Chapter 5

Transmission-Lines: Steady-State Operation

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

5.1 (a) VS = AVR + BI R (b) I S = CVR + DI R
5.2. a
5.3 VRNL = VS /A
5.4 Dimensionless, ohms, siemens, dimensionless
5.5 Thermal limit; voltage-drop limit; steady-state stability limit
5.6 a
5.7 m −1 , ohms
5.8 (eγ ′x + e −γ x ) 2; (eγ x − e− γ x ) 2
5.9 a
5.10 a
5.11 Dimensionless constants (per unit)
5.12 a
5.13 Real, imaginary
5.14 Inductive, capacitive
5.15 a
5.16 a
5.17 Surge impedance
5.18 Flat (constant); V 2 Z C
5.19 VSVR X ′
5.20 a
5.21 a
5.22 a
5.23 a
5.24 Voltage regulation, loadability
5.25 a

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5.1 (a) A = D = 1.0∠0° pu; C = 0. S
B = Z = ( 0.19 + j 0.34 ) 25 = 9.737∠60.8° Ω
33
(b) VR = ∠0° = 19.05∠0° kVLN
3
SR ∠ − cos−1 ( pf ) 10
IR = = ∠ − cos−1 ( 0.9 )
3 VR L - L 3(33)
= 0.175∠ − 25.84° kA
VS = AVR + B I R = (1.0 )(19.05 ) + ( 9.737∠60.8° )( 0.175∠ − 25.84° )
= 20.45 + j 0.976 = 20.47∠2.732° kVL − N
VSL-L = 20.47 3 = 35.45 kV
(c) I R = 0.175∠25.84°
VS = AVR + B I R = (1.0 )(19.05 ) + ( 9.737∠60.8° )( 0.175∠25.84° )
= 19.15 + j1.701 = 19.23∠5.076° kVL − N
VS L−L = 19.23 3 = 33.3kV

Y Z 1
5.2 (a) A = D = 1 + = 1 + ( 3.33 × 10−6 × 200∠90° ) ( 0.08 + j 0.48 )( 200 )
2 2
= 1 + ( 0.0324 ∠170.5° ) = 0.968 + j 0.00533 = 0.968∠0.315°pu

 Y Z 
C = Y 1 +  = ( 6.66 × 10 ∠90° ) (1 + .0.0162 ∠170.5° )
−4

 4 
= 6.553 × 10 −4 ∠90.155° S
B = Z = 97.32 ∠80.54° Ω
220
(b) VR = ∠0° = 127∠0° kVL − N
3
P ∠ − cos−1 ( pf ) 250∠ − cos−1 0.99
IR = R = = 0.6627∠ − 8.11°kA
3VR L−L ( pf ) 3 ( 220 )( 0.99 )
VS = AVR + B I R = ( 0.968∠0.315° )(127∠0° ) + ( 97.32∠80.54° )( 0.6627∠ − 8.11° )
= 142.4 + j 62.16 = 155.4∠23.58° kVL − N
VS L−L = 155.4 3 = 269.2 kV
I S = CVR + D I R = ( 6.553 × 10 −4 ∠90.155° ) (127 ) + ( 0.968∠ − 0.315° )( 0.6627∠ − 8.11° )
= 0.6353 − j 3.786 × 10 −3 = 0.6353∠ − 0.34° kA
(c) VRNL = VS A = 269.2 0.968 = 278.1kVLL
VR NL − VR FL  278.1 − 220 
% VR = × 100 =  100 = 26.4%
VR FL  220 

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 Z base = V 2 base Sbase = ( 230 ) 100 = 529 Ω
2
5.3
Ybase = 1 Z base = 1.89 × 10−3 S
(a) A = D = 0.9680 ∠0.315 pu
B = ( 97.32 ∠80.54°Ω ) 529 Ω = 0.184∠80.54° pu
C = ( 6.553 × 10−4 ∠90.155 S ) (1.89 × 10−3 S) = 0.3467∠90.155° pu
Sbase 3φ 100
(b) I base = = = 0.251 kA
3′ Vbase L − L ′
3 (230)
VRpu = ( 220 230 ) ∠0° = 0.9565∠0°
I Rpu = ( 0.6627 ∠ − 8.11° ) 0.251 = 2.64∠ − 8.11°
VSPU = APU VRPU + BPU I RPU
= ( 0.968 ∠0.315° )( 0.9565 ∠0° ) + ( 0.184 ∠80.54° )( 2.64 ∠ − 8.11° )
= 1.0725 + j 0.4682 = 1.17∠23.58° pu; VS = 1.17 pu
I SPU = CPU VRPU + DPU I RPU
= ( 0.3467 ∠90.155° )( 0.9565∠0° ) + ( 0.968∠0.315° )( 2.64∠ − 8.11° )
= 2.531 − j 0.0151 = 2.531∠ − 0.34° pu; I S = 2.531 pu
(c) VRNLpu = VSpu Apu = 1.17 0.968 = 1.209
VRNLpu − VRFLpu  1.209 − 0.9565 
%VR = × 100 =  100 = 26.4%
VRFLpu  0.9565 

5.4

VS   A1 B1  Vx   A1 B1   A2 B2  VR 

 =   =    
 I S  C1 D1   I x  C1 D1  C2 D2   I R 

VS  ( A1 A2 + B1C2 ) (A B + B1 D2 )  VR 

 =  
1 2

 I S  ( C1 A2 + D1C2 ) (C B 1 2 + D1 D2 )   I R 


5.5

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 KCL : I S = I R + Y (VR + Z 2 I R ) = Y VR + (1 + Y Z 2 ) I R
KVL : VS = VR + Z 2 I R + Z1 I S
= VR + Z 2 I R + Z1 Y VR + (1 + Y Z 2 ) I R 
= (1 + Y Z1 ) VR + ( Z1 + Z 2 + Y Z1 Z 2 ) I R

In matrix format:

VS  (1 + Y Z1 ) (Z + Z 2 + Y Z1 Z 2 )  VR 

 = 
1

 I S   Y (1 + Y Z2 )   I R 
5.6 (a)

VR is taken as reference; I = I R + ICR ; I S = I + ICS ;

ICR ⊥ VR (Leading); I CS ⊥ VS (Leading); VR + IR + jIX L = VS
( IR ) I ; ( jIX L ) ⊥ I

(b)
 R jX 
(i) I S = I R + IC ; VC = VR + I R  + L  ; I C ⊥ VC (Leading)
2 2 
 R jX 
VS = VC + I S  + L  ; VR is taken as reference.
2 2 

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 (ii) For nominal T-circuit
1  1 
A = 1 + Y Z = D; B = Z  1 + Y Z  ; C = Y ←
2  4 
For nominal π-circuit of part (a)
1  1 
A = D = 1 + Y Z ; B = Z ; C = Y 1 + Y Z  ←
2  4 

3300
5.7 VS = = 1905.3 V (Line-to-neutral)
3
0.5∠53.13° = 0.5 ( 0.6 + j 0.8 ) = 0.3 + j 0.4

I=
( 900 / 3 )103 = 375 × 103 A
0.8 × VR VR

From the phasor diagram drawn below with I as reference,

VS2 = (VR cos φR + IR ) + (VR sin φR + IX )

2 2
(1)
2 2
 375 × 103 × 0.3   375 × 103 × 0.4 
(1905.3)
2
=  0.8VR +  +  0.6VR + 
 VR   VR 
From which one gets VR = 1805V
(a) Line-to-line voltage at receiving end = 1805 3
= 3126 V ←
= 3.126 kV
(b) Line current is given by
I = 375 × 103 = 207.76 A ←

5.8 (a) From phasor diagram of Problem 5.7 solution,

VR cosφR + IR = 1805 ( 0.8 ) + ( 207.76 × 0.3 ) = 1506.33V

1506.33 1506.33
Sending-End PF = = = 0.79 Lagging ←
VS 1905.3

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 (b) Sending-End 3-Phase Power = PS = 3 (1905.3 )( 207.76 ) 0.79
= 938 kW ←
(c) Three-Phase Line Loss = 938 − 900 = 38 kW ←
or 3 ( 207.76 ) 0.3 = 38 kW
2

Ω  1 mi 
5.9 (a) From Table A.4, R = 0.1128   = 0.0701 Ω / km
mi  1.609 km 

z = 0.0701 + j 0.506 = 0.511∠82.11° Ω / km; y = 3.229 × 10−6 ∠90° s/km

From Problems 4.14 and 4.25
Y Z 1
A = D =1+ = 1 + ( 3.229 × 10 −6 × 100∠90° ) ( 0.511 × 100∠82.11° )
2 2
= 0.9918∠0.0999° per unit

B = Z = zl = 0.511 × 100∠82.11° = 51.1∠82.11° Ω

 Y Z 
C = Y 1 +  = ( 3.229 × 10 ∠90° ) [1 + 0.004125∠172.11°]
−4

 4 
= 3.216 × 10 −4 ∠90.033° S

218
VR = ∠0° = 125.9∠0° kVLN
3
300
IR = ∠ − cos −1 0.9 = 0.7945∠ − 25.84° kA
218 3
Vs = AVR + BI R = 0.9918∠0.0999 (125.9 ) + 51.1∠82.11° ( 0.7945∠ − 25.84° )
= 151.3∠12.98° kVLN

