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Business Data
Communications
and Networking:
A Research Perspective

Jaro Gutérrez, Unversty of Auckland, New Zealand

IDeA GRouP PuBlIshING

Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore


Acquisition Editor: Kristin Klinger

Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig
Managing Editor: Sara Reed
Assistant Managing Editor: Sharon Berger
Development Editor: Kristin Roth
Copy Editor: Nicole Dean
Typesetter: Jamie Snavely
Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff
Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

Published in the United States of America by

Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue
Hershey PA 17033
Tel: 717-533-8845
Fax: 717-533-8661
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.idea-group.com

and in the United Kingdom by

Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)
3 Henrietta Street
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London WC2E 8LU
Tel: 44 20 7240 0856
Fax: 44 20 7379 3313
Web site: http://www.eurospan.co.uk

Copyright © 2007 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the
publisher.

Product or company names used in this book are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the
products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Business data communications and networking : a research perspective / Jairo Gutierrez, editor.
p. cm.
Summary: "This book addresses key issues for businesses utilizing data communications and the increasing
importance of networking technologies in business; it covers a series of technical advances in the field while
highlighting their respective contributions to business or organizational goals, and centers on the issues of net-
work-based applications, mobility, wireless networks and network security"--Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59904-274-6 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-59904-275-4 (softcover) -- ISBN 1-59904-276-2 (ebook)
1. Computer networks. 2. Wireless communication systems. 3. Data transmission systems. 4. Business com-
munication--Data processing. I. Gutierrez, Jairo, 1960-
TK5105.5.B878 2007
004.6--dc22
2006031360

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are
those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
 

Business Data
Communications
and Networking:
A Research Perspective

Table of Contents

Preface............................................................................................................................vi

Section.I:.Network.Design.and.Application.Issues

Chapter.I
Design.of.High.Capacity.Survivable.Networks........................................................... 1
Varadharajan Sridhar, Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India
June Park, Samsung SDS Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea

Chapter.II
A Data Mining Driven Approach for Web Classification and Filtering
Based.on.Multimodal.Content.Analysis..................................................................... 20
Mohamed Hammami, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Tunisia
Youssef Chahir, Université de Caen, France
Liming Chen, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, France

Chapter.III
Prevalent Factors Involved in Delays Associated with Page Downloads................ 55
Kevin Curran, University of Ulster at Magee, UK
Noel Broderick, University of Ulster at Magee, UK
v

Chapter.IV
Network.Quality.of.Service.for.Enterprise.Resource.Planning.Systems:.
A.Case.Study.Approach............................................................................................... 68
Ted Chia-Han Lo, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Jairo Gutiérrez, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Chapter.V
Cost-Based.Congestion.Pricing.in.Network.Priority.Models.
Using.Axiomatic.Cost.Allocation.Methods.............................................................. 104
César García-Díaz, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Fernando Beltrán, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Section.II:.Mobility

Chapter.VI
Mobile.Multimedia:.Communication.Technologies,.Business.Drivers,.
Service.and.Applications........................................................................................... 128
Ismail Khalil Ibrahim, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
Ashraf Ahmad, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
David Taniar, Monash University, Australia

Chapter.VII
Mobile.Information.Systems.in.a.Hospital.Organization.Setting......................... 151
Agustinus Borgy Waluyo, Monash University, Australia
David Taniar, Monash University, Australia
Bala Srinivasan, Monash University, Australia

Chapter.VIII
Data.Caching.in.a.Mobile.Database.Environment................................................. 187
Say Ying Lim, Monash University, Australia
David Taniar, Monash University, Australia
Bala Srinivasan, Monash University, Australia

Chapter.IX
Mining.Walking.Pattern.from.Mobile.Users........................................................... 211
John Goh, Monash University, Australia
David Taniar, Monash University, Australia
 v

Section.III:.Wireless.Deployment.and.Applications

Chapter.X
Wi-Fi Deployment in Large New Zealand Organizations: A Survey . ................. 244
Bryan Houliston, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Nurul Sarkar, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Chapter.XI
Applications and Future Trends in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.............................. 272
Subhankar Dhar, San Jose University, USA

Section.IV:.Network.Security

Chapter.XII
Addressing WiFi Security Concerns........................................................................ 302
Kevin Curran, University of Ulster at Magee, UK
Elaine Smyth, University of Ulster at Magee, UK

Chapter.XIII
A SEEP Protocol Design Using 3BC, ECC(F2m).and.HECC.Algorithm................ 328
Byung Kwan Lee, Kwandong University, Korea
Seung Hae Yang, Kwandong University, Korea
Tai-Chi Lee, Saginaw Valley State University, USA

Chapter.XIV
Fighting the Problem of Unsolicited E-Mail Using a Hashcash
Proof-of-Work.Approach.......................................................................................... 346
Kevin Curran, University of Ulster at Magee, UK
John Honan, University at Ulster at Magee, UK

About.the.Authors...................................................................................................... 375

Index............................................................................................................................ 381
v

Preface

Research in the area of data communications and networking is well and alive as this col-
lection of contributions show. The book has received enhanced contributions from the au-
thors that published in the inaugural volume of the International Journal of Business Data
Communications and Networking (http://www.idea-group.com/ijbdcn). The chapters are
divided in four themes: (1) network design and application issues, (2) mobility, (3) wireless
deployment and applications, and (4) network security. The first two sections gathering the
larger number of chapters, which is not surprising given the popularity of the issues presented
on those sections. Within each section the chapters have been roughly organized following
the Physical layer to Application layer sequence with lower-level issues discussed first.
This is not an exact sequence since some chapters deal with cross-layer aspects; however,
it facilitates the reading of the book in a more-or-less logical manner. The resulting volume
is a valuable snapshot of some of the most interesting research activities taking place in the
field of business data communications and networking.
The first section, Network Design and Application Issues, starts with Chapter I, “Design of
High Capacity Survivable Networks,” written by Varadharajan Sridhar and June Park. In it the
authors define Survivability as the capability of keeping at least “one path between specified
network nodes so that some or all of traffic between nodes is routed through”. Based on that
definition the chapter goes on to discuss the issues associated with the design of a surviv-
able telecommunications network architecture that uses high-capacity transport facilities.
Their model considers the selection of capacitated links and the routing of multicommodity
traffic flows with the goal of minimizing the overall network cost. Two node disjoint paths
are selected for each commodity. In case of failure of the primary path, a portion of the
traffic for each commodity will be rerouted through the secondary path. The methodology
presented in the chapter can be used by the network designer to construct cost-effective high
capacity survivable ring networks of low to medium capacity.
 v

In Chapter II, “A Data Mining Driven Approach for Web Classification and Filtering Based
on Multimodal Content Analysis,” Mohamed Hammami, Youssef Chahir, and Liming Chen
introduce WebGuard an automatic machine-learning based system that can be used to ef-
fectively classify and filter objectionable Web material, in particular pornographic content.
The system focuses on analyzing visual skin-color content along with textual and structural
content based analysis for improving pornographic Web site filtering. While most of the
commercial filtering products on the marketplace are mainly based on textual content-based
analysis such as indicative keywords detection or manually collected black list checking,
the originality of the authors’ work resides on the addition of structural and visual content-
based analysis along with several data mining techniques for learning about and classifying
content. The system was tested on the MYL test dataset which consists of 400 Websites
including 200 adult sites and 200 non-pornographic ones. The Web filtering engine scored
a high classification accuracy rate when only textual and structural content based analysis
are used, and a slightly higher classification accuracy rate when skin color-related visual
content-based analysis is added to the system. The basic framework of WebGuard can apply
to other categorization problems of Web sites which combine, as most of them do today,
textual and visual content.
Chapter III, “Prevalent Factors involved in Delays Associated with Page Downloads,” tackles
an issue that concerns most Internet users: response times associated with Web page laten-
cies. Kevin Curran and Noel Broderick studied the usage of images and the effect they have
on page retrieval times. A representative sample of academic institutions’ Websites which
were image-intensive was selected and used in the research. Their findings showed that the
prevalent factor that affects how quickly a Web site performs is the type of Web hosting
environment that the site is deployed in. They also found that Web users are faced with a
sliding scale of delays, with no one Web page taking the same time to load on two separate
occasions. It is the number of application packets, not bytes, and the number of simultane-
ous users of the part of the Internet involved in the connection that determines the Web page
latency and satisfaction levels. Finally, the authors discuss the fact that improvements on the
coding of images can reduce latencies but some of the most efficient encoding techniques,
such as PNG, only start to report benefits with larger (more than 900 bytes) images. A large
number of images found during the testing fell in the sub-900 group.
The research reported in Chapter IV, “Network Quality of Service for Enterprise Resource
Planning Systems: A Case Study Approach” by Ted Chia-Han Lo and Jairo Gutiérrez, studied
the relevance of the application of network quality of service (QoS) technologies for modern
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, explored the state-of-art for QoS technologies
and implementations and, more importantly, provided a framework for the provision of QoS
for ERP systems that utilise Internet protocol (IP) networks. The authors were motivated to
conduct this research after discovering that very little had been investigated on that particular
aspect of ERP systems, even though there was an increasing realisation about the impor-
tance of these types of applications within the overall mix of information systems deployed
in medium and large organisations. Based upon the research problem and the context of
research, a case study research method was selected. Four individual cases—including both
leading ERP vendors and network technology vendors—were conducted. The primary data
collection was done using semi-structured interviews and this data was supplemented by
an extensive array of secondary material. Cross-case analysis confirmed that the traditional
approaches for ensuring the performance of ERP systems on IP networks do not address
network congestion and latency effectively, nor do they offer guaranteed network service
v

