BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ESAD LAB FILE

NAME: Ashish
CLASS & ROLL NO.: ECE 2 | 08413202822
SUBMITTED TO: DR. GAGANDEEP KAUR
INDEX
 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM:
Introduc on to 8051 Microcontroller.

APPARATUS USED:
In lab we have used ANSHUMAN 8051 MICROCONTROLLER KIT

THEORY:
History:

The history of microcontrollers is intertwined with the development of

microprocessors, but with a key difference.

While microprocessors are the brains of computers, microcontrollers

are like miniaturized computers designed for specific tasks.

Here is the meline of some key milestones:

Early 1970s: The race is on! Around the same me Intel created the first
microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, engineers at Texas Instruments
were working on a similar concept.

1971: Credit for the first true microcontroller o en goes to Texas

Instruments"
Gary Boone and Michael Cochran, who developed the TMS 1000. This 4-
bit microcontroller contained all the essen al components (CPU,
memory, input/output) on a single chip.

Mid-1970s: Japanese electronics manufacturers jump in, developing

microcontrollers specifically for automobiles, like engine control and in-
car entertainment systems.

1977: Intel responds to the popularity of the TMS 1000 with the Intel
8048,
another single-chip design that combined RAM and ROM with a
microprocessor. This chip found its way into millions of PC keyboards.

Since then, microcontrollers have con nued to evolve:

Increasing Complexity: Bit size grew from 4-bit to 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit
and beyond, enabling more complex tasks.
Re-programmability: Early microcontrollers required specialized
equipment for programming. The introduc on of erasable
programmable memory (like flash memory) allowed for easier updates
and development.

Wider Applica ons: Microcontrollers are now embedded in countless

devices, from appliances and toys to medical equipment and industrial
automa on.

Today, microcontrollers are ubiquitous, silently running the background

opera ons in a vast array of technologies.

Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor:

Func onality:

Microprocessor (µP): The brains of a computer system. It handles the

central processing tasks and requires addi onal components like
memory and input/output (I/O) interfaces to func on. They are more
general-purpose.

Microcontroller (µC): Self-contained mini-computer on a single chip. It

integrates the CPU, memory (RAM and ROM), and I/O peripherals all
together.

Microcontrollers are designed for specific tasks and are more

applica onspecific.

Complexity:

Microprocessor: More complex architecture with higher clock speeds

and larger memory capaci es. This makes them suitable for demanding
computa onal tasks.

Microcontroller: Simpler design with lower clock speeds and limited

memory. This keeps them cost-effec ve and efficient for embedded
systems.

Applica ons:

Microprocessor: Found in personal computers, servers, smartphones,

and other general-purpose compu ng devices.

Microcontroller: Widely used in embedded systems like washing

machines, thermostats, drones, toys, and many more.

Analogy:
Think of a microprocessor as a powerful, expandable desktop computer.

A microcontroller is like a small, efficient single-board computer

designed for a specific purpose.

Introduc on to 8051 Microcontroller:

The 8051 microcontroller is a Harvard architecture 8-bit microcontroller.

It has a RISC (Reduced Instruc on Set Compu ng) architecture. It
features a single accumulator, 16-bit program counter, and 8-bit data
bus. It has 4KB of on-chip program memory (ROM). It also haves 128
bytes of on-chip data memory (RAM) with a built-in memory controller.
It has four 8-bit I/O ports that can be programmed to be input or
output. It also has two 16-bit mers/counters, a serial communica on
port, and an interrupt controller. The architecture supports direct
addressing, register indirect addressing, and immediate addressing
modes. Many manufacturers produce 8051 microcontrollers. Their
varia ons are increased memory, addi onal peripherals, and improved
clock speeds.
BASIC ARCHITECTURE of 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the brain of any

processing machine. It is the part that is responsible for managing all
the tasks of the microcontroller. The CPU is an independent unit. Users
can not interfere with the CPU controlling how it should func on. It
iden fies the tasks present in the ROM and then processes them. In the
8051-microcontroller architecture, the CPU is responsible for managing
registers. Registers are a type of memory in a computer. They can store
and manipulate data.

