Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans

7.1 Human breathing system (Book 1B, p. 7-2)

A Why do humans need a breathing system? (Book 1B, p. 7-2)

◼ To ensure a continuous supply of (1) _______________ for respiration in cells and the
removal of (2) _______________ _______________ produced, gas exchange (氣體交換)
between an organism and the external environment is necessary.
◼ Gas exchange always takes place by (3) _______________ across a (4) _______________
(dry / moist) respiratory surface (呼吸表面).
◼ Unicellular organisms (e.g. Amoeba) have a (5) _______________ (small / large) surface
area to volume ratio. Gas exchange takes place across their (6) _______________
_______________.
◼ Large multicellular organisms (e.g. humans) have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.
They have a (7) _______________ system (呼吸系統) and a (8) _______________ system
(運送系統) for efficient gas exchange.
B Structure of human breathing system (Book 1B, p. 7-2)

nose

nostril (鼻孔)
(13) _____________
(會厭)
◼ respiratory tract (呼吸道):
nasal cavity (鼻腔) inner pleural
membrane (內胸膜)
(9) _____________ (咽)
(10) _____________ (喉)
outer pleural
(11) _____________ membrane (外胸膜)
(氣管) (windpipe)

bronchus (支氣管) (14) _____________

(肋骨)
bronchiole (小支氣管)
air sac (氣囊) intercostal muscles
(肋間肌)
(12) _____________
diaphragm (橫膈膜)
 The human breathing system

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

◼ The directions of airflow along the respiratory tract:

A Trachea B Air sacs (in lungs) C Bronchi D Larynx

E Pharynx F Bronchioles (in lungs) G Nasal cavity

airflow when we inhale

(15) ____ → (16) ____ → (17) ____ → (18) ____ → (19) ____ → (20) _____ → (21) _____

airflow when we exhale

Practical 7.1 Examination of the mammalian breathing system

(Book 1B, p. 7-4; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-1)

◼ Structures of the respiratory tract:

Structure Feature

Nostril ◼ With (22) _______________ to filter larger dust particles from

the inhaled air

Nasal cavity ◼ Lined with mucus-secreting cells which secrete

(23) ______________ (黏液) to trap dust particles and
microorganisms, and moisten the inhaled air
◼ Lined with ciliated epithelial cells (纖毛上皮細胞) which have
(24) _______________ (纖毛) to sweep the mucus towards the
pharynx
◼ Lined with capillaries (微血管) which carry blood to warm the
inhaled air

Pharynx ◼ The common passage for (25) _______________ and food

Epiglottis ◼ Covers the opening of larynx during (26) _____________ to

prevent choking

Larynx ◼ Mainly made up of (27) _______________ (軟骨)

◼ Contains (28) _______________ _______________ (聲帶) which
vibrate to produce sound

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

Trachea and bronchus ◼ Their walls contain (29) _______________ which prevents them
from collapsing
➢ The cartilage of the trachea is (30) ______________-shaped
◼ Their walls contain (31) _______________ _______________
(平滑肌) and elastic fibres
◼ Their inner walls are lined with (32) _______________-
_______________ cells and ciliated epithelial cells
◼ Their inner walls also have a rich supply of
(33) _______________ _______________

Bronchiole ◼ (34) _______________ (With / Without) cartilage

◼ The wall is mostly made up of smooth muscles and elastic
fibres
◼ Larger bronchioles lined with mucus-secreting cells and
(35) _______________ _______________ cells

Lung ◼ The left lung is (36) _______________ (smaller / larger) than the
right lung
◼ Mainly composed of bronchioles and (37) _______________
_______________

Air sac ◼ The wall is made up of an (38) _______________ (上皮) which is

only one-celled thick
◼ Secretes a (39) _______________ fluid which keeps the inner
surface (40) _______________
◼ Provides the respiratory surface when gas exchange takes place
◼ Surrounded by networks of capillaries which branch from
(41) _______________ _______________ (肺動脈) and
(42) _______________ _______________ (肺靜脈)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

◼ Structures around the lungs:

rib
intercostal rib
muscle
intercostal
sternum muscle
(胸骨) lung outer pleural
cartilage membrane
inner pleural
vertebral membrane
column
(脊柱) diaphragm pleural fluid
(胸膜液) in
pleural cavity
(胸膜腔)
 Rib cage  Pleural membranes surrounding a lung