Vs = 151.3 3 = 262 kVLL

VR NL = VS / A = 262 / 0.9918 = 264.2 kVLL
VR NL − VR FL 264.2 − 218
% VR = × 100 = × 100 = 21.2%
VR FL 218

(b) I R = 0.7945∠0° kA

VS = 0.9918∠0.0999° (125.9 ) + 51.1∠82.11° ( 0.7945∠0° )

= 136.6∠17.2° kVLN ; VS = 136.6 3 = 236.6 kVLL

VR NL = VS / A = 236.6 / 0.9918 = 238.6 kVLL

238.6 − 218
% VR = × 100 = 9.43%
218

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 (c) I R = 0.7945∠25.84° kA
VS = 124.9∠0.0999° + 40.6∠107.95° = 118.9∠19.1° kVLN
VS = 118.9 3 = 205.9 kVLL
205.9 − 218
% VR = × 100 = −5.6%
218

1 Ω  1 mi 
5.10 From Table A.4, R = ( 0.0969 )   = 0.0201 Ω /km
3 mi  1.609 km 
From Problems 4.20 and 4.41, z = 0.0201 + j 0.335 = 0.336∠86.6° Ω /km
y = 4.807 × 10−6 ∠90° S/km
Y Z 1
(a) A = D = 1 + = 1 + ( 0.336 × 180∠86.6° ) ( 4.807 × 10 −6 × 180∠90° )
2 2
= 0.9739∠0.0912° pu
B = Z = zl = 0.336(180)∠86.6° = 60.48∠86.6° Ω
 Y Z 
C = Y 1 +  = ( 4.807 × 10 × 180∠90° ) (1 + 0.0131∠176.6° )
−6

 4 
= 8.54 × 10 −4 ∠90.05° S
475
(b) VR = ∠0° = 274.24∠0° kVLN
3
PR ∠ cos−1 ( pf ) 1600∠ cos−1 0.95
IR = = = 2.047∠18.19° kA
3VR LL ( pf ) 3 475(0.95)
VS = AVR + B I R = (0.9739∠0.0912)(274.24) + (60.48∠86.6°) ( 2.047∠18.19° )
= 264.4∠27.02° kVLN ; VS = 264.4 3 = 457.9 kVLL
I S = CVR + DI R = ( 8.54 × 10 −4 ∠90.05° ) ( 274.24 ) + ( 0.9739∠0.0912° )( 2.047∠18.19° )
= 2.079∠24.42° kA
(c) B
(d) Full- load line losses = PS − PR = 1647 − 1600 = 47 MW
Efficiency = ( PR / PS )100 = (1600 /1647 )100 = 97.1%
(e) VR NL = VS / A = 457.9 / 0.9739 = 470.2 kVLL
VR NL − VR FL 470.2 − 475
% VR = × 100 = × 100 = −1%
VR FL 475

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5.11 (a) The series impedance per phase Z = ( r + jω L ) l

= ( 0.15 + j 2π (60)1.3263 × 10 −3 ) 40 = 6 + j 20 Ω

220
The receiving end voltage per phase VR = ∠0° = 127∠0° kV
3
Complex power at the receiving end SR (3φ ) = 381∠ cos−1 0.8 MVA
= 304.8 + j 228.6 MVA
The current per phase is given by S R* (3φ ) 3VR*

∴IR =
( 381∠ − 36.87°)103
= 1000∠ − 36.87° A
3 × 127∠0°
The sending end voltage, as per KVL, is given by
VS = VR + Z I R = 127∠0° + ( 6 + j 20 )(1000∠ − 36.87° )10 −3
= 144.33∠4.93° kV
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is then
VS ( L − L ) = 3 (144.33 ) = 250 kV

The sending power is SS (3φ ) = 3VS I S* = 3 (144.33∠4.93° )(1000∠36.87° )10 −3

= 322.8 MW + j 288.6 MVAR = 433∠41.8° MVA
250 − 220
Voltage regulation is = 0.136
220
P (3φ ) 304.8
Transmission line efficiency is η = R = = 0.944
PS (3φ ) 322.8
(b) With 0.8 leading power factor, I R = 1000∠36.87° A
The sending end voltage is VS = VR + Z I R = 121.39∠9.29° kV
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude VS ( L − L ) = 3 × 121.39
= 210.26 kV
The sending end power SS (3φ ) = 3V I *
S S

= 3 (121.39∠9.29° )(1∠ − 36.87° ) = 322.8 MW − j168.6 M var

= 3618∠ − 27.58° MVA
210.26 − 220
Voltage regulation = = −0.0443
220
P 304.8
Transmission line efficiency η = R (3φ ) = = 0.944
PS (3φ ) 322.8

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5.12 (a) The nominal π circuit is shown below:

The total line impedance Z = ( 0.1826 + j 0.784 )100 = 18.26 + j 78.4

= 80.5∠76.89° Ω /ph.
The line admittance for 100 mi is
1 1
Y= ∠90° = ∠90° = 0.5391 × 10 −3 ∠90° S/ph.
XC 185.5 × 103
100
230
(b) VR = ∠0° = 132.8∠0° kV
3
200 × 103
IR = ∠0° = 502∠0° A ( Unity Power Factor )
3 ( 230 )
Y 
I Z = I R + VR   = 502∠0° + (132,800∠0° ) ( 0.27 × 10 −3 ∠90° )
2
= 502 + j 35.86 = 503.3∠4.09° A
The sending end voltage VS = 132.8∠0° + ( 0.5033∠4.09° )( 80.5∠76.89° )
= 139.152 + j 40.01 = 144.79∠16.04° kV
The line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end is 3 (144.79 ) = 250.784 kV

Y 
I S = I Z + VS   = 502 + j 35.86 + (144.79∠16.04° )( 0.27∠90° )
2
= 491.2 + j 73.46 = 496.7∠8.5° A

Sending end power SS (3φ ) = 3 (144.79)(0.4967 ) ∠16.04° − 8.5°

= 213.88 + j 28.31MVA
So PS (3φ ) = 213.88 MW; QS (3φ ) = 28.31MVAR
VS − VR 144.79 − 132.8
(c) Regulation = = = 0.09
VR 132.8

5.13 γ l = 0.4∠85° = 0.034862 + j 0.39848

eγ l = e0.034862 e j 0.39848 = 1.03548∠0.39848 radians
= 0.9543 + j 0.40178

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 e −γ l = e −0.034862 e − j 0.39848 = 0.965738∠ − 0.39848 radians
= 0.89007 − j 0.37472
eγ l + e − γ l
cosh γ l = = ( 0.9543 + j 0.40178 ) + ( 0.89007 − j 0.37472 )  2
2
= 0.92219 + j 0.01353 = 0.9223∠0.841° pu
Alternatively:
cosh ( 0.034862 + j 0.39848 ) = cosh ( 0.034862 ) cos ( 0.39848 radians )
+ j sinh ( 0.034862 ) sin ( 0.39848 radians )
= (1.00060 )( 0.92165 ) + j (0.034869) ( 0.388018 )
= 0.9222 + j 0.01353 = 0.9223 ∠0.841° pu
e −e
γl −γ l
sinh γ l = = ( 0.9543 + j 0.40178 ) − ( 0.89007 − j 0.37472 )  2
2
= 0.03212 + j 0.38825 = 0.38958 ∠85.271° pu
 γ l  cosh ( γ l ) − 1 ( 0.9222 + j 0.01353 ) − 1
tanh   = =
 2  sinh ( γ l ) 0.38958 ∠85.271°
0.07897 ∠170.13°
= = 0.2027 ∠84.86° pu
0.38958∠85.271°

z 0.03 + j 0.35
5.14 (a) ZC = = = 282.6∠ − 2.45° Ω
y 4.4 × 10 −6 ∠90°

(b) γ l = z y (l ) = ( 0.35128∠85.101° ) ( 4.4 × 10−6 ∠90° ) ( 400 )

= 0.4973∠87.55° = 0.02126 + j 0.4968 pu
(c) A = D = cosh γ l = cosh ( 0.02126 + j 0.4968 )
= ( cosh 0.02126 )( cos 0.4968 radians ) + j ( sinh 0.02126 )( sin 0.4968 radians )
= (1.00023 )( 0.87911) + j ( 0.02126 )( 0.47661)
= 0.87931 + j 0.01013 = 0.8794 ∠0.66° pu
sinh γ l = sinh ( 0.02126 + j 0.4968 )
= sinh ( 0.02126 ) cos ( 0.4968 radians ) + j ( cosh 0.02126 )( sin 0.4968 radians )
= (0.02126)(0.87911) + j (1.00023)(0.47661)
= 0.01869 + j 0.4767 = 0.4771 ∠87.75°
B = Z C sinh ( γ l ) = ( 282.6∠ − 2.45° )( 0.4771∠87.75° )
= 134.8 ∠85.3°Ω
1 0.4771∠87.75°
C= sinh ( γ l ) = = 1.688 × 10 −3 ∠90.2° S
ZC 282.6 ∠ − 2.45°

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5.15 VR = 475( )
3 ∠0° = 274.2∠0° kVL − N