2. Interrupts: In the 8051-microcontroller architecture, interrupts

stop the microcontroller's current task. Interrupts are caused when
some other program has a higher priority request for execu on. When
an interrupt occurs, the ongoing task stops, the sub-rou ne for the
interrupt is executed, and then the previous job resumes.

Types of interrupts in 8051 Microcontroller

The following are the types of interrupts in the 8051-microcontroller

architecture:

INTO It is an external interrupt having code 0. External hardware causes

this interrupt.

INTI It is an external interrupt having code 1. External hardware causes

this interrupt.

TFO This is for mer 0 overflow interrupt.

TF1 This is for mer 1, overflow interrupt

RI/TI This is a serial communica on interrupt.

3. Memory: The next part of the 8051 microcontroller architecture
is the memory. For any data manipula on to occur, we require a set of
instruc ons. These programs need to be saved in memory. This memory
where the program resides in the controller's memory is called code
memory or program memory. It acts as ROM memory for the 8051
microcontroller architecture. In the 8051 microcontroller architecture,
the microcontroller has 4KB ROM and 128 bytes of RAM.

4. Bus: A bus is a group of wires. Communica on within the

microcontroller happens through this bus. There are either 8 or 16 or
more wires in the bus. If the 8051 microcontroller architecture has 8
wires, it can carry 8 bits of data. If the 8051 microcontroller architecture
has 16 wires, it can carry 16 bits of data.

Types of Buses:

a. Address Bus: The address bus in the 8051 microcontroller

architecture is 16 bits. This bus transfers data from the CPU to the
memory.

b. Data Bus: In 8051 microcontroller architecture, the data bus is 8

bits. It helps in carrying the data from one place to another.
5. Oscillators: The microcontroller requires a clock to perform
opera ons. In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, we have an
oscillator that func ons as a clock for the CPU.

6. Input/Output Ports: A microcontroller controls small opera ons

for a system. It is embedded in the systems. We might some mes need
to connect the microcontroller to other devices. In the 8051
microcontroller architecture, we have 4 input/output ports. We connect
other input/output peripherals using these ports.

7. Timers/Counters: In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, we

have two mers. They are each 16 bits. We have the mers to generate
gaps between two events. The two mers generate two delays(gaps),
and the suitable one is chosen.

8. Data Types: In 8051, there is only one data type of 8 bits, from
the MSB (most significant bit) D7 to the LSB (least significant bit) D0.
With an 8-bit data type, any data type larger than

8-bit must be broken into 8-bit chunks by the programmer before it is

processed.

9. Stack: The stack is a sec on of RAM used by the CPU to store

informa on such as data or memory address on a temporary basis. The
CPU needs this storage area considering the limited number of
registers. There are registers inside the CPU to point to the stack. A
Stack Pointer register is used to access the stack. This stack pointer is 8
bits wide. The opera on of storing the data in a stack is known as PUSH
and ge ng it back into a CPU register is known as POP.

10. Registers: Registers are memory storage devices used in the CPU
to temporarily store informa on. This informa on could be data to be
processed or, an address poin ng to the data to be fetched.

The most widely used registers of the 8051 are: A (accumulator), B

register, R0-
R7, DPTR (Data Pointer), PC (Program Counter), Stack Pointer (SP)
All these registers are of 8 bits, except DPTR and PC.

11. Addressing modes: Addressing modes in the 8051

microcontrollers are a way of specifying the loca on of an operand in
memory. The addressing mode affects the number bytes that the
instruc on takes up in the memory and the speed at which it is
executed. We choose different addressing modes according to specific
applica ons.

There are six different types of Addressing Modes.

a. Immediate Addressing Mode

b. Register Addressing Mode

c. Register Indirect Addressing Mode

d. Implied Addressing Mode

e. Direct Addressing Mode

f. Indexed Addressing Mode

8051 Pin Diagram:

The 8051 microcontroller is a popular microcontroller in embedded
systems. It has 40 pins, each of which has a specific purpose. An
explana on of the 8051 pin diagram is provided below:

Port PO(Pins 32-39)

An 8-bit bidirec onal I/O port is port 0.

It can be applied to opera ons involving input and output.