quality for ERP systems. Moreover, a cross-case comparative data analysis was used to review
the pattern of existing QoS implementations and it concluded that while QoS is increasingly
being acknowledged by enterprises as an important issue, its deployment remains limited.
The findings from the cross-case analysis ultimately became the basis of the proposed
framework for the provision of network QoS for ERP systems. The proposed framework
focuses on providing a structured, yet practical approach to implement end-to-end IP QoS
that accommodate both ERP systems and their Web-enabled versions based on state-of-art
traffic classification mechanisms. The value of the research is envisioned to be most visible
for two major audiences: enterprises that currently utilised best-effort IP networks for their
ERP deployments and ERP vendors.
The last chapter on this section, Chapter V, “Cost-Based Congestion Pricing in Network
Priority Models Using Axiomatic Cost Allocation Methods,” was written by Fernando Beltrán
and César García-Díaz. The chapter deals with the efficient distribution of congestion costs
among network users. The authors start with a discussion about congestion effects and their
impact on shared network resources. They also review the different approaches found in
the literature, ranging from methods that advocate for congestion-based pricing to methods
that, after being critical about considering congestion, advocate for price definition based
on the investors’ need for return on their investment. Beltrán and García then proceed to
introduce an axiomatic approach to congestion pricing that takes into account some of the
prescriptions and conclusions found in the literature. The method presented in the chapter is
defined on the grounds of axioms that represent a set of fundamental principles that a good
allocation mechanism should have.
The second theme of this book is addressed in the second section, Mobility. The chapters
in this section share that common denominator: the challenges addressed are introduced
by that defining characteristic. The first contribution in this section, Chapter VI, “Mobile
Multimedia: Communication Technologies, Business Drivers, Service and Applications,”
is written by Ismail Khalil Ibrahim, Ashraf Ahmad, and David Taniar. It serves as a great
introduction to the topic of mobility and in particular the field of mobile multimedia which
the authors define as “multimedia information exchange over wireless networks or wireless
Internet.” This chapter discusses the state-of-the-art of the different communication tech-
nologies used to support mobile multimedia, describes the key enabling factor of mobile
multimedia: the popularity and evolution of mobile computing devices, coupled with fast
and affordable mobile networks. Additionally, the authors argue that the range and com-
plexity of applications and services provided to end-users also play an important part in the
success of mobile multimedia.
Chapter VII, “Mobile Information Systems in a Hospital Organization Setting,” written by
Agustinus Borgy Waluyo, David Taniar, and Bala Srinivasan, deals with the issue of provid-
ing mobility in the challenging environment of a hospital. The chapter discusses a practical
realisation of an application using push and pull based mechanisms in a wireless ad-hoc
environment. The pull mechanism is initiated by doctors as mobile clients retrieving and
updating patient records in a central database server. The push mechanism is initiated from
the server without a specific request from the doctors. The application of the push mecha-
nism includes sending a message from a central server to a specific doctor or multicasting a
message to a selected group of doctors connected to the server application. The authors also
discuss their future plans for the system which include the addition of a sensor positioning
device, such as a global positioning system (GPS), used to detect the location of the mobile
users and to facilitate the pushing of information based on that location.
 x

Chapter VIII also tackles the issue of mobility but based on a study of the available types
of data caching in a mobile database environment. Say Ying Lim, David Taniar, and Bala
Srinivasan explore the different types of possible cache management strategies in their
chapter, “Data Caching in a Mobile Database Environment.” The authors firstly discuss the
need for caching in a mobile environment and proceed to present a number of issues that
arise from the adoption of different cache management strategies and from the use of strate-
gies involving location-dependent data. The authors then concentrate on semantic caching,
where only the required data is transmitted over the wireless channel, and on cooperative
caching. They also discuss cache invalidation strategies, for both location and non location
dependent queries. The chapter serves as a valuable starting point for those who wish to gain
some introductory knowledge about the usefulness of the different types of cache manage-
ment strategies that can be use in a typical mobile database environment.
In the last chapter of this section, Chapter IX, “Mining Walking Pattern from Mobile Us-
ers,” John Goh and David Taniar deal with the issue of extracting patterns and knowledge
from a given dataset, in this case a user movement database. The chapter reports research
on the innovative examination, using data mining techniques, of how mobile users walks
from one location of interest to another location of interest in the mobile environment.
Walking pattern is the proposed method whereby the source data is examined in order to
find out the 2-step, 3-step and 4-step walking patterns that are performed by mobile users.
A performance evaluation shows the tendency for a number of candidate walking patterns
with the increase in frequency of certain location of interests and steps. The walking pattern
technique has proven itself to be a suitable method for extracting useful knowledge from
the datasets generated by the activities of mobile users. These identified walking patterns
can help decision makers in terms of better understanding the movement patterns of mobile
users, and can also be helpful for geographical planning purposes.
The third section, Wireless Deployment and Applications, has two contributions. Chapter X,
“Wi-Fi Deployment in Large New Zealand Organizations: A Survey,” co-written by Bryan
Houliston and Nurul Sarkar, reports on research conducted on New Zealand where 80 large
organizations were asked about their level of Wi-Fi networks (IEEE 802.11b) deployment,
reasons for non-deployment, the scope of deployment, investment in deployment, problems
encountered, and future plans. The authors’ findings show that most organizations have at
least considered the technology, though a much smaller proportion has deployed it on any
significant scale. A follow up review, included in the chapter, of the latest published case
studies and surveys suggests that while Wi-Fi networks deployment is slowing, interest is
growing on the issue of wider area wireless networks.
The second chapter in the section, by Subhankar Dhar, is “Applications and Future Trends in
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” and covers, in a survey style, the current state of the art of mobile
ad hoc networks and some important problems and challenges related to routing, power
management, location management, security as well as multimedia over ad hoc networks.
The author explains that a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary, self-organizing
network of wireless mobile nodes without the support of any existing infrastructure that
may be readily available on the conventional networks and discusses how, since there is
no fixed infrastructure available for MANET with nodes being mobile, routing becomes a
very important issue. In addition, the author also explains the various emerging applications
and future trends of MANET.
x