PR ∠ cos −1 ( pf ) 1000∠ cos −1 1.0

IR = = = 1.215∠0° kA
3 VR LL ( pf ) 3 ( 475 )(1.0 )
(a) VS = AVR + B I R = ( 0.8794 ∠0.66° )( 274.2 ∠0° ) + (134.8∠85.3° )(1.215∠0° )
= 241.13 ∠0.66° + 163.78 ∠85.3°
= 254.5 + j163.2 = 303.9∠33.11° kVL − N
VS L − L = 303.9 3 = 526.4 kV
(b) I S = CVR + D I R = (1.688 × 10 −3 ∠90.2° ) ( 274.2 ∠0° ) + ( 0.8794∠0.66° )(1.215 ∠0° )
= 0.4628∠90.2° + 1.0685∠0.66°
= 1.0668 + j 0.4751 = 1.168∠24.01° kA
I S = 1.168 kA
(c) PFS = cos ( 32.67 − 24.01) = cos (8.66° ) = 0.989 Lagging
(d) PS = 3 VS LL I S ( pfS )
= 3 ( 526.4 )(1.168 )( 0.989 ) = 1053.2 MW
Full-load line losses = PS − PR = 1053.2 − 1000 = 53.2 MW
(e) VR NL = VS / A = 526.4 / 0.8794 = 598.6 kVL − L
VR NL − VR FL 598.6 − 475
% VR = × 100 = = 26%
VR FL 475

5.16 Table A.4 three ACSR finch conductors per phase

0.0969 Ω  1 mi 
r=   = 0.02 Ω / km
3 mi  1.609 km 

0.336∠86.6°
(a) Z C = z / y = = 264.4∠ − 1.7° Ω
4.807 × 10 −6 ∠90°
(b) γ l = z y l = 0.336 × 4.807 × 10 −6 ∠86.6° + 90° ( 300 )
= 0.0113 + j 0.381 pu
(c) A = D = cosh ( γ l ) = cosh ( 0.0113 + j 0.381)
= cosh 0.0113 cos 0.381+ j sinh 0.0113 sin 0.381
rad. rad.

= 0.9285 + j 0.00418 = 0.9285∠0.258° pu

sinh γ l = sinh ( 0.0113 + j 0.381)
= sinh 0.0113 cos 0.381+ j cosh 0.0113 sin 0.381
rad. rad.

= 0.01045 + j 0.3715 = 0.3716∠88.39°

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 B = Z C sinh γ l = 264.4∠ − 1.7° ( 0.3716∠88.39° )
= 98.25∠86.69°Ω
C = sinh γ l / Z C = 0.3716∠88.39° ( 264.4∠ − 1.7° )
= 1.405 × 10 −3 ∠90.09° S

5.17 ( )
VR = 480 / 3 ∠0° = 277.1∠0° kVLN

1500
(a) I R = ∠ − cos−1 0.9 = 1.804∠ − 25.84° kA
480 3
VS = AVR + B I R = 0.9285∠0.258° ( 277.1) + 98.25∠86.69° (1.804∠ − 25.84° )
= 377.4∠24.42° kVLN ; VS = 377.4 3 = 653.7 kVLL
VRNL = VS / A = 653.7 / 0.9285 = 704 kVLL
VR NL − VR FL 704 − 480
% VR = × 100 = × 100 = 46.7%
VR FL 480
(b) VS = 0.9285∠0.258° ( 277.1) + 98.25∠86.69° (1.804∠0° )
= 321.4∠33.66° kVLN ; VS = 321.4 3 = 556.7 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 556.7 / 0.9285 = 599.5 kVLL
599.5 − 480
% VR = × 100 = 24.9%
480
(c) VS = 257.3∠0.258° + 177.24∠112.5°
= 251.2∠41.03° kVLN
VS = 251.2 3 = 435.1kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 435.1/ 0.9285 = 468.6 kVLL
468.6 − 480
% VR = × 100 = −2.4%
4.80

5.18 γ l = l y z = 230 ( )
0.843 × 5.105 × 10 −6 ∠ ( 79.04° + 90° ) 2
= 0.4772∠84.52° = 0.0456 + j 0.475 = (α + j β ) l

z 0.8431
ZC = = ∠ ( 79.04° − 90° ) 2 = 406.4∠ − 5.48° Ω
y 5.105 × 10 −6
215 125 × 103
VR = = 124.13∠0° kV/ph.; I R = ∠0° = 335.7∠0° A
3 3 × 215
1 1
cosh γ l = e0.0456 ∠27.22° + e −0.0456 ∠ − 27.22° = 0.8904∠1.34°
2 2

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 1 1
sinh γ l = e0.0456 ∠27.22° − e −0.0456 ∠ − 27.22° = 0.4597∠84.93°
2 2
VS = VR cosh γ l + I R ZC sinh γ l
= (124.13 × 0.8904∠1.34° ) + ( 0.3357 × 406.4∠ − 5.48° × 0.4597∠84.93° )
= 137.86∠27.77° kV
Line-to-Line voltage magnitude at the sending end is 3 137.86 = 238.8 kV

VR
I S = I R cosh γ l + sinh γ l = ( 335.7 × 0.8904∠1.34° ) +
ZC
124,130
× 0.4597∠84.93°
406.4∠ − 5.48°
= 332.31∠26.33° A
Sending-end line current magnitude is 332.31 A
PS ( 3φ ) = 3 ( 238.8 )( 332.31) cos ( 27.77° − 26.33° ) = 137, 433 kW
QR (3φ ) = 3 ( 238.8 )( 332.31) sin ( 27.77° − 26.33° ) = 3454 kVAR

Voltage Regulation =
(137.86 / 0.8904 ) − 124.13 = 0.247
124.13
( Note that at no load, I R = 0; VR = VS / cosh γ l )
since β = 0.475 / 230 = 0.002065 rad/mi
2π 2π
The wavelength λ = = = 3043 mi
β 0.002065
and the velocity of propagation = f λ = 60 × 3043
= 182,580 mi/s

5.19 Choosing a base of 125 MVA and 215 kV,

( 215)
2
125 × 103
Base Impedance = = 370 Ω; Base Current = = 335.7 A
125 3 × 215
406.4∠ − 5.48°
So Z C = = 1.098∠ − 5.48 pu; VR = 1∠0° pu
370
The load being at unity pf, I R = 1.0∠0° pu

∴ VS = VR cosh γ l + I R Z C sinh γ l
= (1∠0° × 0.8904∠1.34° ) + (1∠0° × 1.098∠ − 5.48° × 0.4597∠84.93° )
= 1.1102 ∠27.75° pu

107
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 VR
I S = I R cosh γ l + sinh γ l
ZC
 1.0∠0° 
= (1∠0° × 0.8904∠1.34° ) +  × 0.4597∠84.93° 
 1.098 ∠ − 5.48° 
= 0.99 ∠26.35° pu
At the sending end
Line to line voltage magnitude = 1.1102 × 215
= 238.7 kV
Line Current Magnitude = 0.99 × 335.7
= 332.3A

5.20 (a) Let θ = γ l = ZY

ZY Z 2Y 2 Z 3Y 3
Then A = 1 + + + +  which iscosh γ l
2 24 720
 ZY Z 2 Y 2 Z 3Y 3 
B = ZC 1 + + + +   which is Z C sinh γ l
 6 120 5040 
1 1  ZY Z Y 2 2
Z 3Y 3 
C= sinh γ l = 1 + + + + 
ZC Zc  6 120 5040 
D=A
Considering only the first two terms,

ZY 
A = D =1+ 
2 
 ZY  
B = ZC  1 +  ←
 6 
1  ZY  
C= 1 + 
Zc  6  
(b) Refer to Table 5.1 of the text.
A −1 Y
For Nominal-π circuit: = ;B= Z ←
B 2
A −1 Y′
For Equivalent-π circuit: = ; B = Z′ ←
B 2

5.21 Eq. (5.1.1): Vs = AVR + BI R

VS I S = AVR I S + BI R I S

108
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 Substituting I S = CVR + DI R and A = D
VS I S = A VR I S + BI R ( CVR + AI R )

Now adding VR I R on both sides,

VS I S + VR I R = AVR I S + ( BC + 1) VR I R + BAI R2

But A 2 − BC = 1
Hence VS I S + VR I R = AVR I S + A 2VR I R + BAI R2 = A (VR I S + VS I R )
VS I S + VR I R
∴A = ←
VR I S + VS I R
VS − AVR
Now B = ; substituting the above result
IR

VS VR  VS I S + VR I R 
For A , one obtains B = −  
I R I R  VR I S + VS I R 

VSVR I S + VS2 I R − VRVS I S − VR2 I R

Thus B =
I R (VR I S + VS I R )

VS2 − VR2
or B = ←
VR I S + VS I R

1
+X
eθ + e −θ X
5.22 A= ; with X = e , A =
−θ
2 2
or X 2 − 2 AX + 1 = 0 ; Substituting X = X1 + jX 2