A different name for it is the "low-order" address bus.

Port P1 (Pins 1-8)

Another 8-bit bidirec onal I/O port is Port 1, which is.

It can be applied to opera ons involving input and output.

A different use for it is to offer a collec on of all-purpose I/O pins or

external interrupt pins.

Port P2 (Pins 2-28)

An 8-bit bidirec onal I/O port is known as Port 2.

It can be applied to opera ons involving input and output.

Addi onally, it func ons as the high-order address bus for accessing
external memory.

Port 3 (P3) (Pins 10-17)

A bidirec onal 8-bit I/O port with addi onal specific func onality is port
3.

It contains two external interrupt pins (INTO, INTI) that can cause
hardware interrup ons from outside the device.
TXD and RXD, two addi onal pins, are provided for serial
communica on.

ALE (Address Latch Enable) (Pin 30):

A memory read/write opera on uses ALE to latch the address of
external memory devices.

It is a pulse signal produced by the 8051 to let other devices know that
the data on the address bus is legi mate.

EA/VPP (External Access/Programming Enable) (Pin 31)

EA/VPP is used for two different func ons depending on its logic level.

When connected to VCC (5V), it enables the 8051 to fetch code from
external memory.

When connected to VPP (12V), it enables programming of the 8051's

ROM.

PSEN (Program Store Enable) (Pin 29)

PSEN is used to indicate that external program memory is being

accessed.

When ac vated, it informs the external ROM that the 8051 is fetching
instruc ons.

RST (Reset) (Pin 9):

RST is an ac ve-low reset input.

When pulled low, it resets the microcontroller, ini alizing it to its

star ng state.

XTALI and XTAL2 (Pins 18 and 19)

These are the connec ons for an external crystal oscillator or resonator.
They are used to provide the clock signal for the microcontroller.

VCC and GND (Pins 20 and 40)

VCC is the supply voltage pin (typically +5V).

GND is the ground reference pin.

Advantages of 8051 Microcontroller Architecture:

The 8051 microcontroller architecture offers several advantages, making

it popular in embedded systems:

Wide Availability: It's one of the most widely used microcontrollers,

with numerous variants and extensive support available.

Low Cost: The 8051 is cost-effec ve for a wide range of applica ons,
making it a go-to choice for budget-sensi ve projects.
Simple Architecture: Its straigh orward architecture is easy to
understand and program, ideal for beginners and complex projects
alike.

Power Efficiency: It is designed for low power consump on, extending

the ba ery life of portable devices.

Versa le I/O Opera ons: Provides a variety of built-in I/O opera ons,
including mers, serial communica on, and interrupt handling,
facilita ng diverse applica ons.

Embedded C Compa bility: It supports programming in Embedded C, a

popular language for microcontroller programming, alongside assembly
language.

Disadvantages of 8051 Microcontroller Architecture:

The 8051 microcontroller architecture, while widely used, has several

disadvantages:

Limited Memory: The standard 8051 comes with only 4KB of ROM and
128 bytes of RAM, which may not suffice for more complex applica ons.

Single Accumulator: Reliance on a single accumulator for opera ons can

lead to bo lenecks in processing and increased instruc on execu on
me.

No Power Management: Older 8051 models lack advanced power

management features, leading to higher power consump on compared
to modern microcontrollers.

Slower Speed: Compared to contemporary microcontrollers, the 8051's

clock speed is rela vely slow, affec ng performance in me-sensi ve
applica ons.
Fewer I/O Ports: With only four 8-bit I/O ports, the 8051 provides
limited direct interface capabili es for peripherals and sensors.

No In-built ADCs: Absence of built-in Analog-to-Digital Converters

(ADCs) necessitates external components for analog signal processing,
increasing complexity and cost.

Benefits of the 8051 Microcontroller:

Simple and Cost-Effec ve: The 8051's architecture is straigh orward,

making it easy to learn and use. This also translates to lower produc on
costs, ideal for applica ons where budget is a major concern.

Versa le Instruc on Set: The 8051 packs a powerful instruc on set for
an 8-bit microcontroller. It supports a variety of arithme c, logical, and
branching opera ons, allowing you to tackle a wide range of tasks
within its processing capabili es.