Structure Feature

Rib cage (肋骨籃) ◼ Protects the (43) _______________

◼ Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum and the vertebral column
◼ Has (44) _______________ _______________ located between each
pair of ribs
◼ Has a sheet of muscles called the diaphragm lying beneath the lungs

Thoracic cavity ◼ Within it, each lung is surrounded by two layers of pleural membranes
(胸腔) (胸膜): the (45) _______________ pleural membrane and the
(46) _______________ pleural membrane

Pleural cavity ◼ The space between the two pleural membranes

◼ Contains a film of (47) _______________ _______________ secreted
by the pleural membranes. The fluid:
➢ holds the two layers of pleural membranes together
➢ acts as a (48) _______________ (潤滑劑) to reduce friction
between the pleural membranes during breathing movement

Practical 7.2 Examination of the pig lungs

(Book 1B, p. 7-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-4)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

7.2 Gas exchange in the air sacs (Book 1B, p. 7-12)

A How does gas exchange take place? (Book 1B, p. 7-12)

deoxygenated blood
from pulmonary artery
(low in oxygen, high in
carbon dioxide)
oxygenated blood to
pulmonary veins
(high in oxygen,
low in carbon dioxide)

red blood cell

water film
capillary wall

wall of air sac

Key:
oxygen
carbon dioxide

 Gas exchange between the air in an air sac and the blood in a capillary

Uptake of oxygen by the blood Removal of carbon dioxide from the blood

1 Atmospheric air flows into air sacs. 1 Since the carbon dioxide concentration
2 Oxygen in the inhaled air of the deoxygenated blood is
(1) _______________ in the water film (4) _______________ (lower / higher)
lining the air sacs. than that of the water film, carbon
3 Since the oxygen concentration of the dioxide in the blood diffuses across the
water film is (2) _______________ walls of the capillaries and the air sacs
(lower / higher) than that of the into the air in the air sacs.
deoxygenated blood, dissolved oxygen in 2 Carbon dioxide is removed from the body
the water film (3) _______________ when we exhale.
across the walls of the air sacs and the
capillaries into the blood.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

B Adaptive features of air sacs for gas exchange (Book 1B, p. 7-13)

Feature Adaptation

Large in number Provides a very large (5) _______________ _______________

for the diffusion of gases

Very thin walls Reduces the diffusion distance

(one-cell thick)

(6) _______________ inner Allows oxygen in inhaled air to (7) _______________ in the
surfaces water film before diffusion

Rich supply of Allows rapid transport of gases, which helps maintain a steep
(8) _______________ (9) _______________ gradient of gases between the air sacs
and the blood

Close contact with capillaries Reduces the diffusion (10) _______________

Practical 7.3 Examination of the mammalian air sacs

(Book 1B, p. 7-14; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-8)

C Differences in compositions between inhaled air and exhaled air

(Book 1B, p. 7-14)

Inhaled air Exhaled air Explanation for the difference

Oxygen 21% 16% Oxygen is used by body cells for

(11) _______________.

Carbon Carbon dioxide is produced by body cells during

0.04% 4%
dioxide (12) _______________.

Nitrogen 78% 78% Nitrogen is not used nor produced by body cells.

Water Exhaled air is moistened by the water film lining the

Variable Saturated
vapour air sacs and the mucus lining the respiratory tract.

Other These gases are not used nor produced by body cells.
1% 1%
gases

◼ Exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air because exhaled air is warmed by the
(13) _______________ in the capillaries.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

Practical 7.4 Comparison of the oxygen content of inhaled air and exhaled air
(Book 1B, p. 7-14; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-10)

Practical 7.5 Comparison of the carbon dioxide content of inhaled air and exhaled air
(Book 1B, p. 7-15; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-12)

7.3 Transport of respiratory gases (Book 1B, p. 7-19)

A Red blood cells and haemoglobin (Book 1B, p. 7-19)

◼ Most oxygen is transported in (1) _______________ _______________ cells. Only a very

small proportion of oxygen is transported in its dissolved form in (2) _______________ (血漿).
◼ Adaptive features of red blood cells for carrying oxygen:
Feature Adaptation