The last section, Network Security, begins with Chapter XII, “Addressing WiFi Security
Concerns.” In it, Kevin Curran and Elaine Smyth discuss the key security problems linked
to WiFi networks, including signal leakages, WEP-related (wired equivalent protocol)
weaknesses and various other attacks that can be initiated against WLANs. The research
reported includes details of a “war driving” expedition conducted by the authors in order to
ascertain the number of unprotected WLAN devices in use in one small town. The authors
compiled recommendations for three groups of users: home users, small office/home office
(SOHO) users and medium to large organisations. The recommendations presented suggest
that home users should implement all the security measures their hardware offers them, they
should include WEP security at the longest key length permitted and implement firewalls
on all connected PCs changing their WEP key on a weekly basis. The Small Office group
should implement WPA-SPK; and the medium to large organisations should implement one
or more of either: WPA Enterprise with a RADIUS server, VPN software, IDSs, and provide
documented policies in relation to WLANs and their use.
Chapter XIII, “A SEEP Protocol Design Using 3BC, ECC(F2m), and HECC Algorithm,”
by Byung Kwan Lee, Seung Hae Yang, and Tai-Chi Lee, reports on collaborative work be-
tween Kwandong University in Korea and Saginaw Valley State University in the U.S. In
this contribution the authors propose a highly secure electronic payment protocol that uses
elliptic curve cryptosystems, a secure hash system and a block byte bit cipher to provide
security (instead of the more common RSA-DES combination). The encroaching of e-com-
merce into our daily lives makes it essential that its key money-exchange mechanism, online
payments, be made more reliable through the development of enhanced security techniques
such as the one reported in this chapter.
Finally, Chapter XIV deals with “Fighting the Problem of Unsolicited E-Mail Using a
Hashcash Proof-of-Work Approach.” Authors Kevin Curran and John Honan present the
Hashcash proof-of-work approach and investigate the feasibility of implementing a solution
based on that mechanism along with what they called a “cocktail” of antispam measures
designed to keep junk mail under control. As reported by the researchers in this chapter, a
potential problem with proof-of-work is that disparity across different powered computers
may result in some unfortunate users spending a disproportionately long time calculating a
stamp. The authors carried out an experiment to time how long it took to calculate stamps
across a variety of processor speeds. It is concluded from the analysis of the results that due
to this problem of egalitarianism, “hashcash” (or CPU-bound proof-of-work in general) is
not a suitable approach as a stand-alone anti-spam solution. It appears that a hybrid (a.k.a.
“cocktail”) anti-spam system in conjunction with a legal and policy framework is the best
approach.
We hope that you enjoy this book. Its collection of very interesting chapters gives the reader
a good insight into some of the key research work in the areas of wireless networking,
mobility and network security. Our goal was to provide an informed and detailed snapshot
of these fast moving fields. If you have any feedback or suggestions, please contact me via
e-mail at [email protected].

Jairo A. Gutiérrez, Editor

 xi
x

Section I:
Network Design
and Application Issues
x
 Design of High Capacity Survivable Networks 

Chapter.I

Design.of.High.Capacity.
Survivable.Networks
Varadharajan Sridhar, Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India

June Park, Samsung SDS Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea

Abstract
Survivability, also known as terminal reliability, refers to keeping at least one path between
specified network nodes so that some or all of traffic between nodes is routed through.
Survivability in high capacity telecommunication networks is crucial as failure of network
component such as nodes or links between nodes can potentially bring down the whole
communication network, as happened in some real-world cases. Adding redundant network
components increases the survivability of a network with an associated increase in cost. In
this chapter we consider the design of survivable telecommunications network architecture
that uses high-capacity transport facilities. The model considers selection of capacitated
links and routing of multicommodity traffic flow in the network that minimizes overall net-
work cost. Two node disjoint paths are selected for each commodity. In case of failure of the
primary path, a portion of the traffic for each commodity is rerouted through the secondary
path. The methodology presented in this chapter can be used by the network designer to
construct cost-effective high capacity survivable networks.

Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission
of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
 Sridhar & Park

Introduction
Optic fiber and high capacity transmission facilities are being increasingly deployed by
Telecommunication companies for carrying voice, data, and multimedia traffic. Local
(some times referred to as basic) telecom service providers are spending tens of billions of
dollars on fiber-based equipment and facilities to replace or augment the existing facilities
to provide high bandwidth transport. This has led to sparse networks with larger amount of
traffic carried on each link compared to traditional bandwidth limiting technologies which
deployed dense networks. One of such technologies is synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
standardized by the International Telecommunications Union. SDH decreases the cost and
number of transmission systems public networks need and makes it possible to create a high
capacity telecommunications superhighway to transport broad range of signals at very high
speeds (Shyur & Wen, 2001). Because of their sparse nature, these networks inherently
have less reliability. Failure of a single node or link in the network can cause disruptions to
transporting large volume of traffic, if alternate path is not provided for routing the affected
traffic. Though backup links can be provided to improve the reliability of such sparse net-
works, it could increase the cost of the networks substantially. The challenge is to improve
the reliability of the networks at minimal cost. Researchers have looked at methods of im-
proving reliability of such networks. Detailed discussions on the importance of survivability
in fiber network design can be found in Wu, Kolar, and Cardwell (1988) and Newport and
Varshney (1991). Recently, vulnerabilities and associated security threats of information and
communication networks have prompted researchers to define survivability as the capability
of a system to fulfill its mission, in a timely manner, in the presence of attacks, failures or
accidents (Redman, Warren, & Hutchinson, 2005).
Networks with ring architecture are also being increasingly deployed in high capacity net-
works to provide survivability. Synchronous optical network (SONET) uses a self-healing
ring architecture that enables the network to maintain all or part of communication in the
event of a cable cut on a link or a node failure. SONET networks are being increasingly
deployed between central offices of the telecommunication companies and between point
of presence (POP) of traffic concentration points. SONET-based transmission facilities are
also being deployed increasingly to provide broadband facilities to business customers and
government agencies. Operationally such self-healing ring networks divert the flow along
an alternative path in the ring in case of failure of a node or link.
For a discussion of the use of rings in telecommunication networks, the reader is referred
to Cosares, Deutsch, and Saniee (1995). Cosares et al. (1995) describes the implementation
of a decision support system called SONET toolkit developed by Bell Core for constructing
SONET rings. The SONET toolkit uses a combination of heuristic procedures to provide
economic mix of self-healing rings and other architectures that satisfy the given surviv-
ability requirements. Chunghwa Telecom, the full service telecommunications carrier in
Taiwan, has developed a tool for planning linear and ring architectures of high-capacity
digital transmission systems (Shyur & Wen, 2001). The tool reduces planning and labor
costs by 15 to 33%. Goldschmidt, Laugier, and Olinick (2003) present the case of a large
telecommunication service provider who chose SONET ring architecture for interconnect-
ing customer locations.

Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission
of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
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verbal descriptions an idea of the general character of her Martian
visions.
Let us see now what kind of information the messages and
somnambulisms of Hélène furnish us in regard to the brilliant planet
whose complicated revolutions formerly revealed to a Kepler the
fundamental secrets of modern astronomy.

III. The Personages of the Martian Romance

In using the word “romance” to designate the Martian
communications, taken as a whole, I wish to state that they are, to
my mind, a work of pure imagination, but not that there are to be
found in them characteristics of unity and of internal co-ordination,
of sustained action, of increasing interest to the final dénouement.
The Martian romance is only a succession of detached scenes and
tableaux, without order or intimate connection, and showing no
other common traits beyond the unknown language spoken in it, the
quite frequent presence of the same personages, and a certain
fashion of originality, a color or quality badly defined as “exotic” or
“bizarre” in the landscapes, the edifices, the costumes, etc.
Of a consecutive plot or intrigue, properly so called, there is no
trace. I naturally speak only of that which we have learned from the
seances of Mlle. Smith, or from the spontaneous visions which she
recollects sufficiently to narrate afterwards. But this fails to shadow
forth the hidden source whence they all spring.
Without determining the question, I am inclined, nevertheless, to
accord to the Martian romance, in some profound stratum of
Hélène’s being, a much greater continuity and extent than would
appear from judging it solely by the fragments known to us. We
have only, in my opinion, a few pages, taken at hazard from different
chapters; the bulk of the volume is wanting, and the little we
possess does not enable us to reconstruct it in a satisfactory manner.
We must, therefore, be content with sorting this débris of unequal
importance, according to their content, independently of their
chronological order, and grouping them around the principal
personages which figure in them.
The anonymous and mixed crowd which forms the base of some
of the Martian visions only differs from that of our own country by
the large robe common to both sexes, the flat hats, and the sandals
bound to the feet by straps. The interest is confined to a small
number of more distinct personages having each his own name,
always terminating in an e with the men and in an i with the women,
except only in the case of Esenale, who occupies, however, a place
by himself in his quality of disincarnated Martian, fulfilling the
function of interpreter. Let us begin by saying a few words about
him.

