S t r u c t u r e d

P r o g r a m m i n g - f u n c t i o n s
M o d u l a r p r o g r a m m i n g a n d
F u n c t i o n s

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Programming Scenario . . .

Lengthier programs
• Prone to errors
• tedious to locate and correct the errors

To overcome this
Programs broken into a number of smaller
logical components, each of which serves a
specific task.

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Modularization
Process of splitting the lengthier and complex
programs into a number of smaller units is called
Modularization.

Programming with such an approach is called

Modular programming

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Advantages of modularization
• Reusability

• Debugging is easier

• Build library

• Makes programs easier to understand.

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Functions
A function is a set of instructions to carryout a
particular task.

Using functions we can structure our programs

in a more modular way.

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Functions
Standard functions
(library functions or built in functions)

User-defined functions
Written by the user(programmer)

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 General form of function definition
return_type function_name(parameter_definition)
{
variable declaration;

statement1;
statement2;
.
.
.
return(value_computed);
}
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Defining a Function
Name (function name)
• You should give functions descriptive names
• Same rules as variable names, generally
Return type
• Data type of the value returned to the part of the program that activated (called)
the function.
Parameter list (parameter_definition)
• A list of variables that hold the values being passed to the function
Body
• Statements enclosed in curly braces that perform the function’s operations(tasks)

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void calculateSquare(int number)
{
int square=number*number;
printf("Square of %dis %d\n",number,square);
}

int main()
{
calculateSquare(5);
calculateSquare(25);
return 0;
}

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* 10 times you want to run

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• #include <stdio.h>
• Void sum() // function definition
• { int number1, number2, sum;
• printf("Enter two integers: ");
• scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2);
• // calculate the sum
• sum = number1 + number2;
• printf("%d + %d = %d", number1, number2, sum);}

• Void main()
•{
• Sum(); // calling
•}

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Understanding of main function

Return type Function

name Parameter List

int main (void)

{
printf(“hello world\n”); Body
return 0;
}
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Function Definition and Call
// FUNCTION DEFINITION
Return type Function name Parameter List
void DisplayMessage(void)
{
printf(“Hello from function DisplayMessage\n”);
}
int main()
{
printf(“Hello from main \n”);
DisplayMessage(); // FUNCTION CALL
printf(“Back in function main again.\n”);
return 0;
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Multiple Functions- An example
void First (void){ // FUNCTION DEFINITION
printf(“I am now inside function First\n”);
}
void Second (void){ // FUNCTION DEFINITION
printf( “I am now inside function Second\n”);
First(); // FUNCTION CALL
printf(“Back to Second\n”);
}
int main (){
printf( “I am starting in function main\n”);
First (); // FUNCTION CALL
printf( “Back to main function \n”);
Second (); // FUNCTION CALL
printf( “Back to main function \n”);
return 0;
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}
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Arguments and parameters
Both arguments and parameters are variables used in
a program & function.
Variables used in the function reference or function
call are called as arguments. These are written within
the parenthesis followed by the name of the function.
They are also called actual parameters.
Variables used in function definition are called
parameters, They are also referred to as formal
parameters.

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Functions
Formal parameters

void dispChar(int n, char c) {

printf(" You have entered %d & %c“,n,c);
}

int main(){ //calling program

int no; char ch;
printf(“Enter a number & a character: \n“);
scanf(“%d %c”,&no,&ch);
dispChar( no, ch); //Function reference
Actual parameters
return 0;
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Function Prototypes
 Must be included for each function that will be defined,
(required by Standards for C++ but optional for C) if not
directly defined before main().
 In most cases it is recommended to include a function
prototype in your C program to avoid ambiguity.
 Identical to the function header, with semicolon (;) added
at the end.
• Function prototype (declaration) includes
• Function name
• Parameters – what the function takes in and their type
• Return type – data type function returns (default int)
• Parameter names are Optional.

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Function Prototypes
 Function prototype provides the compiler the name and
arguments of the functions and must appear before the
function is used or defined.
 It is a model for a function that will appear later, somewhere
in the program.
 General form of the function prototype:
fn_return_type fn_name(type par1, type par2, …, type
parN);
• Example:
int maximum( int, int, int );
• Takes in 3 ints
• Returns an int

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Scope of Variables
• A scope is a region of the program where a defined
variable can have its existence and beyond that variable
it cannot be accessed.