And A = A1 + jA2 , one gets

X12 − X 22 + 2 jX1 X 2 − 2  A1 X1 − A2 X 2 + j ( A2 X1 + A1 X 2 )  + 1 = 0

which implies X12 − X 22 − 2 [ A1 X1 − A2 X 2 ] + 1 = 0 

 ←
and X1 X 2 − ( A2 X1 + A1 X 2 ) = 0 

5.23 Equivalent π circuit:

Z ′ = B = 134.8∠85.3° = (11.0 + j134.3 ) Ω = R′ + jx ′

109
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 Alternatively:
sinh γ l
Z ′ = Z F1 = ( zl )
γl
 0.4771 ∠87.75° 
= ( 0.35128 ∠85.1° ) 400  
 0.4973 ∠87.55° 
= 134.8∠85.3° Ω

 
Y′ Y yl yl  cosh γ l − 1 
= F2 =  tanh ( γ l/2 ) ( γ l/2 )  =  
2 2 2 2 γ l
⋅ sinh γ l 
 2 
 4.4 × 10 −6   0.87931 + j 0.01013 − 1 
= ∠90°  ( 400 )  
 2   ( 0.2487 ∠87.55° )( 0.4771∠87.75° ) 
G′ + jB′
= 8.981 × 10 −4 ∠89.9° S = (1.57 × 10 −6 + j8.981 × 10 −4 )S =
2

R′ = 11 Ω is 8% smaller than R = 12 Ω
X ′ = 134.3 Ω is 4% smaller than X = 140 Ω
B′ / 2 = 8.981 × 10−4 S is 2% larger than Y / 2 = 8.8 × 10−4 S
G ′ / 2 = 1.57 × 10−6 S is introduced into the equivalent π circuit.

110
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5.24 Z ′ = B = 98.25∠86.69°Ω = 5.673 + j 98.09 Ω
 
Y′  Y   4.807   cosh γ l − 1 
=   F2 =  × 10 −6 ∠90° × 300   
2 2  2   γ l sinh γ l 
 2 
 
 1.442  0.9285 + j 0.00418 − 1 
= × 10 ∠90°  
−3

 2   0.3812 ∠88.3° ( 0.3716∠88.39° ) 
 2 
 −0.0715 + j 0.00418 
= 7.21 × 10 −4 ∠90°  
 0.0708∠176.7° 
= 6.37 × 10 −7 + j 7.294 × 10 −4 S

R′ = 5.673 Ω is 5.5% smaller than R = 6 Ω

X ′ = 98.09 Ω is 2.4% smaller than X = 100.5 Ω

B′ / 2 = 7.294 × 10 −4 S is 1.2% larger than Y / 2 = 7.211 × 10 −4 S

G ′ / 2 = 6.37 × 10 −7 S is introduced into the equivalent π circuit

5.25 The long line π-equivalent circuit is shown below:

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 z = ( 0.1826 + j 0.784 ) Ω / mi per phase
1 1
y= = = 5.391 × 10 −6 ∠90° S /mi per phase
xc ∠ − 90° 185.5 × 103 ∠ − 90°
γ = y z ; Z = zl = 160.99∠76.89° Ω; Y = yl = 1.078 × 10 −3 ∠90° S
tanh ( γ l / 2 )
F1 = ( sinh γ l ) / γ l = 0.972∠0.37°; F2 = = 1.0144∠ − 0.19°
γ l/2
sinh γ l
∴ Z′ = Z = 156.48∠77.26° Ω
γl
Y′ Y  tanh ( γ l / 2 ) 
=   = 0.5476 × 10 −3 ∠89.81° S
2 2  γ l / 2 
Y′
I Z ′ = I R + VR = 502∠0° + (132,800 ∠0° ) ( 0.5476 × 10 −3 ∠89.81° )
2
= 507.5 ∠8.24° A
VS = VR + I Z ′ Z ′ = 132,800∠0° + 507.5∠8.24° (156.48∠77.26° )
= 160,835 ∠29.45° V
(a) Sending end line to line voltage magnitude = 3160.835 = 278.6 kV
Y′ 
(b) I S = I Z ′ + VS   = 507.5∠8.24° + 160.835 ( 0.5476 ) ∠29.45 + 89.81°
2
= 482.93 ∠18.04° A; I S = 482.93A
(c) SS (3φ ) = 3VS I S∗ = 3 (160.835 )( 0.48293 ) ∠29.45° − 18.04°
= 228.41 MW + j 46.1 M var
160.835 − 132.8
(d) Percent voltage regulation = × 100 = 21.1%
132.8

z j 0.34
5.26 (a) ZC = = = 274.9 ∠0° = 274.9 Ω
y j 4.5 × 10−6

(b) γ l = z y ( l ) = ( j 0.34 ) ( j 4.5 × 10−6 ) ( 300 ) = j 0.3711pu

(c) γ l = j ( β l ) ; β l = 0.3711pu
A = D = cos ( β l ) = cos ( 0.3711 radians ) = 0.9319∠0° pu
B = j Z C sin ( β l ) = j ( 274.9 ) sin ( 0.3711 radians )
= j 99.68 Ω
 1   1 
C = j  sin ( β l ) = j   sin ( 0.3711 radians )
 ZC   274.9 
= j1.319 × 10−3 S

112
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 (d) β = 0.3711 / 300 = 1.237 × 10−3 radians/ km
λ = 2π /β = 5079 km
( 500 )
2 2
Vrated
= 909.4 MW ( 3φ )
L− L
(e) SIL = =
ZC 274.9

5.27 Z ′ = B = j 99.68 Ω

Alternatively:

sin β l  sin ( 0.3711 radians ) 

Z ′ = Z F1 = ( zl ) = ( j 0.34 × 300 )  
βl  0.3711 
= ( j102 ) ( 0.97721) = j 99.68 Ω

Y′ Y  y  tan ( β l / 2 ) 4.5 × 10−6  tan ( 0.1855 radians ) 

= F2 =  l  =j × 300  
2 2  2  ( β l / 2) 2  0.1855 
= ( j 6.75 × 10−4 ) (1.012 ) = j 6.829 × 10−4 S

5.28 (a) VR = VS A = 500 / 0.9319 = 536.5 kV

(b) VR = VS = 500 kV
 V 
(c) VS = cos ( β l ) .VR + ( j Z C sin β l )  1 R 
 1 ZC 
VS = cos β l + jZ sin β l VR
VS = 500 cos 0.3711 radians + j 2 sin 0.3711 radians
= 500 1.18 = 423.4 kV
VSVR ( 500 )( 500 )
(d) Pmax 3φ = = = 2508MW
X′ 99.68

5.29 Reworking Problem 5.9:

(a) z = j 0.506 Ω / km
Y Z 1
A = D =1+ = 1 + ( 3.229 × 10 −4 ∠90° ) ( 50.6∠90° ) = 0.9918 pu
2 2
B = Z = zl = j 50.6 Ω

113
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  Y Z 
C = Y 1 +  = 3.229 × 10 ∠90° (1 − 0.004085 )
−4

 4 
= 3.216 × 10 −4 ∠90° S
VS = AVR + B I R = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j 50.6 ( 0.7945∠ − 25.84° )
= 146.9∠14.26° kVLN
VS = 146.9 3 = 254.4 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 254.4 / 0.9918 = 256.5 kVLL
VR NL − VR FL 256.5 − 218
% VR = × 100 = × 100 = 17.7%
VR FL 218
(b) VS = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j 50.6 ( 0.7945∠0° )
= 124.86 + j 40.2 = 131.2∠17.85° kVLN
VS = 131.2 3 = 227.2 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 227.2 / 0.9918 = 229.1kV
229.1 − 218
% VR = × 100 = 5.08%
218
(c) Vs = 0.9918 (125.9 ) + j 50.6 ( 0.7945∠25.84° )
= 107.34 + j 36.18 = 113.3∠18.63°
VS = 113.3 3 = 196.2 kVLL
VR NL = VS / A = 196.2 / 0.9918 = 197.9 kV
197.9 − 218
% VR = × 100 = −9.22%
218
Next, reworking Prob. 5.16:
ZC = z / y = j 0.335 / j 4.807 × 10 −6 = 264 Ω

(a) γ l = z yl = j 0.335 ( j 4.807 × 10 −6 ) ( 300 ) = j 0.3807 pu

(b) A = D = cos β l = cos ( 0.3807 radians ) = 0.9284 pu
B = jZ c sin β l = j 264sin ( 0.3807 radians ) = j 98.1 Ω
 1  1
C = j  sin β l = j sin ( 0.3807 radians ) = j1.408 × 10 −3 S
 C
Z 264

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 μ0
Ln ( Deq / DSL )
= 2π
z L1
5.30 ZC = =
y C1  Deq 
2πε 0 / Ln  
 DSC 
  D   D 
 Ln  eq  Ln  eq  
μ0   DSL   DSC  
ZC =  
ε o   π
2 