Esenale

We have seen (p. 164) that this name was hinted at by Leopold on
the 22d of October, 1896, without any other explanation as a means
of obtaining the signification of the Martian words. Then at the first
recurrence to this talisman (November 2d, see p. 166) we learn only
that he was a deceased inhabitant of Mars, whose acquaintance
Leopold had recently made in interplanetary space. It was only at
the following seance (November 8th), where we find Mme. Mirbel,
that, after an incarnation of her son Alexis, followed by the scene of
translation (see text 3) and in response to questions of the sitters—
which answered very well the purpose of suggestion—Leopold
affirmed by the left index-finger that Esenale was Alexis Mirbel. It
cannot be determined whether that identification constituted a
primitive fact which it pleased Leopold to keep secret, only revealing
it at the end of a seance at which Mme. Mirbel was present, or
whether, as I am inclined to regard it, it was only established at that
same seance, under the domination of the circumstances of the
moment. As a translator of Martian, Esenale did not show great
talent. He had to be entreated, and it was necessary often to repeat
his name while pressing or rubbing Hélène’s forehead, in order to
obtain the exact meaning of the last texts which had been given. He
possessed, it is true, an excellent memory, and faithfully reproduced,
before giving it word by word, the French for the Martian phrases
which Hélène had heard several weeks before and only seen again
five or six months afterwards (text 24), and of which there had been
no previous opportunity to obtain a translation. But it was to these
latter texts, not yet interpreted, that he confined his willingness; on
two occasions only did he add, of his own accord, some words of no
importance (texts 15 and 36.) Text No. 19, for instance, has always
remained untranslated, and my later efforts (June 4, 1899) to obtain
the meaning of the unknown words milé piri have been in vain;
moreover, Esenale has not been able to fill up the gaps in text No.
24.
Alexis Mirbel, after the two first Martian seances, reported on pp.
146 and 154, called Esenale, often accorded his mother, in scenes of
incarnation, somewhat pathetic, touching messages of filial
tenderness and consolation (texts 3, 4, 11, 15, and 18). It is to be
noted that, although opportunities for continuing this rôle were not
wanting, he appears to have completely abandoned it for the last
two years. His last message of this kind (October 10, 1897, text 18)
followed a month after a curious seance in which Leopold sought to
explain to us spontaneously—no one had mentioned the subject—
certain flagrant contradictions in the first manifestations of Alexis-
Esenale. Here is a résumé of that scene, with the text of Leopold’s
communication:
September 12, 1897.—After sundry waking visions, Mlle. Smith
hears Leopold speaking; her eyes are closed, and, appearing to be
asleep, she repeats, mechanically and in a slow and feeble voice, the
following words, which her guide addresses to her: “Thou art going
to pay close attention. Tell them now [the sitters] to keep as quiet as
possible, that is what often mars the phenomena, the comings and
goings, and the idle chatter of which you are never weary. You
recollect there was, several months ago, a young man, that young
man Alexis Mirbel, who came to give counsel to his mother at a
reunion you held with M. (I do not understand the name he gave) ...
at Carouge[16].... Well, at that moment he happened—that is to say,
two days before—to die on ... (I could not understand the name) ...
where he had been ... or he had regained life.[17] This is why I have
come to tell you to-day he was in that phase of separation of the
material part from the soul which permitted him to recollect his
previous existence—that is to say, his life here below in this state; he
not only recollects his first mother, but can speak once more the
language he used to speak with her. Some time after, when the soul
was finally at rest, he no longer recollected that first language; he
returns, he hovers about (his mother), sees her with joy, but is
incapable of speaking to her in your language.[18] Whether it will
return to him I do not know and cannot say, but I believe that it will.
And now listen.” Here Mlle. Smith seems to awake, opens her eyes,
and has a long Martian vision, which she describes in detail. She
now sees a little girl in a yellow robe, whose name she hears as
Anini Nikaïné, occupied with various childish games—e. g., with a
small wand she makes a number of grotesque little figures dance in
a white tub, large and shallow, full of sky-blue water. Then come
other persons, and, finally, Astané, who has a pen in his fingers,
and, little by little, takes hold of Hélène’s arm and throws her into a
deep trance for the purpose of causing her to write text No. 17.
These spontaneous explanations of Leopold are interesting in that
they betray clearly the subliminal desire to introduce some order and
logic into the incoherences of the mediumistic reveries. It is a form
of the process of justification and retrospective interpretation
intended to make the incidents of the past accord with the dominant
ideas of the present (see p. 95). In appearance, the theory upon
which Leopold rested, after having doubtless meditated long, is quite
awkward; but perhaps it was difficult for him to do better, since no
one can accomplish the impossible.

