S.H.

JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC
DOMBIVLI (W)

A Microproject Report on
“Build traffic light controller for specified
delay”

1721 – Gaurav Thakare

1722 – Devesh Phanse
1723 – Manthan Bhoir
1740 – Chirantan Ahirrao

Under Guidance: -
Mrs. Deepa Mali

1
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Gaurav Thakare, Mr.

Chirantan Ahirrao, Mr. Devesh Phanse, Mr.
Manthan Bhoir, of the Sixth Semester of
Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering of Institute S.H.J.P(code 0044) has
completed Micro Project satisfactorily in course
for the academic year 2024-25 as prescribed in
the curriculum.

Place: Dombivli Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project.

However, it is not possible without the kind
support and help of our teachers and college
staff. We would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them. We are highly indeed to
S.H.J.P for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project. We would
like to express my gratitude towards our
parents for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped us in
completion of this project.

Topic

3
 Index

Sr No. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction 5
2 555 Timer IC 6
3 Circuit diagram 10

4 Working 11
5 IC 555 12

6 100µF capacitor 13
7 100K resistor 14
8 47K resistor 15
9 39 resistor 16
10 330 resistor 17
11 Breadboard 18
12 LED 19
13 9V battery 20
14 Result 21

Introduction

4
Four Way Traffic Lights Circuit using 555 Timer IC. In this traffic light
project we are going to design a circuit, to control traffic lights on a
four-way signal. This circuit is designed by 555 Timer IC timer and a
decade counter. The timer generates pulses and these pulses are fed
to the ten stage decade.Traffic signal lights are very Important to
regulate vehicles and traffic on roads, simple four way traffic light
circuit is designed with timer IC 555
we know each traffic signal light setup will have three colors and
representing Red for STOP, Yellow for WAIT, and Green for GO, those
signals are works based on time intervals. Traffic light has proved to
be an amazing way to stop the vehicular collisions and control the
traffic jams in today’s modern era where everyone owns the
different types of vehicles.

5
 555 TIMER IC

The 555 Timer, designed by Hans Camenzind in 1971, can be found

in many electronic devices starting from toys and kitchen appliances
to even a spacecraft. It is a highly stable integrated circuit that can
produce accurate time delays and oscillations. The 555 Timer has
three operating modes, bistable, monostable and astable mode.
The 555 IC has the following operating modes:
1. Astable (free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as an
electronic oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse
generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse
position modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC,
converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g., selecting a
thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a
temperature sensor and the period of the output pulse is
determined by the temperature). The use of a microprocessor-based
circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it
and even provide calibration means.
2. Monostable (one-shot) mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as
a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing
pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency
divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM)
and so on.
3. Bistable (flip-flop) mode – the 555 operates as a SR flip-flop. Uses
include bounce-free latched switches.
4. Schmitt Trigger (inverter) mode - the 555 operates as a schmitt
trigger inverter gate which converts a noisy input into a clean digital
output.

6
 Block Diagram of IC 555

The block diagram of a 555 timer is shown in the above figure. A 555
timer has two comparators, which are basically 2 op-amps), an R-S
flip-flop, two transistors and a resistive network.

 Resistive network consists of three equal resistors and acts as a

voltage divider.
 Comparator 1 compares threshold voltage with a reference
voltage + 2/3 VCC volts.
 Comparator 2 compares the trigger voltage with a reference
voltage + 1/3 VCC volts.

7
 IC 555 TIMER PIN DIAGRAM:

Pin Description: Pin 1(GND):Ground reference voltage, low level

(0V) .
Pin 2(TRIG):The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when
this input falls below ya of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 Vcc,
CTRL being 2/3 Vcc by default if CTRL is left open)
Pin 3(OUT): This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc,
or to GND.
Pin 4(RESET): A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to
GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above
approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides threshold.
Pin 5(CTRL): Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider
(by default, 2/3 Vcc).
Pin 6(THR): The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at
threshold is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).
Pin 7(DIS): Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor
between intervals. In phase with output.
Pin 8(Vcc): Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and
15 V depending on the variation.