• There are two types of variables in C

1) local variables
2) global variables

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Local Variables
• Variables that are declared inside a function are
called local variables.
• They can be used only by statements that are
inside that function.
• In the following example all the variables a, b,
and c are local to main() function.
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b, c;
a = 10; b = 20; c = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and c = %d\n", a, b, c);
return 0;
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Global Variables
• Global variables are defined outside a function,
usually on top of the program.
• Global variables hold their values throughout the
lifetime of your program and they can be
accessed inside any of the functions defined for
the program.
#include <stdio.h>
int g; /* global variable declaration */
int main () {
int a, b; /* local variable declaration */
a = 10; b = 20; g = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);
return 0;
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Functions- points to note
1. The parameter list must be separated by commas.
dispChar( int n, char c);
2. The parameter names do not need to be the same in the
prototype declaration and the function definition.
3. The types must match the types of parameters in the
function definition, in number and order.
void dispChar(int n, char c); //proto-type
void dispChar(int num, char ch){
printf(" You have entered %d &%c”, num,ch);
}
4. Use of parameter names in the declaration(prototype) is
optional but parameter type is a must.
void dispChar(int , char); //proto-type
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Functions- points to note

5. If the function has no formal parameters, the list can be

written as (void) or simply ()
6. The return type is optional, when the function returns
integer type data.
7. The return type must be void if no value is returned.
8. When the declared types do not match with the types
in the function definition, compiler will produce error.

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Functions- Categories
Categorization based on the arguments and return
values
1. Functions with no arguments and no return values.

2. Functions with arguments and no return values.

3. Functions with arguments and one return value.

4. Functions with no arguments but return a value.

5. Functions that return multiple values

(will see later with parameter passing techniques).

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Function with No Arguments/parameters & No return
values

dispPattern(); // prototype

int main(){
printf(“fn to display a line of stars\n”);
dispPattern();
return 0;
}

dispPattern(){
int i;
for (i=1;i<=20 ; i++)
printf( “*”);
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Function with No Arguments but A return value
int readNum(void); // prototype

int main(){
int c;
printf(“Enter a number \n”);
c=readNum();
printf(“The number read is %d“,c);
return 0;
}
int readNum(){
int z;
scanf(“%d”,&z);
return(z);
}
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Fn with Arguments/parameters & No return values
void dispPattern(char ch); // prototype
int main(){
printf(“fn to display a line of patterns\n”);
dispPattern(‘#’);
dispPattern(‘*’);
dispPattern(‘@’);
return 0;
}
void dispPattern(char ch ){
int i;
for (i=1;i<=20 ; i++)
printf(“%c”,ch);
}
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Function with Arguments/parameters & One return
value
int fnAdd(int,int);
int main(){
int a,b,c;
printf(“\nEnter numbers to be added\n”);
scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);
c=fnAdd(a,b);
printf(“Sum is %d “, c);
return 0;
}
int fnAdd(int x, int y ){
int z;
z=x+y
return(z);
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}
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Extra Problems…
Write appropriate functions to
1. Find the factorial of a number ‘n’.
2. Reverse a number ‘n’.
3. Check whether the number ‘n’ is a palindrome.
4. Generate the Fibonacci series for given limit ‘n’.
5. Check whether the number ‘n’ is prime.
6. Generate the prime series using the function written
for prime check, for a given limit.

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Factorial of a given number ‘n’
long factFn(int); //prototype long factFn(int num) {
//function definition
int main() { int i;
int n, f; long fact=1;

printf("Enter a number :“); //factorial computation

scanf(“%d”,&n); for (i=1; i<=num; i++)
f =factFn(n); fact=fact * i;
printf(“Fact= %d“,f);
// return the result
return 0; return (fact);
} }

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 Reversing a given number ‘n’
int Reverse(int); //prototype int Reverse(int num)
{
int main() int rev=0;
{ int digit;
int n,r;
printf("Enter a number : \n“); while(num!=0)
scanf(“%d”, &n); {
digit = num % 10;
r= Reverse(n); rev = (10 * rev) + digit;
printf(“ reversed no=%d“,r) num = num/10;
}
return 0; return (rev);
} }

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 Check whether given number is prime or not
int IsPrime(int); //prototype int IsPrime(int num) //prime
check
int main() { {
int n; int p=1;
for(int j=2;j<=num/2;j++)
printf(“Enter a number : “); {
scanf(“%d”,&n); if(num%j==0)
if (IsPrime(n)) {
Printf(“%d is a prime no”,n); p=0;
else break;
Printf(“%d is not a prime no”,n); }
return 0; }
} return p;
}

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 First n Fibonacci number generation
void fibFn(int); //prototype void fibFn(int lim) { //fib generation
int i, first, sec, next;
int main() { if (lim<=0)
printf("limit should be +ve.\n“);
int n;
else
printf("Enter the limit ”); {
scanf(“%d”,&n); printf("\nFibonacci nos\n“);
fibFn(n); //function call first = 0, sec = 1;
return 0; for (i=1; i<=lim; i++) {
} printf(“%d”, first)
next = first + sec;
first = sec;
sec = next;
}
}
}
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