Characteristic  Geometric factors

impedence of  
free space

μ0 4π × 10 −7
where = = 377 Ω
ε0  1 
 36π  × 10
−9

 
1 1
ω= =
L1C1 μ0  Deq   Deq 
Ln   2πε 0 / Ln  
2π  DSL   DSC 
 
 1  Ln ( Deq / DSC ) 

ω =  
 μ ε   Ln ( D / D ) 
 0
   
0 eq SL

Free space
velocity of
 Geometric factors 
propagation

1 1 m
where = = 3.0 × 108
μ 0ε 0
(  1
4π × 10 −7 
 36π

× 10 −9 

) s

For the 765 kV line in Example 5.10,

Deq = 3 (14)(14)(28) = 17.64 m

 .0403 
 ( 0.457 ) = 0.202m
3
DSL = 1.091 4 
 3.28 
 1.196 
 ( .0254 )( 0.457 ) = 0.213m
3
DSC = 1.0914 
 2 
  17.64   17.64  
 Ln   Ln  
  0.202   0.213  
Z C = 377 = 267 Ω
 2π 
 
 
Ln (17.64 /.213 ) m
ω = 3 × 108 = 2.98 × 108
Ln (17.64 / .202 ) s

115
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5.31 (a) For a lossless line, β = ω LC = 2π ( 60 ) 0.97 × 0.0115 × 10 −9
= 0.001259 rad/km
0.97 × 10 −3
ZC = L / C = = 290.43 Ω
0.0115 × 10 −6
1 1
Velocity of propagation υ = = = 2.994 × 105 km/s
LC 0.97 × 0.0115 × 10 −9

and the line wave length is λ = υ / f =

1
60
(
2.994 × 103 = 4990 km)
500
(b) VR = ∠0° kV = 288.675∠0° kV
3
800
SR( 3φ ) = ∠ cos−1 0.8 = 800 + j 600 MVA = 1000∠36.87° MVA
0.8

I R = S * R (3φ ) / 3VR* =
(1000∠ − 36.87°)103 = 1154.7∠ − 36.87° A
3 × 288.675∠0°
Sending end voltage VS = cos β lVR + jZ c sin β lI R
β l = 0.001259 × 300 = 0.3777 rad = 21.641°
∴VS = 0.9295 ( 288.675∠0° ) + j ( 290.43 ) 0.3688 (1154.7∠ − 36.87° ) (10 −3 )
= 356.53∠16.1° kV
Sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude = 3 356.53
= 617.53 kV
1
IS = j sin β lVR + cos β l I R
ZC
1
=j 0.3688 ( 288.675∠0° )103 + 0.9295 (1154.7∠ − 36.87° )
290.43
= 902.3∠ − 17.9° A; Line current = 902.3A
SS (3φ ) = 3VS I S∗ = 3 ( 356.53∠16.1° )( 902.3∠ − 17.9° )10 −3
= 800 MW + j 539.672 MVAR

Percent voltage regulation =

( 356.53 / 0.9295) − 288.675 × 100
288.675
= 32.87%

2π 360 360
5.32 (a) The line phase constant is β l = lrad = l= 315
λ λ 3000
= 22.68°

116
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 From the practical line loadability,
VS puVR pu ( SIL ) (1.0 )( 0.9 )( SIL ) sin 36.87°
P3φ = sin δ ; 700 =
sin β l sin 22.68°
∴ SIL = 499.83MW
( kV )
2

Z c ( SIL ) = ( 320 )( 499.83)

L rated
Since SIL = MW, kVL =
Zc
= 400 kV
(b) The equivalent line reactance for a lossless line is
X ′ = Z c sin β l = 320 ( sin 22.68° ) = 123.39 Ω

For a lossless line, the maximum power that can be transmitted under steady-state
condition occurs for a load angle of 90°.
With VS = 1pu = 400 kV ( L − L ) , VR = 0.9 pu = 0.9 ( 400 ) kV ( L − L )

Theoretical Maximum Power =

( 400 )( 0.9 × 400 ) × 1
123.39
= 1167 MW

5.33 (a) V2 = Z C I 2 since the line is terminated in Z C .

Then V1 = V2 ( cosh γ l + sinh γ l ) = V2 eγ l = V2 eα l e jβ l (1)
I1 = I 2 ( cosh γ l + sinh γ l ) = I 2 eγ l = I 2 eα l e j β l (2)
V1 V2
∴ = = ZC ← ( Note :γ = α + jβ )
I1 I 2
V2
(b) V1 = V1 = V2 eα l or = e −α l From (1) ←
V1
I2
(c) = e −α l From (2) ←
I1
(d) − S21 = V2 I 2∗ = V1e −α l e − j β l I1∗e −α l e j β l
= S12 e−2α l
S21
Thus − = e −2α l ←
S12
which is ( I 22 / I12 ) .
(e) Noting that α is real,
− P21
η= = e −2α l ←
P12

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 L
5.34 For a lossless line, Z C = , Eq. (5.4.3) of text which is pure real, i.e. resistive.
C
γ = j β is pure imaginary; β = ω LC ; α = 0
V2 I 2 −S21 − P21
∴ = = = =η = 1
V1 I1 S12 P12
P12 = Re (V1 I1∗ ) = Re ZC I12 = Z C I12 Since Z C is real.

Since I1 = V1 / Z C , P12 = V12 / Z C ←

5.35 Open circuited  I 2 = 0; Lossless  α = 0; γ = j β .

Short line: V1 = V2

 ZY   ( γ l )2  
Medium Line: Nominal π : V1 =  1 +  V2 =  1 +  V2 
 2  2  
  
 ( β l )2  
= 1 −  V2  ←
 2 
 

Long Line:Equiv. π : V1 = V2 cosh γ l = V2 cos β l 


Note: The first two terms in the series expansion of

(βl)
2

cos β l are 1 −
2
While V1 = V2 in the case of short-line model, 

the voltage at the open receiving end is higher 
 ←
than that at the sending end,for small β l,for 
the medium and long-line models. 

5.36 From Problem 5.7 solution, see Eq. (1)

VS2 = VR2 + 2VR I ( R cosφR + X sin φR ) + I 2 ( R 2 + X 2 )

Using P = VR I cosφR and Q = VR I sin φR , one gets

1
−VS2 + VR2 + 2 PR + 2QX +
VR2
( P 2 + Q 2 )( R 2 + X 2 ) = 0 (2)

In which only P and Q vary.

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 For maximum power, dP / dQ = 0 :
dP 2 X + 2QC R2 + X 2
=− , Where C =
dQ 2 R + 2 PC VR2

dP V2X
and for = 0, Q = − 2 R 2 ←
dQ R +X
Substituting the above in (2), after some algebraic simplification, one gets
VR2  ZVS 
PMAX = 2 
− R ←
Z  VR 
where Z = R 2 + X 2 .
*
V −V  V 2 V V *
5.37 (a) S12 = V1 I1* = V1  1 2  = 1 * − 1 *2
 Z  Z Z
V12 j ∠Z V1V2 j ∠Z jθ12
e = − e e ← (1)
Z Z
which is the power sent by V1 .
V22 j∠Z V2V1 j∠z − jθ12
S21 = e − e e
Z Z
V22 j∠z V2V1 j∠z − jθ12
and − S21 = − e + e e ←2
Z Z
which is the power received by V2 .
(b)
(i) With V1 = V2 = 1.0
S12 = 1∠85° − 1∠95° = 0.1743 
 ←
− S21 = −1∠85° + 1∠75° = 0.1717 − j 0.0303
(ii) With V1 = 1.1 and V2 = 0.9
S12 = 1.21∠85° − 0.99∠95° = 0.1917 + j 0.2192 
 ←
− S21 = −0.81∠85° + 0.99∠75° = 0.1856 + j 0.1493
Comparing, P12 has not changed much, 
 ←
but Q12 and − Q21 have changed considerably.

5.38 From Problem 5.14

A = 0.8794∠0.66° pu; A = 0.8794 and θ A = 0.66°
B = Z ′ = 134.8∠85.3° Ω; Z ′ = 134.8 and θ Z = 85.3°
Using Eq. (5.5.6)

119
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 500 × 500 ( 0.8794 )( 500 )
2

PR max = − cos ( 85.3° − 0.66° )

134.8 134.8
= 1854.6 − 152.4 = 1702 MW ( 3φ )
For this loading at unity power factor,
PR max 1702
IR = = = 1.966 kA / Phase
3 VR LL ( PF ) 3 ( 500 )(1.0 )

From Table A.4, the thermal limit for 3 ACSR 1113 kcmil conductors is
3 × 1.11 = 3.33 kA/ p hase. The current 1.966 kA corresponding to the theoretical steady-state
stability limit is well below the thermal limit of 3.33 kA.

5.39
Line Length 200 km 600 km
ZC Ω 282.6∠ − 2.45° 282.6 ∠ − 2.45°
γl pu 0.2486∠87.55° 0.7459∠87.55°
A=D pu 0.9694∠0.1544° 0.7356∠1.685°
B Ω 69.54∠85.15° 191.8∠85.57°
C S 8.71 × 10−4 ∠90.05° 2.403 × 10−3 ∠90.47°
PR max MW 3291 1201

The thermal limit of 3.33 kA/phase corresponds to 3 ( 500 ) 3.33 = 2884 MW at 500 kV
and unity power factor.