astané
 “The great man Astané” is the reincarnation on Mars of the
Hindoo fakir Kanga, who was a devoted companion and friend of
Simandini. He has preserved in his new existence the special
character of savant or of sorcerer, which he formerly possessed in
India, and he has equally retained all his affection for his princess of
old, who has been restored to him in Mlle. Smith; he frequently
utilizes his magic powers to evoke her—that is to say, to re-enter
into spiritual communication with her, notwithstanding the distances
between their actual places of habitation. The ways and means of
that evocation remain, however, enveloped in mystery. We cannot
say whether it was Hélène that rejoined Astané on Mars during her
somnambulism, or whether it was he who descended “fluidly”
towards her and brought to her the odors of the far-distant planet.
When Astané says to Hélène, during a seance: “Come to me an
instant. Come and admire these flowers,” etc. (text 8), or shows her
the curiosities of his Martian abode, it seems as though he had really
called her to him through space; but when he appears to her, while
awake, at the edge of her bath-tub, and expresses his chagrin at
finding her still on this miserable earth (text 7), it must be admitted
that it is he who has descended to her and inspires her with these
visions of an upper world. It is of no importance, on the whole. It is
here to be noted that, in these evocations, Astané only manifests
himself in visual and auditive hallucinations, never in tactile
impressions or those of general sensibility; in the sphere of emotion
his presence is accompanied by a great calm on the part of Hélène,
a profound bliss, and an ecstatic disposition, which is the correlative
and pendant of the happiness experienced by Astané himself (texts
10, 17, etc.) at finding himself in the presence of his idol of the past.
The social state of Astané—I should rather say his name, his quality
of sorcerer, and his previous terrestrial existence in the body of
Kanga—was not immediately revealed.
Nevertheless, at his first apparition (September 5, 1896, see p.
162), he rises superior to the crowd, inasmuch as he alone
possesses a flying-machine incomprehensible to us. In the following
weeks Mlle. Smith hears his name, and sees him again on many
occasions, as well as his house (Fig. 12), but it is only at the end of
two months and a half that his identity and his “evocative” powers
become known, at a seance at which I was not present, and during
which Hélène did not, contrary to her usual custom, fall completely
asleep. The following is a résumé of the notes, which I owe to the
kindness of M. Cuendet:
November 19, 1896.—Contrary to the experience of the preceding
seances, Mlle. Smith remained constantly awake, her arms free on
the table, conversing and even laughing all the while with the sitters.
The messages were obtained by means of visions and typtological
dictations. Hélène having asked Leopold how it happens that she
had been able to communicate with a being living on Mars, she has
a vision in which Astané appears to her in a costume more Oriental
than Martian. “Where have I seen that costume?” asks she; and the
table replies “In India,” which indicates that Astané is an ex-Hindoo
reincarnated on Mars. At the same time Hélène has a vision of an
Oriental landscape which she believes she has already seen before,
but without knowing where. She sees Astané there, carrying under
his arm rolls of paper of a dirty white color, and bowing in Oriental
fashion before a woman, also clothed in Oriental garments, whom
she also believes she has seen before. These personages appear to
her to be “inanimate, like statues.” The sitters ask whether the vision
was not a simple tableau (of the past) presented by Leopold; the
table replies in the affirmative, then inclines itself significantly
towards Mlle. Smith, when some one asked who that Oriental
woman might be, and the idea is put forth that possibly she
represents Simandini. Finally, to further questions of the sitters, the
table (Leopold) dictates again that Astané in his Hindoo existence
was called Kanga, who was a “sorcerer of the period”; then that
“Astané on the planet Mars possesses the same faculty of evocation
which he had possessed in India.” Leopold is then asked if the power
of Astané is greater than his. “A different power, of equal strength,”
replies the table. Finally, Hélène desiring to know whether Astané
when he evokes her sees her in her real character or that of her
Hindoo incarnation, the table affirms that he sees her in her Hindoo
character, and adds: “and, in consequence, under those
characteristics which she [Hélène] possesses to-day and which are in
such striking harmony with those of Simandini,” insisting on the N in
the middle of the name.
It is to be remarked that at this sitting it was Leopold who gave all
the information in regard to the past of Astané, and that he
recognizes in him a power over Hélène almost equal to his own. It is
strange that the accredited guide of Mlle. Smith, ordinarily so jealous
of his rights over her and ready to take offence at all rival
pretensions, so freely accords such prerogatives to Astané. This
unexpected mildness is still more surprising when the singular
similarity of position of these two personages in regard to Hélène is
considered. Kanga, the Hindoo fakir, holds in the life of Simandini
exactly the same place as Cagliostro in the life of Marie Antoinette,
the place of a sorcerer giving beneficial counsel, and at the same
time of a platonic adorer, and both of them in their actual rôles of
Astané and of Leopold preserve for Mlle. Smith the respectful
attachment which they had for her illustrious former existences. How
is it these two extra-terrestrial pretenders do not hate each other the
more cordially since their rival claims upon Hélène have identical
foundations? But, far from in the least disputing her possession, they
assist each other in the most touching fashion. When Astané writes
in Martian by Mlle. Smith’s right hand that the noise of the sitters
threatens to make him insane (see text 20) it is Leopold who comes
to his rescue in making them keep silent by his gestures with the left
arm. When Leopold indicates to me that the moment for pressing
Hélène’s forehead has arrived, it is Astané who lends him his pencil
in order that the message may be written (see below, seance of
September 12, 1897, and Fig. 23), and the exchange of powers
takes place between them without the medium experiencing the
least shock, and without its betraying itself outwardly otherwise than
by the difference of their handwriting. It is true that Leopold’s
apparitions to Hélène are infinitely more frequent and his
incarnations much more complete than those of Astané, who shows
himself to her at increasing intervals, and has never attained to
speaking by her mouth. It makes no difference: these two
personages resemble each other too much for mutual toleration—if
they are really two.
My conclusion presses. Astané is, at bottom, only a copy, a
double, a transposition in the Hindoo-Martian manner of Leopold.
They are two variations of one primitive theme. In regarding these
two beings, as I do, in the absence of proof to the contrary, not as
real and objective individualities, but as pseudo-personalities, dream
fictions, fantastic subdivisions of the hypnoid consciousness of Mlle.
Smith, it may be said that it is the same fundamental emotion which
has inspired these twin rôles, the details of which have been
adapted by the subliminal imagination to correspond to the diversity
of the circumstances. The contradiction painfully felt between the
proud aspirations of the grande dame and the vexing ironies of
reality has caused the two tragic previous existences to gush forth—
intrinsically identical, in spite of the differences of place and epoch—
of the noble girl of Arabia, having become Hindoo princess, burned
alive on the tomb of her despot of a husband, and of her Austrian
highness, having become Queen of France and sharing the
martyrdom of her spouse.
On parallel lines, in these two dreams issuing from the same
emotional source, it is the universal and constant taste of the human
imagination for the marvellous, allied to the very feminine need of a
respectful and slightly idolatrous protector, which on the one side
has created out of whole cloth the personage of Kanga-Astané, and
on the other hand has absorbed, without being careful in modifying
authentic history, that of Cagliostro-Leopold. Both are idealistic
sorcerers, of profound sagacity, tender-hearted, who have placed
their great wisdom at the service of the unfortunate sovereign and
made for her, of their devotion, amounting almost to adoration, a
tower of strength, a supreme consolation in the midst of all the
bitternesses of real life. And as Leopold acts as guide for Hélène
Smith in the general course of her actual earthly existence, so
Astané seemingly plays the same rôle in the moments of that life in
which Hélène leaves our sublunar world to fly away to the orb of
Mars.

Fig. 12. House of Astané. Blue sky; soil, mountains, and walls of a red color. The
two plants, with twisted trunks, have purple leaves; the others have long
green lower leaves and small purple higher leaves. The framework of the
doors, windows, and decorations are in the shape of trumpets, and are of a
brownish-red color. White glass (?) and curtains or shades of a turquoise-
blue. The railings of the roof are yellow, with blue tips.
Fig. 14. Martian landscape. Sky of yellow; green lake; gray shores bordered by a
brown fence; bell-towers on the shore, in yellow-brown tones, with corners
and pinnacles ornamented with pink and blue balls; hill of red rocks, with
vegetation of a rather dark green interspersed with rose, purple, and white
spots (flowers); buildings at the base constructed of brick-red lattice-work;
edges and corners terminating in brown-red trumpets; immense white
window-panes, with turquoise-blue curtains; roofs furnished with yellow-
brown bell-turrets, brick-red battlements, or with green and red plants (like
those of Astané’s house,Fig. 12). Persons with large white head-dresses and
red or brown robes.

If, then, Astané is only a reflection, a projection of Leopoldd in the

Martian sphere, he has there assumed a special coloring, and has
outwardly harmonized himself with this new situation.
He is clothed in a voluminous, embroidered robe; he has long hair,
no beard, a yellow complexion, and carries in his hand a white roll,
on which he writes with a point fastened to the end of the index-
finger.
 His house (Fig. 12) is quadrangular, with gates and windows, and
reminds one by its exterior aspect of some Oriental structure, with a
flat roof embellished with plants.
The inside is also appropriate. The furniture recalls ours by force
of contrast. We have few details; with the exception of a musical
instrument with vertical cylinders, closely related to our organs,
upon which Hélène sometimes sees and hears Astané playing,
seated on a stool with one foot, resembling a milking-stool.
When we pass to the garden the same amalgam of analogies and
unlikenesses to our flora are discovered. We have seen that Hélène
has been often haunted in the waking state by visions of Martian
plants and flowers, which she finally draws or paints with a facility
approaching automatism; these specimens, as also the trees
scattered over the landscapes, show that Martian vegetation does
not differ essentially from ours. Of the animals we do not know
much. Astané has often with him an ugly beast, which caused
Hélène much fright on account of its grotesque form—about two feet
long, with a flat tail; it has the “head of a cabbage,” with a big green
eye in the middle (like the eye of a peacock feather), and five or six
pairs of paws, or ears all about (see Fig. 18). This animal unites the
intelligence of the dog with the stupidity of the parrot, since on the
one hand it obeys Astané and fetches objects at his command (we
do not know how), while, on the other hand, it knows how to write,
but in a manner purely mechanical. (We have never had a specimen
of this handwriting). (See Fig. 18.)
In fact, as to other animals, beyond the little black bird cited,
without description (text 20), and a species of female deer for the
purpose of nursing infants (text 36), Hélène saw only horrid aquatic
beasts like big snails, which Astané caught by means of iron nets
stretched over the surface of the water.
Astané’s property is enclosed by large red stones, on the border of
the water, where Hélène loves to retire with her guide to converse in
peace and to recall to mind with him the ancient and melancholy
memories of their Hindoo existence; the general tone of these
conversations is entirely the same as that of her conversations with
Leopold.
There is a mountain also of red rocks, where Astané possesses
some excavated dwelling-places, a kind of grotto appropriate to the
sorcerer-savant which he is.

Fig. 18. Astané’s ugly beast. The body and tail are rose-colored; the eye is green
with a black centre; the head is blackish; the lateral appendices are
brownish-yellow, covered, like the whole body, with pink hair.
 Fig. 11. Astané. Yellow complexion, brown hair; brown sandals; roll
of white paper in his hand; variegated costume, or red and
white; brick-red belt and border.Fig. 19. Martian lamp, standing
against a rose and blue-colored tapestry.

