IV.

International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET 2024)

25-27 July 2024, Sydney-Australia

Application of TOPSIS in Power Sytems: A Review

Jack Mathebula Nhlanhla Mbuli
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Science, Engineering and Technology College of Science, Engineering and Technology
University of South Africa, University of South Africa,
28 Pioneer Avenue, Roodepoort 28 Pioneer Avenue, Roodepoort
South Africa South Africa
[email protected] [email protected]

⋯
2024 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET) | 979-8-3503-9591-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECET61485.2024.10698355

= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
Abstract— Decision making in the field of energy cannot be
(1)
⋯
determined through technological and economic criteria alone
particularly if an element of sustainability must be satisfied.
Technological, economic, environmental, and social factors
provide a basis of applying multicriteria decision method where i =1, …, m denotes the alternatives and j =1, …, n
(MCDM) of evaluation. Technique for Order Performance by refers to the attribut rij represents the jth attribute related to
Similarly to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is one of the available the ith alternative.
techniques amongst a number of MCDM techniques that can
Step 2 Normalizing the value of decision matrices as
be applied. Various applications of TOPSIS within power
follows:
=
systems are reviewed and presented in this paper. The results
(2)
∑
of relevant publications provided a platform of being
categorized into different areas of assessments, being, reactive
power, power quality, renewable technologies, maintenance, where j =1, …, n; and i =1, …m.
and reliability, planning studies and, others outside the areas Step 3 Calculating the weighted normalized decision
as described. The time series of the annual number of
matrix by multiplying the normalized decision matrix by its
publications indicated a steady and consistent trend in the
associated weights:
= ∗
numbers produced annually.
(3)
Keywords— Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA),Power where represents the weight of the j attribute related to
th

Quality, Reactive Power, TOPSIS. ith alternative

I. INTRODUCTION Step 4 Determining the PIS(A+) and NIS (A-).
= ,…, ! = "#$%
& ' ∈ )), (#, | ' ∈ )’)! (4)
Decision making in the field of power system is /
= /
,…, /! = "#,
& ' ∈ )), (#$% | ' ∈ )’)! (5)
where ) represents the positive factors and )’ is the negative
associated with numerous factors such as technological,
economical, environmental, and social as key attributes to be
evaluated for better judgement. Given that the nature of the factors.
problems are multi-disciplinary, MCDM can be applied in Step 5 Calculating the distance of all alternatives to the
solving several cases. Several MCDM are in existence that PIS( ) and the ( / ) negative ideal solution
could be applied in evaluation. Although there are a number (NIS).
of MCDA methods available, in this paper, Technique for
5
Order Performance by Similarly to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) = 12 " − 4 , i =1, …, m. (6)
was chosen in reviewing, demonstrating and summarising 6
various applications within power system environment. This
5
aims to demonstrates the capability of the approach and /
= 12 " − 4 , , = 1, … , 8. (7)
highlight various areas that the method can be applied and 6
researched further. Its applications is more suited in
evaluating feasible options by comparing them against each Step 6 Calculating relative closeness of each alternative as
other and rank them by order of preference. follows:
<>
C;∗ = ?
=
(8)
<= <>=
TOPSIS is a technique for order performance by Where A ∗ lies between 0 and 1, the higher the value
similarity to ideal solution was developed by Hwang and corresponds to better performance.
Yoon in 1981 [1][2]. It is one of the well-developed MCDA Step 7 Rank the preference order.
technique. The alternatives are ranked in accordance to the
shortest distance from the positive ideal solution (PIS) and The authors investigated the use of TOPSIS in power
the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution (NIS). systems. Although there were a number of publications
found that had used the approach, no work was found in
The general TOPSIS method has the following steps: reviewing and summarizing the utilization of TOPIS in
Step 1 Defining the decision matrix as follows: making use of MCDA in power system. Thus, in this paper
the aim of the authors is to present the results of a survey
conducted on the use TOPSIS in power system in evaluating
various applications. After this introduction, section II
979-8-3503-9591-4/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE

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describes the approach of the survey. Thereafter, the section criteria applied is voltage fluctuations and sag, harmonics,
III presents the summaries of relevant publications and frequency deviations, interruptions, unbalance, voltage sag
section IV discuss the proposed future areas of research, and power supply reliability. In [ 11 ], the authors
section V discusses the overall results. Finally, the demonstrated that the approach can be used to evaluate the
conclusions of the survey are outlined in the last section. power system networks’ power quality of 21 regions and
compare them amongst each other. The criteria applied is
II. RESEARCH APPROACH number of outages, duration of outages, quantity of theft, and
number of customers. In [12], the method is used when a
The search for relevant publications was conducted in new wind plant that is connected to the wind farm to evaluate
Google Scholar, utilising the advance search option, using and grade its transient reactive power support capability on
“TOPSIS application” “Power” “Systems” as a search the power system within the wind farm. The criteria applied
strings, and search options selected, including “no specific is dynamic response and power factor adjustment.
timeframe”, “sort by relevance”, “exclude citations”, and
“exclude patents”. Publications in the first 20 pages of the C. Renewable Energy Technologies
results were assessed for possible inclusion in the survey. Renewables energy referred as clean energy are produced
from natural resources that are consumed at a higher rate
III. REVIEW OUTCOME RESULTS than they are consumed. They can be in a form of wind,
The overall outcome of the results obtained from the sunlight, and geothermal heat [13]. TOPSIS approach was
review conducted based on publications allowed an considered in evaluating various renewable technologies and
approach of grouping them into six categories, viz., (i) comparing them amongst each other. In [14], the method
reactive power, (ii) power quality (iii) renewable energy was used to evaluate and rank different renewable
technologies namely, hydro, wind, solar, hydrogen, biofuel
technologies, (iv) maintenance and reliability, (v) planning
and geo thermal based on the criteria of, technical, economy,
studies and, (vi) others.
environmental and social. In [15], the method was used in
A. Reactive Power evaluating and comparing the low voltage direct current
distribution (LVDC) system against low voltage alternating
Voltage control within the system can be attained through
current (LVAC), both consisting of photovoltaic, energy
injection of positive or negative reactive power, a
storage and charging station (PV-ES-CS). Economy,
phenomenon referred as reactive power compensation [3]. reliability, and adaptability applied in evaluation. Three
In this section, TOPSIS was applied in evaluating the vehicle charging alternatives, namely battery swap, inductive
reactive power technologies. In [4], TOPSIS approach is charging and conductive charging were evaluated against
considered in evaluating the best location within an IEEE 30 each other in selecting the best charging technology [16]
bus 6 generator system in optimally placing the reactive amongst each other. The evaluation considered battery
power equipment obtainable from the market by comparing charging time, usability, efficiency, safety, feasibility, battery
all the buses. The criteria applied is active power losses and degradation, installation cost, maintenance cost and
voltage deviation. In [5], the method was applied on IEEE flexibility as indicators. In [17], five distributed generators
33 bus system in selecting the suitable location amongst were reviewed and evaluated against each other based on the
other points in optimally placing the reactive power devices. capital cost, minimum start-up time, continuity, level of
The criteria applied was voltage improvement and noise, level of CO2 emission. The scientific benefits for
minimisation of system losses. planning and operation of the distribution network with high
level penetration of the photo-voltaics (PV) was assessed
B. Power Quality through the approach within three cities’ power networks
Any deviation from the stability and reliability of the [18]. The criteria applied is initial costs, maintenance costs,
power system is referred as power quality. It influences the operating costs, failure rate, power stability, equipment life,
efficiency of the industrial systems including the and reasonable change of electric quantity. Different power
performance of the electrical network[ 6 ]. In this section generating technologies i.e., PV, wind turbine generators,
TOPSIS is applied in evaluating power quality within power biomass generators, diesel technology generators and
system. In [7], power quality, on five identified points within thermal power plant technology were evaluated and ranked
a distribution network was evaluated. The criteria applied amongst each other [19]. The criteria applied is capital cost,
was voltage deviation, frequency deviation, voltage three- maintenance costs, fuel costs, energy costs, water
phase imbalance, voltage fluctuation and flicker, harmonics, consumption, co2 emission, efficiency, and job creation. The
voltage sag and short-time interruption, inter-harmonics, method was used in analysing a 24 IEEE bus system and
temporary overvoltage and transient, in ranking them rank the buses in accordance with optimal placement of
amongst each other. TOPSIS was used to evaluate and rank distributed generation (DG) [20]. The criteria used is net
five different substation nodes power quality’s consisting of present value, payback period, internal rate of return,
wind farms [ 8 ]. The indices used for evaluations were emission intensity , and reliability index of utilization. In
voltage total harmonic distortion, frequency deviation, [ 21 ], the approach was used in selecting the optimal
voltage fluctuation, voltage flicker, voltage deviation and placement of the battery energy system (BESS) amongst the
three phase voltage unbalances. In [ 9 ], the method was five buses within the power system. The criteria used is
applied in evaluating and ranking the power quality of five losses, peak shaving, minimum voltage and, cost of
different observation points within the network. The criteria operation. In [22], it was used in selecting and prioritizing
applied is voltage fluctuations and sag, harmonics, frequency different types of renewable energy sources ranging from
deviations, interruptions, and unbalance. In [10], TOPSIS geothermal, solar, nuclear, wind, hydro, biomass, and
was applied in evaluating and ranking the power quality of combined heat power. In [23], the method was applied in the
five different points within the power system network. The study aimed at evaluating the coordinated development of