5.40 A = 0.9285∠0.258° pu; A = 0.9285, θ A = 0.258°

B = Z ′ = 98.25∠86.69° Ω ; Z ′ = 98.25,θ Z = 86.69°
(a) Using Eq. (5.5.6)
500 × 500 0.9285(500)2
PR max = − cos(86.69° − 0.258°)
98.25 98.25
= 2544.5 − 147 = 2397.5 MW
(b) Using Eq. (5.5.4) with δ = θ Z :
− AVR2 −0.9285(500)2
QR = sin (θ Z − θ A ) = sin ( 86.69° − 0.258° )
Z′ 98.25
QR = −2358 MVAR Delivered to receiving end
QR = +2358 MVAR Absorbed by line at the receiving end

 Q   2358 
Receiving end pf = cos  tan −1 R  = cos  tan −1
 PR   2397.5 
= 0.713 Leading

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5.41 (a) Z = zl = ( 0.088 + j 0.465 )100 = 8.8 + j 46.5 Ω
Y yl
= = ( j 3.524 × 10 −6 )100 / 2 = j 0.1762 mS
2 2
( 230 )
2

Z base = V 2
L base S3φ base =
= 529 Ω
100
∴ Z = ( 8.8 + j 46.5 ) / 529 = 0.0166 + j 0.088 pu
Y
= j 0.1762 (1/ 0.529 ) = j 0.09321pu
2
The nominal π circuit for the medium line is shown below:

<<Figure 12>>

(b) S3φ rated = VL rated I L rated 3 = 230 ( 0.9 ) 3 = 358.5 MVA

ZY
(c) A = D = 1 + = 1 + ( 8.8 + j 46.5 ) ( 0.1762 × 10 −3 ) = 0.9918∠0.1°
2
B = Z = 8.8 + j 46.5 = 47.32∠79.3° Ω
Z Y2
C =Y + = 0.1755∠90.04° mS
4
(d) SIL = VL2 rated Z C
z 0.088 + j 0.465
ZC = = × 103 = 366.6∠ − 5.36° Ω
y j 3.524
∴ SIL = ( 230 ) 366.6 = 144.3MVA
2

°
2π  360  360
5.42 βl = l radians =  l = ( 500 ) = 36°
λ  λ  5000
Using Eq. (5.4.29) of the text,
1.0 × 0.9 ( SIL )
460 = sin 36.87°
sin 36°
1 × 0.9 × SIL
= ( 0.6 )
0.5878

From which SIL = 500.7 MW

From Eq. (5.4.21) of the text,

VL − L = ( ZC ) SIL = ( 500.7 ) 500 = 500.3 kV

121
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 Nominal voltage level for the transmission line is
500 kV ←

For Δ loss less line, X ′ = Z C sin β l

= 500sin 36° = 293.9 Ω
From Eq. (5.4.27) of the text,

P3φ max =
( 500 )( 0.9 × 500 ) = 765.6 MW ←
293.9

5.43 The maximum amount of real power that can be transferred to the load at unity pf with a bus
voltage greater than 0.9 pu (688.5 kV) is 2950 MW.

5.44 The maximum about of reactive power transfer that can be transferred to the load with a bus
voltage greater than 0.9 pu is 650 Mvar.

5.45 (a) Using Eq. (5.5.3) with δ = 35°

( 500 )( 0.95 × 500 ) ( 0.8794 )( 0.95 × 500 )
2

PR = cos ( 85.3° − 35° ) − cos ( 85.3° − 0.66° )

134.8 134.8
= 1125.4 − 137.5 = 987.9 MW (3φ )

122
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 PR = 988 MW is the practical line loadability provided that the voltage drop limit and
thermal limits are not exceeded.
PR 987.9
(b) I R FL = = = 1.213 kA
3 VR LL ( PF ) 3 ( 0.95 × 500 )( 0.99 )
(c) VS = AVR FL + B I R FL

∠δ = ( 0.8794∠0.66° ) (VR FL ∠0° ) + (134.8∠85.3° )(1.213∠8.109° )

500
3
288.68∠δ = 0.8794VR FL ∠0.66° + 163.5∠93.41°
288.68∠δ = ( 0.8793VR FL − 9.725 ) + j ( 0.01013VR FL + 163.21)
Taking the squared magnitude of the above equation:
83333 = 0.7733VR2 FL − 13.8 VR FL + 26732
Solving the above quadratic equation:
(13.8) + 4 ( 0.7733)( 56601)
2
13.8 +
VR FL = = 279.6 kVL − N
2 ( 0.7733)
VR FL = 279.6 3 = 484.3kVL − L = 0.969 pu
(d) VR NL = VS /A = 500 0.8794 = 568.6kVL − L
568.6 − 484.3
% VR = × 100 = 17%
484.3
(e) From Problem 5.38, thermal limit is 3.33 kA. Since VR FL / VS = 484.3 / 500
= 0.969 > 0.95, and the thermal limit of 3.33 kA is greater than 1.213kA, the voltage
drop it and thermal limits are not exceeded at PR = 987.9MW. Therefore, loadability is
determined by stability.

5.46 A = 0.9739∠0.0912° pu; A = 0.9739, θ A = 0.0912°

B = Z = 60.48∠86.6° Ω; Z = 60.48, θ Z = 86.6°
(a) Using Eq. (5.5.3) with δ = 35° :
500 ( 0.95 × 500 ) 0.9739 ( 0.95 × 500 )
2

PR = cos ( 86.6° − 35° ) − cos ( 86.6° − 0.0912° )

60.48 60.48
= 2439.2 − 221.2 = 2218 MW ( 3φ )
PR = 2218 MW is the line loadability if the voltage drop and thermal limits are not
exceeded.
PR 2218
(b) I R FL = = = 2.723 kA
3VR LL ( pf ) 3 ( 0.95 × 500 )( 0.99 )
(c) VS = AVR + BI R

123
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 500
∠δ = ( 0.9739∠0.0912° ) VR FL ∠0° + 60.48∠86.6° ( 2.723∠8.11° )
3
288.68∠δ = ( 0.9739 VR FL − 13.55 ) + j ( 0.0016VR FL + 164.14 )
Taking the squared magnitude of the above
83,333 = 0.93664VR2FL − 25.6VR FL + 27,126
Solving the above quadratic equation:

( 25.60 ) + 4 (.93664 )( 56,207 )

2
25.60 +
VR FL = = 250.68 kVLN
2 ( 0.9678 )
VR FL = 250.68 3 = 434.18 kVLL = 0.868 per unit for this load current, 2.723 kA, the
voltage drop limit VR / VS = 0.95 is exceeded. The thermal limit, 3.33 kA is not
exceeded. Therefore the voltage drop limit determines loadability for this line. Based on
VR FL = .95 per unit , IRFL is calculated as follows:

VS = AVR FL + B I R FL
 0.95 × 500 
∠0°  + 60.48∠86.6° ( I R FL ∠8.11° )
500
∠δ = ( 0.9739∠0.0912° ) 
3  3 
288.68∠δ = 267.09∠0.0912° + 60.48 I R FL ∠94.71°
= ( −4.966 I R FL + 267.09 ) + j ( 60.28 I R FL + 0.4251)
Taking squared magnitudes;
83,333 = 3658 I R2 FL − 2601 I R FL + 71,337
Solving the quadratic:

( 2601) + 4 ( 3658 )(11,996 )

2
2601 +
I R FL = = 2.2 kA
2 ( 3658 )

At 0.99 pf leading, the practical line loadability for the line is

PR = 3 ( 0.95 × 500 ) 2.2 ( 0.99 ) = 1792 MW

which is based on the voltage drop limit VR / VS = 0.95.

(d) VR NL = VS / A = 500 / 0.9739 = 513.4 kVLL
513.4 ( 500 × 0.95 )
% VR = × 100 = 8.08%
500 × 0.95

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5.47 (a) l = 200kM; The steady-state limit is:
500 ( 0.95 × 500 )
PR = cos ( 86.15° − 35° )
69.54
0.9694 ( 0.95 × 500 )
2

− cos ( 85.14° − 0.154° )

69.54
= 1914 MW
PR 1914
I R FL = = = 2.35 kA
3 VR FL ( PF ) 3 ( 0.95 × 500 )( 0.99 )
VS = AVR FL + B I R FL

∠δ = ( 0.9694∠0.154° ) (VR FL ∠0° ) + ( 69.54∠85.15° )( 2.35∠8.109° )

500
3

288.675∠δ = ( 0.9694VR FL − 9.29 ) + j ( 0.0026VR FL + 163.1)

Taking the squared magnitude:
83333. = 0.9397 VR2FL − 17.16VR FL + 26707
Solving

(17.16 ) + 4 ( 0.9397 )( 56626 )

2
17.16 +
VR FL = = 254.8kVL − N
2 ( 0.9397 )
VR FL = 254.8 3 = 441.3kVL −L = 0.8825 pu

The voltage drop limit VR FL VS ≥ 0.95 is not satisfied.

At the voltage drop limit:
VS = AVR FL + B I R FL
500  0.95 × 500 
∠δ = ( 0.9694 ∠0.154° )  ∠0°  +
3  3 
( 69.54∠85.15°) ( I R FL ∠8.109° )
288.675∠δ = ( 265.85 − 3.953I R FL ) + j ( 0.715 + 69.4 I R FL )

83333 = 70677 − 2003 I R FL + 4836 I R2 FL

( 2003) + 4 ( 4836 )(12656 )

2
2003 +
I R FL = = 1.84 kA
2 ( 4836 )

The practical line loadability for this 200-km line is

PR FL = 3 ( 0.95 × 500 )1.84 ( 0.99 ) = 1499 MW

at VR FL VS = 0.95pu and at 0.99 pf leading.

