○ 3 m to 5 m
○ Spherical to ellipsoid in shape
TERMINOLOGIES
● Mycology - Study of mushroom ○ Pseudohyphae
● Mykes - Mushroom ● Mold
● Phytopathogens - destruction of crop materials ○ Filamentous or cotton-y
such as corn, rice, wheat, etc.; causes fungal ○ Incubated at room temperature ranging from
disease 21- 25°C
● Carbohydrate - main requirement for fungal ○ 2 m to 10 m branching cylindrical tubes
growth
● Mycotoxin - Fungi toxin
● Mycotoxicosis - disease caused by fungal toxin Classification of Fungi
● Aflatoxin - toxin produced by Aspergillus spp. ● Polymorph - yeast and mold at one temp
● Obligate aerobe - require the presence of oxygen ● Monomorph - mold or yeast alone
for their metabolism and growth ● Dimorph - can exist in both mold or yeast with
● Facultative aerobe - may live with the presence of respective temperature
oxygen ● Anamorph - asexual
● Chemotrophic - oxidize not only the organic, but
● Teleomorph - sexual
also the inorganic as source of energy
● Achlorophyllous - doesn’t have chlorophyll
● Exogenous - found in the environment Structure of Fungi
● Cell wall - determines the shape of the fungi and ● Thallus - body of mold
mediates attachment to hosts cell ● Hyphae - branching tubes of mold form only
● Chitin - polysaccharide layer of cell wall ○ According to function
● Mucorales - rapid growing organisms normally ○ According to shape
found in soil; opportunistic
● Primary Recovery Media – used to only isolate ○ According to pigment
the fungal elements ○ According to septation
● Differential Test Media – used to detect a certain
characteristic of a fungi ● Mycelium - filamentous mass of hyphae
● LPCB (Lactophenol Cotton Blue) - mounting ● Asexual Spores/ Mitospores
medium ● Sexual Spores
● Wood’s Light - determines the prognosis
Classification of Hyphae according to function
Beneficial Activities of Fungi ● Aerial - above the surface
● Serve as food and for food production ● Vegetative - below the surface
● Fermentation of alcoholic drinks
● Industrial production Classification of Hyphae according to shape
○ Penicillin - antibiotic ● Antier - moose antlers; swollen branches
○ Cyclosporine - immunosuppressive drug ● Racquet - club shape
● Decomposition ● Spiral - tightly-coiled
● Rhizoids - root-like
Harmful Activities of Fungi
● Destruction of materials Classification of Hyphae according to pigmentation
● Spoilage of foods ● Moniliaceous - Hyaline; non-pigemented
● Destruction of crops ● Dematiaceous - Phaeoid; pigmented
● Fungal infections ○ Gomori-methylene blue - black
● Allergies ○ Fontana-Masson Stain - phaeoid; brown,
● Mycotoxicosis hyaline; pink/red
Fungi Determination in Number Classification of Hyphae according to septation
● 80,000 - number of described fungi ● Septate - has crosswalls
● <400 - medically important fungi ● Aseptate/ Coencytic - no crosswalls
● <50 - number of fungi that can cause serious illness Asexual spores
● Blastopore - budding from the parent cell
Characteristic of Fungi
● Chlamydospore - thick-walled formed by rounding
● Eukaryotic
and enlargement within the hyphal segment
● Possess Cellular organelles
○ Candida albicans
● Obligate and facultative aerobe
● Sporangiospore - within the sac; have columella but
● Chemotrophic
not visible
● Achlorophyllous
○ Rhizopus spp
● Exogenous
● Conidiospore - form without a sac; columella
● Cell wall
sprouts
● Produce through sexual and asexual
○ Penicillium spp
● Arthrospore - fragmentation of septate hyphae into
Cellular Organelles of Fungi
single thickened cells; barrel-shaped
● Nucleus - enclosed in a nuclear membrane
○ Trichosporon spp.
