THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
JUNG’S ANALYTICAL COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
• is rooted in the ancestral past of the entire
PSYCHOLOGY species.
• Its contents are inherited and pass from one
generation to the next as a psychic potential.
• Contents are more or less same for people in all
cultures
• Responsible for people’s myths, legends, and
religious beliefs.
• Refers to human’s innate tendency to react in a
particular way whenever their experiences
stimulate a biologically inherited response
tendency
• These are initially forms without content,
representing merely a possibility of a certain type
of perception or action. Upon repetition, the
forms begin to develop content and later on
emerge as archetypes.
§ Rests on the assumption that occult phenomena
ARCHETYPES
can and do influence the lives of everyone
• Ancient or archaic images that derive from the
§ Each of us is motivated by repressed experiences
collective unconscious.
and by emotionally toned experiences inherited • Emotionally toned collections of associated
from our ancestors images that are generalized and derive from the
§ Compendium of opposites contents of the collective unconscious.
Collective unconscious – elements that we have Instinct – unconscious physical impulse toward
never experienced individually but which have action. Its counterpart are the archetypes.
come down to us from our ancestors
Archetypes – highly developed elements of the
• Both archetypes and instincts are unconsciously
collective unconscious
determined and both can help shape
personality.
LEVELS OF PSYCHE
• Has a biological basis but originate through the
repeated experiences of the early ancestors.
CONSCIOUS
• Cannot be directly represented, but expresses
• Images sensed by the ego
itself through several modes when activated.
• Plays a relatively minor role
• Archetypal material’s source are dreams.
• Overemphasis on expanding the conscious can
lead to psychological imbalance Persona
o The side of personality that people show to
Ego – is more restrictive than Freud’s notion of it.
the world
It is the center of consciousness but not the core
o Jung believed that each of us should project
of personality. It must be completed by the more
a particular role that society dictates to each
comprehensive self. of us.
o Identifying to much with the persona will
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS result to us losing touch with our inner self and
• Embraces all repressed and subliminally remain dependent on society’s expectations
perceived experiences of an individual. of us.
• It is formed by our individual experiences and is Shadow
then unique to each of us. o Is the archetype of darkness and repression
o It represents those qualities we do not wish to
Complex – is an emotionally toned acknowledge but attempt to hide from
conglomeration of associated ideas. These are ourselves and others
largely personal but they may also be partly o Consists of morally objectionable tendencies
derived from humanity’s collective experience.
as well as a number of constructive and
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
creative qualities that we are reluctant to o Archetype of archetypes because it pulls
face. together the other archetypes and unites
o Continually striving to know our shadow is the them in a process of self-realization.
first test of our courage o It possesses conscious and personal
Anima unconscious components, but is mostly
o The archetype that represents the femininity formed by collective unconscious images
of an individual that remains extremely o Includes both personal and collective
resistant to consciousness. unconscious images.
o A man getting acquainted with his anime is o It unites opposing elements of the psyche.
referred to as the second test of courage by
Jung. Mandala – ultimate symbol of the self which
o Originated from men’s early experiences is depicted as a circle within a square, within
with women that combined to form a a circle. It represents the strivings of the
generalized picture of a woman collective unconscious for unity, balance
o It influences the feeling inside a man and is and wholeness
the explanation for certain irrational moods DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
and feelings. § Causality - Holds that present events have their
Animus origin in previous experiences
o The masculine archetype in women that is § Teleology – holds that present events are
symbolic of thinking and reasoning. motivated by goals and aspirations for the future
o Originates from the encounters of prehistoric that direct a person’s destiny.
women with men. § Progression – adaptation to the outside world
o Is responsible for thinking and opinion in that involves forward flow of psychic energy
women as it also is the explanation for the § Regression – adaptation to the inner world that
irrational thinking and illogical opinions often involves backward flow of psychic energy
attributed to women.
Great mother PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
o Is a derivative of the anima and is present in
everyone. Attitude – is defined as a predisposition to act or
o Represents two opposing forces of fertility react in a characteristic direction. Jung insisted that
and destruction. each person has both an introverted and
o Fertility and power combine to form the extraverted attitude, but one may be conscious
concept of rebirth. while the other is unconscious.
Wise old man
o Symbolizes humans’ pre-existing knowledge INTROVERSION
of the mysteries of life. • Is the inward turning of psychic energy with an
o It is unconscious and cannot be directly orientation toward the subjective.
experienced by a single individual • These people perceive the external world
o It is personified I dreams as father, selectively and with their own subjective view.
grandfather, teacher, philosopher, guru,
doctor, or priest. EXTRAVERSION
Hero • Is the attitude distinguished by the turning
o Is the archetype represented in mythology outward of psychic energy so that a person is
and legends as a powerful person who fights oriented toward the objective and away from
against great odds to conquer or vanquish the subjective.
evil. • These people are more influenced by their
o It is demonstrated by our fascination with the surroundings than by the inner world
heroes of movies, novels, plays, and
television programs FUNCTIONS
o The image of the archetypal conquering • Sensing
hero represents victory over forces of • Thinking
darkness. • Feeling
Self • Intuiting
o The inherited tendency to move toward
growth, perfection, and completion.
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Thinking often adds or subtracts elements from
o Refers to logical intellectual activity that conscious sensation.
produces a chain of ideas. It can be o Extraverted intuitive – people are oriented
introverted or extraverted depending on a toward facts in the external world and rather
person’s basic attitude. than fully sensing them, they merely perceive
o Extraverted thinking – people rely on them subliminally.
concrete thoughts but can also use abstract o Introverted intuitive – people are guided by
ideas if the ideas have been transmitted to unconscious perception of facts that are
them from without, for example, from parents basically subjective and have little or no
or teachers resemblance to external reality.
o Introverted thinking – people react to
external stimuli, but their interpretation of an DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
event is colored more by the internal § Jung believed that personality develops through
meaning they bring with them than by the a series of stages that culminate in individuation
objective facts of themselves or self-actualization.
§ He compared the trip through life to the journey
of the sun through the sky, with the brightness of
Feeling the sun representing consciousness.
o Refers to the process of evaluating an idea or
event, CHILDHOOD
o It is the evaluation of every conscious activity, • Anarchic stage
even those valued as indifferent. o Is characterized by the chaotic and sporadic
o Most of these evaluations have no emotional consciousness.
content but are capable of becoming o Experiences of the anarchic phase
emotions once their intensity increases to the sometimes enter consciousness as primitive
point of stimulating physiological changes images, incapable of being accurately
within the person verbalized
o Extroverted feeling – people use objective • Monarchic stage
data to make evaluations. They are guided o is characterized by the development of the
by the external values and widely accepted ego and by the beginning of logical and
standards of judgement verbal thinking
o Introverted feeling – people base their value o Children see themselves objectively and
judgements primarily on subjective often refer themselves in the third person.
perceptions rather than objective facts. • Dualistic stage
These people have an individualized o ego as perceiver arises when the ego is
conscience and they ignore traditional divided into the objective and subjective.
opinions and beliefs. o Children now refer to themselves in the first
person and are aware of their existence as
Sensing separate individuals
o is the function that receives physical stimuli
and transmits them to perceptual YOUTH
consciousness called sensation. • Refers to the period from puberty until middle life.
o It is referred to as a concept similar to the • It should be a period of increased activity,
perception of sensory impulses. maturing sexuality, growing consciousness, and
o Extraverted sensing – people perceive recognition that the problem-free era of
external stimuli objectively, in much the same childhood is gone forever.
way that these stimuli exist in reality. • The major difficulty is to overcome the natural
o Introverted sensing – people are largely tendency to cling to the narrow consciousness of
influenced by their subjective sensations of childhood.
sight, sound, taste, and touch.
MIDDLE LIFE
Intuiting • Begins at around ages 35 or 40, by which time
o Intuition involves perception beyond the the sun has passed its zenith and begins its
workings of the consciousness. downward descent.
o It is based on the perception of absolute
elementary facts but it is more creative and
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Although the decline can present middle-aged • Dreams are treated as our unconscious and
people with increasing anxieties, it is also a spontaneous attempt to know the unknowable,
period of tremendous potential. to comprehend a reality that can only be
• People must look to the future with hope and expressed symbolically
anticipation, surrender the lifestyle of youth, and • The purpose of this is to uncover elements from
discover a new meaning. the personal and collective unconscious and to
integrate them into consciousness in order to
OLD AGE facilitate the process of self-realization.
• Referred to as the evening of life. • 1.)Big dreams – have a special meaning for all
• People experience a diminution of people
consciousness . 2.)Typical dreams – are common to most
• Death is the goal of life and life can be fulfilling people. These dreams include archetypal
only when death is seen in this light. figures, may also touch on archetypal events,
and may also include archetypal objects.
SELF-REALIZATION 3.)Earliest dreams remembered – are dreams
• Psychological rebirth that is also referred to as that can be traced back to about age 3-4 and
individuation contain mythological and symbolic images and
• It is the process of becoming an individual or motifs that could not have reasonably been
while person. It is the process of integrating the experienced by the individual child
opposite poles into a single homogenous
individual. ACTIVE IMAGINATION
• Once achieved, it means that a person has all • Is a technique that Jung used during his own self-
psychological components functioning in unity. analysis as well as with many of his patients.
• It is extremely rare as it is achieved only by • The method requires a person to begin with any
people who are able to assimilate their impression and to concentrate until the
unconscious into their personality impression begins to move.
• Self-realized people are dominated neither by • The person must follow these images to wherever
the unconscious processes nor by the conscious they lead and then courageously face these
ego but achieves a balance between all autonomous images and freely communicate
aspects of personality. with them.
• Its purpose is to reveal archetypal images
JUNG’S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION emerging from the unconscious
WORD ASSOCIATION TEST PSYCHOTHERAPY
• Its basic purpose in Jungian Psychology today is • Jung identified four basic approaches to therapy
to uncover feeling-toned complexes 1. Confession of a pathogenic secret - this is the
• It is based on the principle that complexes cathartic method that is effective for patients
create measurable emotional responses who merely have a need to share their
• Jung typically used a list of about 100 words secrets
chosen and arranged to elicit an emotional 2. Interpretation, explanation, elucidation – this
reaction. method gives patients insight into the causes
• He instructed the person to respond to each of their neuroses, but may still leave them
stimulus word with the first word that came to incapable of solving social problems.
mind. 3. Education of patients as social beings - a
• Each verbal response is recorded, as well as the method that was similarly used by Adler
time taken to make a response, rate of 4. Transformation – is the fourth stage that Jung
breathing, and galvanic skin response. suggested. The therapist must first be
• Any one or combination of certain responses transformed into a healthy human being.
might indicate that a complex has been Only after transformation and an established
reached. philosophy of life is the therapist able to help
patients move toward individuation or
DREAM ANALYSIS wholeness. This stage is especially employed
• Jung believed that people used symbols to with patients who are in their second half of
represent a variety of concepts to try to life who are concerned with realization of the
comprehend the innumerable things beyond inner self.
the range of human understanding.
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• The ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is to
help neurotic patients become healthy and to
encourage healthy people to work
independently toward self-realization.
Countertransference - is a term used to describe
a therapist’s feelings toward the patient. This may
or may not contribute to the progress of the
treatment.
RELATED RESEARCH
§ Today, most research related to Jung focuses on
his descriptions of personality types
§ MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type indicator) – is the most
frequently used measure of Jung’s personality
types.
A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE MBTI
• The MBTI does a good job of measuring Jung’s
types and predicting career interests, but there
are questions about the validity of placing
people in categories and the extent to which
one’s category or type of scores change over
short periods of time
CRTIQUE OF JUNG
§ The collective unconscious, the core of Jung’s
theory, remains a difficult concept to test
empirically. The theory is nearly impossible to
verify or falsify
§ The part of the theory concerned with the
classification and typology can be tested and
has generated a moderate amount of research.
§ The theory has a moderate rating on its ability to
organize knowledge.
§ Since the concept of the collective unconscious
only boasts its usefulness in helping people
understand cultural myths and adjusting to life’s
traumas, the theory is rated low in the aspect of
practicality
§ Jung’s language is often arcane and many of his
terms are not adequately defined. The theory is
rated low on internal consistency
§ The theory is rated low as well on the aspect of
parsimony.
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