpentine PBSAH. Compared to SP- heating plate in the midst of the transparent glass cover and insu-
SAH, these efficiencies were determined to be roughly 80 % and lating wall, the exiting temperature of the air was assessed to be
74 %, which is roughly 30 % and 17 % greater. The numerical exam- 5 °C greater than the standard temperature. Nassab and Sheikhne-
ination is performed using CFD approach, and The results had been jad [56] examined the effects of flexible vortex generators on two-
verified with the assistance of experimental data. According to the dimensional turbulent free convection air stream in a DP-SAH. Two

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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 11. Evolution of temperature contour at different times for the DP-SAH with EVG up to PSS. [53].

thin elastic winglets were connected to absorber walls close to the that has been artificially roughened with thin spherical wire. The
inlet section at an attack angle of 65° for analysis. These winglets analysis compares the results from several different turbulent
served as vortex generators. This cutting-edge idea was developed models. Heat transport and friction factor in the duct can be pre-
by transient numerical modelling of the flow field using the finite dicted with high accuracy using the Renormalization-group
element approach and fluid–solid interaction as the two primary (RNG) k-3 model. For the array of parameters considered, an over-
pillars of analysis. The temperatures of absorber plate and outlet, all enhancement ratio as high as 1.7 was discovered to be possible.
flow rate and velocity were calculated. The numerical results con- Khanlari et al. [60] developed and evaluated three different types
firmed significant improvement in TP as compared to that of a con- of parallel-pass SCs for use in drying: one with double baffles
ventional DP-SAH. The experimental and numerical data available (PPSCDB), one with baffles (PPSCB), and one without baffles (PPSC).
in the literature were used to validate the present numerical High thermal efficiency has been achieved by the use of plus-
results. The temporal development of the DP-SAH temperature shaped, perforated baffles. Numerical and experimental analysis
contour is depicted in Fig. 11. of solar collector performance. PPSC, PPSCB, and PPSCDB have aver-
Nidhul et al. [57] examined the effect of V-ribs’ secondary flow age thermal efficiencies of 62.10–66.32%, 65.72–696.2%, and
on the efficiency of a triangular SAH duct is studied using CFD and 71.12–75.11%, respectively, as determined experimentally. Yadav
exergy analysis. Empirical correlations for forecasting Nu and f and Bhagoria [61] conducted a mathematical study to examine
with variances of 8.7% and 4.7%, correspondingly, are derived based air flows characteristics of the roughened SAH. ANSYS FLUENT soft-
on the results of the CFD simulations At Re = 7500, the optimal effi- ware is used to model unsettled airflow through a SAH that has
ciency parameter is 2.01 for a = 45. To enhance turbulence convec- been purposely roughened. It has been discovered that the perfor-
tive HT in a SAH duct, Parsa et al. [58] conducted a computational mance of the intentionally roughened SAH is most affected by the
research and parameterized optimisation of the usage of innova- parameters such as Re, P/e and e/Dh. A summary of the findings of
tive staggered baffles on the heating plate. The optimal geometry previous studies utilizing CFD simulation is given in Table 1.
and placement of the baffle are determined by analyzing the HT
and PD characteristics and then utilizing a Taguchi design-based
4. Conclusion
optimization technique. It’s also been established that the effi-
ciency and THP are most sensitive to the relative pitch (P/e) and
A detailed review of the studies is provided in this article which
height (e/Dh). The optimal baffled SAH has a THP of 3.43. Kumar
utilize CFD simulation to optimize the design parameters of DP-
and Saini [59] used CFD to examine the efficiency of a SAH duct
SAH. In various studies, CFD analysis is carried out to determine
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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
CFD simulation of various SAH.

Study Computational methodology Difference between experimental and simulation results

Kalash et al. [46]  CFD: Ansys FluentTurbulence model: Well agreement observed.
(k-e)
Mesh: Uniform
Al-Damook et al. [47]  CFD code: COMSOL Multiphysics V5.3aTurbulence Good agreement detected
model:
(k-e)
Mesh: Uniform
Cheng and Zhang [48]  CFD code: FluentTurbulence model: Well agreement observed
(k-e)
Mesh: Uniform
El-Said [49]  CFD code: Good agreement observed.
Turbulence model:
Mesh: Uniform
Singh [50]  CFD code: Ansys-Fluent Good agreement observed.
Turbulence model: k -e turbulence model with RNG
group
Mesh: Uniform
Sahil et al. [51]  CFD code: SIMPLE algorithmTurbulence model: Good agreement observed.
(k-e) Maximum error of melting point of PCM = ±6.25% and exit temperature of air =
Mesh: Uniform ±4.5%,
Singh [52]  CFD code: ASHRAE standard 93–77 Good agreement observed.
Turbulence model: k -e turbulence model with RNG
group
Mesh: Uniform
Heydari et al. [53]  CFD code: Fluent 18.1 software Good accuracy between experimental and numerical results was observed
Mesh: Uniform
Singh and Singh [54]  CFD code: FluentTurbulence model: Well agreement observed.
(k-e)
Mesh: Uniform
Kumar et al. [55]  CFD code: SIMPLE algorithm Good agreement.
Mesh: Uniform Maximum deviation of Nu = 3.42% and f = 0.87%
Nassab and Sheikhnejad  CFD code: Fluid Solid Interaction (FSI) Good accuracy between experimental and numerical results was observed.
[56] Mesh: Uniform