The corpse of Esenale, admirably preserved, is also to be seen

there, among other things, about which the disincarnate Esenale
sometimes floats in “fluid” form, and which Hélène still finds soft to
the touch, when, after much hesitation, and not without fright, she
gained courage to touch it with the end of her finger, at the
invitation of Astané. It is also in this house, excavated in the rock,
that Astané has his observatory, a pit traversing the mountain, by
means of which he contemplates the heavens (text 9), our earth
included, by means of a telescope, which the beast with the head of
a cabbage brings him.
To these qualities of savant Astané joins those of wise counsellor
and of patriarchal governor. We also see a young girl named Matêmi
coming to consult him frequently (texts 22 and 28), perhaps on
matrimonial affairs, since Matêmi reappears on several occasions
with her lover or her fiancé, Siké, and, among others, at a great
family fête, presided over by Astané. (See Fig. 19.)
The following are some details concerning that vision, which
occupied the greater part of a seance (November 28, 1897). Hélène
sees, in a vast, red, initial light, a Martian street appear, lighted
neither by lamps nor electricity, but by lights shining through small
windows in the walls of the houses. The interior of one of these
houses becomes visible to her: a superb, square hall, lighted at each
angle by a kind of lamp, formed of four superposed globes,—two
blue and two white—not of glass (Fig. 19); under each lamp a small
basin, over which was a kind of cornucopia pouring forth water.
There were many ornamental plants. In the middle of the hall, a
grove, around which are placed a number of small tables with a
polished surface like nickel. There are young people in Martian
robes; young girls with long hair hanging down their backs, and
wearing at the back of the head a head-dress of roses; colored blue
or green butterflies attached to the neck.
There were at least thirty speaking Martian (but Hélène did not
hear them distinctly). Astané appeared “in a very ugly robe to-day,”
and showed himself full of friendly gallantry towards the young girls.
He seats himself alone at one of the tables while the young people
take their places at others, two couples at each. These tables are
adorned with flowers different from ours: some blue, with leaves in
the shape of almonds; others starry, and as white as milk, scented
like musk; others, again, the most beautiful, have the form of
trumpets, either blue or fire colored, with large rounded leaves, with
black figures. (See Fig. 20.)
Hélène hears Astané pronounce the name “Pouzé.” Then come
two men in long white trousers with a black sash; one wears a coat
of rose color, the other a white one. They carry ornamented trays,
and, passing in front of each table, they place square plates upon
them, with forks without handles, formed of three teeth an inch in
length: for glasses they had goblets like tea-cups, bordered with a
silver thread. Then they brought in a kind of basin a cooked animal
resembling a cat, which is placed before Astané, who twists it and
cuts it rapidly with his fingers, tipped with sharp silver tips; square
pieces are distributed, among the guests, on square plates with
furrows around the edges for the juice. Every one is filled with a wild
gayety. Astané sits at each table in succession, and the girls pass
their hands through his hair. New plates are brought, and pink,
white, and blue basins tipped with flowers. These basins melt, and
are eaten like the flowers. Then the guests wash their hands at little
fountains in the corners of the room.

Fig. 10. Flying-machine held by Astané, emitting yellow and red flames. [From
the collection of M. Lemaître.]
 Fig. 20. Plant of Martian design. Fire-red
flowers; violet-gray leaves.

Now one of the walls is raised, like the curtain of a theatre, and
Hélène sees a magnificent hall adorned with luminous globes,
flowers, and plants, with the ceiling painted in pink clouds on a pink
sky, with couches and pillows suspended along the walls. Then an
orchestra of ten musicians arrive, carrying a kind of gilded funnel
about five feet in height, with a round cover to the large opening,
and at the neck a kind of rake, on which they placed their fingers.
Hélène hears music like that made by flutes and sees every one
moving; they arrange themselves by fours, make passes and
gestures, then reunite in groups of eight. They glide about gently,
for it could not be called dancing. They do not clasp each other’s
waists, but place their hands on each other’s shoulders, standing
some distance apart. It is terribly warm. It is “boiling hot.” They
stop, walk, talk, and it is then that Hélène hears a tall young
brunette (Matêmi) and a short young man (Siké) exchange the first
words of text No. 20. Then they depart in the direction of a large
bush with red flowers (tamiche) and are soon followed by Ramié and
his companion.
At this moment the vision, which has lasted an hour and a quarter,
passes away. Hélène, who had remained standing during the whole
description, now enters into complete somnambulism, and Astané
causes her to write Martian phrases which she had heard and
repeated a short time before. During the entire vision Leopold
occupied her left hand, which was hanging anæsthetically down her
body, and replied by his index-finger to the questions which I asked
in a low voice. I thus learned that this Martian scene was not a
wedding, or any special ceremony, but a simple family fête; that it
was no recollection or product of Hélène’s imagination but a reality
actually passing on Mars: that it was not Leopold but Astané who
furnished this vision and caused her to hear the music: that Leopold
himself neither saw nor heard anything of it all, yet knows all that
Mlle. Smith sees and hears, etc.
This résumé of a family fête, presided over by Astané, gives the
measure of the originality of the people of Mars. The visions relating
to other incidents are of the same order: read the description of the
Martian nursery (text 36), of the voyage in a miza a sort of
automobile, the mechanism of which is entirely unknown to us (text
23), of the operation of chirurgery (text 29), of the games of the
little Anini (p. 176, etc.). We see always the same general mixture of
imitation of things which transpire among us, and of infantile
modifications of them in the minute details.

Pouzé Ramié—Various Personages

Of the other personages who traverse the Martian visions we
know too little to waste much time upon them. The name of the one
who appears most frequently is Pouzé. He is present at the banquet,
and we meet him also in the company of a poor little withered old
man with a trembling voice, in connection with whom he occupies
himself with gardening or botany, in an evening promenade by the
shore of the lake (text 14). He also figures again by the side of an
unknown person named Paniné, and he has a son, Saïne, who had
met with some accident to his head and had been cured of it, to the
great joy of his parents (texts 23 and 24).
Finally, we must devote a few words to Ramié, who manifests
himself for the first time in October, 1898, as the revealer of the
ultra-Martian world, of which we shall soon take cognizance. Ramié
seems to be a relative of Astané, an astronomer, not so brilliant as
Astané, but possessing the same privilege, which the ordinary
Martians do not seem to enjoy, of being able to take hold of Hélène’s
arm, and of writing with her hand. There is, to my mind, no
fundamental difference between Leopold, Astané, and Ramié, in
their relation to Hélène; they are only a reproduction in triplicate of
one identical emotional relation, and I do not think I am mistaken in
regarding these three figures as three very transparent disguises of
the same fundamental personality, which is only a hypnoid
subdivision of the real being of Mlle. Smith.
It is much wiser to leave to the future—if the Martian and ultra-
Martian romances continue to develop—the task of enlightening
ourselves more completely as to the true character of Ramié.
Possibly some day we shall also know more concerning the couple
called Matêmi and Siké, as well as many others, such as Sazéni,
Paniné, the little Bullié, Romé, Fédié, etc., of whom we now know
scarcely more than their names, and understand nothing in regard
to their possible relationships to the central figures of Astané and
Esenale.