Wide Availability and Strong Community Support: The 8051 has been
around for a long me and remains a popular choice. This translates to
easy availability, a wealth of documenta on and tutorials, and a strong
community of developers you can tap into for help.

Low Power Consump on: While not the most power-efficient

microcontroller on the market, the 8051 consumes less power than
some of its counterparts, making it suitable for ba ery-powered
applica ons to an extent.

Limita ons of the 8051 Microcontroller:

Limited Processing Power: Being an 8-bit microcontroller, the 8051 is

inherently less powerful than its 16, 32, or 64-bit counterparts. This
limits its ability to handle complex calcula ons or data processing tasks.
Limited Memory: Both program memory (ROM) and data memory
(RAM) are constrained in the 8051. This can restrict the size and
complexity of programs you can develop for it.

Limited On-Chip Peripherals: The 8051 has a basic set of built-in

peripherals like mers and serial ports. For more advanced
func onali es, you might need external components, increasing design
complexity.
 EXPERIMENT -2

AIM:
Write a program to perform addi on and subtrac on of two numbers.
SOFTWARE USED: Keil Vision5
PROGRAM
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{ unsigned char a, b, c, m, n, o, p, q, r, x, y, z;
a=0x03;
b=0x05
:
c=a+ b; // perform addi on
m=0x0a;
n=0x04;
o=m-n ; // perform subtrac on
P0=c;
P1=o;
}
OUTPUT
 EXPERIMENT -3
AIM:
Write a program to perform mul plica on and division of two numbers.

SOTWARE
USED: Keil u
vision 5

PROGRAM
#include <reg51.h>

void main(void)
{
unsigned char a, b, c, m, n, o, p, q,
r, x, y, z; p=0x04; q=0x06; r=p/q;
x=0x02; y=0x04;
z=x*y;

P2=r;//perform division
P3=z;//perform mul plica on

}
OUTPUT
 EXPERIMENT-4

AIM:
Write an 8051 C program to send hex values for ASCII characters of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E to Pl.
SOFTWARE
USED:
Keil uVision5
PROGRAM
CODE:
#include<reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mynum[] = "0123456789ABCDE";
unsigned char z;
for(z=0; z <= 15; z++)
{ P1 = mynum[z];
}
}

OUTPUT:
 EXPERIMENT - 5

AIM:

Write a Program to find factorial of a number.

So ware
Required:

Keil uVision5

C
o
d
e
:

//factorial of a number

#include <reg51.h>

unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n){

unsigned int result = 1;

while(n>1){

result *=n;

n
-
;
}

return result;
}

void main(void) {

unsigned int num = 7;

unsigned int result;

result = factorial(num);

P1 = result;

while(1);}
OUTPUT
 EXPERIMENT-6

AIM:

Write a C program to toggle bits of P1 ports con nuously with a 250 ms.

So ware
Required:

Keil uVision5

PROGRAM
CODE

#include <reg51.h>

void MSDelay(unsigned int); //delay rou ne defini on

void main()

while(1) //repeat forever

P1 = 0x55;

MSDelay(1000);

P1 = 0xaa;

MSDelay(1000);

}
//delay rou ne implimenta on

void MSDelay(unsigned int i me)

unsigned int i, j;
for(i=0; i < i me; i++)

for(j=0;j<1275; j++);
}

OUTPUT:
 EXPERIMENT - 7

AIM:

Write an 8051 C program to get byte of data from P1, wait ½ second (i.e 500ms) and
then send it to P2.

SOFTWARE
USED:

Keil uVision5.

PROGRAM
CODE:

#include <reg51.h>

void MSDelay(unsigned int);

void main()

unsigned char mybyte;

P10x45; // input port pl

while(1)

mybyte P1; //get a byte from pl

MSDelay(500); //wait for 1 sec

P2mybyte; // sending to p2
void MSDelay(unsigned int i me)

unsigned int i, j;
for(i=0; i<i me; i++)

for(j=0; j <1275; j++);

}

OUTPUT:
 EXPERIMENT-8

AIM:

Write an 8051 C program to send the two messages "first name" and "last name" to
the serial port. If SW-0, send first name else if SW-1, send last name.