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 (b) l = 600 kM
500 ( 0.95 × 500 ) 0.7356 ( 0.95 × 500 )
2

PR = cos ( 85.57° − 35° ) − cos ( 85.57° − 1.685° )

191.8 191.8
= 786.5 − 92.3 = 694.2 MW
The practical line loadability is 694.2 MW corresponding to steady-state stibility for the
600-km line.

5.48 (a) SIL = ( 345 ) 300 = 396.8MW

2

Neglecting losses and using Eq. (5.4.29)

1 × 0.95 ( SIL ) sin 35°
P= = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48 ( 396.8 ) = 587.3 MW/line
 2π ( 300 ) 
sin  radians 
 5000 
2000
Number of 345-kV lines = + 1 = 3.4 + 1  5Lines
587.3
( 500 )
2

(b) For 500-kV lines, SIL = = 909.1MW

275
P = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48 × 909.1 = 1345.6MW/ Line

2000
Number of 500-kV Lines = + 1 = 1.49 + 1  3Lines
1345.6
( 765)
2

(c) For 765-kV lines, SIL = = 2250.9 MW

260
P = 1.48 ( SIL ) = 1.48 × 2250.9 = 3331.3MW/ Line
2200
Number of 765-kV lines = + 1 = 0.6 + 1  2 Lines
3331.3

5.49 (a) Using Eq. (5.4.29):

1 × 0.95 ( SIL ) sin 35°
P= = 1.48 ( SIL )
 2π ( 300 ) 
sin  radians 
 5000 
P = 1.48 ( 396.8 ) = 587.3MW / 345 − kV Line
3200
#345-kV Lines = + 1 = 5.4 + 1  7Lines
587.3
P = 1.48 ( 909.1) = 1345.5MW / 500 − kV Line
3200
#500-kV Lines = + 1 = 2.4 + 1  4 Lines
1345.5
P = 1.48(2250.9) = 3331.3MW / 765 − kV Line

126
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 3200
#765-kV Lines = + 1 = 0.96 + 1  2 Lines
3331.3
(1)(.95 )( SIL )( sin 35° ) = 1.131 SIL
(b) P = ( )
 2π × 400 
sin  radians 
 5000 
P = 1.131( 396.8 ) = 448.8 MW / 345 − kV Line
2000
#345-kV Lines = + 1 = 4.5 + 1 = 6 Lines
448.8
P = (1.131)( 909.1) = 1028.3MW / 500 kV Line
2000
#500-kV Lines = + 1 = 1.94 + 1 = 3Lines
1028.3
P = (1.131)( 2250.9 ) = 2545.9MW / 765 kV Line
2000
#765-kV Lines = + 1 = 0.79 + 1 = 2 Lines
2545.9

5.50 β l = ( 9.46 × 10 −4 ) ( 300 )(180 / π ) = 16.26°

Real power for one transmission circuit P = 3600 / 4 = 900 MW
VS puVR pu ( SIL )
From the practical line loadability, P3φ = sin δ
sin β l
(1.0)(0.9)(SIL )
or 900 = sin(36.87°)
sin16.26°
From which SIL = 466.66 MW
Since SIL = ( kVL rated ) Z C  MW
2

 
kVL = Z C ( SIL ) = ( 343 ) (466.66 = 400 kV
| VR || VS | ∠β − δ  | A || VR |2 ∠β − α
5.51 To show: PR + jQR = −
|B| |B|
(a) The phasor diagram corresponding to the above equation is shown below:

127
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 (b) By shifting the origin from 0′ to 0, the power diagram is shown in Fig. (b) above.
For a given load and a given value of | VR | , 0′ A = | VR | | VS | | B | the loci of point A will
be a set of circles of radii 0′ A, one for each of the set of values of | VS | . Portions of
two such circles (known as receiving-end circles) are shown below:

(c) Line 0A in the figure above is the load line whose intersection with the power circle
determines the operating point. Thus, for a load (with a lagging power-factor angel θ R )
A and C are the operating points corresponding to sending-end voltages | VS1 | and
| VS 2 | , respectively. These operating points determine the real and reactive power
received for the two sending-end voltages.
The reactive power that must be supplied at the receiving end in order to maintain
constant | VR | when the sending-end voltage decreases from | VS1 | to | VS 2 | is given by
AB, which is parallel to the reactive-power axis.

5.52 (a) See Problem 5.37(a) solution: Eqs. (1) and (2) with the substitution of Z ′ for Z ,
adding the contribution of the complex power consumed by Y ′ / 2 , using Eq. (1) of
Problem 5.37(a) solution, one gets
Y ′* 2 V12 V1V2 jθ12
S12 = V1 + * − * e ←
2 Z Z
Y′
Similarly, subtracting the complex power consumed in (on the right-hand side in
2
Fig. 5.17),
For the received power, one has
Y ′* 2 V22 V1V2 − jθ12
− S21 = − V2 − * + * e ←
2 Z′ Z′
Except for the additional constant terms, the equations have the same form as those in
PR. 5.37.

128
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 (b) For a lossless line, Z C = L / C is purely real and γ = j β is purely imaginary. Also

tanh ( γ l / 2 ) tan ( β l / 2 )
Y′ = Y = jω c and Z ′ = Z C sinh(γ l )
γ l/2 βl / 2
which becomes jZ C sinh( β l ) .
Note: Y ′ is now the admittance of a pure capacitance;
Z ′ is now the impedance of a pure inductance.
Active power transmitted, P12 = − P21
V12 sin θ12
And P12 = ←
Z C sin ( β l )

Using Eq. (5.4.21) of the text for SIL

sin θ12
P12 = PSIL ←
sin ( β l )

(c) For β l = 0.002l radians = (0.1146l )° , and θ12 = 45° ,

Applying the result of part (b), one gets
P12 1
= 0.707 ←
PSIL sin ( 0.1146l ) °

(d) Thermal limit governs the short lines;

 ←
Stability limit prevails for long lines. 

5.53 The maximum power that can be delivered to the load is 10,250 MW.

5.54 For 8800 MW at the load the load bus voltage is maintained above 720 kV even if 2 lines
are taken out of service (8850 MW may be OK since the voltage is 719.9 kV).

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5.55 From Problem 5.23, the shunt admittance of the equivalent π circuit without compensation is
Y ′ = G ′ + jB′ = 2 (1.57 × 10 −6 + j8.981 × 10 −4 ) = ( 3.14 × 10 −6 + j1.796 × 10 −3 ) S

With 65% shunt compensation, the equivalent shunt admittance is

 65 
Yeq = 3.14 × 10 −6 + j1.796  1 −  = 3.14 × 10 + j 6.287 × 10
−6 −4

 100 
= 6.287 × 10 −4 ∠89.71° S

Since there is no series compensation

Z eq = Z ′ = 134.8∠85.3° Ω

The equivalent A parameter of the compensated line is

Yeq Z eq1
Aeq = 1 + ( 6.287 × 10 −4 ∠89.71°) (134.8∠85.3°)
=1+
2 2
= 0.9578∠0.22° pu
The no-load voltage is
VR NL = VS Aeq = 526.14 0.9578 = 549.6 kVL − L

where VS is obtained from Problem 5.15.

VR FL = 475kVL − L is the same as given in Problem 5.15, since the shunt reactors are removed
at full load. Therefore
VR NL − VR FL 549.6 − 475
% VR = × 100 = × 100 = 15.7%
VR FL 475

The impedance of each shunt reactor is

−1 −1
 B′  1 
Z reactor = j  ( 0.65 )  = j  × 1.796 × 10−3 × 0.65
2  2 

= j 1713 Ω / phase, at each end of the line.

5.56 (a) VS = 653.7 kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)

Yeq = 2 6.37 × 10 −7 + j 7.294 × 10 −4 (1 − 0.5 )  from Problem 5.18
= 1.274 × 10 −6 + j 7.294 × 10 −4 = 7.294 × 10 −4 ∠87.5° S
Z eq = Z ′ = 98.25∠86.69° Ω
Yeq Z eq1
Aeq = 1 +
2 2
( 7.294 × 10 −4 ∠87.5° ) ( 98.25∠86.69° )
=1+

= 1 + 0.0358∠174.19° = 0.9644 + j 0.0036 = 0.9644∠0.21°

130
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 VRNL = VS / Aeq = 653.7 / 0.9644 = 677.8 kVLL
677.8 − 480
% VR = × 100 = 41.2%
480
(b) VS = 556.7 kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)
VR NL = VS / A = 556.7 / 0.9644 = 577.3 kVLL
577.3 − 480
% VR = × 100 = 20.3%
480
(c) VS = 435.1kVLL (same as Problem 5.17)
VR NL = VS / A = 435.1/ 0.9644 = 451.2 kVLL
451.2 − 480
% VR = × 100 = −6%
480