IV. Concerning the Author of the Martian Romance

The general ideas which the Martian cycle suggests will most
assuredly differ, according to whether it is considered as an
authentic revelation of affairs on the planet Mars, or only as a simple
fantasy of the imagination of the medium; and meanwhile, holding,
myself, to the second supposition, I demand from the Martian
romance information in regard to its author rather than its subject-
matter.
There are two or three points concerning this unknown author
which strike me forcibly:
First: He shows a singular indifference—possibly it may be due to
ignorance—in regard to all those questions which are most
prominent at the present time, I will not say among astronomers,
but among people of the world somewhat fond of popular science
and curious concerning the mysteries of our universe. The canals of
Mars, in the first place—those famous canals with reduplication—
temporarily more enigmatical than those of the Ego of the mediums;
then the strips of supposed cultivation along their borders, the mass
of snow around the poles, the nature of the soil, and the conditions
of life on those worlds, in turn inundated and burning, the thousand
and one questions of hydrography, of geology, of biology, which the
amateur naturalist inevitably asks himself on the subject of the
planet nearest to us—of all this the author of the Martian romance
knows nothing and cares nothing. Questions of sociology do not
trouble him to a much greater extent, since the people occupying
the most prominent place in the Martian visions, and making the
conversation, in no wise enlighten us as to the civil and political
organization of their globe, as to the fine arts and religion,
commerce and industry, etc. Have the barriers of the nations fallen,
and is there no longer a standing army up there, except that of the
laborer occupied in the construction and maintenance of that
gigantic net-work of canals for communication or irrigation? Esenale
and Astané have not deigned to inform us. It seems probable from
certain episodes that the family is, as with us, at the foundation of
Martian civilization; nevertheless, we have no direct or detailed
information in regard to this subject. It is useless to speculate. It is
evident that the author of this romance did not care much for
science, and that, in spite of her desire to comply with the wishes of
M. Lemaître (see p. p. 149), she had not the least conception of the
questions which arise in our day, in every cultivated mind, as to the
planet Mars and its probable inhabitants.
Secondly: If, instead of quarrelling with the Martian romance
about that which it fails to furnish us, we endeavor to appreciate the
full value of what it does give us, we are struck by two points, which
I have already touched upon more than once in passing—viz., the
complete identity of the Martian world, taken in its chief points, with
the world in which we live, and its puerile originality in a host of
minor details. Take, for example, the family fête (p. p. 188). To be
sure, the venerable Astané is there saluted by a caress of the hair
instead of a hand-shake; the young couples while dancing grasp
each other not by the waist but by the shoulder; the ornamental
plants do not belong to any species known to us: but, save for these
insignificant divergences from our costumes and habits, as a whole,
and in general tone, it is exactly as with us.
The imagination which forged these scenes, with all their
decoration, is remarkably calm, thoughtful, devoted to the real and
the probable. The miza, which runs without a visible motor power, is
neither more nor less extraordinary to the uninitiated spectator than
many of the vehicles which traverse our roads. The colored globes
placed in an aperture of the walls of the houses to light the streets
recall strongly our electric lamps. Astané’s flying-machine will
probably soon be realized in some form or other. The bridges which
disappear under the water in order to allow boats to pass (text 25)
are, save for a technical person, as natural as ours which accomplish
the same result by lifting themselves in the air. With the exception of
the “evocative” powers of Astané, which only concern Mlle. Smith
personally and do not figure in any Martian scene, there is nothing
on Mars which goes beyond what has been attained or might be
expected to be accomplished by ingenious inventors here below.
A wise little imagination of ten or twelve years old would have
deemed it quite droll and original to make people up there eat on
square plates with a furrow for the gravy, of making an ugly beast
with a single eye carry the telescope of Astané to him, of making
babies to be fed by tubes running directly to the breasts of animals
like the female deer, etc. There is nothing of the Thousand and One
Nights, the Metamorphoses of Ovid, fairy stories, or the adventures
of Gulliver, no trace of ogres nor of giants nor of veritable sorcerers
in this whole cycle. One would say that it was the work of a young
scholar to whom had been given the task of trying to invent a world
as different as possible from ours, but real, and who had
conscientiously applied himself to it, loosening the reins of his
childish fancy in regard to a multitude of minor points in the limits of
what appeared admissible according to his short and narrow
experience.
Thirdly: By the side of these arbitrary and useless innovations the
Martian romance bears in a multitude of its characteristics a clearly
Oriental stamp, upon which I have already often insisted. The yellow
complexion and long black hair of Astané; the costume of all the
personages—robes embroidered or of brilliant hues, sandals with
thongs, flat white hats, etc., the long hair of the women and the
ornaments in the form of butterflies for their coiffures; the houses of
grotesque shapes, recalling the pagoda, kiosk, and minaret, the
warm and glowing colors of the skies, the water, the rocks, and the
vegetation (see Figs. 13 and 14), etc.: all this has a sham air of
Japanese, Chinese, Hindoo. It is to be noted that this imprint of the
extreme East is purely exterior, not in any wise penetrating to the
characters or manners of the personages.
All the traits that I discover in the author of the Martian romance
can be summed up in a single phrase, its profoundly infantile
character. The candor and imperturbable naïveté of childhood, which
doubts nothing because ignorant of everything, is necessary in order
for one to launch himself seriously upon an enterprise such as the
pretended exact and authentic depictions of an unknown world. An
adult, in the least cultivated and having some experience of life,
would never waste time in elaborating similar nonsense—Mlle. Smith
less than any one, intelligent and cultivated as she is in her normal
state.
 This provisional view of the author of the Martian cycle will find its
confirmation and its complement in the following chapters, in which
we shall examine the Martian language, from which I have until now
refrained.
 CHAPTER VI
THE MARTIAN CYCLE (CONTINUED)—THE
MARTIAN LANGUAGE

Of the various automatic phenomena, the “speaking in tongues” is

one which at all times has most aroused curiosity, while at the same
time little accurate knowledge concerning it has been obtainable, on
account of the difficulty of collecting correctly the confused and
unintelligible words as they gush forth.
The phonograph, which has already been employed in some
exceptional cases, like that of Le Baron, will doubtless some day
render inestimable service to this kind of study, but it leaves much
still to be desired at the present moment, from the point of view of
its practical utilization in the case of subjects not in their right mind,
who are not easily manageable, and who will not remain quiet long
enough while uttering their unusual words to allow the instrument to
be adjusted and made ready.
There are different species of glossolalia. Simple, incoherent
utterances, in a state of ecstasy, interspersed with emotional
exclamations, which are sometimes produced in certain surcharged
religious environments, is another matter altogether from the
creation of neologisms, which are met with in the dream, in
somnambulism, mental alienation, or in children. At the same time
this fabrication of arbitrary words raises other problems—as, for
example, the occasional use of foreign idioms unknown to the
subject (at least, apparently), but which really exist. In each of these
cases it is necessary to examine further whether, and in what
measure, the individual attributes a fixed meaning to the sounds
which he utters, whether he understands (or has, at least, the
impression of understanding) his own words, or whether it is only a
question of a mechanical and meaningless derangement of the
phonetic apparatus, or, again, whether this jargon, unintelligible to
the ordinary personality, expresses the ideas of some secondary
personality. All these forms, moreover, vary in shades and degrees,
and there are, in addition, those mixed cases, possibly the more
frequent, where all the forms are mingled and combined. The same
individual, and sometimes in the course of the same spasm, also
exhibits a series of neologisms, comprehended or uncomprehended,
giving way to a simple, incoherent verbiage in common language, or
vice versa, etc.
A good description and rational classification of all these
categories and varieties of glossolalia would be of very great
interest. I cannot think of attempting such a study here, having
enough already to fully occupy my attention, by reason of having
involved myself with the Martian of Mlle. Smith. This somnambulistic
language does not consist, as we have already discovered, either in
speaking ecstatically or in religious enthusiasm, nor yet in the use of
a foreign language which really exists; it represents rather neologism
carried to its highest expression and practised in a systematic
fashion, with a very precise signification, by a secondary personality
unknown to the normal self. It is a typical case of “glosso-poesy,” of
complete fabrication of all the parts of a new language by a
subconscious activity. I have many times regretted that those who
have witnessed analogous phenomena—as, for example, Kerner,
with the Seeress of Prevost—have not gathered together and
published in their entirety all the products of this singular method of
performing their functions on the part of the verbal faculties.
Undoubtedly each case taken by itself seems a simple anomaly, a
pure arbitrary curiosity, and without any bearing; but who knows
whether the collection of a large number of these psychological
bibelots, as yet few enough in their total, would not end in some
unexpected light? Exceptional facts are often the most instructive.
In order to avoid falling into the same errors of negligence, not
knowing where to stop, in case I wished to make a choice, I have
taken the course of setting forth here in full all the Martian texts
which we have been able to gather. I will have them follow a
paragraph containing certain remarks which that unknown language
has suggested to me; but, very far from flattering myself that I have
exhausted the subject, I earnestly hope that it will find readers more
competent than myself to correct and complete my observations,
since I must acknowledge that as a linguist and philologist I am very
much like an ass playing the flute. It is expedient, in beginning, to
give some further details regarding the various psychological
methods of manifestation of that unknown tongue.