SOFTWARE
USED:

Keil uVision5.

PROGRAM
CODE:

#include <reg51.>

unsigned char SW;

void main(void)

unsigned char z,

unsigned char first_name[] = "NEW";

unsigned char last_name[] = "USER";

TMOD=0x20;

TH1 = 0xfd;

SCON = 0x50;

TRI=1;
if (SW==0)
{
for(z=0; z < 3; z++) {
SBUF=first_name[z];
while(T1==0)
TI=0;
}
}
else {
for(z=0; z <4; z++)
{
SBUF=last_name[z].
while(TI==0);
T1 =0;
}
}
}
OUTPUT:
EXPERIMENT 9
AIM: Write an 8051 C program to send the two messages "first name" and
"last name'* to the serial port. If SW=O, send first name else if l, send last
name.
SOFTWARE USED: Keil uVision5.
PROGRAM CODE:
#include <rcg51 .h>
unsigned char SW;
void main(void)
{unsigned char z;
unsigned char first_name[] = "NEW";
unsigned char last_name[] = “USER";
TMOD = 0x20;
THI = 0xfd;
SCON = 0x50;
TRI= I;
If (SW =0)
{
for(z = 0; z < 3; z++)
{
SBUF = first_name[z];
while(Tl ==0)
T1 =0;
}
}
else
{
for (0: •z < 4;z++)
{
SBUF = last_name[z];
while(T!==0)
T1=0;
}
}
}
OUTPUT:

EXPERIMENT 10
AIM: To use Embest IDE for ARM and ARM So ware Emulator.

SOFTWARE USED: Embest IDE.

THEORY:
Embest IDE is an Integrated Development Environment for so ware cross-
development, The EmbestlDE is an applica on that provides a simple and
graphical user interface and tools for developing embedded so ware. It
is an Integrated Developnent Environment (IDE) that facilitates managing
and building projects, establishing and managing host-target
communica on, Illnning and debugging applica ons. It provides an
efficient way for developing embedded applica ons. EmbestlDE
comprises the following elements (Figure I-I):
 An integrated source-code editor
 A project management facility.
 Integrated C and ASM compilers and linker. Z
 a source-level debugger.
 an integrated development environment.
 an ARM simulator
EmbestIDE uses host-larger cross model for developing embedded
applica ons. EmbestlDE runs on a host computer. Your target board is
connected to the host computer through debug device (BDM/JTAG
Emulator). You can edit and build your projects on the host, and create a
target executable file with EmbestIDE. Download the target file to the
target, and then use Embes0DE debugger 10 debug it through the
communica on of debug device connected between the host computer
and the target board. Figurel-2 illustrates the host-target cross model with
EmbestIDE.
When you use EmbestIDE for ARM, a debug device--Embest JTAG
Emulator is provided. See appendix A "JTAG Emulator Connec on" for
detail describe about Embest JTAG Emulator.
Simple Example
This sec on shows users step by step how to create, compile and debug
a simple project. The project described below is to create a random
number. The project demo locates at under
Embest1DE installing directory. The files to be used are:
Random.s Assemble file ofrandom number
func on
Randtest. Main program file

Create a Project
J) Crea ng Project
Select File > New Workspace menu, Give a project name and specify
project directory as shown
Rantest has been used as a project name, and project directory has been
specified as D:/EmbestIDE\Example\arm250\explasm\,D:\EmbestIDE is
default installing directory of EmbestIDE unless noted.
A er clicking OK, two files will bc created in the project directory:
Rantest.cws Workspace file

Randtest.pjf Project file

A er the proJect has been created, files pane will appear in Embest IDE
workspace Window as shown in Figure 3-2.

The Figure 3-2 : It shows current workspace is rantest which contains a

project named rantest. Boldface indicates that rantest is an ac ve project.
2) Add Source Files
Choose Project Source Files folder in rantest workspace window. Click
Project > Add To Project> Files to add source files. You can also right click
Project Source Files folder to add source files, See Figure 3-3.

