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Python Exam Notes

The document provides a comprehensive guide on Python fundamentals, including basic data types, operators, control flow, functions, modules, exception handling, and object-oriented programming concepts such as classes, objects, and inheritance. It includes examples and explanations for each topic to aid in exam preparation. Mastery of these concepts is essential for success in Python programming.

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2 views

Python Exam Notes

The document provides a comprehensive guide on Python fundamentals, including basic data types, operators, control flow, functions, modules, exception handling, and object-oriented programming concepts such as classes, objects, and inheritance. It includes examples and explanations for each topic to aid in exam preparation. Mastery of these concepts is essential for success in Python programming.

Uploaded by

deepgupta.iimun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python Exam Guide

2. Basic Data Types and Operators

Numeric Types

 int: Integer numbers (e.g., 10, -5)

 float: Decimal numbers (e.g., 10.5, -3.14)

 boolean: True or False (subtype of int where True=1, False=0)

 complex: Numbers with real and imaginary parts (e.g., 3+2j)

Type Casting and Conversion

 Convert between types using int(), float(), str(), etc.

 Example:

 x = int(3.8) # x becomes 3

 y = float("5.6") # y becomes 5.6

Operators

Arithmetic Operators

 + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division)

 // (floor division), % (modulus), ** (exponentiation)

Logical Operators

 and (both conditions must be true)

 or (at least one condition must be true)

 not (negates the condition)

Comparison Operators

 ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

3. Control Flow

Conditional Statements

Used to execute different blocks of code based on conditions.

x = 10

if x > 5:

print("Greater")

elif x == 5:
print("Equal")

else:

print("Smaller")

Loops

For Loop (Used to iterate over sequences like lists, tuples, etc.)

for i in range(3):

print(i) # Outputs: 0, 1, 2

While Loop (Repeats as long as a condition is true)

x=5

while x > 0:

print(x)

x -= 1

List Comprehension (Shorter way to create lists)

squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)] # [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

4. Functions, Modules, and Exception Handling

Defining Functions

def greet(name):

return "Hello, " + name

Function Parameters and Arguments

 Positional Arguments: Must be passed in order.

 Keyword Arguments: Passed with parameter names.

 Default Arguments: Have default values if not provided.

 Variable-Length Arguments:

 def add(*args):

 return sum(args)

Scope: Local vs Global Variables

 Local Variable: Defined inside a function.

 Global Variable: Defined outside functions and can be accessed anywhere.

 global keyword can be used to modify a global variable inside a function.

Exception Handling
Prevents program crashes by handling errors.

try:

x=5/0

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero!")

finally:

print("Execution finished")

5. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Basics

Classes and Objects

 A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

 An object is an instance of a class.

class Car:

def __init__(self, brand):

self.brand = brand

car1 = Car("Toyota")

print(car1.brand) # Toyota

Attributes and Methods

 Attributes are variables that store object data.

 Methods are functions defined inside a class.

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def bark(self):

print("Woof!" )

Encapsulation

Restricting direct access to an object's data.

 Public Attribute: Accessible from anywhere (self.name)

 Protected Attribute: Indicated with _ (self._name)

 Private Attribute: Indicated with __ (self.__name)


Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class (child class) to acquire properties and methods of another class (parent
class).

Single Inheritance (Child inherits from one parent)

class Vehicle:

def __init__(self, brand):

self.brand = brand

class Car(Vehicle):

pass

Multiple Inheritance (Child inherits from multiple parents)

class A:

pass

class B:

pass

class C(A, B):

pass

Multilevel Inheritance (Child → Parent → Grandparent)

class Grandparent:

pass

class Parent(Grandparent):

pass

class Child(Parent):

pass

Conclusion

This document covers Python fundamentals up to Inheritance. Understanding these topics will
help you prepare effectively for your exam. Let me know if you need further explanations or
additional practice questions!

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