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the grid with penetration of renewables at generation, plant locations were evaluated through TOPSIS with the aim
transmission and distribution including the dispatch side over of identifying the optimal location for placement of the
a five-year period. The years were compared against each thermal plant amongst each other. In [37], applied TOPSIS
other. The criteria applied is planning coordination rati of in selecting the best location of a electrical generating plant
power supply and renewable generation, proportion of given three different hypothetical locations that were
friendly new energy power plants, and peak power identified. In [38], the method was considered in selecting
construction situation. In [ 24 ], applied the approach in the best location along the distribution feeder in placement
selecting of the hybrid renewable energy systems consisting of the distributed generator amongst 33 possible points. In
of PV, wind, battery and diesel generator as they get
[39], the optimal power supply point was evaluated amongst
deployed interchangeably into six combinations. The
several possible points identified within the distribution
combinations were evaluated against each other in selecting
the most suitable. electrical network feeder.

D. Maintanance and Reliability F. Other Applications

The service and repair of equipment or plant referred as Apart from the areas discussed, there are different
maintenance, is aimed at preservation of the equipment application of TOPSIS outside the areas discussed including
lifetime including the improvement of the system reliability non-technical applications. In [40], the approach was used to
[ 25 ]. In this section, TOPSIS is applied in evaluating analyze and rank the energy efficiency of six different
maintenance within power system. In [ 26 ], TOPSIS was provinces. In [41], four different types of customers when
applied to evaluate and rank 20 distribution feeders amongst connected to the network were analyzed amongst each other.
each other in determining their need for maintenance. In The approach was used to evaluate and rank several different
[ 27 ], the method was used to evaluate and rank the types of electricity generating technologies amongst each
distribution reliability of four different monitoring points in other within the state of India [42]. In [43], the approach was
the system by applying the reliability indices of System in analyzing 25 different electrical grids belonging to various
Average Duration Index (SAIDI), System Average Incidence provinces in accordance to their safety and benefit, and thus
Frequency Index (SAIFI), and Energy Not Supplied (ENS) ranking them accordingly. In [44], it was used to evaluate
as a criteria for evaluation. In [28] TOPSIS is applied to and rank five different Black-Start Schemes. In [ 45 ] the
optimally identify and analyse various components of the approach was applied in evaluating five different laboratory
transmission system. TOPSIS was applied on analysing 59 constructed schemes having different indicators that
transformers’ sampled oil and ranked them in accordance distinguishes them from each other derived from economic,
with their criticality need for maintenance [29]. In [30], the technical, social and environment. In [46], power equipment
method was applied on the measurement that were taken on such as transformers, boilers, steam turbine, generator, that
13 sampled transformers and analysed their condition, then were supplied from various suppliers during the bidding
cluster them accordingly. In [ 31 ], the faults that are process were evaluated in comparing and ranking the
commonly experienced on the urban rail traction system suppliers. In [47], ten different power suppliers’ ability to
having an impact on the reliability of the system were provide power to the utility were evaluated. In [48], disaster
evaluated and ranked amongst each other. The nature of risks that could potentially be experienced out of eight
faults was step down transformer and rectifier, rectifier transmission lines were analyzed and ranked amongst each
transformer and stepdown transformer. The criteria used for other. In [49], different material used for the design of the
evaluation was that of SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIFI, ENS, ASAI, turbine blade for the rotor of a wind plant were evaluated