You can add the source files in the pop up dialog box. To select source
files, press CTRL key and hold, click source files of random.s and randtest.c
in Project directory, See Figure 3-4.
 Figure 3-5. Workspace window

3.1.1 Project Se ngs

Figure 3-5 Workspace Window
A er crea ng a project, you need to configure the project. The project
se ngs include CPU se ngs, emulator se ngs, debug se ngs, directoty
se ngs, compiler se ngs, assembler se ngs and linker se ngs. The
project se ngs is a cri cal step to en re so ware development.
Click Project > Se ngs, Project Se ngs dialog box pops up, then Choose
randtest files in the dialog.
1) CPU Se ngs
Select Processor pane from Project Se ngs dialog box. Define CPU
module as ARM7, CPU family and CPU member as ARM 7 too. Switch
Endian to li le endian. Build tools are GNU tools for ARM.

2) Emulator Se ngs
Select Remote pane from Project Se ngs dialog. Define Remote Device
as jtagarm7. Because of Embest Emulator for ARM does not support to
change the working speed, don't worry about the se ng of Speed item.
When using Embest PowerlCE for ARM, select the valid work speed: Full
Speed(120Kbyte/s). High Speed. Medium Speed, Low Speed.
Communica on port with remote device is PARALLEL. Communica on
channel is LPTI as show.
3) Debug Se ngs
Select Debug pane from Project Se ngs dialog. Select General from
Category, Set symbol file as
/debug/rantest.elf and Ac on a er connected as None.

Select download from category, set download file as

./debug/rantest.elf.set Download verify op on on, set download file to
address 0x2000000.
Execute program star ng from download address.
Set memory map to use map file, and set target memory map file as
$(EMBEST_IDE)\targets\at91\targets\eb40.map.

4) Compiler se ngs
Set compiler pane from project se ngs dialog.set onject files loca on as
./debug and other

5) Assembler Se ngs
Select assembler pane from project se ngs dialog. Set object files
loca on as.\ debug and others as default.

6) Linker Se ngs
Select linker pane from project se ngs dialog. Select general from object
set object file loca on as debug and others as default.

Op ons from category set select enerty files a.

Rantest o.select entry point as main ADD – “text 0x2000000” in link
op ons.
'Rantest.o' means that execu ve code compiled and linked
'rantest.c' will locate at star ng point of en re execu ve program. Entry
Point 'main' means that execu ve code will run star ng from 'main'. "-
Ttext 0x2000000" means that address of en re execu ve program code
will start from 0x2000000.
EXPERIMENT 11

Aim: Write an ALP to add 16 bits using ARM7 processor.

SOFTWARE USED: Keil ARM IDE.
THEORY:
ARM 7 processor is commonly used in cnlbedded system applica ons.
Also, it is a balance among classic as well as new-Cortex sequence. This
processor is tremendous in finding the resources exis ng on the internet
With excellence documenta on offered by NXP Semiconductors. It suits
completely for an appren ce to obtain in detail hardware & so ware
design Implementa on.
This genera on introduced the Thumb 16-bit instruc on scl providing
improved code density compared to previous designs. The most widely
used ARM7 designs implement the ARMv4T architecture, but some
Implement ARMv3 or ARMv5TEL ARM7TDMl has 37 registers (31 GPR and
6 SPR). All these designs use a Von Neumann architecture, [cita on
needed] thus the few versions containing a cache do not separate data
and instruc on caches.
Some ARM 7 cores are obsolete. One historically significant model, the
ARM7DI[2] is notable for having introduced JTAG based on-chip
debugging; the preceding ARM6 cores did not support it. The "D"
represented a JTAG TAP for debugging; the denoted an
ICEBreaker debug module suppor ng hardware breakpoints and
watchpoints, and le ng the system be stalled for debugging, Subsequent
cores included and enhanced this support.
It is a versa le processor designed for mobile devices and other low
power electronics. This processor architecture is capable of up to 130
MIPS on a typical 0.13 um process.
PROGRAM CODE:

OUTPUT:
EXPERIMENT 12

AIM: Write a program to mul ply two numbers using ARM processor.
SOFTWARE USED: Keil ARM IDE.
Program code:

OUTPUT: