SECTIONA (40 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
The following word equation represents a biological process that occurs in green plants.
Carbon (IV)oxide + water ’ Glucose + Product E
(a) Name the cell organelle where the illustrated process takes place in green plants.
(1 mark
...hlonelost.As.ChleseRlastr
(b) () Give the likely identity of product E. (1 mark)
.9.x43%4,...Ass..Qan..
(i) Suggest ways in which the rate of production ofE can be increased. (3 marks)
ture
an.sksasiba.Jha.Gen.Senaf.za..h.SGateea.x).9xdj...
Increase availabdt amaunt of water,
(c) Suggest one possible source of carbon (1V) oxide if the above process was artificially
conducted in a school laboratory.
(l mark)
.scda.haàRGA..Ssáaaaaata..A.sdg elcasbonate
(d) Explain how the illustrated process is significant in nature.
(2 marks)
-Air.PMAsAssxxsus..Sssaia.&fGosal:N).e.ds.
- Lncecses ite conce ntration of Oxygen in ikeaf os phere
uset
xespiraf on producon Pruvisron of Oxyge n for oiker organisms duving
pruviion gluccse sugars|fod;
Kenya Certifcate of Secondary (Awd anyte)
231/2 Education. 2024
3
In an experiment,the number of red blood cells present in thrce samples of blood labclled
F,G and 1was estimated. Different concentrations of salt solution were then separately
added to the samples. Afer an hour, the number of red blood cells present in cach sample
was counted and recorded as shown in the table below.
Blood sample Salt solutlon %concentration Number ofred blood cells
added
F 1.0 Number remained the same
G 0.6 Fewer cells observed
H 0.4 No cclls observed
(a) Name the physiological process being investigated in the experiment. (1mark)
(b) Account for the results made in blood samplc F. (2 marks)
Jh&.SeaSsntration.sf.Cutoplaso.Nas equd to Lhnt..A:oaSeltsclutgn/
iFe Salt.seln as Isctunic to lhe
teplasmiheretere.ne.n:t.N9NSMs.o. t
wctenolecles.inlout.gf.thsCell(oumeer.sh cels sesxGae2.ke Samg.Sneno
Celt haemolysed
(c) Account for the diference in appearance of red blood cells in samples F andGat
the end of the experiment. ed blocd cells in
SampleGappenred (2 marks)
Swallen bulgins(outndo rds)Sine la Scln. des hypctonie. te. (sRlssmandRe re
ias net mort of te info ike CalTy 8NWRTEFosepacodmple E
eAhaPeS3e"sinco
assuOed ihe Soln
rcason, Dredici the'possible
F was treatd with,
oontiawould bei
conccntration of 2.6%. fblood sarmplé
Nuabert secd blod cells wculd rom (n ike Same Ik Solution will bbyrtei
marks)
(e) State thc mportance of the process being investigated above during urnc
forai0n.
(Imark)
Rerbsosption of.deter.o. Ihsblocd.stussm.(5ro,Kidoetittes)
Conserves Waternot much daterisot
(b)
CytplasM; hene hhere vJes net muvemn cf w der cut
4
genetic invcstigationon a certain population cstablished that,
A in human beings, prematurc
baldness is controlled by a domminant gene, N located onthe Y chromosome.
(a) Work out the phenotypic ratio of the ofspring of acouple comprising of a normal
mother and a father with premature baldness. (5 marks)
Noral Moher. Bld hecded fater
PaventaChenoture.
Parentel Genotyp ....YN
Cqametes .
fusiun
h generahon Xx XYN X>
PhenotaEAsXi2Noma.dousbtecs.:.3Baldheaded $en
(b) What is the probability that this couple would have adaughter with premature
baldness? (l mark
ZesslQl.nschonsaoensls.<.tsauaht.ksi.Za.s.4.
(c) Name two sex-linked traits in human beings associated with the X-chromosome
Haermorhilia AC. Hemophil Duchenne musclelouseuler
colouy blindness Acc: Color blindnesf
Partntrl genype
XX XY |Norrme
Xx xy
5
4
During an ecological study in a lakeecosystem, agroup of students made the following
observations on the feeding relationships among some organisms.
Lobsters feed on algae
Small fish feed on lobsters,worms and caterpillars
Caterpillars feed on algae
Worms feed on caterpillar
Large fish feed on small fish
Penguins feed on small fish, lobsters and worms.
(a) From the students' observations, construct a food web for the ecosystem. (5 marks)
V Penguins
1...
Lobster
..Alass Small frsh
Wormns
Caterpillar
(b) Erom the food web constructed in 4(a),extract a food chain with the
a secondary consumer. penguin as
(1mark)
Alagse..stes....Pns
(c) Explain how spillage of oi! from water vessels s
Pyevents eit of airl Carbon)oxe likely to aftect this lake eçosystem.
deait ofCliving) ovganmss CauseSuffucttonyoK2 marks)
- Preveuts entn/ds
orbonlelairlimiPryening
-Pieyeuts entyldihusio nof oggenair; ausing
a
Phohayni
suttucitiodenth
teiy
ofliwing) oyaning
.ducimm Aiifim
Penetratonsof ight.
hght;
Aeducinq penetration ef eduCing
ac: prevent blocKe fox |evevenyhayitig
- dos ses píeatog Sufacass cnusing suteenticn(doctl lnt
gasecus exchange
6
The following diagram represents part ofa cell structure as seen under an electron microscope.
Pores
(a) () Identify the structure represented.
(1 mark)
Gell.membane PlasmalemmalPlasma membane.
(i) State two functions of the structure. (2 marks)
Enskesina. cell contentsLroteciga.ef. Jhatnner.Ssl. Linclus onsorganellkS.
Selectve,.mov't.
(tii)
matecics..ia.lgstA.k.SlASs..kssalalingSenhvallin
muvement of Swbstances in amd aut of lke cell.
Suggest two ways in which the functioning of the structure can be impaired.
(2 marks)
o lke extremes
ExeMesntsmpsass|Ctes).hgh.aesraaxe..
(b) Name two structures found in plant cells but not in animal cclls. (2 marks)
ShAezeglest.elastad.s,. Sae.NaSagle..
Cell all:
Tono.tlast
(c) What is the purpose of staining cells before observing them under a
microscopc? light
Fx..sdas..cg.a..:2.n.Sclures mre dist
cleas,..A.ssi..Mcxe.Ni.skle...oexe.dstnt
7
SECTION B (40 marks)
Answer question 6(compulsory) and either question 7or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6 An investigation was carried out to monitor trends of growth in a group of boys and girls for
a period of 20 years. Their average weights were recorded at two years' intervals as
the table. shown in
Age (Years) Average weights (kg)
Boys Girls
2.4 2.4
2 11.0 11.4
4 14.5 15.5
6 18.2 19.6
21.7 26.8
10 25.2 27.4
12 27.7 31.5
14 37.2 35.4
16 44.5 44.5
18 46.8 52.6
20 48.6 SS.6
(a) On the same axes, draw line graphs of average
weights of girls and boys against their
ages.
(8 marks)
1:
H::
(b) From the graph, detemine the:
() weight of boys at the age of 13 years; (1 m:
3241CKa)(332)
(ii) growth rate in girls between the 134 and15 year.
tl-32s
12533-s ti (32:s-34S)a4slsarahe.
is'-i3 e22ssly)
accefteo:
(c) Account for the trend in the growth of girls betwecn the 14h and 1g" year.
puoerty
4.hse.xsthi developmet
Spvcafrcindictos
9
(d) Apart from sex and age, state three other factors that affect the rate of growth in
humans.
(3 marks
(EAtek.).h.emones. Basadmetabclis..&ate.Ass.BM6..
State.cá.nhedsascs....
Genetheutable
Ones fctocsgns:.
(e)
diet|feedinqhabits envionmental
Other than weight, state a parameter that can factoffollemuton
s/ stress
be used to cstablish growth in humäns.
(I mark)
..Hssht,.
Why do girls above 12 years require more iron in their diet than boys of the same age?
(2marks)
Gins Menstructe thersfexose bloodhey
esurS.ÎKeA.e.uMpAs
7 (a) Explain the effects of hypothyroidisn in adults. (4 marks)
(b) Describe the hearing process in humans. (16 marks)
8 (a) Describe how urea is formed in humans. (S marks)
(b) Describe the path followed by urea from the site of formation until it is eliminated
from the body. (15marks)
xedused ksdy sm.pssetaxs,duo.axer.thinq. xate..est.Kats;
and xotent'en fbsdy fluid.Qederns.Snaellen.f:«t.pntty.fa.se
(Total.. 8,. .NaX: +)
Proass D4 Hearing in hum ans
b) The (tunnel-shaped) pinna collects Concentrates directs Gound
Navesy nto Ihe(exevna) auditory meatuslcanal; Sound wa ves strine
the eardrum[ymphanml tympanic membrane, Causing it fo vibrate; and
transfoYMs Sound wavesinto Vibrations (he vibrations axe transnmitte)
to lhe ear
Ossicles| Malleus in cus and stapes(he ossiclks are Suspondec
by muscles tensor tymaniand Stapedius, ika muscles prevent excessive
anouslabyrit)
vibratons which Could demage Ihe innerldelicate membranous
Lhe ossicler lfuriher form aSystem of levers itet) amplifes; andtronsnit
ribrefiens; fo lhe oval nindaofenestra ovalie,Ihe ovel windeud vibrates;
andl transmits ike vibrations to ike fluids| perymph and endolymph
|n ihe |nner ear Cochlea, Ike fhiids conducts Vi bration s:(in the Cuchles)
The vibaions n Ihe cochlea) shmulate the Sensony Cell haehair Cells,
to qenerate nerve impulses; which are Iramsmtted to Ike brain;
ihruuyh lke audtoy nevey for interprefationg Ihe intensty t ke
Shanus fransmitte d to lhe lbrain enables Ihe brain enables ike
brain to nterpret ke impulses ac Sound of specatè pitealoudness
vibcations/ axe dessipoted|exit| veleased ih oughirennd winde;
t lke iddle ear; (Tot 22. Max i6)
8Q) Hto urea is for me
Urea ís tormed In Ihe iver; where excess amino a ads ae demineted
Qmino qruup ís xemoved; he amino group seact wit hyoen atom
hydrogen lony fo form ammonia, which is doxic, ammonia Combines
wit Codoon (i) oxide(m ite Drnthine Cycle); to furm urelwhick
is les to);
8ib Pat followed by urea tll t is eliminatecl
Ike
(urea tmat is fornoed in Ihelver) is Carried in blooly thr wqh
hepate vein, into the Vena Cava; blood Contaning the urea Iken
ght
enters ike heart xght auvice xght auricle aneentncle; leaves
ike heart IFirough Ike pulmonay artenys into ike lungs; (and ut of
Ike lungs t5xungy iie pulmonny veiny to lhe hecrt|left aurcle
lejt auuce and lest ventricle;llen ves throug) the aortay into ike
Kidney;Vie ike xenal artey: to affrent arferiole; glomeraluss
where uitrafiltraton occurs; resuting in ike formaton of Lhe
lke
(glomeralar) fitrate whic entars Ike Bowmans Capsules into ike
Proximal Convaluted tabule, loor ef tenlef descendimn and asan ding
loop of Henle; Distal Convolutedtubule urea enfers ife
tubule Colle cting duct in urine, into Pelvis into the ureter, lken into collecting
Urinag bladder(fox femporany Storage); fom uwhere it RAs) RXi Ik
body Ihough Ike uretira;
(Total 24t. Max. is)
LiverHepctic Ven Vena cava teart-pulmona q ung>Pumny
Vein
artey
Mitatit
GturaenalueqAtfrnt
ar eile
e KidnestRena\artey-Aorteg Heart
Bowmans
Capsule puxinnal cunveluk?Lop pistal cun Vdutet
tubule Henle tubule collectings
>tubule
Urethra bladterr Ureer <-pelvu