5.57 From Problem 5.23

Z ′ = R′ + jX ′ = (11.0 + j134.3 ) Ω
Based on 40% series compensation, half at each end of the line, the impedance of each
series capacitor is
1
Z CAP = − jXCAP = − j ( 0.4 )(134.3) = − j 26.86 Ω / phase (at each end)
2
Using the ABCD parameters from Problem 5.14, the equivalent ABCD parameters of the
compensated line are
 Aeq Beq   1 − j 26.86   0.8794∠0.66° 134.8∠85.3° 
 =   
1  1.688 × 10 ∠90.2° 0.8794∠0.66°
−3
 eq
C Deq  0
 Sending-end uncompensated line
compensated line series capacitors

 1 − j 26.86 
0 1 

receiving-end
series capacitors

 Aeq Beq  0.9248∠0.64° 86.66∠82.31° 

 =
Deq   1.688∠90.2° 0.9248∠0.64° 
 eq
C

5.58 From Problem 5.16:
(a) Z ′ = B = 98.25∠86.69° = 5.673 + j 98.09 Ω
Impedance of each series capacitor is
1
Z CAP = − jXCAP = − j   0.3 ( 98.09 ) = − j14.71 Ω
2

131
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 Equivalent ABCD parameters of the compensated line are
 Aeq Beq   1 − j14.71  0.9285∠0.258° 98.25∠86.69°  1 − j14.71
 =
Ceq Deq   0 1  1.405 × 10 ∠90.09° 0.9285∠0.258° 0
  −3
1 
 Sending end Uncompansated line from Pr. 5.13 Receiving end
series capacitors series capacitors

 1 − j14.71  0.9285∠0.258° 84.62∠86.12° 

=
 0 1  1.405 × 10 ∠90.19° 0.9492∠0.2535°
  −3

 0.9492∠0.2553° 71.45∠80.5° 
= 
1.405 × 10 ∠90.09° 0.9492∠0.2535°
−3

(b) Aeq = 0.9492, θ A = 0.2553°

Beq = Z eq′ = 71.45 Ω, θ Z eq = 80.5°
From Eq. (5.5.6) with VS = VR = 500 kVLL

500 × 500 ( 0.9492 )( 500 )

2

PR MAX = − cos ( 80.5° − 0.2553° )

71.45 71.45
= 3499 − 563 = 2936 MW ( 3φ )

which is 22.5% larger than the value.

Pmax = 2397.5 MW calculated in Problem 5.40 for the uncompensated line.

5.59 From Problem 5.57:

Aeq = 0.9248 pu; θ A = 0.64°
Beq = Z eq′ = 86.66 Ω ; θ Zeq = 82.31°

From Eq. (5.5.6), with VS = VR = 500 kVL − L

500 × 500 0.9248(500) 2

PR max = − cos ( 82.31° − 0.64° )
86.66 86.66
= 2885 − 387 = 2498 MW (3φ )
which is 46.7% larger than the value PR max = 1702 MW calculated in Problem 5.38 for the
uncompensated line.

5.60 Let X eq be the equivalent series reactance of one 765-kV, 500 km, series compensated line.
The equivalent series reactance of four lines with two intermediate substations and one line
section out-of-service is then:
12  11 
 X eq  +  X eq  = 0.2778 X eq
4 3  3 3 

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 From Eq. (5.4.26) with δ = 35°, VR = 0.95per unit , and P = 9000 MW;

P=
( 765 )(.95 × 765) sin ( 35°) = 9000.
.2778 X eq

Solving for X eq :

 N   N 
X eq = 127.54 Ω = X ′  1 − C  = 156.35  1 − C 
 100   100 
Solving: N C = 18.4% series capacitive compensation ( N C = 21.6% including 4% line
losses).

5.61

X ′  NC  134.3  40 
Z CAP = − j = −j = − j 26.86 Ω

2  100  2  100 
B′ N L 8.981 × 10 −4  65 
YREAC = − j = −j   = − j 2.92 × 10 −4 S
2 100 2  100 
 Aeq Beq  1 0   1 − j 26.86 
 =
Ceq Deq   − j 2.92 × 10 −4
1   0 1 
 Sending-end Sending-end
shunt compensation series compensation

 0.8794∠0.66° 134.8∠85.3° 
1.688 × 10 −3 ∠90.2° 0.8794∠0.66°  ×
 
Line

 1 − j 26.86   1 0
×  
 0 1   − j 2.92 × 10 −4 1 
Receiving end Receiving end
series compensation shunt compensation

After multiplying the above 5 matrices, the answer can be obtained.

133
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5.62 See solution of Pr. 5.18 for γ l, Z C ,cosh γ l, and sinh γ l .
For the uncompensated line:
A = D = cosh γ l = 0.8904∠1.34°
B = Z ′ = ZC′ sinh γ l = 186.78∠79.46° Ω
sinh γ l 0.4596∠84.94°
C= = = 0.001131∠90.42° S
Z C′ 406.4∠ − 5.48°
Noting that the series compensation only alters the series arm of the equivalent π -circuit,
the new series arm impedance is
′ = Bnew = 186.78∠79.46° − j 0.7 × 230 ( 0.8277 ) = 60.88∠55.85° Ω
Z new
In which 0.8277 is the imaginary part of z = 0.8431∠79.04° Ω / mi

Z ′Y ′ Y′ 1 cosh γ l − 1
Nothing that A = + 1 and = = 0.000399∠89.82° S
2 2 Z C′ sinh γ l

Anew = ( 60.88∠55.85° × 0.000599∠89.81° ) + 1 = 0.97∠1.24°

 Z ′Y ′  Z ′Y ′2
Cnew = Y ′  1 +  =Y′+
 4  4
= 2 × 0.000599∠89.81° + 60.88∠55.85° ( 0.000599∠89.81° )
2

= 0.00118∠90.41° S
The series compensation has reduced the parameter B to about one-third of its value for the
uncompensated line, without affecting the A and C parameter appreciably.
Thus, the maximum power that can be transmitted is increased by about 300%.

5.63 The shunt admittance of the entire line is

Y = yl = − j 5.105 × 10 −6 × 230 = − j 0.001174S

With 70% compensation, Ynew = 0.7 × (− j 0.001174) = − j 0.000822S

From Fig. 5.4 of the text, for the case of ‘shunt admittance’,
A = D = 1; B = 0; C = Y
∴ C = Ynew = − j 0.000822S
For the uncompensated line, the A, B, C , D parameters are calculated in the solution of
Pr. 5.49.
For ‘series networks’, see Fig.5.4 of the text to modify the parameters. So for the line with a
shunt inductor,
Aeq = 0.8904∠1.34° + 186.78∠79.46° ( 0.000822∠ − 90° )
= 1.0411∠ − 0.4°

134
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 The voltage regulation with the shunt reactor connected at no load is given by
(137.86 /1.0411) − 124.13 = 0.0667
124.13
which is a considerable reduction compared to 0.247 for the regulation of the
uncompensated line. (see solution of Pr. 5.18)

5.64 (a) From the solution of Pr. 5.31,

Z C = 290.43 Ω; β l = 21.641°
For a lossless line, the equivalent line reactance is given by
X ′ = ZC sin β l = (290.43)sin 21.641° = 107.11 Ω

The receiving end power SR (3φ ) = 1000∠ cos−1 0.8 = 800 + j600 MVA
VS ( L − L )VR( L − L )
Since P3φ = sin δ , the power angel δ is obtained from
X′
800 = ( 500 × 500 /107.11) sin δ
or δ = 20.044°
The receiving end reactive power is given by (approximately)
VS ( L − L )VR ( L − L ) VR2( L − L )
QR( 3φ ) = cos δ − cos β l
X′ X′
( 500 ) cos 21.641°
2
500 × 500
= cos ( 20.044° ) − ( )
107.11 107.11
= 23.15MVAR
Then the required capacitor MVAR is SC = j 23.15 − j 600 = − j 576.85
The capacitive reactance is given by (see Eq. 2.3.5 in text)
− jVL2 − j 500 2
XC = = = 433.38 Ω
SC − j 567.85

106
or C= = 6.1μ F
2π ( 60 ) 433.38
(b) For 40% compensation, the series capacitor reactance per phase is
X ser = 0.4 X ′ = 0.4 (107.1) = 42.84 Ω
The new equivalent π -circuit parameters are given by
2  βl 
Z ′ = j ( X ′ − X ser ) = j64.26 Ω; Y ′ = j tan   = j 0.001316S
ZC  2 
Z ′Y ′
Bnew = j 64.26 Ω; Anew = 1 + = 0.9577
2

135
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 500
The receiving end voltage per phase VR = ∠0° kV = 288.675∠0° kV
3
The receiving end current is I R = SR*( 3φ ) / 3VR*
1000∠ − 36.87°
Thus I R = = 1.1547∠ − 36.87° kA
3 × 288.675∠0°
The sending end voltage is then given by
VS = AVR + B I R = 326.4∠10.47° kV; VS ( L − L ) = 3 326.4 = 565.4 kV

Percent voltage regulation =

( 565.4 / 0.958 ) − 500 × 100 = 18%
500
5.65 The maximum amount of real power which can be transferred to the load at unity pf with a
bus voltage greater than 0.9 pu is 3900 MW.

5.66 The maximum amount of real power which can be transferred to the load at unity pf with a
bus voltage greater than 0.9 pu is 3400 MW (3450 MW may be OK since pu voltage is 0.8985).

136
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