Packed with ◼ Haemoglobin is an excellent (4) _______________ carrier as

(3) _______________ it binds readily to oxygen and this binding is
(血紅蛋白) (5) _______________ (reversible / irreversible)
➢ Under high oxygen concentration (as in the lungs),
oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form
(6) _______________ (氧合血紅蛋白)
➢ Under low oxygen concentration (as in body tissues),
oxyhaemoglobin breaks down into haemoglobin and
(7) _______________
◼ Haemoglobin greatly increases the oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood

No (8) _______________ ◼ Provides (9) _______________ for more haemoglobin

when mature

(10) _______________ ◼ Provides a (11) _______________ (small / large) surface

_______________ shape area to volume ratio and a short distance for the diffusion
(雙凹圓盤狀) of oxygen, thus allowing oxygen to reach and leave
haemoglobin in the red blood cells rapidly

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

B How is oxygen transported? (Book 1B, p. 7-20)

Uptake of oxygen from air sacs in the lungs

inhaled air

air sac
oxygen capillary
red blood cell

haemoglobin + oxygen

oxyhaemoglobin

1 The oxygen concentration in the air sacs is (12) _______________ (low / high) due to the
continuous replacement of air from the external environment.
2 Most oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into red blood cells.
3 Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form (13) _______________.
haemoglobin + oxygen → oxyhaemoglobin
4 The blood becomes oxygenated and is carried via the (14) _______________
_______________ to the heart. Then the heart pumps the blood to different body tissues.

Release of oxygen to body cells in body tissues

body cell

haemoglobin + oxygen

oxyhaemoglobin

1 The oxygen concentration in body tissues is (15) _______________ (low / high) because
oxygen is consumed continuously by body cells during respiration.
2 Oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells breaks down into haemoglobin and oxygen.
oxyhaemoglobin → haemoglobin + oxygen
3 The oxygen diffuses into the body cells. The blood becomes deoxygenated. It is carried back
to the heart, and then to the lungs via the (16) _______________ _______________.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

C How is carbon dioxide transported? (Book 1B, p. 7-21)

Uptake of carbon dioxide from body cells in body tissues

body cell
capillary

plasma
CO2 + H2O red blood
enzyme cell
HCO3– –
HCO3 + H+

1 The carbon dioxide concentration in body tissues is (17) _______________ (low / high)
because carbon dioxide is produced continuously by body cells during respiration.
2 Most carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with (18) _______________
(H2O) to form (19) _______________ _______________ (碳酸氫鹽離子) (HCO3–) and
hydrogen ions (H+). This reaction is catalysed by an (20) _______________.
enzyme
carbon dioxide + water hydrogen ion (H+) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO3–)

3 The hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and are carried by
(21) _______________ to the air sacs of the lungs.

Release of carbon dioxide to air sacs in the lungs

exhaled air

CO2 air sac

CO2 + H2O
enzyme
HCO3– HCO3– + H+

1 The carbon dioxide concentration in the air sacs is (22) _______________ (low / high)
because carbon dioxide is removed continuously when we exhale.
2 Hydrogencarbonate ions in plasma diffuse into red blood cells and react with hydrogen
ions to form (23) _______________ _______________ and water. This reaction is catalysed
by the same enzyme.
enzyme
hydrogen ion (H+) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO3–) carbon dioxide + water

3 The carbon dioxide diffuses into plasma and then into the air sacs for removal.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

7.4 Ventilation (Book 1B, p. 7-24)

◼ (1) _______________ (換氣) is the flow of air into and out of our lungs. It helps maintain a
steep (2) _______________ _______________ between air sacs and the blood as air in the air
sacs is continuously replaced from the external environment.
◼ It includes (3) _______________ (吸氣) and (4) _______________ (呼氣).

Inhalation Exhalation

1a Intercostal muscles (5) _______________. 1a Intercostal muscles (13) ______________.

Rib cage moves (6) _______________ Rib cage moves (14) _______________
and (7) _______________. and (15) _______________.
1b Diaphragm muscles 1b Diaphragm muscles
(8) _______________, causing the (16) _______________, causing the
diaphragm to (9) _______________ diaphragm to (17) _______________
(become flattened / return to its dome (become flattened / return to its dome
shape). shape).
2 Volume of thoracic cavity 2 Volume of thoracic cavity
(10) _______________, and hence the (18) _______________, and hence the
volume of the lungs volume of the lungs
(11) _______________. (19) _______________.
3 Air pressure in the lungs 3 Air pressure in the lungs
(12) _______________. (20) _______________.
4 Air rushes in. 4 Air is forced out.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