8
The important features of the 555 timer are
:

 It operates from a wide range of power

supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply
voltage.
 Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
 The external components should be selected
properly so that the timing intervals can be made
into several minutes along with the frequencies
exceeding several hundred kilohertz.
 The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor-
transistor logic (TTL) due to its high current output.
 It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million
(ppm) per degree Celsius change in temperature, or
equivalently 0.005 %/ °C.
 The duty cycle of the timer is adjustable.
 The maximum power dissipation per package is 600
mW and its trigger and reset inputs has logic
compatibility. More features are listed in the
datasheet.


Applications of 555 Timer circuits

To know more about applications of 555 Timer IC take a look at the
following :

 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE MULTIVIRATOR

 555 TIMER AS A MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 555 TIMER OSCILLATOR
 555 TIMER – RAMP GENERATOR
 555 TIMER PROJECTS

9
Circuit Diagram

10
 Working
Here we have used two such astable circuits with the first astable
circuit powering the other. So the second 555 timer IC will be
powered only if the output of first 555 timer IC is ON.
The red LED is connected such that it turns ON only if the output of
first 555 timer IC is at 0V. This is because the other terminal of red
LED is connected to positive voltage. Yellow LED turns ON during
discharge mode of second 555 IC, and the green LED turns ON
whenever the output of second 555 timer IC is at positive voltage.
Immediately after we power ON this circuit, output of the first 555
timer IC will be in ON state because the voltage at PIN-3 (Trigger Pin)
is less than 1/3rd of the supply voltage. The red LED cannot turn ON
yet, but the second 555 IC is powered and so the green light turns
ON.
The capacitor of 2nd 555 timer IC slowly charges and as soon as it
charges to 2/3rd of the supply voltage (Threshold Voltage), the
output of 2nd 555 IC turns OFF and the yellow LED glows because
the discharge pin is activated.
Normally the yellow LED would turn ON for the same time as the
green LED. But even before the capacitor of 2nd 555 timer IC reaches
1/3rd of supply voltage, the voltage across capacitor of 1st 555 timer
IC reaches 2/3rds of the supply voltage and so the output of 1st 555
IC turns OFF, resulting in yellow LED turning OFF and the red LED
turning ON.
This cycle repeats again and again.

11
 IC 555

 The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of

timer, delay, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. It is
one of the most popular timing ICs due to its flexibility and
price. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits
in one package.

 555 timer is used in almost every electronic circuit today. A 555

timer works as a flip-flop or as a multi-vibrator, it has a
particular set of configurations. Some of the major features of
the 555 timers would be,

1. It operates from a wide range of power ranging from +5 Volts

to +18 Volts supply voltage.
2. Sinking or sourcing 200 mA of load current.
3. The external components should be selected properly so that
the timing intervals can be made into several minutes along
with the frequencies exceeding several hundred kilohertz

12
 100 µF Capacitor

This Photo
Author is licensed
by Unknown
under CC

 This category of capacitors is known for its ability to store and

discharge energy, playing a pivotal role in managing power
supply and enhancing the performance of electrical systems.

 General purpose aluminum electrolytic capacitor 100uF (micro-

farad) 50 volts. Description: This is a great capacitor for use in
power regulation to smooth voltage fluctuations. This can also
be used in sensor applications to remove noise in the signal.

 100 Microfarad capacitor is available in various voltage ratings -

12V, 16V, 25 V, ..... 63 V etc. If voltage applied to the capacitor
exceed the voltage rating, it's leakage current increases, life
reduces and even can result in damage to the capacitor.