AENS, ASIDI and ASIFI. amongst each other in identifying the ideal one. The
profitability of 15 listed power companies was evaluated
E. Electrical Network Planning Studies through the approach [50]. In [51], the electricity market
The objective of the power system planning is to capacity of the system in different years staring from 1997-
determine the investment schedule of the generation plants 2006 were evaluated with the aim of selecting the best year
and the interconnection links which ensures the reliable and amongst the years.
efficient system based on the predicted demand [32]. In IV. FUTURE AREAS OF RESEARCH
[33], the method was used in evaluating and ranking three
different electrical network planning approaches that In addition to areas identified where TOPSIS can be
applied, authors have investigated and identified new and
considers environmental benefit, investment cost and
potential areas that could be worthwhile to apply the
national economy development approach amongst each approach.
other. The criteria considered and applied was power
distribution co-efficient, generation capacity adequacy, • FACTS devices deployment: The market is steadily
balance load degree, power supply confidence co-efficient, producing various technologies at a faster pace than
and transmission confidence factor. In [34], TOPSIS was anticipated aiming to address and enhance power system
considered in selecting the best electrical network planning performance and reliability. Although there could be a
scheme amongst three different schemes designed to address number of efficient and reliable technologies, the
the environmental benefit, least investment cost and national selection of the most favorable one remains a challenge
economy development when compared amongst each other. having to consider a number of factors influencing the
In [ 35 ], three constructed transmission network planning decision.
alternatives were evaluated amongst each other and ranked • Electric Vehicles Charging Stations Placements: The
accordingly. They were evaluated based on investment cost, growth in electric vehicles is expected to be exponential
load rate, capacity ratio, voltage percent of pass, frequency in the foreseeable future driven by the need to combat
percent of pass, and operation costs. In [36], six potential the effects of emissions due to combustible vehicles. In

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 preparation, utilities need to identify optimal locations maintenance plans and the strategies to be implemented.
where charging infrastructure could be deployed. Although there are several strategies to be considered,
the choice may be a bit subjective and biased given a
• Comparison of HVDC and HVAC in transmitting number of objectives to be satisfied. Consideration of
power: Although the benefit of both technologies have the approach in this regard could offer some benefit and
been extensively documented, the recent developments eliminate the element of subjectivity and doubt on
such as introduction of large renewables systems decision makers.
situated remotely and some within closer proximity of
load centers. A number of factors that must be V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
considered come to the fore and thus influencing the
Fig. 1 shows the number of publications per annum, and
choice of transmission technology.
it shows few publications in the earlier years and as the
• Maintenance strategies selection: Budgetary constraints years progresses, there is significance increase in the
and growth in energy demand put severe strain on the publications numbers.
utilities ability to prioritize critical components

TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION OF OF REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS ON APPLICATION OF TOPSIS WITHIN POWER SYSTEMS

Item Area Year Ref. Author Assessment made

No. No.
1 2007 [4] Addam and Mousa Evaluation of the best reactive devices location within the system.
Kurundkar BC $D.
Reactive

2 2021 [5] Selection of the suitable location for reactive devices placements.
Power

3 2021 [7] Qiu BC $D. Evaluate power quality of selected different points within the network.
Jiang BC $D.
Power Quality

4 2019 [8] Evaluate power quality of different nodes within a network.