◼ The air pressure in the lungs and the volume of the lungs change periodically as we breathe.
◼ The change in air pressure in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation:

(21) _______________ (inhalation / exhalation);

air pressure in the lungs is lower than the
atmospheric pressure
(22) _______________ (inhalation / exhalation);
air pressure in the lungs is higher than the
atmospheric pressure
air pressure in the lungs (mmHg)

762

760 time (s)

0
1 2 3 4
atmospheric
pressure
= 760 mmHg
758

◼ The change in volume of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation:

(23) _______________ (inhalation / exhalation)

(24) _______________ (inhalation / exhalation)
volume of the lungs
(arbitrary unit)

0 time (s)
1 2 3 4

Interpreting a graph of air pressure in the lungs against time (Book 1B, p. 7-29)

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

◼ A (25) _______________ model can be used to illustrate the movement of the ribs during
inhalation and exhalation.
◼ In the model, the vertical rods represent the vertebral column and the (26) _______________.
The horizontal rods represent the (27) _______________. The rubber band represents the
(28) _______________ _______________.
Inhalation Exhalation

2 Ribs move
2 Ribs move
upwards
downwards
and
and inwards.
outwards.
3 Volumes of
the thoracic
cavity and 3 Volumes of
1 Intercostal the thoracic
muscles the lungs
increase. cavity and
contract the lungs
(rubber band 1 Intercostal decrease.
shortens). muscles
relax
(rubber band
lengthens).

◼ A (29) _______________ model can be used to show how the movement of the diaphragm
brings about inhalation and exhalation.
◼ In the model, the glass tube represents the (30) _______________. The wall of the bell jar
represents the (31) _______________ _______________. The balloons represent the
(32) _______________. The rubber sheet represents the (33) _______________.
Inhalation Exhalation

4 Air rushes into 4 Air is forced out.

the lungs.

3 Volume of the
lungs increases.
3 Volume of the
lungs decreases.

2 Volume of the
thoracic cavity 2 Volume of the
increases and the thoracic cavity
air pressure inside decreases and the
decreases. 1 Diaphragm is air pressure inside
pushed upwards. increases.
1 Diaphragm is pulled down.

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

Answers
Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans

7.1
1 oxygen 2 carbon dioxide 3 diffusion 4 moist
5 large 6 body surface 7 breathing 8 transport
9 pharynx 10 larynx 11 trachea 12 lung
13 epiglottis 14 rib 15 G 16 E
17 D 18 A 19 C 20 F
21 B 22 hairs 23 mucus 24 cilia
25 air 26 swallowing 27 cartilage 28 vocal cords
29 cartilage 30 C 31 smooth muscles 32 mucus-secreting
33 blood vessels 34 Without 35 ciliated epithelial 36 smaller
37 air sacs 38 epithelium 39 watery 40 moist
41 pulmonary artery 42 pulmonary veins 43 lungs 44 intercostal muscles
45 inner / outer 46 outer / inner 47 pleural fluid 48 lubricant

7.2
1 dissolves 2 higher 3 diffuses 4 higher
5 surface area 6 Moist 7 dissolve 8 capillaries
9 concentration 10 distance 11 respiration 12 respiration
13 blood

7.3
1 red blood 2 plasma 3 haemoglobin 4 oxygen
5 reversible 6 oxyhaemoglobin 7 oxygen 8 nucleus
9 space 10 Biconcave disc 11 large 12 high
13 oxyhaemoglobin 14 pulmonary veins 15 low 16 pulmonary artery
17 high 18 water 19 hydrogencarbonate ions
20 enzyme 21 plasma 22 low 23 carbon dioxide

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Lesson worksheet Book 1B, Ch 7

7.4
1 Ventilation 2 concentration gradient 3 inhalation
4 exhalation 5 contract 6 upwards / outwards 7 outwards / upwards
8 contract 9 become flattened 10 increases 11 increases
12 decreases 13 relax 14 downwards / inwards 15 inwards / downwards
16 relax 17 return to its dome shape 18 decreases
19 decreases 20 increases 21 inhalation 22 exhalation
23 inhalation 24 exhalation 25 rib-cage 26 sternum
27 ribs 28 intercostal muscles 29 bell-jar 30 trachea
31 thoracic wall 32 lungs 33 diaphragm

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