13
 100K resistor

 A 100K resistor is a type of resistor with a value of 100,000

ohms. Resistors are passive electronic components that are
used to resist the flow of electrical current in a circuit.
 The 100K ohm resistor, as a passive component, finds
applications in reducing current flow, adjusting signal levels,
and more in electronic circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors
are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses.
Key Features:
 Accurate resistance rating
 Safe and long-term stability make these 100K ohm resistors
ideal for precise electronic applications.
 Wide applications operating range
 Generates less noise than carbon composition resistor
 Low tolerance
 Low temperature co-efficient of resistance
 Small in size

14
 47kΩ resistor

This Photo
licensed under
by Unknown
CC BY-NCAuthor is

 One common type is the 47k resistor, which has a resistance

value of 47,000 ohms. These resistors are often used in audio
circuits, such as amplifiers and filters, as well as in digital
circuits like microcontrollers
 It's a 47k ohm 1/8 watt Resistor. This is a four band through
hole resistor. This is a general purpose resistor which is
generally used for control system system, power supply, motor
driver driver circuit and for many more application.

15
 39Ω Resistor

 A 39-ohm resistor is an electronic component that has a

resistance value of 39 ohms. Resistors are passive two-terminal
electrical components that limit the electric current flowing
through a circuit. The resistance value, measured in ohms,
determines how much the resistor impedes the flow of current.

Here are some key points about a 39-ohm resistor:

1. Resistance Value: The resistor has a resistance of 39

ohms. This means that when a voltage of 1 volt is applied
across its terminals, a current of 1/39 amperes
(approximately 0.0256 amperes or 25.6 milliamperes) will
flow through the resistor according to Ohm's Law (V = IR).

2. Applications: Resistors are used in various electronic

circuits for purposes such as voltage division, current
limiting, and signal conditioning. The specific application
of a 39-ohm resistor would depend on the requirements
of the circuit in which it is used.

16
 330Ω resistor

A 330 ohm resistor is a commonly used component in electronic

circuits. It is a type of resistor that restricts the flow of current in a
circuit, which makes it an essential part of many electronic devices.
This type of resistor can be found in a range of applications, including
LED lights, sensors, and motors.

1. Resistance Value: The resistor has a resistance of 330 ohms.

This implies that when a voltage of 1 volt is applied across its
terminals, a current of 1/330 amperes
2. Power Rating: Resistors are designed to handle a certain
amount of power without getting damaged. The power rating is
usually expressed in watts. A 330-ohm resistor commonly has a
standard power rating such as 1/4 watt, 1/2 watt, or higher.
3. Applications: Resistors play a crucial role in electronic circuits
for various purposes, including current limiting, voltage
division, and signal conditioning. The specific application of a
330-ohm resistor depends on the requirements of the circuit in
which it is used.

17
 Breadboard

 A breadboard (sometimes called a plugblock) is used for

building temporary circuits. It is useful to designers because it
allows components to be removed and replaced easily. It is
useful to the person who wants to build a circuit to
demonstrate its action, then to reuse the components in
another circuit.

 A modern solderless breadboard socket consists of a

perforated block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor
bronze or nickel silver alloy spring clips under the perforations.

Pros & cons of using a breadboard

1. inexpensive.
2. it's reusable, no soldering is required.
3. changes to a circuit are simple to make by plugging
components in and out.
4. easy circuit construction.

18
 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and
the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor Fig :Parts
of an LED

Uses :
 Used for TV back-lighting
 Used in displays
 Used in Automotives
 LEDs used in the dimming of lights

19
 9V Battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that

supplies a nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2
to 9.6 volts, depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various
sizes and capacities are manufactured; a very common size is
known as PP3, introduced for early transistor radios.

The PP3 battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one

end. The smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the
larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative
contact. The connectors on the battery are the same as on the
load device; the smaller one connects to the larger one.

 The 9V (nine volt) battery is a rectangular dry cell classified by

its 48.5mm x 26.5mm x 17.5mm dimensions and one-sided
clasp terminals. They hold mid-range capacities upwards of
1,200mAh and were often used in radios, but today are used

20
 more for walkie-talkies, clocks, smoke detectors, and house
alarms.

Result

Conclusion : THIS KIT EXPLAINS ABOUT THE PROJECT “ 4 WAY

TRAFFIC SIGNAL USING 555 TIMER IC

Future Scope:
 The project is useful in developing countries and project has a
bright future as it is the improvement of the smart traffic system.
 The system can be replaced by image processing system which can
give efficient results.
 We can reduce the density of traffic in particular areas with this
process.

21