5 2014 [9] Guo and Feng Ranking power quality of different points
6 2021 [10] Yin BC $D. Ranking power quality of different points
7 2012 [11] Celen and Yalcin Evaluate network power quality of different regions network
8 2021 [12] Chang BC $D. Evaluate and grade the wind plant transient reactive power support
9 2014 [14] Sengul BC $D. Evaluate and rank different renewable generating technologies.
10 2021 [15] Zhang BC $D. Evaluate combination of PV, ES and CS as applied through LVAC and LVDC.
11 2020 [16] Setiawan BC $D. Evaluate and compare three different vehicle charging technology.
Galgali BC $D.
Renewable Energy

12 2016 [17] Reviewed and compared five different distributed generators.

Xing BC $D.
Technologies

13 2021 [18] Evaluated networks with PV connected of three different cities..

14 2013 [19] Thakkar BC $D. Evaluate and rang different renewable generating technologies.
15 2020 [20] Fu BC $D. Evaluate 24 buses and rank them based on optimal placement of RE.
16 2015 [21] Da Rocha BC $D. Evaluate the 30 bus system and evaluate optimal placement of the BESS.
17 2020 [22] Rani BC $D. Evaluate and rank different types of renewable energy sources.
18 2016 [23] Xu BC $D. Evaluate and rank the coordination of different RE as deployed in the system.
19 2019 [24] Babatunde BC $D. Evaluated the selection of Hybrid systems consisting of RE.
20 2020 [26] Bahrami BC $D. Evaluate and rank 20 distribution feeders amongst each other.
Cui BC $D.
Maintenance and

21 2011 [27] Evaluate the reliability of the network.

Koksal BC $D.
Reliability

22 2016 [28] Evaluated different components within the system.

23 2016 [29] Madavan and Saroja Sampled and evaluated different transformers.
24 2013 [30] Bartlomeijcxy BC $D. Evaluate 13 transformers and cluster them in accordance to their conditions.
25 2019 [31] Zuo BC $D. Evaluated the faults occurring on the traction system.

26 2010 [33] Wang BC $D. Evaluate and rank three different electrical network planning approaches.
27 2021 [34] LU BC $D. Evaluate and rank the best power network planning schemes in China.
Electrical Network
Planning Studies

28 2021 [35] Liguo and Yanhong Evaluate and rank the constructed power network planning schemes.
29 2011 [36] Wang and Xin Evaluate the best location of the thermal plant amongst 6 locations.
30 2002 [37] Chu Selection of the best location in commissioning of the plant.
31 2013 [38] Han BC $D. Evaluate the distribution feeder points in placing distributed gens.
32 2012 [39] Mazza and Chicco Evaluating the best supply locations within the distribution feeder.

33 2020 [40] DU e BC $D. Analyse, compare and rank energy efficiency of six cities in China.
34 2018 [41] Zhou BC $D. Analyse and compare four different customers.
35 2013 [42] Sarkar Evaluated and rank different types of generating technologies in India.
36 2017 [43] Zhao BC $D. Evaluated 25 province’s Grids safety and rank them against each other.
37 2019 [44] Lu BC $D. Evaluated five different Black Start schemes and rank them.
38 2021 [45] Chen BC $D. Evaluated five different laboratory constructed BESS constructed schemes.
Other

39 2010 [46] Jiang and Yang Evaluated different power supplier’s components.
40 2011 [47] Jinchao and Jinying Evaluated 10 different power suppliers and rank them against each other.
41 2019 [48] Chen BC $D. Evaluated the identified disaster risks amongst eight tx lines.
42 2016 [49] Neha and Singh Evaluated different materials used to design the turbine blades .
43 2010 [50] Dai BC $D. Evaluate the profitability of 16 listed power companies.
44 2009 [51] Niu BC $D. Evaluated the electricity’s market capacity in Beijing.

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 The latter years shows a significant increase in a ACKNOWLEDGMENT
number of publications. It could be seen that the approach The University of South Africa and Eskom Holdings SoC,
is steadily gaining popularity as a means of assessment. both in South Africa, provided the resources and funding
Fig. 2, shows the number of publications by area of that enabled the execution of this research project.
application. It could be observed that the renewable
technology assessments have the marginally highest
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