the ideal turbulence model for the development of a DP-SAH. The 5. Future scope
fluid flow of a standard DP-SAH is simulated using different CFD
software such as ANSYS FLUENT, ASHRAE standard 93–77, SIMPLE CFD provides quick, inexpensive, and thorough evaluation for
algorithm and Fluid Solid Interaction (FSI). The distinct turbulence the optimal configuration of SAHs, and it must be implemented
model’s effects on the accuracy of the resulting data are examined. in future research along with the existing experimental approach
The findings can be summed up as follows: to investigate the TP of SAH incorporated with various heat aug-
mentation techniques. Due to the lack of research in this area,
 The results of the CFD simulation are verified against the exper- effect on the TP by using artificial rib roughness on DP-SAH should
imental findings, and they are discovered to be in satisfactory be explored with the assistance of CFD. To further enhance the TP
agreement. of SAHs, compound HT augmentation techniques must be used.
 The CFD modelling tool can be utilized in the future for more Combining the surface improvement with other methods recorded
complex SAH problems, despite a few minor inconsistencies in the literature to improve HT of SAH is advised for future
caused by a few experimental imperfection issues. research. These methods include selective coatings, corrugated
 There is no doubt that improving the process of design associ- heating plate, SAH with TES system and fluid additive approaches.
ated with fluid flow and heat transmission is a significant
emphasis of the CFD analysis of SAH.
 CFD analysis was conducted on several TP enhancement tech-
niques of SAH such as by using PCMs, artificial roughness on CRediT authorship contribution statement
heating plate or using turbulators etc.
 The choice of a suitable turbulence model is one of the major Sushil Kumar: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology,
issues in the design of a SAH utilizing a CFD technique. It is dif- Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – origi-
ficult to choose a good turbulence model for a CFD calculation. nal draft, Writing – review & editing. Umesh Kumar: Investigation,
Writing – original draft. Piyush: . Harsh: . Shaik Chandini: . Satish
To summarize, the focus of this article is to show the CFD is Chand: . T. Lakshmana Kishore: . Harishchander Anandaram: .
being used in the design of SAH in the present era and CFD design Naveen Rana: . Asfar H. Siddiqui: .
has a bright future. Regardless of how advanced CFD techniques
evolve, there is no limit to the number of future and demanding
CFD applications. Future studies on SAH using CFD have a wide
Data availability
range of possibilities. This review article is very helpful for the
new researchers in this field of study.
No data was used for the research described in the article.
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S. Kumar, U. Kumar, Piyush et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Declaration of Competing Interest protrusion with combination arc obstacle on the heated plate, Exp. Heat
Transfer 3 (2018) 232–250, https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2017.1405102.
[20] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, M. Sethi, Experimental investigation of
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- an indirect solar dryer integrated with phase change material for drying
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared valeriana jatamansi (medicinal herb), Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 10 (2017) 302–
314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2017.07.009.
to influence the work reported in this paper.
[21] A.K. Bhardwaj, R. Kumar, R. Chauhan, Experimental investigation of the
performance of a novel solar dryer for drying medicinal plants in Western
Himalayan region, Sol. Energy 177 (2019) 395–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/
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characterization and design optimization of delta-shaped obstacles in solar
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performance of solar thermal collector: An experimental study, response
Experimental investigation of impact of the energy storage medium on the
surface analysis and ANN modelling, Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 52
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analyses of drying medicinal herb in a novel forced convection solar dryer
protrusion ribs parameter in solar air heater with impinging air jet based
integrated with SHSM and PCM, Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 45 (2021),
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solar collectors for heat transfer enhancements using phase change materials
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existing traditional western Himalayan region of India to micro-hydropower
investigation and optimization of cobalt bonded tungsten carbide composite
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optimization of solar water heating system with perforated obstacle using
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speed on the efficiency of Fresnel lens based two stage PVT system, Therm. Sci.
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overall thermal performance of a fluid flow in a rectangular channel with
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Single phase thermal and hydraulic performance analysis of a V-pattern
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dimpled obstacles air passage, Exp. Heat Transfer 30 (2017) 393–426, https://
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dynamics-based analysis for optimization of various thermal techniques used
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hydrodynamic performance of impingement jet solar air passage with

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