● Nuclear membrane - separated from cytoplasm
● Mitochondria - source of energy
Positions of Chlamydospore
● Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Intercaly - within
● Secretory Apparatus - used to obtain food from
● Sessile - on the side
environment
● Terminal - at the end
Carbohydrate layer of Fungi
Sexual spores
● Polysaccharide (Chitin)
● Zygospore
● Glycoproteins
○ Large spore
● Lipids
○ Enclosed in a thick spore
○ Most pathogenic
2 Types of Fungi
● Ascospore
● Yeast/ Spherule phase/ Tissue phase
○ Within ascus
○ Soft, opaque, cream-colored, pasty
● Basidiospore
○ Incubated at 37°C
LLMV | MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY LECTURE PRELIMS
○ The body is called basidium ● Hematoxylin Eosin
○ After meiosis = 4 basidiospores ● Fontana-Masson Stain
○ Dimorphic in nature
Antifungal agents
Nutritional growth characteristics of Fungi ● Polyene antibiotics
● Acidic environment ○ Targets the sterol in the cell membrane
● High Glucose content ○ disruption and leakage of cytoplasmic
● High salt concentration contents, results to the death of fungal
● Less nitrogen elements
● Complex CHO ○ Amphotericin B (AMB), Nystatin, Griseofulvin
(ANG)
Medically important Phyla of Kingdom Phylum
● Zygomycota ● Imidazole Compounds
○ Aka Phylum Glomeromycota ○ Targets the Microsomal P450 Enzyme
○ Terrestrial saprophytes (living in soil) Dependent System
○ Vegetative hyphae are sparsely septate ○ Targets Ergosterol
○ Fluconazole (FLU), Itraconazole (ITRA),
ANAMORPH TELEOMORPH
Posaconazole (POSA), and Voriconazole
Sporangiospore Zygospore (VORI)
Mucorales ● Polyoxin Compound
● Lichtheimia (formerly Absidia) ○ Inhibits Chitin synthesis in the cell wall
● Mucor, ○ Inhibits DNA replication
● Rhizomucor Pilobolus
● Rhizopus
● Echinocandins
○ Inhibits glucan synthesis
● Ascomycota ○ Caspofungin, selenium sulfide, potassium
○ Largest group of fungi iodide
○ Terrestrial, marine, and freshwater
Types of Microscope
ANAMORPH TELEOMORPH
● Bright Field - dark against light background
Conidiospore Ascospore ● Dark Field - bright against dark background
● Phase Contrast - refractive index of light producing a
● Pseudallescheria boydii brigh
● Coccidioides ● UV - Quartz
● Ajellomyces ( Blastomyces + Histoplasma) ● Fluorescence - fluoresce against dark background
● Arthroderma (Microsporum + Trichophyton) ● Inverted - beneath the stage
● Yeast (Saccharomyces + Candida)
● Interference - double beam
● Electron - electron beams and magnet
● Basidiomycota
○ Formed in basidium
○ Mycelium with complex septa
ANAMORPH TELEOMORPH
Conidiospore Basidiospore
● Mushroom - anamorph
● Cryptococcus neoformans - teleomorph
● Dueteromycota
○ Fungi imperfecti
○ No sexual spore
○ Largest number of organisms that are
causative agents of mycoses (Cutaneous,
Subcutaneous, Systemic)
○ Asexual spore: Conidiospore
Specimen Collection
1. Superficial – skin
2. Cutaneous – skin, hair, nails
3. Subcutaneous – deeper layers [e.g. tissues]
4. Systemic – different organs and body fluids
Direct Microscopic Examination
● 10% KOH or NaOH - clearing agent
● Calcofluor white - bright fluorescence
● Gram stain - gram (+) because of chitin
● India Ink Method - negative dye; organism will be
dark; capsule is colorless; CSF Cryptococcus
neoformans
● Giemsa/Wright Stain - bone marrow/ PBS
Histologic Stains
● Periodic Acid Schiff
● Gomori’s Methylene Blue
● Calcofluor White
● Fluorescent Antibody Stain
LLMV | MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY LECTURE PRELIMS