I. Verbal Martian Automatisms

I have described in the preceding chapter, and will not now return
to it, the birth of the Martian language, indissolubly bound up with
that of the romance itself, from the 2d of February, 1896, up to the
inauguration of the process of translation by the entrance of Esenale
upon the scene on the 2d of November following (see pp. 154-165).
During several months thereafter the Martian language is confined to
the two psychological forms of apparition in which it seems to have
been clothed during the course of that first year.
First: Verbo-auditive automatism, hallucinations of hearing,
accompanying visions in the waking state. In the case of
spontaneous visions, Hélène notes in pencil, either during the vision
itself or immediately afterwards, the unintelligible sounds which
strike her ear; but to her great regret many of them escape her,
since she is sometimes only able to gather the first or the last phrase
of the sentences which her imaginary personages address to her, or
scattered fragments of conversations which she holds with herself;
these fragments themselves often contain inaccuracies, which are
ultimately rectified at the moment of translation, Esenale having the
good habit of articulating very clearly each Martian word before
giving its French equivalent. In the case of the visions which she has
at the seances, Hélène slowly repeats the words she hears without
understanding them, and the sitters make note of them more or less
correctly.
 Secondly: Vocal automatism (“verbo-motor hallucinations of
articulation,” in the cumbersome official terminology). Here again it
is the sitters who gather as much as they can of the strange words
pronounced in a state of trance, but that is very little, since Hélène,
in her Martian state, often speaks with a tremendous volubility.
Moreover, a distinction must be made between the relatively clear
and brief phrases which are later translated by Esenale, and the
rapid and confused gibberish the signification of which can never be
obtained, probably because it really has none, but is only a pseudo-
language (see pp. p. 154-159).
A new process of communication, the handwriting, made its
appearance in August, 1897, with a delay of perhaps eighteen
months as to the speech (the reverse of Leopold’s case, who wrote a
long time before speaking). It is produced, also, under two forms,
which constitute a pendant to the two cases given above, and also
complete the standard quartette of the psychological modalities of
language.
Thirdly: Verbo-visual automatism—that is, apparitions of exotic
characters before Hélène’s eyes when awake, who copies them as
faithfully as possible in a drawing, without knowing the meaning of
the mysterious hieroglyphics.
Fourthly: Graphic automatism—i.e., writing traced by the hand of
Hélène while completely entranced and incarnating a Martian
personage. In this case the characters are generally smaller, more
regular, better formed than in the drawings of the preceding case. A
certain number of occasions, when the name has been pronounced
by Hélène before being written, and especially the articulation of
Esenale at the moment of translation, have permitted the relations
between her vocal sounds and the graphic signs of the Martian
language to be established.
It is to be noted that these four automatic manifestations do not
inflict an equal injury upon the normal personality of Mlle. Smith. As
a rule, the verbo-auditive and verbo-visual hallucinations only
suppress her consciousness of present reality; they leave her a
freedom of mind which, if not complete, is at least sufficient to
permit her to observe in a reflective manner these sensorial
automatisms, to engrave them on her memory, and to describe them
or make a copy of them, while she often adds remarks testifying to a
certain critical sense. On the contrary, the verbo-motor hallucinations
of articulation or of writing seem to be incompatible with her
preservation of the waking state, and are followed by amnesia.
Hélène is always totally absent or entranced while her hand writes
mechanically, and if, as seldom happens, she speaks Martian
automatically, outside of the moments of complete incarnation, she
is not aware of it, and does not recollect it. This incapacity of the
normal personality of Mlle. Smith to observe at the time or
remember afterwards her verbo-motor automatisms denotes a more
profound perturbation than that she experiences during her sensory
automatisms.
The Martian handwriting only appeared at the end of a prolonged
period of incubation, which betrayed itself in several incidents, and
was certainly stimulated by various exterior suggestions during a
year and a half at least. The following are the principal dates of this
development.
February 16, 1896.—The idea of a special handwriting belonging
to the planet Mars occurs for the first time to Hélène’s astonishment
in a Martian semi-trance (see p. 161).
November 2.—Handwriting is clearly predicted in the phrase,
“Astané will teach me to write,” uttered by Hélène in a Martian
trance, after the scene of the translation by Esenale (see p. 166).
November 8.—After the translation of text No. 3, Leopold, being
questioned, replies that Astané will write this text for Mlle. Smith,
but the prediction is not fulfilled.
May 23, 1897.—The announcement of Martian handwriting
becomes more precise. “Presently,” says Astané to Hélène, “thou wilt
be able to trace our handwriting, and thou wilt possess in thy hands
the characters of our language” (text 12).
 June 20.—At the beginning of a seance, a Martian vision, she
demands of an imaginary interlocutor “a large ring which comes to a
point, and with which one can write.” This description applies to M.
R., who has with him some small pocket-pens of this kind, capable of
being adjusted to the end of the index-finger.
June 23.—I hand Hélène the two small pocket-pens which M. R.
has brought for her, but they do not please her. After trying to use
one, she throws it away and takes up a pencil, saying that if she
must write Martian, the ordinary means will suffice as well as those
peculiar pocket-pens. In about a minute she falls asleep, and her
hand begins automatically to trace a message in Leopold’s
handwriting. I then ask that individual whether the pocket-pens of
M. R. do not meet the exigencies of Martian, and whether Mlle.
Smith will some day write that language, as has already been
announced. Hélène’s hand thereupon responds in the beautiful
calligraphy of Leopold: “I have not yet seen the instrument which
the inhabitants of the planet Mars use in writing their language, but
I can and do affirm that the thing will happen, as has been
announced to you.—Leopold.”
June 27.—In the scene of the translation of text 15, Hélène adds
to her usual refrain, “Esenale has gone away; he will soon return; he
will soon write.”
August 3.—Between four and five o’clock in the afternoon Hélène
had a vision at her desk, lasting ten or fifteen minutes, of a broad,
horizontal bar, flame-colored, then changing to brick-red, and which
by degrees became rose-tinted, on which were a multitude of
strange characters, which she supposes to be the Martian letters of
the alphabet, on account of the color. These characters floated in
space before and round about her. Analogous visions occur in the
course of the weeks immediately following.
August 22.—Hélène for the first time writes in Martian. After
various non-Martian visions Mlle. Smith turns away from the window
(it rained hard, and the sky was very gray) and exclaims, “Oh, look,
it is all red! Is it already time to go to bed? M. Lemaître, are you
there? Do you see how red it is? I see Astané, who is there, in that
red; I only see his head and the ends of his fingers; he has no robe;
and here is the other (Esenale) with him. They both have some
letters at the ends of their fingers on a bit of paper. Quick, give me
some paper!” A blank sheet and the pocket-pen are handed to her,
which latter she disdainfully throws down. She accepts an ordinary
pencil, which she holds in her customary fashion, between her
middle and index-finger, then writes from left to right the three first
lines of Fig. 21, looking attentively towards the window at her
fictitious model before tracing each letter, and adding certain oral
notes, according to which there are some words which she sees
written in black characters on the three papers—or, more correctly,
on three white wands, a sort of narrow cylinder, somewhat flattened
out—which Astané, Esenale, and a third personage whose name she
does not know but whose description corresponds with that of
Pouzé, hold in their right hands. After which she again sees another
paper or cylinder, which Astané holds above his head, and which
bears also some words which she undertakes to copy (the three last
lines of Fig. 21, p. 205). “Oh, it is a pity,” says she, on coming to the
end of the fourth line, “it is all on one line, and I have no more
room.” She then writes underneath the three letters of line 5, and
without saying anything adds line 6. Then she resumes: “How dark it
is with you ... the sun has entirely gone down” (it still rains very
hard). “No one more! nothing more!” She remains in contemplation
before that which she has written, then sees Astané again near the
table, who again shows her a paper, the same, she thinks, as the
former one. “But no, it is not altogether the same; there is one
mistake, it is there [she points to the fourth line towards the end] ...
Ah, I do not see more!” Then, presently she adds: “He showed me
something else; there was a mistake, but I was not able to see it. It
is very difficult. While I was writing, it was not I myself, I could not
feel my arms. It was difficult, because when I raised my head I no
longer saw the letters well. It was like a Greek design.”
At this moment Hélène recovered from the state of obscuration,
from which she emerged with difficulty, which had accompanied the
Martian vision and the automatic copy of the verbo-visual text. But a
little later in the evening she only vaguely remembered having seen
strange letters, and was altogether ignorant of having written
anything.
The very natural supposition that the three first words written
were the names of the known personages (Astané, Esenale, Pouzé),
who bore them on their wands, led to the discovery of the meaning
of many of the Martian characters and permitted the divining of the
sense of the three last words.
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